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HANDWR
CBSE 10
TOPICWISE EASY EXPLANATION

ALL IMPORTANT TOPICS INCLUDED

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(
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X
XI SCI.
(JEE & NEET)

XI
COMM.
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EDUMANTRA
Edumantra
Electricity
 Electricity
Electricity -

Electricity is
conductor It is
defined the rate
of flow of change
controllable & convenient
as in a

. a
form of
sector modern house
It is
being used in like
energy every of society
-

holds commercial
transport &
industry etc to make
life faster and easier
-

.
.
, ,

→ Electric
charge & current .

Electric
charge
-
It is the
physical when
property of matter that
in
causes it to

( combination
experience a
force placed an
electromagnetic
field of electric &
magnetic field .

which is
A
charge
elections
is a
physical entity defined by excess or
deficiency
of on a
body .

electric
charge
Positive
Negative
Positive
charge - ed
charge carried out
by it proton
a is positive .
A
body
gets positively charged if loses electrons .

Negative charge - A
charge by
carried out
electron is
negative an . ed

body gets negatively charged if it

gains electrons .

hnample -
When a
glass rod is rubbed with silk ,
it loses election &
hand
becomes
positively charged & silk the other on
gains an

equal negatively changed

number electrons & becomes electrons
of ,
i. e. ,
are

transferred from glass to silk on

rubbing .

The unit electric (c) which is equivalent

SI
of charge is coulomb
's
,
to
the
charge contained in
nearly 6×10 electrons .

Properties of electric
charge
°
Unlike opposite charges
( attracts each other & like (similar
charges
each other
repel .

eclectic
charge is conserved ii. it neither be created
destroyed
•
.
e. can nor
,
.

is additive
Electric
charge i. e. , total
charge is the
algebraic of the
•
,
sum

individual
charges .
•
Electric
charge is
quartered & the quantum of charge Li e. the minimum
-

charge capable will existence is

equal election
of free
have
to that on an .

Any
charged body a
charge ,
Q where

Q = me

where n= number
of
electrons
through
flowing 15 "
conductor .

e =

charge on election = 1. 6 ✗ C .

6×10-19c.
Magnitude of charge on one election , e = -1 .

6×10-19 c.
Magnitude of charge on one
proton ,
e = 1.

Electric Electric
current current is
defined rate
of flow of as
charge
-

it
quantity of charge flowing per
i. e.
,
is the unit
time .

If charge 9. flows through

a a conductor in a time Lt ,
)
then current CI
conductor
flowing through a is
given be

I
¥
=

French
The
ampere (A) named honour
unit current is
SI
of ,
in
of
scientist ,
Andre -
Marie
edmphere (1775 -
1836) .

Current is a scalar
quantity .

When 1 coulomb section conductor

in 1 second
of charge flows through any
cross -

of a

said
flowing through
then ,
the electric current it is to

be 1
ampere

1 1 coulomb
ampere
=

1 second

1- A
¥s
=

Smaller units current are milliampere ( 1mA 10-3 A)

of &
=

(1 10-6 A)
microampere µA =
.

Direction
of current

The direction
of
electric current is
opposite to the
of flow of direction
In electric
electrons . an circuit current
flows from positive terminal of
cell the
to
negative terminal
 Electric current is measured device called A-
by a > >

ammeter It is
always connected in series in

:-.
.

measured
circuit
.
through which the current is to be In
A

"

+
=
< (7)
A -

Ammeter
C)
key
-

G- .
-
Bulb
- -
- -
cell

Flow
of charge inside a wire

Inside each other but

a solid ,
the atoms are
packed very closely to
in
elections are able to travel
through the solid crystal as
if they were

then the elections

vacuum .
When a
steady current flows in a conductor ,

[ the constant
average drift speed
in it more with a certain speed of
electrons inside the conductor with which
they move under the
effect of
external electric
supply) of the order
of 104m Is . Thus ,
flow of charges
)
( i. e. elections
produces current in a wire .

Q ed conductor carries that

a current
of
section
0.2A .
Find the
conductor in 30s
amount
of change
will
pass through the cross -

of the . How
many
electrons will
flow in this time internal
if the
charge on one election
is 1. 6 × 10-19 C
?

