The

The National
National Library,
Library, Singapore
Singapore Group 5 Task 1
Work Distribution: Task 2
AR 524 Building Services 2
Assignment 2: Green Building
Lecturers:
Ms Nurhayati Binti Zulkeply Chong Yi Rou Site Planning, Construction Method

1001955931 Principles of Green Features

Dr. Allen Khin Kiet Lau

Koh Wen Xuan Cross Ventilation, Energy Conservation

1001851136 Drawings, 3Dmodel of Integration Project

Lee Xin Jing Spatial Planning, Daylight Planning

1001851207 Technology of Green Features

Young Hui Qi Renewable Energy Implementation

1001957329 Drawings of Integration Project

Water Recycling Planning, Space

Shamikh Hassan Jaleel Cooling & Heating

1001955942 Drawings of Integration Project

The National Library, Singapore Construction Methods External Wall- Curtain Wall
Function: Building envelope
Location: 100 Victoria Street, Singapore Wall System Materials: 80% Glass with modular sunshades fabricate

Building type: Public library Site Planning Internal Wall

Year of Built: 2005 1 Steel Frame Structure:
1 2
Gross Floor Area: 58,783 sq metre Steel is a durable, noncombustible, fire-
Architect: T.R. Hamzah & Yeang Service Hotels resistant material and can preserve the
Average height:
Design Hub Building 54m building during fire.
Average height: 17m
2 Rigid insulation board:
Provide thermal resistance under the tropical 1.8m sunshades 80% glass used is 19mm monolithic
climate double glazing glass. thick glass
3 Aluminium panels Enables maximum
Retail Residential
Average height:
Commercial Lots Reduces the need of To reduce
Average height: 26m
Fire resistant and durable under the harsh sunlight while
72m
using air-conditioning condensation due to
weather condition of Singapore preventing maximum
as the there is little the rainy climate,
Building Orientation 4 Mineral wool insulation: the solar radiation
solar radiation and 19mm monolithic
Its high-density makes it resistant to airflow and glares into the
The building is faced away from the East- West ambient temperature thick glass is being
and excellent at noise reduction and sound 3 4 interior.
axis to keep away from the solar exposure being transferred. used.
absorption
during the afternoon.
3D SECTION OF Roof System
A solid wall is used to block direct sunlight from FACADE Plasterboard Aluminium Low E Glass
the South-West from penetrating into the
Ceiling Flat Roof Skylight
building. 1

2
3
Services on North East
Plasterboard ceiling system is used due to Beside the sleek appearance, it provides Low-E glass was originally developed for
facade as heat buffer 4 the cost effectiveness, easy to install and better wind resistance than non-metallic energy efficiency, but it also blocks heat
for internal spaces. 5
aesthetically pleasant finish. Gypsum roofing options. It is also resistant to fire gain as well as heat loss through skylight.
6
board is screwed into steel frames forming and energy efficient and keep the building It enables sufficient sunlight emission
7
the shape of the ceiling system. cool despite hot temperature outside. without darkening like tinted glass.

Floor System High structural strength Window System A 30° solar cut-off
implemented to reduce solar
is

