Project A Mathematical Modelling On Time Independent Hydro Magnetic Flow and Heat Transfer

lOMoARcPSD|10540818
Project - A mathematical modelling on time independent

hydro-magnetic flow and heat transfer
Mathematics (Kano University of Science and Technology)
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A REVIEW ON MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF TIME-
INDEPENDENT HYDRO MAGNETIC FLOW AND HEAT
TRANSFER ON A CONTINUOSLY MOVING VERTICAL
SURFACE
BY
ABBA SUNUSI YAKASAI

UG11/MATH/1176
SUPERVISED BY
DR. MUHAMMAD AUWAL LAWAN
2014/2015
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A REVIEW OF MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF TIME-
INDEPENDENT HYDRO MAGNETIC FLOW AND HEAT
TRANSFER ON A CONTINUOSLY MOVING VERTICAL
SURFACE
BY
ABBA SUNUSI YAKASAI

UG11/MATH/1176
PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE KANO UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE

AND TECHNOLOGY, WUDIL
INPARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR
OF SCIENCE BS.C (Hons) DEGREE IN MATHEMATICS
SUPERVISED BY
DR. MUHAMMAD AUWAL LAWAN

2014/2015
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I sincerely acknowledge the spirit and glory of Allah for his mercy and protection
throughout my B Sc Program in Mathematics. I also register my profound gratitude to Dr. Yusuf
I. Gwanda (My level coordinator and H.O.D of Mathematics Department) for his tireless efforts
to guide me.
I also register my special regard to all Mathematical Science Department staff for their
guidance and courage to me during my Study. Furthermore, I will not hesitate to thank my
PROJECT collogues who we worked together to achieve the project objectives. So, also my
profound gratitude to Kano University of Science and Technology management for giving me
support and courage through my school supervisor (DR. MUHAMMAD AUWAL LAWAN).
Finally, my regards to Department of Mathematics for giving me a chance to study this program
respectively.
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DEDICATION
The work is dedicated to my parents who always show their love, care and concern to me
whether in good or bad situation. May Allah grant them long life and prosperity and grant them
Jannatul firdaus.
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ABSTRACT
A theoretical study of time-independent for Hydro-magnetic flow (MHD) and heat transfer on a
continuously moving vertical surface with suction in the absent of magnetic field has been
investigated. Effects of the variable viscosity, has been considered. The governing equations that
describing the problems that are non-linear momentum and energy equations have been reduced
to Ordinary differential equation (ODE) by using scaling of the variables and obtained the non-
dimensional model equations for linear momentum and energy equations.
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CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that ABBA SUNUSI YAKASAI (UG11/MATH/1176) of Mathematics
Department has successfully completed the PROJECT, under the supervision of
DR. MUHAMMAD AUWAL LAWAN for the 2014/2015 academic session.
Student’s Name Project Supervisor
___________________________ ___________________________
Signature & Date Signature & Date
___________________________ ___________________________
Head of Department’s Name
__________________________
Signature & Date
__________________________
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover Page ……………………………………………………………………………... i
Title Page ………………………………………………………………………………. ii
Acknowledgement ……………………..………………………………………………. iii
Dedication ……………………………………………………………..………………. iv
Abstract ……………………..…………………………………………………………. v
Certification …………………………………………………………………………… vi
Table of content ………………………………………………………………………. Vii
Nomencluture ………………………………………………………………………… ix
Chapter one
1.0 General Introduction ………………..………….…………………………...…….. 1
1.1 Aim of the study ………………………………………………………...…………. 2
1.2 Objectives of the study ………………………………………………......………… 2
1.3 Methodology …….………………………………………………………………… 2
1.4 Significance of the study ………………………………………………………….. 2-3
Chapter two
Literature review
2.0 Preamble ………………………………………………………………………….. 4
Definition of terms …………………………………………………………………… 4
2.1.1 Magneto hydrodynamics (MHD) ……………………………………………… 4-5
2.1.2 Magnetic field …………………………………………………………………. 5-8
2.1.3 Fluid ……………………...……………………….…………………………… 8-10
2.1.4 Compressible/Incompressible Fluid ………………….………………………. 10-12
2.1.5 Velocity boundary layer ……………………………….………………………12-14
2.1.6 Thermal boundary layer ……………………………….……………………. 14-15
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2.1.7 Pressure gradient …………///……………………….………………………… 15