A
fan -
Current I ,
=
0.2A

Time ,
t =
30s

charge ,
=
?

I
Of
=

i. Q =
It
=
0.2×30
i. Q = 6 C

e = 1. 6 ✗ 10-19C
n =
?
① = ne

%
Io n =

= 6

1. 6 × 10-19

! o n = 3.75 ✗ 1019
 eclectic Potential & Potential
→
Difference .

Electric Potential -

It is defined as amount
of work done to more a

positive charge from infinity to a

point .

eclectic
potential difference -

The electric potential difference between two

work done to
points defined
is as the more a

unit
charge from one
point to other
point .

If W is the work done to more a

charge Q
from one
point to other ,
then
the
potential difference between the points is
given by
V
Wg
=

The SI unit
of electric
potential difference is G) named after
volt ,

the Italian
physicist Alessandro Volta (1745-1827) It is a scalar .

quantity
.

The
potential difference between two volt when
points is said to be one

one
joule of work is done to move one coulomb
of change from one

other
point to the

1- volt =
1
joule
1 coulomb

'
IV = 1J C-

The instrument called voltmeter

potential difference is measured
by means
of
Voltmeter is connected points which
the
always in
parallel across the between

potential difference is to be measured .

Q Flow much work is done in

moving a
charge of 3C across two
points
having a
potential difference 15 V2 .

Charge
A
Given
-
-

0=30 ,

Potential difference ,
V = 15 ✓

Work done ,
W =
?

Wpf
V -
-

.
W =
VQ
= 15×3

I .
W = 45J
 circuit
diagram
→

eclectic circuit -
ed closed & continuous path through which electric
current
flows is called electro circuit .
It includes various
( cell load ( bulb)
components
switch /
such as a source
of current
battery or
,
a
,

a
key ,
a
fuse ,
all connected
through connecting wires :( made
of
copper) .

Electric circuit

Open closed
is closed
Frey is
open Frey
No flow
of current continuous
flow of current

circuit
diagram
-
It is a schematic
diagram which
represents the
circuit
relative
positions & connections
of various

components represented by their

symbols .

used
Symbols in circuit
diagrams .

Components Symbols Description

+

An electric cell Provides constant

=

potential difference between

-

±
-
two
points .

combination cells
Battery of connected in series
- -

circuit
Plug key or
Open the
switch
coped
close the
Plug key circuit
••
or .

switch (closed)

A wire
joint
-

••

wire
crossing
-

]
without
joining
Electric bulb D- Circuit
component
Resistor hmm Provides constant resistance in a circuit .

Controls circuit
Rheostat/variable Ñm Provides
current
flowing through
variable resistance
.

resistance mm

Ammeter A- Measures current

+
bet?
potential difference
-

Voltmeter v measures 2
points
→ Ohm's law -

Ohm's law was

given byIt a German physicist Georg Simon Ohm
(1787-1854) in 1827 .

gives relationship
a between current I ,

metallic wire the terminals

flowing in a &
potential difference V ,
across .

It states that the electric current

the
flowing through a conductor is
its ends
directly proportional to
potential difference applied across
,

conditions constant
provided the
physical like temperature remains or

unchanged .

If V is the
potential difference applied across the ends
of a conductor

through which a current I

flows ,
then
according to Ohm's law .

[at constant
V d I
temperature
constant
÷
or =

R
¥
=

V =
IR

where R is
of proportionality & is called the electric
a constant
resistance or resistance
of the conductor Resistance is the property .

of conductor to resist the flow of

a
charge through it R value .

depends siege nature of material & temperature of the conductor

on .

resistance the resistance is

Current is
inversely proportional to .

If
doubled , hatred resistance hatred
the current
gets
&
if is ,
the
doubled
current
gets .

To increase or decrease the current in a circuit variable resistance is used .

Variable resistance is a
component used to
regulate current without
the resistance is
changing
rheostat
the
voltage
.
source . The device used to
change

V -
I
Graph
y
The
graph between
potential difference
is found
V &
f
the
corresponding current I to
€
straight passing through
¥
line
be a the
origin .

>

✗
0 current ⇐→
 Resistance Resistance the conductor resist the
is
propertyit of to
flow of
-

charge / current through .