Key Plan 8 compared to traditional

Location Plan Materials: Concrete slab on Function: To reflect and redirect sunlight heat-gain through the façade (no
concrete slabs.
The National Library of Singapore is adapted to ecological design with 9
metal decking Materials: Polypropylene direct incident sunlight when the
More beneficial for multi-
sun is 30° or more above the
sustainability of the use of energy and materials. It acts as a landmark in SHEER STUD
CONCRETE FLOOR SLAB storeyed buildings as it
horizon)
CONNECTOR REINFORCING MESH
brings down the entire
the area with its state-of -the-art green approach. The 20 foot wide super fins
weight of the construction
maximizes the natural daylight
which can allow for lower
to the interior with minimum
The clients asked for a space that offers the function of civic and cultural
1 CONCRETE FLOOR SLAB
2 STEEL STRUCTURE ROLLED foundation sizes.
3 ACOUSTICAL CEILING EMBOSSMENT glares.
Makes the slabs lightweight
experience for the people of Singapore. Architect Yeang found this as a 4 METAL SHADING DEVICE
5 ALUMINIUM FRAME
STEEL GIRDER
METAL DECKING White facade lowers the
6 AIR DUCT and reduces the amount of
potential opportunity to create a sustainable building in a tropical region. 7 SPANDREL PANEL conductivity of heat from direct
8 COMPOSITE METAL DECKING
STEEL BEAM
work or support props
9 LOW-E GLASS CURTAIN WALL sunlight, ensuring a cool
required for slab casting.
Re-certified under existing building category Green Mark Platinum in 2009 comfortable reading space.
The internal core of the building is shielded with
ASEAN Energy Efficiency Award in 2007
the building' s service core that is oriented on
Singapore Silver Award in 2007
Universal Design Awards
the South-West and North-East directions. Daylighting Planning Daylighting position Daylighting devices
Certified Green Mark Platinum by Singapore’s Building and Construction
Authority under new building category in 2005
The Light Shelf can be
In morning, the sunlight will
Illuminance found fixed
Spatial Planning
rise at east. The building
Public Semi Public Private
Space Planning of Library have prepared with north-
externally at every

From the space planning in the

in interior east block as facade which
floor of the building.
Programming Zone Lobby, Public
It help to bounce the
also function as solar
(Level 15 to 16)
Center like Office Space interior of the library, we can found sunlight into interior
buffer. This helps to
Working Zone
Drama Center (14th) that the reading area is set at east of the building more
(Level 14) redirecting sun rays and
(1 - 3rd) and west of the building as the sun deeper.
SEA and Rare Material make the building cooler. Light Shelf
Collection Zone path will be strong there. It can
(Level 11 to 13)
provide natural lighting to the 9 am
Exhibition Zone reading area, while the book racks As the sun is located at the
(Level 10)
Heritage
area focus in the center which far most high point, the whole
Services Zone Collection
building almost covered in
Main Library Zone from the facade of the building to
[Lee Kong Chian Library]
(4th) Zone
(Level 7 to 9) avoid the sunlight affected the AT HERE sunlight and the shading
(11-13th)
books as books will easy to broke devices is needed which is
Service and Leisure Zone while contact with sunlight for a long (Time @ 9am) the overhang of the
(Level 4 to 5)
time. building. However, atrium
National Library Singapore is... still allow sunlight to pass
Arts Zone Greenary
Exhibition
design to be respond to the tropical climate day lighting, into the building.
(Level 1 to 3)
Floor
13 pm
garden
which is not having different of daylighting between seasons Atrium
Spaces distribution in National Library Singapore. (5th) (10th) High Lighting

Area and according to the sunpath of Singapore. The sunlight will reach the The Atrium is located at
The building represents the converging spaces of arts,
(near to the

facade) west of the building in this the middle part of

heritage and libraries stacked vertically up with two As the solar heat will be strong almost all year, there are time and will touch the National Library
Medium Lighting

connected wings of programming zones where Area uncomfortable for the occupants so the design of facade south-west screen. Hence, Singapore which is an
General
(still receive

open space. It let the

collaboration and high interaction takes place. The Programming
natural lighting) of the building is designed according to the sun path. the suitable natural light
Reference
architecture integrates public and entertainment Zone will be bounce into the daylighting penetrate
Collection Zone Low Lighting Area
space, with reference and research converged in a single (7-9th) (15-16th) (darkest compare
Orientation, natural ventilation and daylighting are building through the light through until reach
to other spaces)
building. considered to make the building more suitable according to shelf on the screen of the ground floor.
17 pm
climate. facade.
Space Cooling and Heating Water-Recycling Planning
Variable Speed fan
NEWater Production Process
Efficient Cooler system The national library Singapore implements the water system from
cooperation called NEWater for the cooling towers and cooling The used water goes through 4 barriers to become clean
A chiller is a machine that is used to cool down the temperature of Based on the condenser supply and return temperature, the
air or liquids using refrigerants.
system. water.
temperature is controlled by a variable fan connected with NEWater is a brand name referring to highly treated wastewater
the cooling tower. produced by Singapore's Public Utilities board. This is used in the 1. First Barrier: Conventional water treatment
Large non-essential chiller and small essential chillers serve different
areas of the building in the chiller plant. The small chillers
Singapore national Library 2. Second Barrier: Microfiltration
automatically double up to support the larger chillers, depending on 3. Third Barrier: Reverse Osmosis
the load demands. 4. Fourth Barrier: Ultra Violet disinfection

