GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY

Demography- the study of human population and the process through which populations
change. We talk about the size, composition, distribution of people in a certain place

3 Big concepts
That are studied under demography. Demography tackles:
-Births, Deaths, Migration This is whenever there is a spike in birth it affects the human
population, it affect the policy of the government , the economy, it gives a head up for the
government to implement policies
Not only migration affects human population but also births whenever human population
multiplied or decreases
These produces stability or change in certain population
The agency – Philippine statistic authority (PSA)
Importance
Whatever change happens in the demography of the world this determines the policies that a
country would implement/craft in its country. It could use its own demography to research/know
if they need to implement a reproductive health bill, implement a law to decrease their
population, create law to increase migrants in their area for instance because a lot of their
inhabitants/citizens are now of an old age.
At a micro level (individual level) having children affects your decisions/personal decisions, it
affect the economy/economic decisions of one family. There is a decision that is being affected
whenever we include childbearing in plans.
Having or not having children is driven by economics.
This affects the government/country as a whole and individual as a person.
TREND IN RURAL AND URBAN FAMILIES
Rural (not that modernize) Rural areas- Larger & extended; they are not yet that well verse or
they are not that knowledgeable when it comes to reproductive health laws that are implemented
or services of gov. That are focus on encouraging people to use contraceptive or family planning;
Way of living, a lot is involve in agricultural works. One Advantage of a large family in rural
areas that are involve in agriculture is that they have more lending hand to help in the farming.
They need a larger family for workforce to uplift there life
Rural - Extended
Urban - Depends-poor (large) or educated/professionals (small); In urban area it is depends on if
the family is poor or rich, part of educated family - employed but not that wealthy and they are
able to provide there needs-; When it comes to educated/professionals they do not think of
having more children as a priority all they think is their career. Having children would impede or
having problem. Women think that they must sacrifice their career opportunities in childbearing,
so they think this as a problem.
Nuclear- urban area
When 21st century started the population grew, one reason is because of globalization
1980- rural and urban area population are the same
Back then not all people form the rural and urban areas are able to freely move from one place to
another. Only such time in 21st century particularly in 2011 that there was an increase in the
movement of population in the urban areas most especially in develop countries.
21st century- urban population grew in developed countries
Why? (reason)
A lot of people from the rural areas migrated to the urban areas. We can relate here the
movement of people from the rural areas to the global cities; it was discussed that there are a lot
of opportunities, employment opportunities that are being offered at the global cities. A lot of
people are encouraged to travel from their rural areas to the urban areas so they can get better
opportunities.
Migration- crossing of boundary of a political or administrative unit, from one place to another.
International Migration the movement from one country to another. Internal Migration if you
just move within your country not outside your country
2011- there are 191M people who lived in countries that are not their own. 191M migrants,
migrated from the rural areas to the urban areas. Migration is affected by globalization. A lot of
people migrated from developing countries to developed countries
Effects
-offsets the effects of aging population; in an aging population there is a weaker/lesser labor
force. In an aging population one of the effects is that there is a lesser means of production. Ex.
Japan according to our lecture- there are a lot of old people/seniors there, ratio of seniors is not
balance to the number of younger populations because they have lesser birthrate. A country has
an aging population when it is not already able to keep up/balance its population.
Aging population has more seniors, so they do not have a strong workforce
Effects of aging population:
1.The labor force is affected (we cannot let senior citizens work in factories or farming, we
cannot depend on them solely, we cannot give them the same amount of work that we are giving
to the younger population)
2.Liabilities for the retirement pay benefits of senior citizen. They have to provide for that,
instead of using these budgets for other members of the community of the country they have to a
lot a certain budget for the old population. For example here in the Philippines, there is a
percentage discounts for the senior citizens like for example Public land transportation fares:
Jeepneys, buses, taxis , Free medical and dental services in government facilities
-competes against citizens for job (negative effect of international migration)
OVERPOPULATION
- there are more people than an area can hold. Imbalanced population.
Theories
Malthusian Theory of Population & Growth
This was devised or suggested by:
Thomas Malthus (English economist) wrote Dangers of excessive population growth-
“population growth -> food exhaustion by mid-19th century
He said that with the increasing population by the mid-19th century, the food resources would be
not enough for the people.
(1798-1B population)
(2020 7.9B population)
If the human population continues to grow at a staggering rate/ very fast rate there will be a
possibility that by 19th century he said that there would be no food for everyone, experienced
diseases, war famines and calamities.
But this theory did not happen since until now we still have resources, the world as a whole is
not experiencing what Malthus theory of Malthus.
People breed like rabbits, that is the reason why there was this very fast increase in population.

