Advanced Algebra and Trigonometry

In reading this module, you should be able to:

1. Find the six trigonometric values of quadrantal angles
2. Find the six trigonometric values of special triangles
3. Find the exact value of an angles

Lesson1: Quadrantal Angles

An angle with terminal side on the x-axis or y-axis. That is, the angles 0°, 90°, 180°, 270° 360°, …

90° (+y – axis)

(-y- axis) 180° 0° (+x-axis)

270° (-y –axis)

Examples:
Find the six trigonometric values of quadrantal angles:

1. 0° since the terminal side lie in (+x –axis) therefore the ordered pair is (1,0)
x = 1 (adjacent) y = 0 (opposite) r=1

Solve for r:
r2 = x2 + y2 is the same with c2 = a2 + b2
r2 = 12 + 02
r2 = 1
√ =√
r=1

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sin 0° = = = 0 csc 0° = = undefined

cos 0° = =1 sec 0° = =1

tan 0° = =0 cot 0° = = undefined

2. 90° since the terminal side lie in (+y –axis) therefore the ordered pair is (0,1)
x = 0 (adjacent) y = 1 (opposite) r=1

Solve for r:
r2 = x2 + y2 is the same with c2 = a2 + b2
r2 = 12 + 02
r2 = 1
√ =√
r=1

sin 90° = = = 1 csc 90° = =1

cos 90° = =0 sec 90° = = undefined

tan 90° = = undefined cot 90° = =0

3. 180° since the terminal side lie in (-x –axis) therefore the ordered pair is (-1,0)
x = -1 (adjacent) y = 0 (opposite) r=1

Solve for r:
r2 = x2 + y2 is the same with c2 = a2 + b2
r2 = 12 + 02
r2 = 1
√ =√
r=1

sin 180° = = = 0 csc 180° = = undefined

cos 180° = = -1 sec 180° = = -1

tan 180° = =0 cot 180° = = undefined

4. 270° since the terminal side lie in (-y–axis) therefore the ordered pair is (0,-1)
x = 0 (adjacent) y = -1 (opposite) r=1

Solve for r:
r2 = x2 + y2 is the same with c2 = a2 + b2

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r2 = 12 + 02
r2 = 1
√ =√
r=1

sin 270° = = = -1 csc 270° = = -1

cos 270° = =0 sec 270° = = undefined

tan 270° = = undefined cot 270° = =0

Table of Quadrantal Angles

ɵ sin ɵ cos ɵ tan ɵ csc ɵ sec ɵ cot ɵ

0° 0 1 0 undefined 1 undefined
90° 1 0 undefined 1 undefined 0
180° 0 -1 0 undefined -1 undefined
270° -1 0 undefined -1 undefined 0

Web link:
https://www.softschools.com/math/trigonometry/quadrantal_angles/
https://www.ipracticemath.com/learn/trigonometry/quadrants-quadrantal-angles
https://www.ipracticemath.com/learn/trigonometry/quadrantal-angles

Video link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tqn6-4W39MI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=neZK5FWcT9I

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Lesson 2: Special Triangles

Triangle 45° - 45° - 90°

It is an isosceles right triangle whose both legs have the same length

y= 1 r=√

x=1

x = 1 (adjacent) y = 1 (opposite) r=√

√ √
sin 45° = = ● = Don’t forget to rationalize the denominator.
√ √

√ √
cos 45° = ● =
√ √

tan 45° = =1

√
csc 45° = =√

√
sec 45° = =√

cot 45° = =1

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Triangle 30° - 60° - 90°

The hypotenuse is equal to twice the length of shorter leg.

60°

1 2

30°
√

x = √ (adjacent) y = 1 (opposite) r=2

sin 30° = =

√
cos 30° =

√ √
tan 30° = ●( )= Rationalize the denominator
√ √

csc 30° = =2

√ √
sec 30° = ● ( )=
√ √

√
cot 30° = √

Triangle 60° - 30° - 90°

60°

1 2

30°
√

x = 1 (adjacent) y = √ (opposite) r=2

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Solve for x:
r2 = x2 + y2 is the same with c2 = a2 + b2
22 = x 2 + 1 2
4 = x2 + 1
√ =√
r=√

√
sin 60° = =

cos 60° =

√
tan 60° = √

√ √
csc 60° = ●( ) = Rationalize the denominator
√ √

sec 60° = =2

√ √
cot 60° = ●( )= Rationalize the denominator
√ √

ɵ sinɵ cosɵ tanɵ cscɵ secɵ cotɵ

45° √ √ 1 √ √ 1

30° √ √ 2 √ √

60° √ √ √ 2 √

Web link:
https://mathbitsnotebook.com/Geometry/RightTriangles/RT306090.html
https://mathbitsnotebook.com/Geometry/RightTriangles/RTSpecialPractice.html

Video link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Cb-XzSMXo4

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Lesson 3: Finding the Exact Value of an Angle

Examples:
Find the exact values of the following angles (without the use of the calculator)

1. tan 150°
Solution: tan 150° 150 ° lie in quadrant II (tangent is negative because the
only positive values are sine and cosecant
= 180 -150 Find the reference angle
= 30° Special angle, check the value of tan 30° on the table.
√
= Based on the table of special angle “30 - 60 - 90 “

√
Thus, tan 150° = -

2. sin 405°

Solution: sin 405°

= 405 – 360
= 45° Find the coterminal since it is more than 360°

405° lie in quadrant I, because its coterminal is 45°

which lie in quadrant I (all functions are positive)
= 45° reference angle 45° is also a special angle
check the value of sin 45° in the table
√
= Based on the table of special angle “45 - 45 - 90 “

√
Thus, sin 405° =

3. csc 600°
Solution: csc 600°
= 600 – 360
= 240° Find the coterminal since it is more than 360°

600° lie in quadrant III, because its coterminal is 240°

which lie in quadrant III (tangent and cotangent are the
only positive functions, the rest are negative).
= 240 – 180 Find the reference angle
= 60° reference angle 60° is also a special angle
check the value of csc 60° in the table
√
= Based on the table of special angle “60 - 30 - 90 “

√
Thus, csc 600° =

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4. sec 1035°
Solution: sec 1035°
= 1035 – (2)(360)
= 315° Find the coterminal since it is more than 360°

1035° lie in quadrant IV, because its coterminal is 315°

which lie in quadrant IV (sine and cosecant are the
only positive functions, the rest are negative).
= 360 – 315 Find the reference angle
= 45° reference angle 45° is also a special angle
check the value of sec 45° in the table
= √ Based on the table of special angle “45 - 45 - 90 “

Thus, sec 1035° = √

5. tan 1290°
Solution: tan 1290°
= 1290 – (3)(360)
= 210° Find the coterminal since it is more than 360°

1290° lie in quadrant III, because its coterminal is 210°

which lie in quadrant III (tangent and cotangent are the
only positive functions, the rest are negative).
= 210 – 180 Find the reference angle
= 30° reference angle 30° is also a special angle
check the value of tan 30° in the table
√
= Based on the table of special angle “30 - 60 - 90 “

√
Thus, tan 1290° =

Web link:
https://www.analyzemath.com/trigonometry/exact_trig_func.html

Video link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JXh5eFKz8QY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQvL0v3m3z0

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References:

https://mathbitsnotebook.com/Geometry/RightTriangles/RT306090.html
https://mathbitsnotebook.com/Geometry/RightTriangles/RTSpecialPractice.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nVTtSE5nv7c
https://www.analyzemath.com/trigonometry/exact_trig_func.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JXh5eFKz8QY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQvL0v3m3z0

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