INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

SS OIL MILL(Pvt.) Ltd

SUBMITTED BY

Muhammad Noman

REGISTRATION No.

2018-GCUF-05407

SUPERVIOSER NAME

ENGR.Aown Muhammad Shah

COURSE OF STUDY:

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Government college University Faisalabad

February 2022

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 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

Name: Muhammad Noman

Roll No. 12615

Industrial Training course Internship

Training period: 26-10-2021 to 07-12-2021

Training Organization: SS OIL MILL (Pvt.) Ltd

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Dedication:

I dedicate my dissertation work to my Family, thanks for their endless love, sacrifice,
prayers, supports and advices. I also dedicate this dissertation to my many friends and class
mates who have supported me throughout the internship. I will always appreciate all they
have done, especially Sir Muhammad Shafiq and Engineer Razzaq , who Developed
technology skills in me. I dedicate this work and give special thanks to my University
Teachers, Internal Supervisor Engr. Aown Muhammad Shah and HOD Dr. Yasar Javaid.

Acknowledgement:

First of all, I thanks to the Almighty ‘’ALLAH” who blessed me with courage and made my
efforts faithful, who best owed upon me with potential and ability to contribute a little
material to existing knowledge. I pray all the tributes to the Holly Prophet Hazzrat
MUHAMMAD (S.A.W) who enlightened our conscious, who is Torch of guidance and
knowledge for humanity, all and every respect is for the Holly Prophet Hazzrat
MUHAMMAD (S.A.W) who enables us to recognize our creator. I want to thanks Sir
Muhammad Shafiq and Engr. Razzaq of the Petrocon Company, Lahore. I also want to
Thanks Muhammad Waheed and Oprator WARIS to provide me the practical knowledge
of the terminal, without their guidance and help I could not have completed my internship. I
also like to thanks other Engineers and staff for their cooperation with me. I would like to
express my best regards to my academic coordinator, Professors, Lecturers of Mechanical
Engineering Department, Govt. College University, Faisalabad without of their guidance, I
would not have been able to complete my internship report properly. Finally, I want to thanks
my Head of Department, Dr. MUHAMMAD YASAR JAVAID.

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 ABSTRACT

SS OIL MILL is located in the middle of the two cities vehari and 27 bhatta, 7km in
the east of vehari.The nearest Airport facility ia at multan at a distance of 100
km.Overall area covered by the plant is 18 acre. Oil is produced in different ways in
SS OIL MILL.
 Most of the electricity used in SS oil mill is taken from solar panels.
 All the workers there were very nice. They understood me very well.
 The boiler capacity was too high that the size of boiler 110 tons.

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 Table of Content

Industrial training Log book

Chapter No.1: Background of Training Organization

1 Background of Organization
1.1 Vision and mission

1.2 Title and position of supervisor in charge

1.3 Quality

Chapter No.2: Schedule of training & duties as Trainee:

2. Schedule of duties performed as trainee:

2.1. Work environment:

2.2. Work schedules:

2.3. Education and training

Chapter No.3 Work Experience

3.1. Introduction to boiler

3.2. Boiler Types

3.2.1. Fire tube boiler

3.2.2. Water tube boiler

3.3. Types of Fire tube boiler

3.3.1. Cornish boiler

3.3.2. Lancashire boiler

3.3.3. Scotch marine boiler

3.3.4. Locomotive boiler

3.3.5. Immersion fired boiler

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3.3.6. Vertical fire tube boiler