2.1.8 Force convection heat transfer …………….…………….…………………… 15-17
2.1.9 Non-dimensional groups …………………………………………………….. 18-19
2.2 Actual literature ……………………………………………………….………. 19-20
Chapter three
Model formulation for time-independent hydro magnetic flow and heat transfer on a
continuously moving vertical surface
3.0 Preamble …………………………………………………………………………. 21
3.1 Domain consideration ……………………………………………………………. 21
3.2 Preliminary assumption ………………………………………………………….. 22
3.3 Model formulation ……………………………………………………………... 22-29
Chapter four
4.0 Preamble ………………………………………………………………………….. 30
4.1 Summary …………………………………………………………………………. 30
4.2 Conculusion …………………………………….……………………………… 30-31
References …………………………………………………………………………….. 32
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Nomenclature
MHD – Magneto hydrodynamic/Hydro-magnetic flow
uw – Uniform velocity
Pr – Prandlt number
M – Hartmann number
Gr – Magnetic field
Re – Reynolds number
Nu – Nusselts number
 – Density
 = v = ⃗v – Volume
Cp – Specific heat at constant pressure
C – Specific heat at constant volume
τ s – Shear stress
FD – Drag force
ν – kinematic viscosity
Tf – Film temperature
B 0 – Strength of uniform magnetic field
R a L – Rayleigh number
−∂ p
– Pressure gradient
∂x
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CHAPTER ONE
1.1 General Introduction
Heat and mass transfer from a heated moving surface to a quiescent ambient medium occur in
many manufacturing processes such as hot rolling, wire drawing and crystal growing. The heat
treatment of materials travelling between a feed roll and a wind-up roll, or on conveyor belts, the
lamination and melt-spinning processes in the extraction of polymers posses the characteristics
of moving continuous surfaces. Magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) finds applications in ion
propulsion, electromagnetic pumps, Magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) power generators,
controlled fusion research, plasma jets and chemical synthesis, etc.
Sakiadis [1] studied the growth of the two-dimensional velocity boundary layer over a
continuously moving flat surface, emerging from a wide slot, at uniform velocity.
Vajravelu [2] studied the exact solution for hydro magnetic boundary-layer flow and heat transfer
over a continuously, moving, horizontal flat surface with uniform suction and internal heat
generation/absorption.
Again, Vajrabelu [3] extended the problem [2] to a vertical surface. The heating as well as
cooling effect of a moving isothermal vertical surface were analyzed, however, the theoretical
solution for hydro magnetic convection on a continuously moving vertical surface with uniform
suction and heat flux is not available in the literature. The present study deals with the flow past
and impulsively started vertical plate in the presence of a magnetic field.
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1.2 Aim of the study
The aim of the project is to study Time-independent Hydro-magnetic flow and heat transfer on a
continuously moving vertical surface.
1.3 Objectives of the study
The main objective of the project is to review a mathematical model on Hydro magnetic field
and heat transfer on continuously moving vertical surface given by B. Rajesh Kumar [July 21,
2000].
1.4 Methodology
A comprehensive literature review will be conducted. The study employed a dimensional
analysis to reduce the governing equations given by momentum and energy equation from partial
differential (PDE) to ordinary differential equations (ODE).
1.5 Significance of the study
 Flow of an incompressible viscous fluid over moving surfaces has an important bearing
on several technical applications, such as in metallurgy and chemical processes
industries. An example for a moving continuous surface is a polymer sheet or filament
extruded continuously from a die, or a long thread traveling between a feed roll and a
wind-up roll.
 The analysis of MHD finds application in different areas such as the aerodynamic
extrusion of plastic sheets, the boundary-layer along material-handling conveyers, the
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cooling of an infinite metallic plate in a cool bath, and the boundary-layer along a liquid
film in condensation process.
 A study of the flow field and the heat transfer can be of significant importance since the
quality of the final product depends on a large extent on the skin friction coefficient and
the surface heat transfer rate.
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CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review
2.0 Preamble
The chapter described an existing literature about previous interventions. The chapter also
consists of two parts (2.1) Definition of terms and (2.2) Actual literature about Hydro magnetic
flow (MHD) problems.
2.1 Definition of terms:
2.1.1 Magneto Hydrodynamics (MHD)
Magneto hydrodynamics (MHD) (magneto fluid dynamics or hydro magnetic) is the study of the
magnetic properties of electrically conducting fluids. Examples of such magneto-fluids include
plasmas, liquid metals, and salt water or electrolytes. The word magneto hydrodynamics (MHD)
is derived from magneto- meaning magnetic field, hydro-meaning water, and -dynamics meaning
movement.
The fundamental concept behind Magneto hydrodynamics (MHD) is that magnetic fields can
induce currents in a moving conductive fluid, which in turn polarizes the fluid and reciprocally
changes the magnetic field itself. The set of equations that describe Magneto hydrodynamics
(MHD are a combination of the Navier-Stokes equations of fluid dynamics and Maxwell's
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equations of electromagnetism. These differential equations must be solved simultaneously,
either analytically or numerically
MHD and resistive
The simplest form of Magneto hydrodynamics (MHD), Ideal Magneto hydrodynamics (MHD),
assumes that the fluid has so little resistivity that it can be treated as a perfect conductor. This is
the limit of infinite magnetic Reynolds number. In ideal Magneto hydrodynamics (MHD), Lenz's
law dictates that the fluid is in a sense tied to the magnetic field lines. To explain, in ideal
Magneto hydrodynamics (MHD) a small rope-like volume of fluid surrounding a field line will
continue to lie along a magnetic field line, even as it is twisted and distorted by fluid flows in the
system. This is sometimes referred to as the magnetic field lines being "frozen" in the fluid.[5]
The connection between magnetic field lines and fluid in ideal Magneto hydrodynamics (MHD)
fixes the topology of the magnetic field in the fluid—for example, if a set of magnetic field lines
are tied into a knot, then they will remain so as long as the fluid/plasma has negligible resistivity.
This difficulty in reconnecting magnetic field lines makes it possible to store energy by moving
the fluid or the source of the magnetic field. The energy can then become available if the
conditions for ideal Magneto hydrodynamics (MHD) break down, allowing magnetic
reconnection that releases the stored energy from the magnetic field.
2.1.2 Magnetic Field
A magnetic field is the magnetic effect of electric currents and magnetic materials. The magnetic
field at any given point is specified by both a direction and a magnitude (or strength); as such it
is a vector field.
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To define the magnetic field at a point, consider a particle of charge q and moving at a velocity
⃗v . Experimentally we have the following observations:
(1) The magnitude of the magnetic force ⃗