Resistance the
VI
=
,

Resistance of a conductor is the ratio

of potential difference across its
ends to the
strength of current
flowing through it .

The SI unit
of resistance is 0hm (d) .

It is said ohm
to be 1 .
if a current
of one
ampere flows through it
when a
potential difference of one volt is
applied across its ends .

1 ohm =
1volt_
1
ampere

1 I =
II. = 1 V At
1A .

Factors which the resistance conductor

→
on
of a
depends .

Resistance of conductor
depends
a on
following factors -

If Length of the conductor The resistance

directly the conductor is
proportional
of
-

(e)
the
length of conductor
to .

f. Rx l -
① .

When the doubled hatred the resistance also

doubled
length
hatred
of conductor is or ,
gets
or
.

2) Area
of cross - section
of the conductor - The resistance is
inversely proportion -

al to the area
of cross section
of
-
-

the conductor (A)

i. R ✗ 1- -

②
A

When the the conductor the resistance

area
of cross - section
of is doubled .

halved & when halved the resistance

gets doubled
the area
of cross -
section is ,

gets .

5) Nature
of the conductor -
The resistance
of the conductor
depends on the
nature the material the conductor
of of
-
 From eq ①.
& ②

R
LA
✗

I
fly
i. =

where 9 lrho) is the constant called electric

of proportionality &
conductor
is

resistivity or
specific resistivity of the .

Resistivity -
It is
defined as the resistance
of a conductor
of unit

length &
having unit area
of cross section .

The 0hm metre Crm)

SI unit
of resistivity is

Resistivity
also
depends on

It is
the nature
of the material
characteristic material
of the conductor &
on
temperature .
a
property of the .

have 108am
The metals &
10 's
alloys very
low
resistivity in the
range of
to m .

They are
good conductors of electricity Insulators like "
.

"
have
rubber &
glass resistivity of the order of 10 to 10 Both rm rm .

resistance &
resistivity vary
with
temperature .

The
resistivity do
metals
of generally higher than that of its constituent
an
alloy is
.

Alloy innot onidise readily at high temperature they ,

so, are

electrical like electric iron toasters etc

commonly used
heating devices , ,
.

Tungsten is used almost

exclusively for filaments of electric bulbs ,

whereas copper & aluminium

transmission generally used
for electrical are

lines .

Q Flow much current does an electric heater draw

from a 220 V line , if the
resistance of the heater ( when hot) is 50s
?
A
Given -
Potential difference ,
V =
220 V
Resistance ,
12--50 r
current ,
I =

Ohm's law
By
V =
IR
e. I
VR
=
.

23¥
=

i. I =
4.4 A
Q The electric heater is
potential difference between the terminals
of an

when it draws What current

100 v a current
of 5A
from the source .

with the heater draw

if ltne
potential difference is increased to 160
v1
A
Given -

Potential
difference .
V= 100 V .

Current ,
I = 5A .

Ohm's law
By
V =
IN

¥
i. a-

1¥
=

R 20
•

•
.
= r .

When
potential difference is increased to 160 V .

I
In
=

-1¥
=

i. I = 8A

The current becomes 8A .

Q Resistance 25°C
of a metal wire
of length 2m is 30s at
temperature .

then what will

If the diameter
of
the wire is 0.6mm ,
be the
resistivity
of metal at that
temperature ?
A
Length of wire ,
l= 2m

Temperature ,
1- = 25°C
Resistance R ,
= 30s .

Diameter D= ,
0.6mm .
= 0.6 ✗ 103m = 6×10-4 me

"
Radius
6¥04
-

,
er =
= 3×10 m .

Resistivity ,
I =

?
R
Stg
-
-

f
ReA_
I .
=

=
R(ñr [% A = Irt ]
e

= 153-0×3.14 ✗ @ ✗ 10-47
×,
 =
15 ✗ 3.14 ✗ 9×10-8
=
423.9×10-8
G
i of 24 ✗ 10
-

=
4 .
rm

24×10-6rm
i.
Resistivity at 25°C is 4. :

Q ed wire
of given material
having length l &
of area cross -

section A has a resistance of What would be the

8s . resistance
of
section
the same

Alz ?
material
having length 2e & of area cross -

A Foe
first wire

8
R,
ftp. r
= =

Fore second wire

Rz f 2l_ 4
ftp.
= =

A
12

I .
Rz =
4 R,
=
4×8
I •
Rz =
32 r

The resistance wire is

of new 32s .