3.3.7. Horizontal fire tube boiler

3.4. Types of water tube boiler

3.4.1. Simple vertical boiler

3.4.2. Striling boiler

3.4.3. Babcock boiler and Wilcox boiler

3.5. Working of simple vertical boiler

3.6. Advantage of simple vertical boiler

3.7. Disadvantage of simple vertical boiler

3.8. Application of simple vertical boiler

3.9. Safety conservation of boiler

3.9.1. Pressure gauge

3.9.2. Safety valve

3.9.3. Gauge glass

3.9.4. Blow down valve

3.9.5. Feed check valve

3.9.6. High and low water alarm indication

3.10. Boiler safety chemical

3.11. Parts of boiler

3.11.1. Chimney

3.11.2. Economizer

3.11.3. Forced draft fan

3.11.4. Belt conveyor

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3.11.5. Chain gear

3.11.6. Steam drum

3.11.7. Water column

3.11.8. Stop valve

3.12. Lathe machine

3.13. Parts of lathe machine

3.13.1. Bed

3.13.2. Headstock

3.13.3 Tailstock

3.13.4. Carriage

3.13.5. Saddle

3.13.6. Cross slide

3.13.7. Compound rest

3.13.8. Tool post

3.13.9. Apron

3.13.10. Chuck

3.13.11. Feed rod

3.13.12. Lead screw

3.13.13 Spindle

3.14. Lathe machine working principle

3.15. Operation of lathe machine

3.15.1. Turning Operation

3.15.2. Tapered turning

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 3.15.3. Shoulder turning

3.15.4. Facing Operation

3.15.5. Thread cutting Operation

3.15.6. Parting Operation

3.15.7. Chamfering Operation

3.15.8. Knurling Operation

3.15.9. Drilling Operation

3.15.10. Boring Operation

3.15.11. Counter boring Operation

3.15.12. Countersinking Operation

3.15.13. Reaming Operation

Chapter No.4 Conclusion

4.1. Conclusion

4.2. Recommendation

4.3 References

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 List of figures

Subject: Page

Figure1.1:______________________________________________15

Figure3.1: _____________________________________________17

Figure 3.2:_____________________________________________19

Figure 3.3:_____________________________________________23

Figure 3.4:_____________________________________________27

Figure 3.5: _____________________________________________31

Figure 3.6:______________________________________________31

Figure 3.7:______________________________________________32

Figure 3.8:______________________________________________32

Figure 3.9:______________________________________________33

Figure 3.10:_____________________________________________33

Figure3.11:______________________________________________34

Figure 3.12:_____________________________________________34

Figure 3.13:_____________________________________________35

Figure 3.14:_____________________________________________35

Figure 3.15:_____________________________________________36

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INDUSTRIAL TRAINING LOG BOOK

TRAINING INFORMATION

Personal Details

STUDENT NAME: MUHAMMAD NOMAN

ROLL NO: 12615

ADDRESS: Post office Muhammad Shah

Gujjar Tehsil Melsi District Vehari

EMAIL: 12615.muhammadnoman.2018@gmail.com

COURSE OF STUDY: INTERNSHIP

YEAR/SEMESTER OF STUDY: 7TH

TRAINING START DATE: 26-10-2021

TRAINING END DATE: 07-12-2021

Training Organization

COMPANY NAME: SS OIL MILL

ADDRESS: W.B Hasilpur Vehari Road Chak

27 WB Vehari

Contact person: Muhammad shafiq

Contact No: 03006990402

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 Daily Training Log

Training Week_____________1st______________

Date Time Activity

26/10/2021 8 Hours Visit oil mill
27/10/2021 8 Hours Visit to section
28/10/2021 8 Hours Introduction to boiler
29/10/2021 8 Hours Introduction to boiler

Training Week_____________2nd_______________

Date Time Activity

1/11/2021 8 Hours Boiler tubes
2/11/2021 8 Hours Motor
3/11/2021 8 Hours Belt conveyer
4/11/2021 8 Hours Use of boiler
5/11/2021 8 Hours Major types of boiler

Training Week______________3rd________________

Date Time Activity

8/11/2021 8 Hours Fire tube boiler
9/11/2021 8 Hours Types of boiler
10/11/2021 8 Hours Cornish boiler. Lancashire boiler.
11/11/2021 8 Hours Scotch marine boiler. Locomotive boiler.
12/11/2021 8 Hours Immersion fired boiler

Training Week______________4th_________________

Date Time Activity

15/11/2021 8 Hours Information of vertical fire tube boiler
16/11/2021 8 Hours Horizontal boiler information

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17/11/2021 8 Hours Safety conservation of boiler
18/11/2021 8 Hours Pressure gauge, safety valve ,Gauge glass
19/11/2021 8 Hours Blow down valve, feed check valve,
High and low water alarm indication

Training Week______________5th__________________

Date Time Activity

22/11/2021 8 Hours Safety mounting
23/11/2021 8 Hours Boiler safety chemical
24/11/2021 8 Hours Important part of boiler
25/11/2021 8 Hours Chimney, Economizer, forced draft fan
26/11/2021 8 Hours Chain gear, water column

