SDH Network Elements

1
SDH Network Elements

Terminal Multiplexer

PDH & Applications:

STM-n
STM-m Point-to-Point
Tributaries Transmission Systems
m<n (STM-1, STM-4, STM-16)

SDH Repeater

Applications:
A li ti
STM-n STM-n
Line Signal Regeneration
in Point-to-Point and Ring
e o s
Networks

2
Add Drop Multiplexer (ADM)

ADM
WEST EAST

STM 1/4
STM-1/4 STM-1/4

......

Tributary Ports : n x 2 Mbit/s ( 34 Mbit/s)

3
Synchronous Cross Connect (CC)

2.4 Gbit/s 2.4 Gbit/s

16x SDH
16x
Multiplexer
622 Mbit/s 4x 622 Mbit/s
4
4x
155 Mbit/s
155 Mbit/s 155 Mbit/s
155
VC4
34 Mbit/s 34 Mbi
Mbit/s
/
34 2 VC12 2
2 VC12 2 34
140 2 VC12 2
140 Mbit/s 2 VC12
C 2 140
0
140 Mbit/s
Mbit/

140 VC4
VC 4 140 Mbit/s
140 Mbit/s VC4 140
VC 3
34
VC 12 VC3
34 (45)Mbit/s VC3 34 (45)Mbit/
(45)Mbit/s
VC12
VC11
2 (1.5)Mbit/s VC12 2 2 (1.5)Mbit/s

4
Synchronous Line Equipment

4
16 x 140 Mbit/s 4
Optical
O ti l STM 16
STM-16
or 4
Transmit
4 Sync Unit
16 x STM-1
MUX

PC / TMN (Q) Management

Communication Unit
Service Service Channel Unit
Channels SLX 1/16
Data Overhead
Channels Processing Unit
4
16 x 140 Mbit/s 4
STM-16
or 4 Optical
Receive
4 Sync Unit
16 x STM-1 DEMUX

5
 AT4848 SoC
MSTP: Multiservice Transport Protocol
MSPP: Multiservice Provisioning Platforms

http://www.arrivetechnologies.com/arrive_products_tech_msadm.htm

6
AT4848 SoC

http://www.arrivetechnologies.com/arrive_products_tech_msadm.htm 7
Hybrid Networks Connect Old and New
Technologies
140Mbit/s
STM-1
2Mbit/s TM

ADM

STM 1 STM
STM-1, STM-4
4

140Mbit/s
2Mbit/s ADM STM-4/-16 ADM
34Mbit/s
ATM 34Mbit/s
Switch STM 1
STM-1 8Mbit/s

2Mbit/s
DXC
LAN

2Mbit/s STM-1 / STS-3c Gateway to SONET

ADM : Add Drop Multiplexer
34Mbit/s
DXC : Digital Cross Connect
140Mbit/s
TM : Terminal Multiplexer
STM-1
SDH
STM 4
STM-4

8
 SDH Network Topology
STM-4
Trunk
Network L 2 Trunk Network
L1
STM-16

STM 1
STM-1
Trunk Network
Exchange L2

Local Network
Local
Exchange

FlexMux

Subscriber Mux
Access 64/2M
9
Synchronization Architecture in SDH

10
Synchronization Network

Primary Reference Clock

long term: holdover 24h:
PRC
Caesium (Stratum 1) requ : 1 x 10-11
typ : 5 x 10-12
Rubidium (Stratum 2) requ : 1.6 x 10-8 , 1 x 10-10
typ : 4 x 10-11 , 2 x 10-11

SSU SSU
Synchronization Supply Unit

SEC SEC SEC

SDH SDH
S SDH
SDH Equipment Clock
Equip. Equip. Equip.

11
Synchronization reference model

G.811 G.812 G.812

PRC TNC SSU TNC SSU

G.813 G.813 G.813

SEC SEC SEC

Limits:

Max.
Max 10 x G
G.812
812 TNC
Max. 60 x G.813 SEC,
though no more than
20 between 2 TNCs

12
Synchronization of SDH Network Elements

SDH Network Element

Internal 2 Mbit/s
155 Mbit/s Oscillator
Data Signal Data Signal
± 4.6 ppm

Osc.

Synchronous
SDH Signal

2 048 kHz
Central Clock

13
Monitoring, Maintenance and Control
Functions in SDH

14
 EVENTS SDH EVENTS SONET

hys./Reg.