Resistance resistors
→
of a
system of
Two or more resistors can be connected with each other in
different
combinations to achieve the desired equivalent resistance in a

particular circuit The resistors can be .

either in series or in
joined
parallel .

Resistors in series

ed number of resistors said be connected series

are to
if these are

joined end to end & the same current

flows through each one
of
them when a
potential difference is
applied across the combination .

R, R2 R3 Y
>
i. MM > •
MM • > MM •

v n

V
-
-

A +
-

v
I

÷
^
I
+
=
- - -

<
 An resistor
applied potential V produces current I in the & Rz & Rs
R , ,

causing potential drop v v2

a , ,
& V3
respectively through each resistor .

Total
potential ,
V = V +
, Vztvz

Ohm's law
By V IN
=
,

V = IR,
,

V2 = I Rz
V3 = I
Rz

I V IR ,
. V =

,
+ V2 +
V3 = -1 I
Rzt I
Rz

: . V =
I (R ,
+
Rzt Rz)
I Rs =
I (R ,
-1
RI RI [: V =
I Rs]
i.
Rg R
,
-1 Rat Rz
where resistance combination
Rs is the
equivalent or resultant
of the

i. When the resistors are connected in series ,

the equivalent or resultant
resistance is
equal to the seem of the individual resistances & is
individual resistance
greater than
any
.

Some resistors
important points regarding series combination as
follows :

-
The
equivalent resistance is equal to the sum of the individual
resistance .

The
equivalent resistance is
greater than the resistance
of either
-

resistor This is
.
known as maximum
effective resistance .

The resistors
current
through is same
-

The
potential difference across each resistor is
different
-

Disadvantages of series combination

heater in series
It is not
possible
simultaneously
-
to connect a bulb & a

they different of operate because need values current to

properly .

In series combination
-

,
if any of the
component fails to work ,
the
circuit will break & the will work
none
of components .
Q Three resistors & connected in series with
of 5s
,
10 r 15s are a

Calculate etreie combined resistance current that

12W
power
in
supply
the circuit & in each
.

resistor &
,
the

flows the
potential difference
across each resistor .

5h 10h 15 r

un www.
A
Given
-
-
R ,=5r
, Rz= 10A , Rj 15s
V =
12 V .

V
I^

Equivalent resistance , Rs = R,
-1122+123
= 5 + 10 + 15
+1+4-1+-15 = A _+
F.)
IZV

i. Rg =
30 A

current .
I = V

JR
=

I. I = 0.4A

In combination resistor
series the current
through each is
equal
to total
Current
current
flowing through
each resistor
the circuit .

flowing through
i. is 0.4A .

Potential first
difference across resistor
,
V
,
= IR ,
=
0.4×5

i. V
,
= ZV

Potential
difference across second resistor
, V2 = I Rz
= 0 ↳ ✗ 10.

I •

V2 =
4V

Potential difference across third resistor , V3 =

I
Rz
= 0 .
4×15

E.
Vj GV
Resistors in parallel .

ed number resistors
said to be connected in parallel
of if one are

end
of each resistor is connected to one point & the other end
is connected to another point so that the
potential difference
across each resistor is the same & is equal to the
applied potential
difference between the two
points .

oh > WFM •M

too
✗
> •
"
• > Whr É >
>

• > MM •

s
Rz T

I
In V =
v
+

+
=
- - -
( )
• < = A -

edn
applied potential difference V
produces current I
,
in R , , Iain
Rz &
Ig is Rz .

Total current ,
I =
I
,
+ Iz -1
Iz

Ohm's law
By '

In
I,=

I
2--1,2 ,

I5-
In ,

If Rp is the equivalent resistance ,

then I =

Ipu
I I
VI. VIE VI
e. .
= + I2+1=3 =
+
,

¥.=v[¥i¥i¥I

¥p=
i.
¥? ¥5 ¥3
When number resistance connected in
i. a
of are
parallel the ,

reciprocal of the equivalent ,

i.
e. resultant
,
resistance is equal to the
sum
of the
reciprocals of the individual resistances & is smaller
than individual resistance
any
.
 Some important points regarding parallel combination of resistors
are as
follows :

The resistance
reciprocal of equivalent is
equal to the seem
of
-

the individual resistances

reciprocal of .