Training Week______________6th___________________

Date Time Activity

29/11/2021 8 Hours Steam drum, stop valve
30/11/2021 8 Hours Water tube boiler
1/12/2021 8 Hours Simple vertical boiler, Striling boiler
2/12/2021 8 Hours Babcock and Wilcox boiler
3/12/2021 8 Hours Working of simple vertical boiler

Training Week______________7th__________________

Date Time Activity

6/12/2021 8 Hours Water level indicator ,Superheated
7/12/2021 8 Hours Cochran boiler work
8/12/2021 8 Hours Visit Workshop
9/12/2021 8 Hours Introduction to staff
10/12/2021 8 Hours Introduction to machine

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Training Week______________8th__________________

Date Time Activity

13/12/2021 8 Hours Introduction to machine
14/12/2021 8 Hours Lathe machine
15/12/2021 8 Hours Lathe machine parts
16/12/2021 8 Hours CNC lathe
17/12/2021 8 Hours Bench lathe machine

Training Week______________9th__________________

Date Time Activity

20/12/2021 8 Hours Lathe machine parts
21/12/2021 8 Hours Bed, Headstock, Tailstock
22/12/2021 8 Hours Carriage, saddle, Cross slide
23/12/2021 8 Hours Tool post, Apron, Chuck
24/12/2021 8 Hours Feed rod, lead screw, spindle

Training Week______________10th__________________

Date Time Activity

27/12/2021 8 Hours Most commonly use chucks in lathe
28/12/2021 8 Hours Four-jaw chuck, three-jaw chuck, collect chuck
magnetic chuck
29/12/2021 8 Hours Lathe machine working principle
30/12/2021 8 Hours Different operation on lathe machine

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31/12/2021 8 Hours Turning operation, Tapered turning, Facing
operation

Training Week______________11th__________________

Date Time Activity

3/12/2021 8 Hours Thread cutting operation, parting operation, Shoulder turning
4/12/2021 8 Hours Chamfering operation, Knurling operation, Drilling operation
5/12/2021 8 Hours Boring operation, Counter boring operation, countersinking
operation and reaming operation
6/12/2021 8 Hours Maintenance
7/12/2021 8 Hours Safety precaution

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Chapter 1: Background of training organization

Figure 1 Background Organization

Founded in 1990, SS oil mills is among the oldest mills of Pakistan and has been a part of Pakistan’s
stock exchange since 1991. With a 1 mega watt solar plant for renewable energy, SS oil mills
processes 400 tons of seed per day. Soybean oil, used in cooking, is among the largest import
products of Pakistan. Our CEO being the chairman of APSEA (All Pakistan Solvent Extractors
Association) has helped maintain a great relation with United States Soybean Export Council for
many years.

1.1 Our Mission and Vision

 To find and implement best available resources viz a viz plant, grains, meals and
other materials to bring out the best values for our customers.
 Innovation and research.
 Keep working to produce the best.

Vision

 Our manifestation is ―Precision in Nutrition‖.

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  To meet our goal we took every step, keeping in mind, the excellence in producing
and delivering the best to the customers.

1.2 Title and position of the supervisor in charge:

Engineer Muhammad shafiq QA-QC in charge

1.3 Quality
The continuous stringent mechanism of check and balance throughout the complete
production process ensures quality of feed. At SS Oil we have NO COMPROMISE ON
QUALITY Policy. We have strong belief in continuous improvement in principal of quality

check

CHAPTER NO 2: Schedules and duties as a trainee

2. Schedule of duties performed as trainee:

Mechanical Trainee engineers typically do the following:

 Analyze problems to see how mechanical and thermal devices might help solve a
particular problem with seniors.
 Design or redesign mechanical structure and isometric drawing, using analysis and
computer-aided design with seniors.
 Investigate equipment failures or difficulties to diagnose faulty operation and to
recommend remedies and discuss with seniors.
 Develop and test the required line as per project scope and standards
 Analyze the test results and change the design or system as needed
 Oversee the manufacturing process for the device

Mechanical engineering is one of the broadest engineering fields. Mechanical engineers

design and oversee the manufacture of many products ranging from medical devices to
new batteries.