In addition to this, rain sensors are installed in the

automatic irrigation system along with water-efficient water
taps and cisterns reducing the consumption of water
throughout the building.

Large non-essential chillers Small essential chillers

Heating Ventilation
The national library of Singapore doesn't necessarily
Variable Air Volume (VAV) have its heating system due to the climate context of
vertical Atrium
being tropical. Rather, the building has a heat recovery process
VAV boxes are used to distribute air to the library interiors, office, and
system
commercial spaces allowing for better zone temperature control.
The heat recovery system recovers heat from the DX
VAV boxes provide air distribution to the library, offices, and commercial
condenser to supply hot water to the toilets which is
buildings, allowing for greater temperature management. When the air horizontal
conditioning system is working at partial load, the fan speed can be
part of the energy saving strategy. DX condensers cools Cross Ventilation process Stack Ventilation
the indoor air using refrigerant liquid and this is used to
reduced to improve energy efficiency.
reduce the condensation issues in the staircase. So the The pressure caused by wind results in Prevailing wind from North- A 100m tall, 16 storey atrium functions
heat building up in these condensers are use to heat air being forced into any small openings East allow natural ventilation as a thermal chimney to induce ventilation
water in the toilets.
reference : (A BCA-SIA Publication 2009 • Issue No 2, n.d.) found on the building. The air rush enters into the building. through buoyancy. Warm air rises and
and bounces off other surfaces to find cool air sinks, thus the warm stuffy air is
another opening to leave the space. It Max. Air flushed out from the upper openings
25m/min
occurs in the void on the upper floor and Movement whereas cold air is drawn downwards and
the tunnel on street level. accumulates at the plaza.

Energy Conservation
Landscaped Gardens Double-glazed glass facade
1
3 2 14 landscaped gardens (nearly 70000sq ft) with 120 species of
Renewable Energy Implementation tropical plants help to regulate daytime temperature inside the light light transmission
building. Inserting greeneries in between few floors allows the local -transmission 100% 61%
-reflection 11%
vegetation shades to reduce the heat and effectively lowers wall
1. Use of passive solar systems in building- Natural lighting 2. Use of wind energy with passive systems heat generated

surface temperature by 17°C. Evapotranspiration cooling is also internally

1 is reflected back
Sun-shading features: (Library area) adapted in the building, lowering air condition cost by 25%-80%.
Passive cooling: solar
Low-emissive double-glazing glass the effect of ventilation provided by natural methods
-transmission 100%
solar transmission
49%
panel facade and large overhangs 1 Garden Balconies 2 Sky Garden -reflection 13%
without requiring energy use is important in creating

thermal comfort and indoor air quality. Double glazed with low emissivity glass

was used on two-thirds of facade. It filters

Light shelves (with blinds closed 80 the ultraviolet rays to reduce the sun glare

Level 10
percent over vision windows) Level 9
Level 5,7,9,10 from the exterior.
extend the daylit zone deep into the Level 7
Level 5, 10
building, and completely eliminate 3 Sunken Garden Level 5
glare and direct sunlight penetration Plan and section with inner The sky garden on ENERGY
atrium showing natural SAVINGS 31%
onto work surfaces . Energy savings balcony serves as
are nearly double that of a ventilation through convection Level 1
effective heat shield,
conventional light shelf, at one third 17% lower than the
acoustics as well as DESIGN ENERGY
the installed cost. National Library
to reduce glare. SAVINGS