Line (L) Phys./Section

LOS Loss Of Signal LOS Loss Of Signal
TSE Test Sequence Error (Bit Err.) TSE Test Sequence Error
LSS Loss of Sequence Synchron. LSS Loss of Sequence Synchr.

ect.
LTI Loss of incoming Timing Ref. LTI Loss of inc. TimingRef

Ph
Se
OOF Out Of Frame OOF Out Of Frame
LOF Loss Of Frame LOF Loss Of Frame
h Mux Sect. B1 Regenerator Section BIP Err. B1 Section BIP Errors
B2 Multiplex Section BIP Err. B2 Line BIP Errors
MS-AIS Multiplex Section AIS AIS-L Line AIS
MS-RDI Mux Sect. Remote Defect Ind. RDI-L Line remote Defect Ind.
MS-REI Mux Sect. Remote Errro Ind. REI-L Line Remote Error Ind.
AU-LOP Loss Of AU Pointer LOP-P SP Loss Of Pointer
Order Path

STS Path (SP)

AU-NDF New Data Flag AU Pointer NDF-P SP New Data Flag
AU-AIS AU Alarm Ind. Signal AIS-P SP AIS
AU-PJE AU Pointer Just. Event
B3 HO Path BIP Errors B3 SP BIP Errors
HP-UNEQ HO Path Unequipped UNEQ-P SP Unequipped
Higher

HP-RDI HO Path Remote Defect Ind. RDI-P SP Remote Deect. Ind.

HP-REI HO Path Remote Error Ind. REI-P SP Remote ERrro Ind.
PDI-P SP Payload
y Defect Ind.
H

HP-TIM HO Path Trace Ident. Mismatch TIM-P SP Trace Ident. Mismatch

HP-PLM HO Path Payload Label Mism. PLM-P SP Payload Label Mismatch
Lowerr Order Path

TU-LOP Loss Of TU Pointer LOP-V VP Loss Of Pointer

TU-NDF New Data Flag TU Pointer NDF-V VP New Data Flag
TU-AIS TU AIS AIS-V VP AIS

ath (VP)
TU-LOM Loss Of Multiframe LOM Loss Of Multiframe
BIP-2/B3 LO Path BIP Errors UNEQ-V VP Unequipped
LP-RDI LO Path Remote Defect Ind. RDI-V VP Remote Defect Ind.

VT Pa
LP-REI LO Path Remote Error Ind. REI-V VP Remote Error Ind.
LP-RFI LO Path Remote Failure Ind. RFI-V VP Remote Failure Ind.
PDI-V VP Payload Defect Ind.
LP-TIM LO Path Trace Ident. Mismatch TIM-V VP Trace Ident. Mismatch
LP-PLM LO Path Payload Label Mism. PLM-V VP Payload Label Mism.

LCD Loss of Cell Delineation I.610

HCOR Correctable Header Errors
HUNC Uncorrectable Header Errors
ATM Path

VP-AIS Virtual Path AIS I.610

VP-RDI Virtual Path Remote Defect Indication I.610
VC-AIS Virtual Channel AIS I.610
VC-RDI Virtual Channel Remot Defect Indication I.610
Vx-AIS Virtual Channel AIS & Virtual, Path AIS simultan. (O.191)
Vx-RDI Virtual Channel RDI & Virtual, Path RDI simultan. (O.191)
LOC L
Loss Of Continuity
C ti it I 610
I.610

15
SDH Maintenance Interactions
Regenerator Multiplex Higher Order Lower Order
Section Section Path Path
"1"
LOS/LOF AIS
(J0) RS-TIM
(B1) BIP Err.
E
MS-AIS "1"
(K2) AIS
MS-BIP Err.
(B2)
(M1) MS-REI
MS-RDI
(K2)
AU AIS
AU-AIS "1"
1
AU-LOP
HP-UNEQ "1"
(C2) AIS
(J1) HP-TIM
HP-BIP Err.
(B3)
HP-REI
(G1)
HP RDI
HP-RDI
(G1)
TU-AIS "1"
TU-LOP
LOM
(H4)
(C2) HP-PLM
LP-UNEQ "1"
(V5) AIS
LP-TIM
(J2)
LP-BIP Err.
(V5)
(V5) LP-REI
(V5) LP-RDI
"1"
(V5) LP-PLM
AIS

16
Network resilience

17
Linear Protection (G.783)

W
1 + 1 Protection scheme
P

W
P 1 : 1 Protection scheme

W
W 1 : N Protection scheme

18
Linear Protection (G.783)

W
1 + 1 Protection scheme
P

W
P 1 : 1 Protection scheme

W
W 1 : N Protection scheme

19
Unidirectional and Bidirectional Rings
Traffic A -> B Traffic A -> B
ADM ADM

A B -> A A

ADM B ADM ADM B ADM

ADM ADM longer

Traffic B -> A
path
Unidirectional Ring Bidirectional Ring
traffic between A
A-B
B - use the shorter or longer path
uses the entire length of ring - increase number of paths
- short path : traffic
long path : protection