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 1.1. Work Environment:

Mechanical engineers generally work in offices. They may occasionally visit worksites
where a problem or piece of equipment needs their personal attention. In most settings,
they work with other engineers, engineering technicians, and other professionals as part
of a team.

1.2. Work Schedules

Most mechanical engineers work full time and some work more than 40 hours a week.
1.3. Education and Training
Mechanical trainee engineers typically need a bachelor’s degree in mechanical engineering
or mechanical engineering technology. Mechanical engineers who sell services publicly
must be licensed in all states and the District of Pakistan.

Chapter No 3: Work Experience

3.1 Introduction to boiler

A boiler is an enclosed vessel that provides a means for combustion and transfers heat to water
until it becomes hot water or steam. The hot water or steam under pressure is then usable for
transferring the heat to a process.

Water is useful and cheap medium for transferring heat to a process. When water is boiled into
steam its volume increases about 1,600 times, producing a force that is almost as explosive as
gunpowder. This causes the boiler to be extremely dangerous equipment and should be treated
carefully.

Liquid when heated up to the gaseous state this process is called evaporation.

The heating surface is any part of the boiler; hot gases of combustion are on one side and water
on the other. Any part of the boiler metal that actually contributes to making steam is heating
surface. The amount of heating surface of a boiler is expressed in square meters. The larger the
heating surface a boiler has, the more efficient it becomes.

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Figure 3.1 Introduction boiler

3.2 Boiler Types
Two types of boiler

3.2.1 Fire tube boiler

A fire-tube boiler is a type of boiler in which hot gases pass from a fire through one

or more tubes running through a sealed container of water. The heat of the gases is

transferred through the walls of the tubes by thermal conduction, heating the water

and ultimately creating steam.

The fire-tube boiler developed as the third of the four major historical types of

boilers: low-pressure tank or "haystack" boilers, flued boilers with one or two large

flues, fire-tube boilers with many small tubes, and high-pressure water-tube boilers.

Their advantage over flued boilers with a single large flue is that the many small

tubes offer far greater heating surface area for the same overall boiler volume. The

general construction is as a tank of water penetrated by tubes that carry the hot flue

gases from the fire. The tank is usually cylindrical for the most part—being the

strongest practical shape for a pressurized container—and this cylindrical tank may

be either horizontal or vertical.

This type of boiler was used on virtually all steam locomotives in the horizontal

"locomotive" form. This has a cylindrical barrel containing the fire tubes, but also has

an extension at one end to house the "firebox".

Vertical boilers have also been built of the multiple fire-tube type, although these are

comparatively rare; most vertical boilers were either flued, or with cross water-tubes

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3.2.2. Water tube boiler

A high pressure water tube boiler (also spelled water-tube and water tube) is a
type of boiler in which water circulates in tubes heated externally by the fire.
Fuel is burned inside the furnace, creating hot gas which boils water in the
steam-generating tubes. In smaller boilers, additional generating tubes are
separate in the furnace, while larger utility boilers rely on the water -filled tubes
that make up the Jowalls of the furnace to generate steam.

Figure 3.2.2 Water tube boiler

3.3 Types of boiler.

3.3.1 Cornish boiler.

The simplest form of flued boiler was Richard Trevithick's "high-

pressure" Cornish boiler, first installed at Dolcoath mine in 1812 This is a long

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horizontal cylinder with a single large flue containing the fire. As the furnace relied
on natural draught, a tall chimney was required at the far end of the flue to encourage
a good supply of air (oxygen) to the fire.
For efficiency, Trevithick's innovation was to encase beneath the boiler with a brick-
built chamber. Exhaust gases passed through the central flue and then routed
outside and around the iron boiler shell. To keep the chimney clear of the firing
space, the brick flue passed first underneath the center of the boiler to the front face,
then back again along the sides and to the chimney.
Cornish boilers had several advantages over the preceding wagon boilers: they were
composed of mostly curved surfaces, better to resist the pressure. Their flat ends
were smaller than the flat sides of the wagon boiler and were stayed by the central
furnace flue, and sometimes by additional long rod stays. A less obvious advantage
was that of boiler scale. Wagon or haystack boilers were heated from beneath and
any scale or impurities that formed a sediment settled upon this plate, insulating it
from the water. This reduced heating efficiency and could in extremis lead to local
overheating and failure of the boiler plates. In the flued boiler, any sediment fell past
the furnace flue and settled out at the bottom of the boiler shell, where it had less
effect.
In model engineering, the Cornish boiler, particularly when fitted with Galloway tubes
(see Lancashire Boiler, below), is an excellent choice for gas-fired boilers and model
steam boats. It is simple to build and as efficient as any small-scale boiler
3.3.2 Lancashire boiler.