F0 exerted on the charged particle is proportional to
both v and q.
(2) The magnitude and direction of ⃗

F0 depends on ⃗v and ⃗
B .
(3) The magnetic force ⃗

F0 vanishes when ⃗v is parallel to ⃗
B . However, when ⃗v
makes an angle θ with ⃗

B , the direction of ⃗
F0 is perpendicular to the plane formed by
⃗v B , and the magnitude of ⃗

and ⃗ F0 is proportional to sinθ.
(4) When the sign of the charge of the particle is switched from positive to negative (or vice
versa), the direction of the magnetic force also reverses.
Figure 2.1 The direction of the magnetic force
A charged object produces an electric field ⃗

E at all points in space. In a similar manner, a bar
magnet is a source of a magnetic field ⃗

B . This can be readily demonstrated by moving a
compass near the magnet. The compass needle will line up along the direction of the magnetic
field produced by the magnet, as depicted in Figure 2.2
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Figure 2.2 Magnetic field produced by a bar magnet
Notice that the bar magnet consists of two poles, which are designated as the north (N) and the
south (S). Magnetic fields are strongest at the poles. The magnetic field lines leave from the
north pole and enter the south pole. When holding two bar magnets close to each other, the like
poles will repel each other while the opposite poles attract (Figure 2.3).
Figure 2.3 Magnets attracting and repelling
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Unlike electric charges which can be isolated, the two magnetic poles always come in a pair.
When you break the bar magnet, two new bar magnets are obtained, each with a north pole and a
south pole (Figure 2.4). In other words, magnetic “monopoles” do not exist in isolation, although
they are of theoretical interest.
Figure 2.4 Magnetic monopoles do not exist in isolation
2.1.3 Fluid
A fluid is a substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress. Fluids are a
subset of the phases of matter and include liquids, gases, plasmas and, to some extent, plastic
solids
Fluid mechanics can be divided into fluid statics, the study of fluids at rest; fluid kinematics, the
study of fluids in motion; and fluid dynamics, the study of the effect of forces on fluid motion.
2.1.3.1 Flow over Flat Plate
The friction and heat transfer coefficient for a flat plate can be determined by solving the
conservation of mass, momentum, and energy equations (either approximately or numerically).
They can also be measured experimentally. It is found that the Nusselt number can be expressed
as:
hL
Nu= =C R mL P r n ……………….. (2.1)
k
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where C, m, and n are constants and L is the length of the flat plate. The properties of the fluid
are usually evaluated at the film temperature defined as:
T s +T ∞
T f= …………………. (2.2)
2
2.1.3.2 Laminar Flow
The local friction coefficient and the Nusselt number at the location x for laminar flow over a flat
plate are
hx
Nu= =0.332 R e 1/x 2 P r 1 /3 Pr ≥ 0.6 …………… (2.3)
k
0.664
C f , x= 1 /2 …………..….. (2.4)
R ex
where x is the distant from the leading edge of the plate and Rex = ρV∞x / μ.
The averaged friction coefficient and the Nusselt number over the entire isothermal plate for
laminar regime are:
hL 1 /2 1/3
Nu= =0.664 R e L P r Pr ≥ 0.6 …………… (2.5)
k
1.328
Cf= 1 /2 ………………….. (2.6)
R eL
2.1.3.3 Turbulent Flow
The local friction coefficient and the Nusselt number at location x for turbulent flow over a flat
isothermal plate are:
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hx
N ux= =0.0296 R e 4x /5 P r 1 /3 0.6 ≤ Pr ≤ 605 × 105 ≤ R e x ≤ 10 7 ………. (2.7)
k
0.0592
C f , x= 1 /5
5
5 ×1 0 ≤ R e x ≤1 0
7
…………………. (2.8)
Rex
The averaged friction coefficient and Nusselt number over the isothermal plate in turbulent
region are:
hL
Nu= =0.037 R e 4L/ 5 P r 1 /3 0.6 ≤ Pr ≤ 60 5 ×1 05 ≤ R e x ≤1 07 …….. (2.9)
k
0.074
Cf= 1/ 5
5
5 ×1 0 ≤ R e L ≤ 1 0
7
………………… (2.10)
R eL
2.1.4 Compressible/Incompressible Fluid
A compressible fluid is one in which the fluid density changes when it is subjected to high
pressure-gradients. For gasses, changes in density are accompanied by changes in temperature,
and this complicates considerably the analysis of compressible flow.
A compressible flow is a flow in which the fluid density ρ varies significantly within the
flowfield. Therefore, ρ(x, y, z) must now be treated as a field variable rather than simply a
constant. Typically, significant density variations start to appear when the flow Mach number
exceeds 0.3 or so. The effects become especially large when the Mach number approaches and
exceeds unity.
Incompressible fluid (isochoric flow) refers to a flow in which the material density
is constant within a fluid parcel-an infinitesimal volume that moves with the flow velocity. An
equivalent statement that implies incompressibility is that the divergence of the flow velocity is
zero. Incompressible flow does not imply that the fluid itself is incompressible.
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The figure shows the behavior of a moving Lagrangian Control Volume (CV) which by
definition surrounds a fixed mass of fluid m. In incompressible flow the density ρ does not
change, so the CV’s volume V = m/ρ must remain constant. In the compressible flow case, the
CV is squeezed or expanded significantly in response to pressure changes, with ρ changing in
inverse proportion to V. Since the CV follows the streamlines, changes in the CV’s volume must
be accompanied by changes in the streamlines as well. Above Mach 1, these volumetric changes
dominate the streamline pattern.
Figure 2.5 Incompressible/Compressible Fluid
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Many of the relations developed for incompressible (i.e. low speed) flows must be revisited and
modified. For example, the Bernoulli equation is no longer valid,
1
p+ ρV 2 ≠ constant ……………… (2.11)
2
since ρ = constant was assumed in its derivation. However, concepts such as stagnation pressure
po are still usable, but their definitions and relevant equations will be different from the low
speed versions.
Some flow solution techniques used in incompressible flow problems will no longer be
applicable to compressible flows. In particular, the technique of superposition will no longer be
generally applicable, although it will still apply in some restricted situations.
The key difference between compressible and incompressible flow is the way that forces are
transmitted through the fluid. Consider the flow of water in a straw. When a thirsty child applies
