Reference

Properties
Properties of Equality
Addition Property of Equality Subtraction Property of Equality
If a = b, then a + c = b + c. If a = b, then a − c = b − c.

Multiplication Property of Equality Division Property of Equality

⋅ ⋅
If a = b, then a c = b c, c ≠ 0. a b
If a = b, then — = —, c ≠ 0.
c c
Reflexive Property of Equality Symmetric Property of Equality
a=a If a = b, then b = a.

Transitive Property of Equality Substitution Property of Equality

If a = b and b = c, then a = c. If a = b, then a can be substituted for b (or b for a)
in any equation or expression.

Properties of Segment and Angle Congruence

Reflexive Property of Congruence
— ≅ AB
—.
For any segment AB, AB For any angle A, ∠ A ≅ ∠ A.
Symmetric Property of Congruence
— ≅ CD
If AB —, then CD
— ≅ AB —. If ∠ A ≅ ∠ B, then ∠ B ≅ ∠ A.

Reference
Transitive Property of Congruence
— ≅ CD
If AB — and CD
— ≅ EF —, then AB
— ≅ EF
—. If ∠ A ≅ ∠ B and ∠ B ≅ ∠ C, then ∠ A ≅ ∠ C.

Other Properties
Transitive Property of Parallel Lines
If p  q and q  r, then p  r.

Distributive Property
Sum
a(b + c) = ab + ac
Difference
a(b − c) = ab − ac

Triangle Inequalities
Triangle Inequality Theorem Pythagorean Inequalities Theorem
B A A

b c c
b
A
C a B C a B
C
AB + BC > AC If c2 < a2 + b2, then If c2 > a2 + b2, then
AC + BC > AB △ABC is acute. △ABC is obtuse.
AB + AC > BC

Reference A91

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 Formulas
Coordinate Geometry
Slope Slope-intercept form Point-slope form
y2 − y1 y = mx + b y − y1 = m(x − x1)
m=—
x2 − x1

Standard form of a linear equation Standard equation of a circle

Ax + By = C (x − h)2 + ( y − k)2 = r2, with center (h, k) and radius r
Midpoint Formula Distance Formula
——
x1 + x2 y1 + y2 d = √( x2 − x1 )2 + ( y2 − y1 )2
(
—
2
,—
2 )
Polygons
Triangle Sum Theorem Exterior Angle Theorem
B B

1
A C A C

m∠ A + m∠ B + m∠ C = 180° m∠ 1 = m∠ A + m∠ B

Triangle Midsegment Theorem Trapezoid Midsegment Theorem

B A B

D E M N

A C D C
—  AC
DE —, DE = —1 AC —  AB
MN —, MN
—  DC
—, MN = —1(AB + CD)
2 2

Polygon Interior Angles Theorem Polygon Exterior Angles Theorem

2 2
3 3
1
4
4
6 5
1
n=6 5

m∠ 1 + m∠ 2 + . . . + m∠ n = (n − 2) 180° ⋅ n=5

m∠ 1 + m∠ 2 + . . . + m∠ n = 360°

Geometric Mean (Altitude) Theorem Geometric Mean (Leg) Theorem

C C

A D B A D B

CD2 = AD BD ⋅ CB2 = DB AB ⋅ ⋅
AC2 = AD AB

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 Right Triangles

Pythagorean Theorem 45°-45°-90° Triangles 30°-60°-90° Triangles

c
a 60° 2x
45° x 2 x
x
b 30°
45° x 3
x

⋅ ⋅
—
a2 + b2 = c2 hypotenuse = leg √ 2 hypotenuse = shorter leg 2—
⋅
longer leg = shorter leg √ 3

Trigonometry
Ratios BC AC BC
sin A = — cos A = — tan A = —
B AB AB AC
BC = m∠ A AC BC
sin−1 — cos−1 — = m∠ A tan−1 — = m∠ A
AB AB AC
A C

Conversion between degrees and radians

180° = π radians

Sine and cosine of complementary angles

Let A and B be complementary angles. Then the following statements are true.
sin A = cos(90° − A) = cos B sin B = cos(90° − B) = cos A

Reference
cos A = sin(90° − A) = sin B cos B = sin(90° − B) = sin A

Any Triangle

B B

c a a
c

A b C A b C

Area Law of Sines Law of Cosines

1 sin A sin B sin C a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos A
Area = — bc sin A —=—=—
2 a b c b2 = a2 + c2 − 2ac cos B
1 c2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos C
Area = — ac sin B a
—=—=—
b c
2 sin A sin B sin C
1
Area = — ab sin C
2