Level 1 Building's design
While the spaces surrounding
In cases where passive systems are inadequate, they were supported with active the atrium fill with cold air Smart technology systems benchmark
systems. through the windows, the Motion sensors Rain sensors Daylighting sensors
ELECTRICITY 31% lower than the
daylight sensor system atrium collects the hot air and To ensure Reduce water that Monitor the
circulates out. ENERGY national average of 220
Dims electric lights or switches them escalators goes into the amount of natural
off during the day to take advantage SAVINGS kWh/sqm/annum for
switch on irrigation systems light enters,
of available sunlight. By using renewable energies where these conditions are
non-green buildings
only when of indoor gardens reducing building
Can deliver up to 60% lighting energy possible, the use of fossil-based energies is reduced and

many environmental and economic benefits are provided. they are in during rainy dependence on By incorporating passive design, the building can
savings in some areas.
use. season. electric lighting. maximize the effect of thermal comfort
 Principles of Green Feature Plan Section and call out detail
Aluminium Light Shelves renewable energy implementation in both active and passive system
The implementation of the green feature
from the case study to the proposed
Glare-Free
Diffused Light design building is considering the similar
Sun Patch climate conditions of the design building
Daylight Pane and the case study (both are in tropical
climate regions)
Light Shelf

Vision Pane Most of the windows are oriented

towards the east which results in more
White facade
light into the space resulting in higher
lowers the conductivity of heat heat gain. The surrounding context of
from direct sunlight implemented light shelves
the site lacks of tall trees which results in
the hot tropical climate from the
little or no shade from the sun.
exterior will not penetrate into the
building, ensuring a cool
comfortable reading space for the Low E Glass Curtain Wall Curtain Wall Aluminium By integrating the green feature, Low E
occupants. Panel Transom Mullion Light Shelves glass panels and aluminum light shelves
are implemented into the windows and
Low-E Glass 1 Low E Glass 3 types of Solar Radiations skylight in the building. The aim of the
Exhibition space ： semioutdoor performance
area:
semioutdoor plaza:
kinetic facade adding of lightshelf
2 Blocked by Low-E Glass adding of louvers
5 blocks heat gain as well as heat loss integration is to provide thermal comfort
3 through skylight. inside the building space.
It enables sufficient sunlight
emission without darkening such as 30% 72% Solar analysis and light analysis is done
4
6 in the use of tinted glass. Visible Light Infrared
to compare the results before and after
Reduces the need of using air- 70% implemented light shelves the green feature implementation.
7 conditioning UV Light
little solar radiation and ambient

8
temperature being transferred)
Solar Analysis
1 Solar Heat absorbed by

Low-E coating
4 Visible Light 7 Indoor Cooling 19mm monolithic thick glass Ground floor First floor
Before implementation Before implementation
2 Reflected Infrared 5 Monolithic Thick Glass 8 Absorbed Heat reflected to

To reduce condensation due to

3 Reflected UV
Technology of Green Feature
Low E Glass Skylight
outdoors Rhomboid aluminium ACM panel 4mm thick
6 Indoor Heating the rainy climate 1-1/4" thinline louver.on 19mm
perforated panel fastened to aluminium composite
monolithic thick glass to archi details
hinge of steel structure with material light shelves
shoulder bolt,shape memory
alloy spring secured to rod net
mounted to anodized
arctic white steel
structure through flange plate.detail to archi
Light Shelf
wrinkles w/ bolts approval.