The equivalent resistance is less than the resistance either

of
-

resistor .
This is also known as minimum
effective resistance .

The current
from the source is
greater than the current
through
-

either resistor .

The
potential difference across each resistor is same .

Applications of parallel combination in

daily life .

combination
Parallel resistance is
of highly useful in circuits used in
circuits used have
daily life ,
as the
amounts
components of different
resistances
requiring different of current .

Parallel combination in circuit divides the current the

among
a

components ( electrical
current
gadgets ,
so that
they can

the
have
necessary
amount
of to
operate properly .
This is reason
of
in combination in household
connecting
circuit .
electrical
appliances parallel

Q Two 40s resistors & resistor connected in with

a 20s are
parallel
a 12 V
power supply .
Calculate
What is the current
their
effective resistance & the current
each resistor
through .

flowing through the

supply ? ÷ viin >

A
GE R ,= ↳ Or
, 122--4 Or &
Rj 2052 >
Iz
> NM
Rz
> >

¥3 ÑÑ >

Equivalent resistance
¥p= -1,2 ¥} ¥
" ✓
+ I
,

+
, =
, -

12N

¥5 To to to
+ +

¥ +2¥ ÷o to
= ' = -

f.
Rp = 1052 .

I
In
=

V is combination
same in
parallel .
 Current
through resistor
¥ ¥01
°
• .
40s I = =

, ,

,,

I . I, = 0.3A

Iz =
0.3A .

Current resistor
through 20 r
, Is =

,¥
¥1 3-
-
-
-
-

i. I 0.6 A
;

Total current ,
I = I, +
Iz +
Is
= 0.3 -1 003 1- 0.6

1.2A
•

• . I =

Q In the
figure R 5h 122=10 Rg 15h Ry 20h & r
Rg -25s
= = = -

, , , , ,

if
&
the
a V
battery
15 is connected to the
total resistance in the circuit &
arrangement Calculate .

]
ii the total current
flowing in the circuit .

R,

un
A
C¥ - R
,
= 552
, Rz= 1052 , Rz= 15h , > Rz
124--20 r Rg
,
=
25 R
,
V = 15 ✓
MM
✓I

E) Resistors R, & Rz are in

parallel .
+
; +
I 15N

i. 1- I Rs A-
¥ ¥
=
+

Rp ,
Mv
Ry
-15 To c.) Whr
= + -
a

125

me 2¥ ÷
=
=

Rp
'

10-3
.
= = 3.3352

Resistors Rg , Ry &
Rg are in
parallel

¥p=÷z+¥i¥
e
:

¥ to
+
+25
=
+
 20+1350+0122
=

¥•
=

To R'
3qq_
=
= 6.38 r
p

i. Total resistance ,
R =
Rp +
Rip
= 3 33 +
.
6.38

ee . The = 9.71 I

Total current I
Ipu
=
,

'a¥ir
=

I 1.54 A
°

=
• .

Heating effect of electric current

→

ed cell is the electrical Due to the chemical

reactions
or a
battery
inside them
source
ofenergy
.

a
potential difference is setup which is
responsible
the current
for flow of through any electrical circuit .
So ,
to maintain

this
flow the source continuously has
,
provide the energy But to .

only a

part of this energy helps in maintaining the current consumed into

useful work Rest of it may be consumed in the form of heat

.

by
raising the
temperature of the
appliances .

when resistance
Therefore
wire like
,

nichrome wire
an electric current is
then the wire
passed through high a

heat
,
becomes hot &
very produces .

In the
purely resistive circuits ,
source
of energy
This is called
continuously gets
dissipated
current .
entirely in the
form of heat .

heating effect of
This is obtained
by the
transformation of electrical
energy
into heat
energy
electric heater electric iron etc
eg
.
.

. ,

Consider resistance
a current I
flowing through a resistor
of R . Let the
which the
potential difference across it be v. Let t be be the time
during
charge Q
flows across .

E. Amount of work ,
W = QV -
①

Current I
If
=
 f. Q = It .