Only Artificial Famines, war, and calamities (only happen on these days according to the
theory)
And these Only results of human intervention and not by overpopulation.
This is Only happening in isolated areas. It does not happen in most countries in the world.
Poorer countries are experiencing famines but the reason for that is not over overpopulation. Not
like what Thomas Malthus theorized, the reason for that is human intervention, it is because of
human itself. This is brought by people who are governing the country and also because of
economy. People are the ones who are making these problems to happens, like in calamities,
undoubtedly people are cutting many trees that’s why we are not protected if there are storm or
heavy rains or winds that comes in our country Ex. Africa - a lot of famines are being
experienced in there.
Paul Ehrlich said that “overpopulation in 1970’s and 1980’s would result from global
environmental disasters, food shortage and mass starvation
- He adopted the theory of Malthus
Proposals – but he propose extreme measures for his theory
He wants to attain zero population growth (ZPG) movement. And to attain ZPG, he said that
there should be measures to be made and if they cannot convince the people to stop procreating,
from reproducing, then he said that they’ll take it upon the government to impose, to mandate
this program so that the population will not grow exponentially.
The following are his measures:
Chemical castration to prevent from reproducing, the government should impose sterilization of
the men and women to reduce the libido
Child tax for couple who are having children
Luxury tax on child products – there should be a tax for buying and purchasing child products.
Incentives on childless marriages – for married people they should have incentives because
they don’t have children’s
This proposal influences the family on countries ex. INDIA
If people will not volunteer, there will be a punishment
But did not work since a lot of countries still have many population
Paul was alarmed with the sudden growth of the population, one of the reasons is that after the
war, those people or soldiers that came from the war was given a chance, they were given the
resources to build their family, established their family, they were given a better standard of
living. That is why if there are no war people have more freedom to live peacefully and
procreate. They have more wealth back then. Therefore, there is a sudden increase of population
after the world war
1955-1975- highest population growth (post war) 1.8% per year
1965-1975- 2.06% per year
Why limit population/
According to Thomas Malthus, he said that we should limit the population because there is an
impending food exhaustion.
So, some countries were convinced to do or follow what Paul Ehrlich suggested, they were
convinced that the effect of overpopulation is true
Population control programs
- Philippines, China, India, Puerto Rico
Philippines – the government implemented family planning, sex education in schools back then
but it is not that easy for the Philippine government to implement this program because the
Philippines was very religious, particularly the catholic religion. Just in 2014, that the Philippine
government was able to implement the Reproductive health law (RH law), that is how hard to
impose a law especially that it affects the procreation, the reproduction of people, the number
resistance would be the church, so there are a lot of resistance that comes from the church, but
there are measures that were done by the Philippines like the time when social workers freely
went to schools, they implemented this sex education programs, seminars to the parents/ married
couples, there is also a program implemented wherein they give contraceptives to married
couples to combat overpopulation.
In China, they implemented the one child policy, the married couple can have one child, if they
have more than one child, they will be penalized or there is consequences, employment
consequences but this was abolished because it was not sustainable, and it found out that this
policy is giving them trouble or problem, it was imbalance to their resources. it is because the
present day of China bis no longer balance, the number of males is larger than the number of
female populations, it actually causes issues, wherein a lot of men where not able to look for a
partner, there is insufficiency or lack of females, and it results to human trafficking from their
nearby countries.
Bare branches- called by males who have no partner
One child policy is implemented because of the aggressive birthrate but then abolished because
of the bad outcomes
India – it was more extreme, because they had to actually force some of the men to undergo
sterilizion. It was necessary for them to do that.
Puerto Rico- same with Puerto Rico vasectomy or sterilization was also encouraged for the men,
they also give the women access to condoms, pills, even abortion
Those are the measure implemented by those countries to combat the overpopulation or sudden
growth of population.
- Downside force: forced mass sterilization, 1 child policy
CRITISM TO POPULATION CONTROL
BETSY HARTMAN – population control as substitute for social justice and reform
With this theory or with these measures, there was a criticism coming from Betsy Hartman. She
is a writer; she writes fiction and non-fictional book pertaining to global issues. And she said that
this is just an excuse, these measures are just lazy excuses to disregard other laws that would
cater to the needs of the people regardless of their number. She said that government should not
be implementing this kind of laws, this kind of programs, this force or mandatory programs to
stop the people from procreating but rather they should be catering to what they should need in
case they have children, regardless the number of their children the government should ready for
that, they should be able to devise laws that would cater to this people regardless of how many
children would the married couple want to have.
But I think that is a little too ideal because there is actually real problem brought by
overpopulation but probably not the extreme problem that Paul Ehrlich is suggesting but maybe
that could happen if people are not that bright
BOOMER POPULATION
60’s- boom in population that result to economic growth

