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Laboratory Exercise 1
Systems of Units

INTRODUCTION

A different system of units has been existing since the 19th and 20th centuries. Due to rapid
advances in that time, several scientists have made a system of units to meet their needs in
measurement in their specific disciplines. Thus, they created the MKS system then later added
three more several units. Because of these, the seven SI Base units were developed then used
to derive other more units. As of now, the English and the Metric frameworks of measurements
exist. With the presence of these units, it becomes vital for us to comprehend and have the
option to work starting with one framework then onto the next.
We use units in our daily life. In our every action there are certain units that we use
unconsciously and these units are very important in our lives because, without these, we can’t
describe things exactly.
This exercise would greatly help the students to be familiarized with the different units, on
how they are derived, and how they are formed for them to be knowledgeable in measuring,
and converting several units that are indicated in different units.

MATERIALS AND METHOD

1. Research on the internet or textbooks the different SI base units, examples of SI derived
units expressed in terms of base units, examples of SI derived units with special name and
examples of SI derived unit expressed by means of Special Names (refer to tables 1-4 for
examples). Fill in the tables 1-4 for your answers.
2. On table 5, given are properties with dimensions and units, find their corresponding values
and units as required. Use extra sheet for your calculations and attached it upon submission.
3. Answer the Guide Questions.

RESULTS
Table 1. SI Base Units.

Quantity Unit Symbol

Length meter m
Current ampere A
Time second s
Thermodynamic Temperature kelvin K
Mass kilogram Kg
Luminous Intensity candela cd
Amount of substance mole mol

Table 2. SI Derived units expressed in terms of base units.

Quantity Unit Symbol

Area square meter m2
Frequency hertz Hz
Speed/velocity Meter per second ms-1
Density Kilogram per cubic meter kg m-3
Energy/Work Joule J
Acceleration Meter per second squared ms-2
Volume Cubic meter m3

Table 3. SI Derived unit with special names

Expression in terms of Expression in terms of

Quantity Name Symbol
other units base units
Force newton N 𝑘𝑔
𝑚∙ 2
𝑠
Pressure pascal Pa 𝑁 𝑘𝑔
𝑚2 (𝑚 ∙ 𝑠 2 )
Energy/heat joule J 𝑁∙𝑚 𝑘𝑔
𝑚2 ∙ 2
𝑠
Frequency hertz Hz 1
𝑠
Power watt W 𝐽 𝑘𝑔
𝑚∙ 3
𝑠 𝑠
Electric charge coulomb C 𝐴∙𝑠
Electric Volt V 𝑊 𝑘𝑔
𝑚2 ∙ 3 2
Potential 𝐴 𝑠 𝐴
Electric Ohm Ω 𝑉 𝑘𝑔
Resistance 𝑚2 ∙ 3
𝐴 𝑠
 Capacitance farad F 𝐶 𝑠 4 ∙ 𝐴2
𝑉 𝑚2 ∙ 𝑘𝑔
Electric siemens S 𝐴 𝑠 3 ∙ 𝐴2
Conductance 𝑉 𝑚2 ∙ 𝑘𝑔
Magnetic flux weber Wb 𝑉. 𝑠 𝑘𝑔
𝑚2 ∙ 2
𝑠 ∙𝐴
Magnetic flux tesla T 𝑊𝑏 𝑘𝑔
density 𝑚2 𝑠2 ∙ 𝐴
inductance henry H 𝑊𝑏 𝑘𝑔
𝑚2 ∙ 2
𝐴 𝑠 ∙ 𝐴2
Celsius Degee °C 𝐾
Temperature celsius
Luminous flux lumen lm 𝑐𝑑 ∙ 𝑠𝑟 𝑐𝑑 ∙ 𝑠𝑟
Illuminance lux lx 𝑙𝑚 𝑐𝑑 ∙ 𝑠𝑟
𝑚2 𝑚2
Plane angle radian rad 𝑚
=1
𝑚
Solid angle steradian sr 𝑚2
=1
𝑚2

Table 4. SI derived unit expressed by means of special name.

Name
Expression in terms of base
Quantity Symbol
units
heat capacity Joule per kelvin 𝐽 𝑘𝑔
𝑚2 ∙
𝐾 (𝑠 2
∙ 𝐾)
angular velocity radian per second 𝑟𝑎𝑑 1 1
𝑚∙ =
𝑠 𝑚𝑠 𝑠
angular acceleration radian per second squared 𝑟𝑎𝑑 1 1
𝑚∙ =
𝑠2 𝑚𝑠 2 𝑠 2
dynamic viscosity pascal second 𝑃𝑎 𝑠 𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑠
moment of force newton meter 𝑁∙𝑚 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚2
𝑠2
surface tension newton per meter 𝑁 𝑘𝑔
𝑚 𝑠2
heat flux density, 𝑊 𝑘𝑔
irradiance watt per square meter 𝑚2 𝑠3
radiant intensity watt per steradian 𝑊 2
𝑚 ∙ 𝑘𝑔
𝑠𝑟 𝑠 3 ∙ 𝑠𝑟
radiance watt per square meter 𝑊 𝑘𝑔
steradian 2
𝑚 ∙ 𝑠𝑟 3
𝑠 ∙ 𝑠𝑟
heat capacity, entropy joule per kelvin 𝐽 𝑚2 ∙ 𝑘𝑔
𝐾 𝑠2 ∙ 𝐾
specific heat joule per kilogram kelvin 𝐽 𝑚2
capacity, specific 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 𝑠2 ∙ 𝐾
entropy
specific energy joule per kilogram 𝐽 𝑚2
𝑘𝑔 𝑠2
thermal conductivity watt per meter kelvin 𝑊 𝑚𝑘𝑔
𝑚∙𝐾 𝑠3 ∙ 𝐾
energy density joule per cubic meter 𝐽 𝑘𝑔
𝑚3 𝑚 ∙ 𝑠2
electric field strength volt per meter 𝑉 𝑚 ∙ 𝑘𝑔
𝑚 𝑠3 ∙ 𝐴
electric charge coulomb per cubic meter 𝐶 𝑠∙𝐴
density 𝑚3 𝑚3
electric flux density coulomb per square meter 𝐶 𝑠∙𝐴
𝑚2 𝑚2
permittivity farad per meter 𝐹 𝑠 ∙ 𝐴2
4