The Lancashire boiler is similar to the Cornish, but has two large flues containing the

fires. It was the invention of William Fairbairn in 1844, from a theoretical

consideration of the thermodynamics of more efficient boilers that led him to

increase the furnace grate area relative to the volume of water.

3.3.3 Scotch marine boiler

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 A Scotch marine boiler (or simply Scotch boiler) is a

design of steam boiler best known for its use on ships.

The Scotch marine boiler differs dramatically from its predecessors in using a large

number of small-diameter tubes. This gives a far greater heating surface area for the

volume and weight. The furnace remains a single large-diameter tube with the many

small tubes arranged above it. They are connected together through a combustion

chamber – an enclosed volume contained entirely within the boiler shell – so that the

flow of flue gas through the firetubes is from back to front. An enclosed smokebox

covering the front of these tubes leads upwards to the chimney or funnel. Typical

Scotch boilers had a pair of furnaces, larger ones had three. Above this size, such as

for large steam ships, it was more usual to install multiple boilers

3.3.4 Locomotive boiler

A locomotive boiler has three main components: a double-walled firebox; a

horizontal, cylindrical "boiler barrel" containing a large number of small flue-tubes;
and a smokebox with chimney, for the exhaust gases. The boiler barrel contains larger
flue-tubes to carry the super heater elements, where present. Forced draught is
provided in the locomotive boiler by injecting exhausted steam back into the exhaust
via a blast pipe in the smokebox.
Locomotive-type boilers are also used in traction engines, steam rollers, portable
engines and some other steam road vehicles. The inherent strength of the boiler
means it is used as the basis for the vehicle: all the other components, including the
wheels, are mounted on brackets attached to the boiler. It is rare to find superheaters
designed into this type of boiler, and they are generally much smaller (and simpler)
than railway locomotive types.
The locomotive-type boiler is also a characteristic of the overtype steam wagon, the
steam-powered fore-runner of the truck. In this case, however, heavy girder frames
make up the load-bearing chassis of the vehicle, and the boiler is attached to this.

3.3.5 Immersion fired boiler

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The immersion fired boiler is a single-pass fire-tube boiler that was developed by Sellers
Engineering in the 1940s. It has only firetubes, functioning as a furnace and combustion
chamber also, with multiple burner nozzles injecting premixed air and natural gas under
pressure. It claims reduced thermal stresses, and lacks refractory brickwork completely due to
its construction.
3.3.6 Vertical fire-tube boiler.

A vertical boiler is a type of fire-tube or water-tube boiler where the boiler barrel is

oriented vertically instead of the more common horizontal orientation. Vertical

boilers were used for a variety of steam-powered vehicles and other mobile

machines, including early steam locomotives.

3.3.7 Horizontal boiler

Horizontal return tubular boiler (HRT) has a horizontal cylindrical shell, containing

several horizontal flue tubes, with the fire located directly below the boiler's shell,

usually within a brickwork setting

3.4. Types of water tube boiler

3.4.1 Simple vertical boiler

A simple vertical boiler produces steam at low pressure and in small quantities. It is,

therefore, used for low power generation or at places where space is limited. The

construction of this type of boiler is shown in the figure

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 Figure 3.4.1 Simple vertical boiler

3.4.2 striling boiler

The Striling boiler is an early form of water tube boiler used to generate steam

in large land-based stationary plants. Although widely used around 1900, it has

now[ fallen from favour and is rarely[] seen[

3.4.3 Babcock and Wilcox boiler

Babcock And Wilcox Boiler is a stationary water tube boiler. It consists of the steam-water

drum. a short tube connects the steam water drum with the uptake header and down header as

shown in the figure. A mud box is equipped with each down space header and the mud

collected, is removed.