20
Unidirectional Path-Switched Ring
Fiber 1 : unidirectional

A Fiber 2 : unidirectional

F Tributaryy B

E Tributary C

21
Unidirectional Path-Switched Ring

Fiber 1 : unidirectional

A Fiber 2 : unidirectional

F Tributary B

E Tributary C

22
Unidirectional Path-Switched Ring

Fiber 1 : unidirectional

A Fiber 2 : unidirectional

F Tributary B

E Tributary C

23
Unidirectional Line-Switched Ring

Working

A P t ti
Protection

F Tributary B

E Tributary C

Working
D

24
Unidirectional Line-Switched Ring

Working

A P t ti
Protection

F Tributary B

E Tributary C

Working
D

25
Unidirectional Line-Switched Ring

Working

A P t ti
Protection

F Tributary B

E Tributary C

Working
D

26
Two fiber Bidirectional Line-Switched Ring
(BLSR)
Fiber 1

A Fiber 2

working
F Tributary B
protection

E Tributary C

27
Two fiber Bidirectional Line Switched Ring
(BLSR)
Fiber 1

A Fiber 2

F Tributary working
B
protection

E Tributary C

28
Two fiber Bidirectional Line-Switched Ring
(BLSR)
Fiber 1

A Fib 2
Fiber

working
F Tributary B protection

E Tributary C

29
Four fiber Bidirectional Line-Switched Ring
(BLSR)
Working Fiber 1 + 2

Prot.Fiber 3 + 4 A

F Tributary B

E Tributary C

30
Four fiber Bidirectional Line-Switched Ring
(BLSR)
Working Fiber 1 + 2

Prot.Fiber 3 + 4 A

F Tributary B

E Tributary C

31
Four fiber Bidirectional Line-Switched Ring
(BLSR)
Working Fiber 1 + 2

Prot.Fiber 3 + 4 A

F Tributary B

E Tributary C

32
Four fiber Bidirectional Span-Switched Ring

Working Fiber 1 + 2

Prot.Fiber 3 + 4 A

F Tributary B

E Tributary C

33
Four fiber Bidirectional Span-Switched Ring

Working Fiber 1 + 2

Prot.Fiber 3 + 4 A

F Tributary B

E Tributary C

34
Four fiber Bidirectional Span-Switched
Ring
Working Fiber 1 + 2

Prot.Fiber 3 + 4 A

F Tributary B

E Tributary C

35
TMN in SDH networks

36
Network Management

Basic tasks of network management:

Administrative functions:

Operation: Network supervising (anomalies, defects)

Network linking (reserve links, additional links)

Maintenance: Identifing and elimination of impairments

Planning
a g and
a d commissioning:
co ss o g Network
e o co
configuration
gu a o

Operative functions: Supervision of network functions

Repair
p
Installation
Self test

37
TMN Overlay

Q Central Q
OS
Q
Q
Local
OS
Q
Q ECC
CC CC

Q ECC

ADM
AD

ADM
M
DM

ADM CC: Cross-Connect

38
Telecommunication Management Network
(TMN) Overlay

Management of :

Performance
Central X Central X
Faults
OS OS
Configuration
NE
Q3 Accounting
Manager Q3 Security
NE Local
Manager OS
STM-N
Q3
Q3
Q ECC Q ECC
ADM DXC STM-N STM-N DXC
ADM
M
ADM
A

ADM Data Communication Network : X.25, ISDN, LAN

39
TMN Reference Configuration

Operating
System
OS F
Workstation
Q3

Data Communication Network

DCN
Q3
Q3 Mediation
Device
MD F
Q2 or Q1 Workstation

Local Communication Network

LCN F
Qx Workstation

Network
Element MD: Conversion between different interfaces
Network
NE Element (Information Conversion Function ICF:
NE manufacturer-specific information model ->
operator specific information model)

40
Interoperability in TMN
Interoperability problems because of
X TMN X TMN
Operations Operations – multi vendor networks
System System
– heterogenous technology
– different standards for protocols and
management information
Q3

Q3
QM it provides
QMonitor id
o easy adaptation to the interface
(autoconfiguration)
QMonitor
based on o decoding of protocols and
DominoWAN management information
DominoLAN
DA-30 o automatic detection of errors in
Qecc Qecc managementt information
i f ti
o SDH/SONET Qecc access with
Qecc transmission analyzers .

41
SDH Benefits
Reduced equipment costs
multi vendor compatibility

Lower maintenance costs

built-in defect and anomaly monitoring

Future proof equipment

SDH is the physical layer for BISDN

Efficient drop / insert facilities

ADM ((add&drop
p multiplexers),
p ), DXC ((digital
g cross connectors))

TMN capabilities
Built-in DCN (data comm. network), DCC/ECC

More flexibility in provision of services

adding transmission capacity by routing on demand

42
Future Trends - WDM Systems

Current Systems
y : 4 8
4, 8, 16 x OC-48
OC 48 (MCI,
(MCI Sprint)

Pirelli : WaveMux 3200

32 x OC-48
OC 48 channels
h l
80Gbit/s over 1200km

Ciena : 40 x OC-48 channels

100Gbit/s over 600km
There may not be a near term need, but this is the direction
that networking will take next for 3 or 4 years.

43
Future Trends - Optical Components

WDM WDM
λ1, λ2, λ3, λ4 λ1, λ2, λ3, λ4

Optical D&I
STM-N, λ2 ADM STM-N, λ2
OC N
OC-N OC N
OC-N

Local Traffic
2Mbit/s DS-3,
2Mbit/s, DS-3 STM-1 Ö Extract
E t t selectively
l ti l
Ö Minimize need for demultiplexing
entire bandwidth

44
 STM 256
STM-256

Future DWDM
AON
Trends
in
Synchronous TMN
Technology
STM-64c
VC2-5c
PoS

45