Reference A93

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 Circles
Arc length Area of a sector
A A

P P
r r
B B

m
m

Arc length of
⋅ ⋅
AB AB
AB = — 2πr Area of sector APB = — πr2
360° 360°

Central angles Inscribed angles Tangent and intersected chord

A A B
C
C
D C
B 2 1
B
A

m∠ ACB = m

AB m∠ ADB = —12m

AB m∠ 1 = —12 m

AB
m∠ 2 = —12 m

BCA

Angles and Segments of Circles

Two chords Two secants
C B
A
A 1 E
E 1
B
D C
D

m∠ 1 = —12( m

AC + m

DB ) BD − m

m∠ 1 = —12 ( m
AC )

⋅
EA EB = EC ED ⋅ ⋅
EA EB = EC ED ⋅
Tangent and secant Two tangents
A
A
C
E 1
E 1
C
D B

m∠ 1 = —12( m

AD − m

AC ) m∠ 1 = —12 ( m

ACB − m

AB )
EA = EC ED
2
⋅ EA = EB

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 Perimeter, Area, and Volume Formulas
Square Rectangle Triangle

a h c
s w

b
s

P = 4s P = 2ℓ + 2w P=a+b+c
A = s2 A = ℓw A = —12 bh

Circle Parallelogram Trapezoid

b2
r h

h
d b

b1

C = πd or C = 2πr A = bh A = —12 h( b1 + b2 )
A = π r2

Rhombus/Kite Regular n-gon

Reference
d1 d1
a

s
d2 d2

A = —12d1d2 ⋅
A = —12aP or A = —12a ns

Prism Cylinder Pyramid

r

h h
h

B B P
P

L = Ph L = 2π rh L = —12 Pℓ
S = 2B + Ph S = 2πr2 + 2πrh S = B + —12 Pℓ
V = Bh V = πr2h
V = —13 Bh

Cone Sphere
L = πrℓ S = 4πr2
S = πr2 + πrℓ V = —43 πr3
r
h V = —13 πr2h

Reference A95

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 Other Formulas
Geometric mean Quadratic Formula Density
⋅
—
—
x = √a b −b ± √ b2 − 4ac Mass
x = ——, Density = —
2a Volume
where a ≠ 0 and b2 − 4ac ≥ 0

Similar polygons or similar solids with scale factor a : b

Ratio of perimeters = a : b
Ratio of areas = a2 : b2
Ratio of volumes = a3 : b3

Conversions
U.S. Customary U.S. Customary to Metric Time
1 foot = 12 inches 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters 1 minute = 60 seconds
1 yard = 3 feet 1 foot ≈ 0.3 meter 1 hour = 60 minutes
1 mile = 5280 feet 1 mile ≈ 1.61 kilometers 1 hour = 3600 seconds
1 mile = 1760 yards 1 quart ≈ 0.95 liter 1 year = 52 weeks
1 acre = 43,560 square feet 1 gallon ≈ 3.79 liters
1 cup = 8 fluid ounces 1 cup ≈ 237 milliliters Temperature
1 pint = 2 cups 1 pound ≈ 0.45 kilogram C = —59 (F − 32)
1 quart = 2 pints 1 ounce ≈ 28.3 grams
F = —95 C + 32
1 gallon = 4 quarts 1 gallon ≈ 3785 cubic centimeters
1 gallon = 231 cubic inches
1 pound = 16 ounces
1 ton = 2000 pounds

Metric Metric to U.S. Customary

1 centimeter = 10 millimeters 1 centimeter ≈ 0.39 inch
1 meter = 100 centimeters 1 meter ≈ 3.28 feet
1 kilometer = 1000 meters 1 meter ≈ 39.37 inches
1 liter = 1000 milliliters 1 kilometer ≈ 0.62 mile
1 kiloliter = 1000 liters 1 liter ≈ 1.06 quarts
1 milliliter = 1 cubic centimeter 1 liter ≈ 0.26 gallon
1 liter = 1000 cubic centimeters 1 kilogram ≈ 2.2 pounds
1 cubic millimeter = 0.001 milliliter 1 gram ≈ 0.035 ounce
1 gram = 1000 milligrams 1 cubic meter ≈ 264 gallons
1 kilogram = 1000 grams

A96 Reference

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