suction to one end of a straw submerged in water, the water moves – both the water close to her
mouth moves and the water at the far end moves towards the lower pressure area created in the
mouth. Likewise, in a long, completely filled piping system, if a pump is turned on at one end,
the water will immediately begin to flow out of the other end of the pipe.
2.1.5 Velocity Boundary Layer
Consider the flow of a fluid over a flat plate, the velocity and the temperature of the fluid
approaching the plate is uniform at U∞ and T∞. The fluid can be considered as adjacent layers
on top of each others.
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Figure 2.6 Velocity boundary layer
Assuming no‐slip condition at the wall, the velocity of the fluid layer at the wall is zero. The
motionless layer slows down the particles of the neighboring fluid layers as a result of friction
between the two adjacent layers. The presence of the plate is felt up to some distance from the
plate beyond which the fluid velocity U∞ remains unchanged. This region is called velocity
boundary layer.
Boundary layer region is the region where the viscous effects and the velocity changes are
significant and the inviscid region is the region in which the frictional effects are negligible and
the velocity remains essentially constant.
The friction between two adjacent layers between two layers acts similar to a drag force (friction
force). The drag force per unit area is called the shear stress:
∂V
τs = µ
∂y
y=0 ( N /m2 ) …………………… (2.12)
where μ is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid kg/m.s or N.s/m2.
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Viscosity is a measure of fluid resistance to flow, and is a strong function of temperature. The
surface shear stress can also be determined from:
ρU 2∞
τ s = Cf ( N /m2 ) ……………………. (2.13)
2
where Cf is the friction coefficient or the drag coefficient which is determined experimentally in
most cases.
The drag force is calculated from:
ρU 2∞
FD = Cf A (N) …………………. (2.14)
2
The flow in boundary layer starts as smooth and streamlined which is called laminar flow. At
some distance from the leading edge, the flow turns chaotic, which is called turbulent and it is
characterized by velocity fluctuations and highly disordered motion.
The transition from laminar to turbulent flow occurs over some region which is called transition
region.
The velocity profile in the laminar region is approximately parabolic, and becomes flatter in
turbulent flow.
The turbulent region can be considered of three regions: laminar sublayer (where viscous effects
are dominant), buffer layer (where both laminar and turbulent effects exist), and turbulent layer.
The intense mixing of the fluid in turbulent flow enhances heat and momentum transfer between
fluid particles, which in turn increases the friction force and the convection heat transfer
coefficient.
2.1.6 Thermal Boundary Layer
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Similar to velocity boundary layer, a thermal boundary layer develops when a fluid at specific
temperature flows over a surface which is at different temperature.
Figure 2.7 Thermal boundary layer
The thickness of the thermal boundary layer δt is defined as the distance at which:
T −T S
= 0.99 ………………….. (2.15)
T ∞−T S
The relative thickness of the velocity and the thermal boundary layers is described by the Prandtl
number.
For low Prandtl number fluids, i.e. liquid metals, heat diffuses much faster than momentum flow
(remember Pr = ν/α<<1) and the velocity boundary layer is fully contained within the thermal
boundary layer. On the other hand, for high Prandtl number fluids, i.e. oils, heat diffuses much
slower than the momentum and the thermal boundary layer is contained within the velocity
boundary layer.
2.1.7 Pressure gradient
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the pressure gradient (typically of air, more generally of any fluid) is a physical quantity that
describes which direction and at what rate the pressure changes the most rapidly around a
particular location
The pressure gradient also accounts for a secondary flow of the boundary layer in the water
flowing across the floor of the bowl or cup. The pressure gradient, when combined with the
Coriolis Effect and friction, also influences wind direction.
2.1.8 Force convection heat transfer
Convection is the mechanism of heat transfer through a fluid in the presence of bulk fluid
motion. Convection is classified as natural (or free) and forced convection depending on how the
fluid motion is initiated. In natural convection, any fluid motion is caused by natural means such
as the buoyancy effect, i.e. the rise of warmer fluid and fall the cooler fluid. Whereas in forced
convection, the fluid is forced to flow over a surface or in a tube by external means such as a
pump or fan.
Mechanism of forced convection
Convection heat transfer is complicated since it involves fluid motion as well as heat
conduction. The fluid motion enhances heat transfer (the higher the velocity the higher
the heat transfer rate).
The rate of convection heat transfer is expressed by Newton’s law of cooling:
…………… (2.16)
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The convective heat transfer coefficient h strongly depends on the fluid properties and
roughness of the solid surface, and the type of the fluid flow (laminar or turbulent).
Figure 2.8 Forced convection
It is assumed that the velocity of the fluid is zero at the wall, this assumption is called nonslip
condition. As a result, the heat transfer from the solid surface to the fluid layer adjacent to the
surface is by pure conduction, since the fluid is motionless. Thus,
……………… (2.17)
The convection heat transfer coefficient, in general, varies along the flow direction. The mean or
average convection heat transfer coefficient for a surface is determined by (properly) averaging
the local heat transfer coefficient over the entire surface.
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2.1.9 Non-dimensional Groups
In convection, it is a common practice to non‐dimensionalize the governing equations and
combines the variables which group together into dimensionless numbers (groups).
Nusselt number: non‐dimensional heat transfer coefficient
hδ q conv
Nu= = ……………………. (2.18)
k q cond
where δ is the characteristic length, i.e. D for the tube and L for the flat plate. Nusselt number
represents the enhancement of heat transfer through a fluid as a result of convection relative to
conduction across the same fluid layer. Reynolds number: ratio of inertia forces to viscous forces
in the fluid
inertia forces ρVδ Vδ