𝑚 𝑚3 ∙ 𝑘𝑔
permeability henry per meter 𝐻 𝑚 ∙ 𝑘𝑔
𝑚 𝑠 2 ∙ 𝐴2
molar energy joule per mole 𝐽 𝑚2 ∙ 𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑠 2 ∙ 𝑚𝑜𝑙
molar entropy, molar 𝐽 𝑚2 ∙ 𝑘𝑔
heat capacity joule per mole kelvin 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ∙ 𝐾 𝑠 2 ∙ 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ∙ 𝐾
exposure (x and g coulomb per kilogram 𝐶 𝑠∙𝐴
rays) 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
absorbed dose rate gray per second 𝐺𝑦 𝑚2
𝑠 𝑠3
Table 5. Conversion of Units

Gauge
Absolute Pressure
Pressure
250 mm Hg 33.33 kPa 11.15 ft H2O 4.83 psi
(vacuum) .3333 Bar 9.84 in Hg 3.40 m H2O
.475 MPa 140.27 in Hg 158.91 ft H2O
4.75 bar
3562.79 mm Hg 48.44 m H2O 68.89 psi

Other Properties
2 2
120 kJ/kg 1291668 ft /s 515.90 BTU/lb 120000 m2/s2
210 BTU 221.56 kJ 163415.43 Ft-lb 221.56 kN-m
3650 oC 7061.67 o
R 6602 o
F 3923.15 K
1300 MW 1743326 Hp 78000000 kJ/min 73929735. BTU/hr
36
465 kg 31.86 Slug 1025.15 lbm 0.465 Ton
13,800 kg/m3 13.8 kg/li 861.51 lbm/ft3 115.17 lbm/Gal
1.7 Drum 93.5 Gal 353.94 liter .35394 m3
12.5 kN/m3 1274.65 kgf/m3 79.57 lbf/ft3 10.64 lbm/Gal

Guide Questions:

1. What difficulties might be encountered if water were used as the thermometric substance
in the liquid-in-glass thermometer?

The difficulties that may be encountered when water is used as a thermometric

substance can be seen in different aspects: temperature, color, and the stickiness of
the liquid

Temperature. Common thermometers use mercury as a liquid in measuring

temperature. Mercury has a high boiling point for about 356 degrees Celsius and a
freezing point of -39 degree Celsius. Thus, this liquid has a very wide range of
measurement when it come in measuring temperature. If water will be used as a
liquid thermometric substance, it would only have a small range of measurement
from only 0 degrees Celsius and 100 degrees Celsius, because at these points, the
water starts to change its phase. Thus, using water as a thermometric substance
would make the range of the thermometer small.

Color. Water has a transparent color; it would be hard to see the temperature reading
when it is used as a thermometric substance. While mercury, having a color of
silver, it can be easily seen the temperature reading when used. Thus, water cannot
also be used as a thermometric liquid because physical errors might happen due to
its color.
 Stickiness. Water can easily stick to the tube while mercury does not stick to the
tube. Thus, the reading on water is not accurate as compared to mercury.

2. We commonly ignore the pressure variation with elevation for gases inside a storage
tank. Why?

The molecules of gasses are too small so its weight and density; storage tanks are
commonly a closed system. Thus, the pressure is ignored due to these properties.

3. What are possible boundaries and type of system for studying each of the following:

a) a bicycle tire inflating

_-Open System
- The boundary is located in outside of the tire.
b) a jet engine in flight.
_-Open System
- Boundary is located in the jet engine surface.
c) a residential gas furnace in operation.
-Open System
- since the input of the gas has a high temperature (heat), its output is also high
temperature (heated air) heating the area.
d) a rocket launching.
-Open System
- Rockets requires a lot of fuel to launch due to its weight, thus it also carries tons of
fuel in order for it to launch. As it starts to launch it uses the fuel thus, the mass of the
fuel flows as it is ignited for the launch of the rocket.

References

MORAN, M. J. and SHAPIRO, H. N. 2006. Fundamentals of Engineering

Thermodynamics 5 th edition. SI version. John Willey & Sons. England.

International System of Units (n.d.) retrieved from

https://is.muni.cz/do/rect/el/estud/prif/js11/fyz_chem/web/podpora/SI.pdf

Bhintade R. (2017 Dec 4) “Why can’t we use water as thermometer?” retrieved from
https://www.quora.com/Why-can%E2%80%99t-we-use-water-in-a-thermometer

Augustyn A. et al (2020 Jul 30) “International System of Units” retrieved from

https://www.britannica.com/science/International-System-of-Units