From Ohm's law ,

V = IR

the value ①
substituting get
Q & V in
of eg
; ,
we

W = It ✗ IR

I o W = ÉRt .

the electrical work done

Assuming that all
converted into heat So , heat
or
energy
consumed is

energy
.

produced is
given by
H = IfRt

This is known as
Joule's law
of heating .

The law
implies that the heat produced in a resistor is

it directly proportional toW the

square of current
for a
given resistance .

✗ IZ
]
ii
directly proportional to resistance for a
given current .

WX R

iii. directly proportional to the time for which the current flows through the
resistor .

Wat

Q resistance Find the

200J
of heat is produced in 10s in a 5s .

resistor
potential difference across the .

A Given -
Heat H =
200J
-
,

Resistance R ,
= 5s

Time ,
t =
10s

H = If Rt
If =
H_ = 20¥ = 4
Rt
54×10
I . I = 11-4 =
2A -

[ Ohm 's law]

Potential
difference ,
V = IR
By
= 2 ✗ 5

f e V = I OV
 Practical
applications of It
eating effect of electric current .

Though in
many
cases ,
heating effect
electrical
of electric current is undesirable
into heat it has
,

as it converts useful energy ,

many useful
practical applications .

An electric iron electric electric toaster electric oven electric

geyser
-

, , , ,

kettle etc . are some

of the
familiar devices based on
Joule heating .

The electric in electric bulb

heating
useful to produce light is The as
-

,
.

electric
provides light by heating its filament The filament is made
bulb .

of a
strong metal with
high melting point such that it does not melt
at
high temperature Tungsten (
melting point 3380c) is used for making
.

filaments of electric bulb The filament is thermally isolated & the bulb .

is filled with
chemically inactive nitrogen & argon gas to prolong the life
of filament .

device electric circuits is another

edn electric
fuse used safety in
-

as a

application of Joule's heating It is used in safety device in household .

It
circuits .

protects the circuits by stopping the flow of any unduly high

electric current It is connected in series with the main It consists
.

supply .

tin which has

of alloy of lead & appropriate melting point When .
the
the circuits exceeds
current
flowing through
wire increases & hence the
the
safelimit the
wire melts & breaks the g-
, temperature
of the
fuse ,
fuse
This
helps protect to the
used
other circuit elements
from hazards
rated
caused
by
heavy current The
fuses .
for domestic
purpose are as 1A , 2A ,

BA ,
5A ,
10A
,
etc .

→ Electric Power

The rate at which electric

energy
is
dissipated or consumed in an

electric circuit is called electric power .

electric
If W is the amount consumed in circuit in 't seconds
'

of energy
a ,

then electric
power is
given by
P
Wt
=

W =
QV = VIt [: •

Q =
]
It

VI¥-
i. P =

I .
D= VI
 Ohm's law
According to ,
V = IR

E . P =
IRXI

YI [ =¥]
'
F- I R = : I

The unit electric Cw )

SI
of power is watt .

The electric circuit is said

power of an to be one watt
if one
ampere of
current in it
flows against a
potential difference of one volt .

1 watt 1 volt x 1
ampere
=

1W =
1 VA

ed unit of power used in actual

practice kilowatt (KW)
bigger ,
is

1kW = 1000W
106 w
1-
Megawatt ,
MW =

109 w
1-
Gigawatt , GW =

electrical
energy
is
product of power & time

E = Pt

:O Unit
of electrical is watt hour Cwhd
energy
.

1 walthour Cwhl is the consumed when 1 watt of power is

used
energy
1 hour
for .

The commercial unit electrical kilowatt hour Ckwhd

of energy
is .

1kWh = 1000 Walt X 3600 seconds .

= B G X .
106 watt seconds

1 kWh a 3 . 6 ✗ 106 J .

Q An electric The current

fan runs
from the 220 V mains .

flowing
eat what rate is the electrical transformed
through it is 0.6A .

energy
by the fan ? Flow much is in 2min ?
energy transformed
A
⇐ Potential difference ,
V= 220 V

Cueient ,
I = 0.6 A.
Time ,
t =
2 mins = 2×60 seconds
=
120 seconds .
 Power ,
D= VI
= 220×0.6

i. P = 132W

Pt
Energy ,
E=
=
132W ✗ 120s

to E= 15840J