This boomer population is the result of the end of the world war, there is a sudden growth of the
population, one of the reasons is that after the war, those people or soldiers that came from the
war was given a chance, they were given the resources to build their family, established their
family, they were given a better standard of living. That is why if there are no war people have
more freedom to live peacefully and procreate. They have more wealth back then technologies
were introduced to them. Therefore, there is a sudden increase or boom of population after the
world war that is why this was called as the boomer population from 1946-1964
With the boomer population, the life back then was easy although not for all of course there are
struggling families but generally a lot of families back then were flourishing because after the
war, more particularly in the US, after the war USA was flourishing not only USA but other
countries of Asia like Japan, Korea Singapore, Philippines for some time before the martial law
also flourishing but after the martial law Philippines came into a went downhill, so there, After
the war a lot of people had there freedom, they were in peace when it comes to prioritizing there
economy. There was an encouragement to the people procreate
There are 76,000,000 M in USA that were born from 1946-1964 largest history fo population
Baby boomers – 1946-1964
Back then, boomers were productive when they were at their peak, the baby boomers are at the
peak of their youth or their productive year, they were the ones who made this technological
advancement, they are the ones who innovated, they are the ones who greatly contributed to the
growth of the country’s economy. That is the good effect of boomer generation. They had this
contribution to the economy of this countries, that is why these countries experienced economic
growth because they had this very productive generation, they have this very active population,
from the time that this baby boomers grew in their productive years they were able to contribute
to the labor force, advancement and innovations

Impact in the long run?

1. There was an impact of this generation in the long run, particularly today, in the early 2000’s
we are now experiencing the long-term effects of this baby boomer generation, because once this
boomer population came to an older age a lot of them became old at the same time and that a
large chank of labor was disabled or were no longer able to work. When this baby boomer
retired, a major part of the labor force, there are many people who retire. They were too old to
world they have to retire, and they left the younger generation hanging, most of them were too
young to work
2. Another effect of this is the benefits that the country has to give to these baby boomers who
already retired. The government had to cater the retirement benefits or the social benefits that
they have to give to this major chank of population, which is the baby boomers. Of course, there
is a large chank of population who would be asking or demanding for their retirement pay, and
that kind of retirement pays is not that small and therefore, it would be a large budget that would
be cut from the money of the government. Instead of giving that to the other programs, they
would give that to the retirement pay