ℜ= = = ………………….. (2.19)
viscous forces μ v
At large Re numbers, the inertia forces, which are proportional to the density and the velocity of
the fluid, are large relative to the viscous forces; thus the viscous forces cannot prevent the
random and rapid fluctuations of the fluid (turbulent regime).
The Reynolds number at which the flow becomes turbulent is called the critical Reynolds
number. For flat plate the critical Re is experimentally determined to be approximately Re
critical = 5 x105.
Prandtl number: is a measure of relative thickness of the velocity and thermal boundary Layer
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molecular diffusivity of momentum v μC p

Pr= = = …………………. (2.20)
molecular diffusivity of heat α k
where fluid properties are:
mass density : ρ, (kg/m )

3
specific heat capacity : Cp (J/kg ∙ K)
dynamic viscosity : μ, (N ∙ s/m )

2
kinematic viscosity : ν, μ / ρ (m /s)2
thermal conductivity : k, (W/m∙ K) thermal diffusivity : α, k/(ρ ∙ Cp) (m /s)

2
2.2 Actual literature
The fluid flow and heat transfer problem occur an isothermal porous flat plate in which the plate
and ambient fluid are both in motion is investigated. A very efficient numerical method has been
used to solve non-similar boundary layer equations. The effect of the relative velocity parameter,
prandtl number and suction or injection parameter on the flow field, skin friction coefficient and
local Nusselt number are shown and discussed for a plate moving in parallel with or reversely to
the free stream.
A similarity analysis of the boundary layer flow caused by the motion of a semi-infinite
flat surface in a non-Newtonian power-law, fluid at rest is made in this paper. This similar
solution falls into two categories similarly solution corresponding to steady boundary layer over
moving surface and similarities solution corresponding to unsteady boundary layer past moving
1
flat surface respectively. Except in the special case n= (Pseudo plastic) and n = 1
2
(Newtonian) fluids, solution of the first category problem most be obtained numerically.
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However for the second category analytical solution are possible for a large class of pseudo
plastic fluids (n  1), including the case of a Newtonian fluid (n =1).
Sakiadis [1] studied the growth of the two-dimensional velocity boundary layer over a
continuously moving flat surface, emerging from a wide slot, at uniform velocity.
Vajravelu [2] studied the exact solution for hydro magnetic boundary-layer flow and heat transfer
over a continuously, moving, horizontal flat surface with uniform suction and internal heat
generation/absorption.
Again, Vajrabelu [3] extended the problem [2] to a vertical surface.
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CHAPTER THREE
Model formulation for time independent hydro magnetic flow and heat
transfer on a continuously moving vertical surface
3.0 Preamble
The chapter described a theoretical mathematical model for time independent hydro magnetic
convection over a continuously moving vertical surface with uniform suction.
3.1 Domain consideration
The physical model of the problem is shown in figure 3.1.
uw
u∞ =o
Bo
δ g
Vo =
Bo
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Slot
Figure 3.1 Physical geometry of the problem.
3.2 Preliminary assumptions
1. Uniform magnetic field
2. Steady flow
3. Laminar boundary-layer flow
4. The induced magnetic fluid is assume to be negligible
3.3 Model formulation
The investigation is to conduct a study of steady, laminar boundary layer flows on a continuously
moving surface in the presence of a uniform magnetic field. The boundary-layer convective flow
of an electrically conducting viscous fluid on a continuous surface, issuing from a surface and
moving vertically with a uniform velocity uw in a fluid and heat is supplied from the plate to
the fluid at a uniform rate, in the presence of a magnetic field of strength B0. Let x−axi s
be taken along the direction of the motion of the sheet and the y-axis be normal to the surface.
The induced magnetic field is assume be negligible. Under the above assumption, the equations
for boundary layer flow and heat transfer are as follow:
Governing Equations
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Continuity equation
(u) ( v )
+ =0 . ……………………………….. (3.1)
x y
Cauchy momentum equation
(uu) (uv ) −P
( )
2
u 2u
+ = +μ 2 + 2 +X −σ B20 u . ….. (3.2)
x y x x y
Energy equation
x
+
y
= (
(u T ' ) ( v T ' ) K 2 T ' 2 T '
Cp x 2
+ 2 +
y
υ
)
Φ . ………… (3.3)
Cp υ
Since, the flow is steady we assumed ≈ Constant
From equation (3.1)
( ux + vy )=0
¿ equation ( 3.2 )
( )
(uu) (uv) −P
( )
2
u 2u
+ = +μ 2 + 2 +X −σ B 20 u . …. (3.4)
x y x x y
From equation (3.3)
Page | 32