There is a slow-moving chain on which coal is fed from the hopper. The firebricks baffle wall

deflected the hot gases and help the hot gases to leave the chimney. The dampers are used to

regulate the draught and are operated by a chain and a pulley.

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3.5 Working of simple vertical boiler

It consists of a cylindrical shell surrounding a nearly cylindrical firebox. The firebox is slightly

tapered towards the top to allow the ready passage of the steam to the surface. At the

bottom of the firebox, is a grate. The firebox is provided with two or more inclined cross

tubes F, F.

The inclination of the cross tubes is provided to improve the heating surface as well as to
increase the circulation of water. An uptake tube passes from the top of the firebox to the
chimney. The handhole is fitted opposite to the end of each water tubes for cleaning the
depositions.

3.6. Advantage of simple vertical boiler

The following are the advantages of a simple vertical boiler:

1 .The initial cost is low because of fewer parts.

2. Maintenance cost is low.

3. Working is simple.

4. It is easy to install and replace.

5. It occupies a small space on the ground.

6. These type of boilers have water level tolerance.

3.7. Disadvantage of simple vertical boiler

The following are the disadvantages of simple vertical boiler:

1. The vertical design of this boiler limits its work in many places.

2. Steam production is limited because of the limited great area.

3. The impurities settle at the bottom and thus prevent the water from heating up.

4. The boiler tube should be kept small to reduce height. As a result, most of the available

heat is lost through the chimney, as the tubes have very little time to heat.

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3.8. Application of simple vertical boiler

The following are the application of a simple vertical boiler:

1. Simple vertical boilers may have applications in railway locomotives, for example, a

railway steam engine.

2. Simple vertical boilers are employed in road vehicles such as steam wagons or steam

lorry.

3. The simple vertical boiler has a very well known application that is a steam tractor.

4. The number of boats is particularly small which uses simple vertical boilers to power

the engine.

5. In some parts of the world ordinary vertical boilers are used in the steam donkey.

6. Simple vertical boilers are also worked in steam cranes and steam shovels.

3.9 Safety conservation of boiler

3.9.1 Pressure gauge:

The pressure of the boiler is checked by means of a pressure gauge

3.9.2 Safety Valve:

Safety valve are those valves which is fitted in a special place in the boiler it help to relieve

overpressure.

3.9.3 Gauge glass

Gauge glass is mounted on the top of the boiler tubes so that the water stays on top of the
tubes and can be seen in the boiler the water should be about 4 inches above the tubes.

3.9.4 Blow down valve

Due to the hardness of the water in the boiler the soluble substance do not dissolve and they
are taken out through the blow down.

3.9.5 Feed check valve

The feed check valve is such a valve this allows water to enter the boiler and no water comes
out of it this is called feed check valve.

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3.9.6: High and low water alarm indication:

when the water in the boiler tubes is high or low it sends alarm this is called high and low
water alarm indication.

3.10 Boiler safety chemicals

Chemicals are used to control the pH scale and TDS in the water inside the boiler where the

pH is very high acid type chemicals are used there and if the pH is low then alkynes chemical

is used.

3.11 Parts of boiler

3.11.1 chimney

A Chimney is a self standing structure for venting hot gases from a boiler to the

outside atmosphere and to disperse them at a considerable height

3.11.2 Economizer

In boilers, economizers are heat exchange devices that heat fluids, usually water, up to but

not normally beyond the boiling point of that fluid. ... They are a device fitted to a boiler

which saves energy by using the exhaust gases from the boiler to preheat the cold water used

to fill it .

3.11.3 Forced Draft Fans

Forced Draft Fans (FD) supply the air necessary for fuel combustion by pushing air through

the combustion air supply system and into furnace.

3.11.4 Belt conveyor

It is used to supply fuel to the boiler

3.11.5 Chain gear

The fire heats the water moving over the chain and turns it into steam turning it into ashes.

3.11.6 Steam drum

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 A steam drum is a standard feature of a water-tube boiler. It is a reservoir of water/steam at

the top end of the water tube

3.11.7 Water column

Fire tube boiler has assembly with drum which is called water column it also has gate glass.

3.11.8 Stop valve

The stop valve is the one through which the steam drum enters the plant

3.12 Lathe machine

A lathe machine is a machine tool that removes the undesired material from a rotating work piece in
the form of chips with the help of a tool that is traversed across the work and can be feed deep into the

Figure 3.12

3.13. Parts of lathe machine

The different parts of lathe machine.