Metal or metallic oxide layers coating Folding Technology

technology
Refraction of Light Waves
Spectrally Selective Coatings
the coatings able to block certain spectrum
wavelengths, including radiative heat flow as
heat is a type of electromagnetic spectrum.
radiant heat and UV Rays have wavelengths
that longer than Visible Light, hence, the
longer wavelengths will be block and the
visible rays are aloow to pass more.
Double-Glazed with Low-Solar-Gain Low-E
Glass
Argon gas fill
less heat loss but still allow sunlight to pass
suitable for tropical climate
with pyrolytic low-E coatings or by
and 1st floor the illuminance above 375
sputtered
U-Factor: 0.30
SHGH: 0.45
VT: 0.75
Reflective of Light
After implementation After implementation
Moveable Light Shelf
Folding technology in light shelf is implemented through
moving the light shelf along a rail that is fixed on the
place, the light shelf can be fold and unfold according to
the time and sky condition to maximize the light
transferred to the interior.
light colour especially white for good performance
install the reflector module and photovoltaic module in
different sides of fold to make the light shelf able to
From the solar analysis, it can be Light Analysis (Illuminance)
perform conventional flat light
Photovoltaic Module
observed that most of the solar
Reflector Module radiation seems to come from the east Ground floor before 1st floor before
into the building. After the
implementation of the vertical fins as a
shading device the solar radiation
coming into the building is reduced daylight sensor system low E skylight
19mm monolithic glass
also can rotate along the shaft to provide better angle
significantly compared to before the
implementation.
In the light analysis, on both the Ground
Ground floor After 1st floor After
Performance of different angle of light shelf that suitable for
different time is reduced in the building space. This
33° shows lesser radiation in the space
compared to before. 600mm (W) x 1650mm (H) x 19mm surface mount human 1200mm (W) x 1200mm (H) Triple
Suitable for Noon and Afternoon
width monolithic glass window with centric lighting control wired glazed window w/ alum. frame.
30° composite frame. 6mm tinted class on to dimming terminals 6mm low e² glass on outer and inner
25° From this, it can be deduced that the the outer layer with metal coating on layer tinted to 70% bronze color tint to

45% of solar heat transmitted

fins which are implemented not only one side to ARCH approval, 6mm glass ARCH approval, 3mm clear tempered
Suitable for Evening on the inner layer, fixed to the frame by glass in middle layer, fixed to the frame
while 75% of visible light
provided shade from the sun into the sealent and double sided tape with by sealent and double sided tape with
70° 14°
transmitted. building but also captures most of the 12mm thick cavity. Detail to ENGR 10mm thk cavity filled w/ argon gas to
approval. manuf. DETAIL to ENGR approval
Suitable for Morning radiation from the sun.
 References
1 A BCA-SIA Publication 2009 • Issue No 2. (n.d.).
Retrieved from https://www1.bca.gov.sg/docs/default-source/docs-corp-news-and-publications/publications/for-industry/sustainable-construction/sa022009.pdf

2. Advantages of Light sensor | Disadvantages of Light sensor. (n.d.). Retrieved February 6, 2022, from https://www.rfwireless-world.com/Terminology/Advantages-and-
Disadvantages-of-Light-Sensor.html

3. Double Glazing Glass | Glass Network Malaysia. (n.d.). Retrieved February 6, 2022, from https://www.glassnetwork.com.my/residential-glass/double-glazing-glass/

4. İzzet Yüksek and İlker Karadağ (February 17th, 2021) Use of Renewable Energy in Buildings
Retrieved from https://www.ti.com/solution/daylight-sensor

5. Lee’s Glass & Window Works (2015), Low-E Glass – Let In the Light, Keep Out the Heat,
Retrieved from https://www.leesglass.com/low-e-glass/#:~:text=Low%2DE%20glass%20allows%20up,approximately%2079%25%20with%20uncoated%20glass.

6. Lee, H., Han, S., & Seo, J. (2022). Light Shelf Development Using Folding Technology and Photovoltaic Modules to Increase Energy Efficiency in Building.
Buildings, 12(1), 81. Retrieved fromhttps://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12010081

7. Lim, J. (2018, December 28). NEWater | Infopedia. Nlb.gov.sg.

Retrieved from https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1555_2009-08-11.html

8. New Energy Technologies announces advances in solar window coatings. (2015).

Focus on Powder Coatings, 2015(1), 6. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/s1364-5439(15)70023-7

9. texas instrument (2022) daylight sensor

retrieved from https://www.ti.com/solution/daylight-sensor

10. Winson Teo (2020), Passive Green Buildings - Case Study on National Library Singapore,
Retrieved from https://issuu.com/winsonteo0308/docs/a5_booklet_-_green_strategies__1_