lOMoARcPSD|10540818
( ) ( )
' '
(u T ) (v T ) K 2T ' 2T ' υ
+ = 2
+ 2 + Φυ . …. (3.5)
x y Cp x y Cp
Where ≠ 0
u v
+ =0 . …….. (3.6)
x y
( )
(uu) ( uv) − p
( )
2 2
u u 2
+ = +μ 2 + 2 +X −σ B0 u . … (3.7)
x y x x y
Applying product rule to Equation (3.7)
( u(u) u(u) v (u) u( v) − p

) ( )
2
u 2u
+ + + = + μ 2 + 2 + X −σ B20 u . …….. (3.8)
x x y y x x y
We simplify Equation (3.8) with the following assumptions,
v =v 0=constant <0, U=u ( 0 , y ) , P= p ( x , 0 ) , T´ =T ( 0 , y )

' '
………….. (3.9)
Putting Equation (3.9) into (3.8), one obtains
2
dU d P d U
v0 − +µ 2
−g(T ' )−σ B 20 U . ………. (3.10)
dy dx dy
Where X is the body force X =−g ( T ' )
Now by employing Boussinesq’s approximation
ρ ( T ) =ρ ( 1−β ( T −T ∞ ) ) .
' ' '
……………. (3.11)
Page | 33

lOMoARcPSD|10540818
Substituting Equation (3.11) into (3.10)
dU d P d2 U
v0 −
dy dx
+µ
dy 2 (
−g ρ ( 1−β ( T ' −T '∞ ) ) −σ B 20 U . ) ……… (3.12)
P
Where - is the pressure gradient given by
x
−d P
=ρg . ……………….……….. (3.13)
dx
Combining body force with pressure gradient, one obtains
dU d2 U
v0 ρg−g ( ρ−ρβ ( T ' −T ' ∞ ) ) + µ 2
−σ B 20 U
dy dy
dU d2 U
v0 ρg−ρg+gρβ ( T ' −T ' ∞ ) +µ 2
−σ B20 U
dy dy
dU d2U
v0 gρβ ( T ' −T ' ∞ ) +µ 2
−σ B20 U . ………..… (3.14)
dy dy
Now from equation (3.5)
( (u T ' ) ( v T ' )
x
+
y ) (
=
K 2T ' 2T '
Cp x 2
υ
+ 2 + Φυ .
y Cp )
Since the viscous dissipation is very negligible (that is Φυ ≪1 )
( ) ( )
' '
(u T ) (v T ) K 2T ' 2T '
+ = + 2 . ……….. (3.15)
x y Cp x 2 y
Now applying product rule to Equation (3.15) T´ '
Page | 34

lOMoARcPSD|10540818
( ) ( )
' ' 2 2
T u T v K T' T'
u +T ' + v +T ' = 2
+ 2 .
x x y y Cp x y
Inserting Equation (3.9) into (3.15)
d T´ ' ´ ' d u d T´ ' ´ ' d v K d 2 T´ ' d 2 T´ '

( u
dx
+T
dx
+v
dy
+T = +
d y Cp d x 2 d y 2) ( . ) ……….. (3.16)
d T´ ' K d 2 T´ '
v = . ………………... (3.17)
d y Cp d y2
Multiply through by C p
d T´ ' d 2 T´ '
Cp v =κ 2
. ………………... (3.18)
dy dy
Now we introduce the non-dimensional quantities
uw v 0 2
u T´ ' −T´ ' ∞ ¿
y v0
, U , T , (q ❑ )
Y
❑ uw q ❑ κv
κ v0
Gr g ¿ 0
2
v0
¿
µ CP 2
Pr , . …………….. (3.19)
κ B0 ¿
¿
M¿
Substituting equation (3.19) into (3.14)
U U
d d2
( )
uw q UW
v0 =gρβ T +µ −σ B 20 U u w
( )
υ κ v0 υ 2
dY d Y
v0 v0
Page | 35