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3.13.1 Bed

The bed of the lathe machine is the base on which all the other parts of the lathe are mounted.

The bed is made from Cast iron or nickel cast iron alloy and is supported on broad box-

section columns.

Its upper surface is either scraped or grounded and the guiding and the sliding surfaces are

provided.

The bed consists of heavy metal slides running lengthwise, with ways or v’s forced upon

them. It is rigidly supported by cross griths.

3.13.2 Headstock

The headstock is present on the left end of the bed. The main function of the headstock is to

transmit power to the different parts of the lathe.

It supports the main spindle in the bearing and aligns it properly. It also houses a necessary

transmission mechanism with speed changing levers to obtain different speeds.

3.13.3 Tailstock

The tailstock is a movable casting located opposite to the headstock on the way of the bed.

The basic function of the tailstock is:

To support the other end of the work when being machined.

To hold a tool for performing operations like drilling, reaming, tapping, etc.

It consists of the dead centers, the adjusting screws, and the hand wheel. The body of the

tailstock is adjustable on the base which is mounted on the guide ways of the bed and can be

moved.

3.13.4 Carriage

Carriage is located between headstock and tailstock. The basic function of the carriage is to

support, guide, and feed the tool against the job during operation.

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3.13.5 Saddle

It is an H-shaped casting mounted on the top of the lathe ways. It provides support to cross-

slide, compound rest, and tool post.

3.13.6 Cross slide

Cross slide is provided with a female dovetail on one side and assembled on the top of the

saddle with its male dovetail

The top surface of the cross slide is provided with T slots to enable fixing of rear tool post or

coolant attachment. Carriage basically provides a mounted or automatic cross-movement for

the cutting tool.

3.13.7 Compound rest

Compound rest is present on the top of the cross slide. It supports the tool post and cutting

tool in its various positions. Compound rest is necessary for turning angles and boring short

tapers and forms on forming tools.

3.13.8 Tool post

The tool post is mounted on the compound rest. It is used to hold various cutting tool holders.

The holders rest on a wedge which is shaped on the bottom to fit into a concave-shaped ring

(segmental type),

Which permits the height of the cutting edge to be adjusted by tilting the tool. It is fixed on

the top slide. It gets its movement by the movement of the saddle, cross slide, and top slide.

3.13.9 Apron

The Apron is fastened to the saddle and hangs over the front of the bed. Apron consists of the
gears and clutches for transmitting motion from the feed rod to the carriage, and the split nut
which engages with the lead screw during cutting threads.

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3.13.10 Chuck

Chuck is basically used to hold the work piece, particularly of short length and large
diameter or of irregular shape which can’t be conveniently mounted between centers. It can
be attached to the lathe by screwing on the spindle nose.

3.13.11 Feed rod

Feed rod is a power transmission mechanism used for precise linear movement of the carriage

along the longitudinal axis of the lathe. In some lathe machines instead of feed rod lead

screws are used.

3.13.12 Lead screw

The lead screw is used mostly in the case when the threading operation is to be performed on

a lathe. As we know for threading operation requires rotational movement of the job (work

piece) and the linear movement of the tool (tool post).

3.13.13 Spindle

This part of the lathe machine is used to hold cylindrical work piece within it. It is a

hollow shaft on which the chuck is mounted.

3.14. Lathe machine working principle

A Lathe works on the principle of rotating the work piece and a fixed cutting tool.

The work piece is held between two rigid and strong supports called a center or in a chuck or

in faceplate which revolves.

Lathe removes the undesired material from a rotating work piece in the form of chips with the

help of a tool that is transverse across the work and can be fed deep in the work.

The main function of the lathe is to remove the metal from a job to give it the required shape

and size.

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3.15 Operation of lathe machine

The following different types of Lathe Machine Operation are:

3.15.1Turning Operation

Turning is the most common operation performed on the lathe. Turning is a machining

operation in which the diameter of the work piece is being reduced by removing the excess

material from the outer diameter of the job (work piece) which is mostly cylindrical or

conical in shape.

Figure 3.15.1 Turning operation

3.15.2 Tapered Turning

Tapered Turning is a machining process in which the cylindrical jobs are being machined to

produce a conical surface. In taper Turning the tapered component will be produced.

Figure 3.15.2 Tapered turning

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3.15.3 Shoulder Turning

Shoulder Turning is used in the case where several diameters are to be turned on the

workpiece. The surface forming the step from one diameter to the other is called the shoulder.

Figure 3.15.3 Shoulder turning

3.15.4 Facing Operation

Facing is a process in which the end of the workpiece is being machined by the tool which is

at a right angle to the axis of the rotation of the workpiece.

Figure 3.15.4 Facing operation

3.15.5 Thread Cutting Operation

Thread cutting is a type of operation in which the threads are being cut on the internal and the

outer surface of the workpiece as per the requirement.

In the thread cutting operation, only the automatic feed is given.

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The automatic feed required for the thread cutting operation is given by using a lead screw

and the feed gearbox.

Figure 3.15.5 Thread cutting operation

3.15.6 Parting Operation

Parting is an operation in which the deep groves are being made on the parent material to

remove the specific portion from the parent material resulting in dividing the workpiece into

two or more parts

Figure 3.15.6 Parting operation

3.15.7 Chamfering Operation

Chamfering is the operation of beveling the extreme end of a workpiece. Chamfering is

provided for:

1. Better look.

2. To enable the nut to pass freely on the threaded workpiece.

3. Remove burrs and

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 4. Protect the end of the workpiece from being damaged.

Chamfering is done usually after knurling, thread cutting, etc…

Figure 3.15.7 Chamfering operation

3.15.8 Knurling Operation

The process of making the surface of the work piece rough by embossing (impressing) a

diamond-shaped regular pattern on the surface by making use of a knurling tool is called a

knurling operation.

Knurling is done at a lower speed and plenty of oil is used. Knurling provides an effective

gripping surface on a workpiece to prevent it from slipping when operated with hand.

Figure 3.15.8 Knurling operation

3.15.9 Drilling Operation

Drilling operation is a type of machining operation which is used to remove the material from

the workpiece by making use of a drill bit, which is held stationary in the Tailstock. Finally

creating a hole in the workpiece.

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Drill bits are generally made up of high-speed steels and carbon steels.

Figure 3.15.9 Drilling operation

3.15.10 Boring Operation

Boring is an internal turning operation used for enlarging the existing holes by some amount.

Figure 3.15.10 Boring operation

3.15.11 Counter Boring Operation

Contour boring is an internal turning operation used for enlarging the end of the holes.

3.15.12 Countersinking Operation

Counter Sinking is the operation of the conical enlargement of the end of the hole. It requires

a large size drill bit then that required for the hole.

3.15.13 Reaming Operation

It is a machining process that is done after drilling to make internal holes of a very accurate

diameter. This operation helps to remove a very small amount of material from the holes

which are already drilled.

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 figure 3.15.13 Reaming operation

Chapter No.4 Conclusion

4.1. Conclusion

My fourteen weeks’ industrial attachment with the SS OIL MILL has been one of the most
interesting, productive and interactive experience in my life. Though this training, I have
gained new insight and more comprehensive understanding about real oil working condition
and practice, it also enhances my functional skills. All these valuable experiences and
knowledge’s that I have gained were not only acquired through the direct involvement in task
but also through other aspects of training such as: work observation, interaction with
collogues, supervisors and other people related to the field. I am sure that industrial training
program achieved its primary objectives as result of this training I am more confident to build
our future

4.2. Recommendation

I found a very good practical learning environment at SS OIL MILL Some recommendations are
given for the students who want to do their internship program. Undergraduate Internship Report
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Govt. College University Faisalabad

 Students must complete the courses related to their internship before beginning the program.
Completing the related courses before the internship helps the students to understand the topic
better.
 During training period, there may be any disorder in any kind of the material. It is necessary
to learn about fault and how the engineers repair the faulty part. Students should visit that
faulty section and should try to get a brief lecture on that fault from their mentor.
 Student must wear the safety precautions.

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 4.3 References

https://www.mechanicalbooster.com/2016/11/what-is-lathe-machine-main-parts-operations-

working.html

https://mechanicalboost.com/fire-tube-boiler/

https://www.elprocus.com/water-tube-boiler-working-principle-types-of-water-tube-boilers/

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