lOMoARcPSD|10540818
Applying product rule
( ) ( )
u w dU +Ud u w d (uw dU +Ud u w )
v0
❑ dY +Y d
v0 v0
=g
 ρ T ( ) q
κ v0
+µ 2
v 20
dY 2+ Y 2 d
v 20
2
−σ B 20 Uu w .
.……….
(3.20)
Differentiating equation (3.20)
( )
u w dU +Ud u w
v0
❑ dY +Y d
v0 v0
=g
 ρ T ( κqv ) 0
+ µ
( )
uw d 2 U +dUd u w +d u w dU +U d 2 u w
2 2
−σ B20 Uu w.
d ...... (3.21)
2
dY 2+Y 2
v 0 v 20
2 dv d2v
d uw  d uw    0. …………… (3.22)
v0 d v 20
Substituting equation (3.22) in (3.21), yields to
u w dU u w d2 U
ρ v ❑ dY  gT
v0
( ) q
κ v0
+µ 2
v 20
dY 2
−¿ 2
σ B0 Uu w
u w dU uw
( )
2
q 2 d U
ρ v ❑ dY  g ρ T +µ −¿ σ B20 Uu w
κ v0 dY 2
v0 v20
Page | 36

lOMoARcPSD|10540818
Now taking the reciprocal we have
2
u w v 20 dU q µ uw v 0 d2U
 g ρ T + −¿ σ B20 Uu w . …………… (3.23)
v dY κ v0 V
2
dY 2
V
Multiplying 2 to both side of equation (3.23)
ρu w v 0
2 2
ρu w v 0 V dU q V µ uw v 0 V d2U
 g ρ T + −¿
2
v u w v 0 dY κ v0 ρu w v 20 V
2 2
ρ uw v 0 dY 2
V
σ B20 Uuw
ρu w v 20
dU g Tq V
2
µ d2U ❑
 + −¿  B 20 U
dY 2
κ v0 w v0 V dY
2 ρ v 20
dU q V µ 2
d U 2 U
 gT + −¿  B 0 2 .
dY κ v0 u w v 20 V dY
2
ρ v0
……………….. (3.24)
u w v 20
¿
But recall Gr  g v
(q )
k v0
¿
dU µ d2U 2U
 GrT + −¿  B 0 2
dY ❑ dY 2
v0
Page | 37

lOMoARcPSD|10540818
2
ρ v0
¿
Also recall that M  u
2¿
B0
¿
¿
2
dU µ d U
 GrT + – MU . ………………..(3.25)
dY ❑ dY 2
µ
By definition   . …………… (3.26)
ρ
Therefore µ  ρ . ……………… (3.27)
Substituting equation (3.27) into (3.25)
2
dU ρ d U
 GrT + 2
– MU
dY ρ dY
dU d 2U
GrT + 2
– MU . ……………………. (**)
dY dY
Inserting equation (3.19) into (3.18)
ρ0 C p v 0
d (Tq
( κqv )+T´ )
0
'
∞

( (
K d 2 Tq
q ´'
κ v0
+T ∞
)) . ……………
Y Y
d( ) d ( )2
v0 v0
(3.28)
Defferentiating equation (3.28)
Page | 38

lOMoARcPSD|10540818
T´ ∞
'
ρ0 C p v 0
( κv )
(
d Tq
q
) +d ( T´ )
0
'
∞

Tq
q
κ v0 ( +d (¿)
)
Y ¿
d( ) d¿
v0
Kd¿
¿
ρ0 C p v 0
[q ❑ dT +Tqd ❑ +T ❑ dq +d ( T´ ∞ )
κ v0 κ v0 κ v0( ) ( )
'
] 
❑ dY +Yd ( ❑ )
v0 v0
❑
κ v0
¿
❑
q ❑ dT +Tqd ( T´ ' ∞ +T κ v dq +d (¿)
κ v0 0
( ) ]
¿
d¿
K¿
¿
ρ0 C p v 0
q ❑ dT
κ v0 ( ) 
[ ( )]
K d q ❑
κ v0
. …………..
❑ dY 2
2
v0 dY
v 20
(3.29)
ρ 0 C p v 0 q ❑ dT
( κ v0 ) 
[
K q ❑ d T +dTd q ❑
κ v0
2
κ v0 ( )]
❑ dY 2
2
v0 2
dY
v 0
Page | 39

lOMoARcPSD|10540818
ρ0 C p v 0 q ❑ dT Kq ❑ d 2 T
( κ v0 )  2
κ v0
. ………………
❑ dY dY 2
v0 v 20
(3.30)
ρ0 C p v 0 q ❑ Kq ❑
( κ v0 ) dT

κ v0
2
2
d T
❑ dY dY dY 2
v0 v20
ρ0 C p v 0 q v dT Kq v 2 d2T

κ v0 ❑ dY κ v0 2 dY 2
ρ0 C p v 0 q dT qv d2T
 .
κ dY ❑ dY 2
…………………… (3.31)
Multiplying equation (3.31) through by

q v0
ρ0 C p v 0 q dT q v0 d2T

k q v0 dY ❑ q v0 dY 2
ρ0 C p dT d2T
 . …………………… (3.32)
k dY dY 2
µCp
Recall from equation (3.19). Pr 
k
µ
But ,  
ρ0
Inserting equation (3.19) and (3.32) yields
Page | 40

lOMoARcPSD|10540818
2
ρ0 C p µ dT d T
 2
k ρ0 dY dY
2
Cpµ dT d T
 2 . …………………………….. (3.33)
k dY dY
2
dT d T
Pr  2
dY dY
d2T dT
2
−¿ Pr  0. ………………………… (##)
dY dY
CHAPTER FOUR
Summary and Conclusion
4.0 Preamble
The chapter described the summary of hydro-magnetic flow and heat transfer on a continuously
moving vertical surface
4.1 Summary
Page | 41

lOMoARcPSD|10540818
The summary of the project consists of the following;
1. Chapter 1: The chapter discussed the introduction, aim and objectives of the study.
2. Chapter 2: The chapter described the literature review about previous interventions.
3. Chapter 3: The chapter described the mathematical modeling for hydro-magnetic
convection at a continuously moving vertical surface with uniform suction.
4. Chapter 4: The chapter described the summary and conclusion of hydro-magnetic flow
and heat transfer on continuously moving vertical surface.
4.2 Conclusion
Based on the study we arrived at the following conclusions,
A theoretical study of time-independent for Hydro-magnetic flow (MHD) and heat transfer on a
continuously moving vertical surface with suction in the absent of magnetic field has been
considered, the non-linear momentum and energy equations are converted into Ordinary
differential equation (ODE) by using scaling to obtained the non-dimensional model equations
for linear momentum and energy equations.
Page | 42

lOMoARcPSD|10540818
References
 Sakiadis, B. C.: Boundary layer behavior on continuous solid surface: I. The boundary
layer equations for two-dimensional and axisymmetric flow. AIChE J. 7,26 - 28(1961).
 Vajravelu, k.: Hydro-magnetic flow and heat transfer over a continuous, moving, porous,
flat surface. Acta Mech. 64,179 -185 (1968).
 Vajravelu, k.: Hydro-magnetic convection at a continuous moving surface. Acta Mech.
72,223 – 232 (1988).
 Schlichting, H.: Boundary layer theory, 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill 1968
 Pai, S. I.+: Magneto gas dynamics and plasma dynamics. Wien: Springer 1962
 R. B. Bird, R. C. Armstrong, and O. Hassager, Dynamics of Polymeric Liquids, Volume
Page | 43

lOMoARcPSD|10540818
1: Fluid Mechanics, 2nd edition (John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1987).
 M. M. Denn, Process Fluid Mechanics (Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1980).
 Andersson, H.I.: MHD flow of a viscoelastic fluid past a stretching surface. Acta
Mechanica 95, (1992), 227-230.
 Banks, W.H.H: Similarity solutions of the boundary layer equations for a stretching wall.
J. Mechanique Theoret. Appl. 2, (1983), 375-392.
 Buhler, K.: Zierep, J.: Instationare Plattenstromung mit Absaugung und Ausblasen
ZAMM 70, (1990), 589-590.
 C. J. Geankoplis, Transport Processes and Unit Operations, 3rd edition, (Prentice Hall,
Englewood Clifs, NY: 1993).
 R. H. Perry and C. H. Chilton, Chemical Engineers’ Hancbook, 5th edition (McGraw-
Hill: New York, 1973).
Page | 44

Project A Mathematical Modelling On Time Independent Hydro Magnetic Flow and Heat Transfer

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A REVIEW ON MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF TIME-

INDEPENDENT HYDRO MAGNETIC FLOW AND HEAT

TRANSFER ON A CONTINUOSLY MOVING VERTICAL

ABBA SUNUSI YAKASAI

DR. MUHAMMAD AUWAL LAWAN

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A REVIEW OF MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF TIME-

INDEPENDENT HYDRO MAGNETIC FLOW AND HEAT

TRANSFER ON A CONTINUOSLY MOVING VERTICAL

ABBA SUNUSI YAKASAI

PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE KANO UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE

DR. MUHAMMAD AUWAL LAWAN

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throughout my B Sc Program in Mathematics. I also register my profound gratitude to Dr. Yusuf

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dimensional model equations for linear momentum and energy equations.

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This is to certify that ABBA SUNUSI YAKASAI (UG11/MATH/1176) of Mathematics

Department has successfully completed the PROJECT, under the supervision of

DR. MUHAMMAD AUWAL LAWAN for the 2014/2015 academic session.

Student’s Name Project Supervisor

Signature & Date Signature & Date

Head of Department’s Name

Signature & Date

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2.1.7 Pressure gradient …………///……………………….………………………… 15

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MHD – Magneto hydrodynamic/Hydro-magnetic flow

Cp – Specific heat at constant pressure

C – Specific heat at constant volume

B 0 – Strength of uniform magnetic field

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1.1 General Introduction

of moving continuous surfaces. Magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) finds applications in ion

propulsion, electromagnetic pumps, Magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) power generators,

controlled fusion research, plasma jets and chemical synthesis, etc.

and impulsively started vertical plate in the presence of a magnetic field.

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1.2 Aim of the study

continuously moving vertical surface.

1.3 Objectives of the study

A comprehensive literature review will be conducted. The study employed a dimensional

differential (PDE) to ordinary differential equations (ODE).

1.5 Significance of the study

on several technical applications, such as in metallurgy and chemical processes

industries. An example for a moving continuous surface is a polymer sheet or filament

extrusion of plastic sheets, the boundary-layer along material-handling conveyers, the

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film in condensation process.

the surface heat transfer rate.

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flow (MHD) problems.

2.1 Definition of terms:

2.1.1 Magneto Hydrodynamics (MHD)

magnetic properties of electrically conducting fluids. Examples of such magneto-fluids include

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equations of electromagnetism. These differential equations must be solved simultaneously,