KOMUNIKASYON

AT
UNA, PANGALAWANG WIKA AT IBA PA.
PANANALIKSI Unang wika (L1) – Ito ang wikang kinagisnan

K
sa pagsilang at unang itinuturo sa isang tao.
Tinatawag din itong katutubong wika, mother
tongue, at arterial na wika.
MODULE 1-8 Ikalawang Wika (L2) – Mula sa salita na
paulit-ulit na naririnig ay unti-unting natutuhan
MODULE1 ang wikang ito hanggang magkaroon ng sapat na
Wika, Wikang Pambansa, Wikang Panturo at kasanayan at husay rito na magagamit sa
Wikang Opisyal pagpapahayag at pakikipag-usap sa ibang tao.
Ikatlong wika (L3)- Ito ay mga bagong wikang
 Paz, Hernandez, at Peneyra- “Ang wika ay natutuhan sa pamamagitan ng pakikisalamuha o
tulay na ginagamit para maipahayag at mangyari naririnig na kalauna’y natututuhan at nagagamit sa
ang anumang minimithi o pangangailangan natin.” pakikipagtalastasan sa mga taong nakapaligid na
Charles Darwin- "Ang wika ay hindi tunay na nagsasalita ng mga wikang ito.
likas sapagkat ang bawat wika raw ay kailangan
munang pag-aralan bago matutuhan." MODULE3
Henry Gleason- "Ang wika ay isang BARAYTI NG WIKA
masistemang balangkas ng sinasalitang tunog na
isinaayos sa paraang arbitraryo na gamit ng tao sa Dayalek- Ito ay ginagamit ng partikular na
pangkat ng mga tao mula sa isang partikular na
isang kultura."
lugar tulad ng lalawigan, rehiyon, o bayan.
wikang opisyal ay ang itinadhana ng batas na
Idyolek- Dito ay lumilitaw ang katangian at
maging wika sa opisyal na talastasan ng
kakanyahang natatangi ng taong nagsasalita
pamahalaan
Sosyolek- Ito ay nakabatay sa katayuan o antas
wikang panturo naman ang opisyal na wikang
panlipunan ng mga taong gumagamit ng wika.
ginagamit sa pormal na edukasyon.
MODULE4
GAMIT NG WIKA SA LIPUNAN
MODULE2
MONOLINGWALISMO,
Instrumental – Ito ay ang gamit ng wika upang
BILINGWALISMO, MULTILINGWALISMO
matugunan ang mga pangangailangan ng tao gaya
ng pakikipag-usap o pakikipag-ugnayan sa iba.
Monolingguwalismo- Ito ang pagpapatupad ng
Interaksyunal- Ito ay paraan ng
iisang wika sa isang bansa tulad ng isinasagawa sa
pakikipagtalastasan ng tao sa kanyang kapwa;
ibang bansa kung saan iisang wika ang ginagamit
pakikipagbiruan; pakikipagtalo tungkol sa
na wikang panturo sa lahat ng larangan o
particular na isyu.
asignatura.
Regulatoryo- Ito ay tumutukoy sa pagkontrol
Bilingguwalismo- Ito ang paggamit o
ng ugali o asal ng ibang tao. saklaw ng gamit na ito
pagkontrol ng tao sa dalawang wika na tila ba ang
ang pagbibigay ng direksyon gaya ng pagtuturo
dalawang ito ay kanyang katutubong wika.
kung saan matatagpuan ang isang particular na
Multilingguwalismo- Ang Pilipinas ay isang 
lugar; direksyon sap ag-inom ng gamit.
bansang multilingguwal na gumagamit ng iba’t
ibang wika. Ang mga Pilipino ay nakapagsasalita
MODULE5
at nakauunawa ng Filipino, Ingles, at isa o higit
PERSONAL AT HEURISTIKO,
pang wikang katutubo na karaniwang ang wika ay
IMPORMATIBO AT IMAHINATIBO
mga wikang nakagisnan.
Personal- Ito ay pagpapahayag ng sariling pala-
HOMOGENOUS AT HETEROGENOUS
palagay at damdamin sa pamamagitan ng
pagsusulat ng talaarawan o journal, pagsali sa mga
Homogenous- Tinatawag na homogenous ang
pormal o ‘di-pormal na talakayan, at maging sa
wika kung pare-parehong magsalita  ang lahat ng
paggawa ng Facebook posts o status.
gumagamit ng isang wika.
Heuristiko- Ito ay tumutukoy sa pagkuha o
Heterogenous- Ito ay tumutukoy
paghahanap ng impormasyon na may kinalaman sa
sa pagkakaiba-iba sanhi ng iba’t ibang salik
paksang pinag-aaralan.
panlipunan tulad ng edad, hanapbuhay o trabaho,
Impormatibo- Ito ay pagbibigay ng mga
antas ng pinag-aralan, kasarian, kalagayang
impormasyon sa paraang pasalita at pasulat.
panlipunan, rehiyon o lugar, pangkat-etniko o
Imahinatibo- Ito ay tumutukoy sa malikhaing
tinatawag din etnolingguwistikong
guni-guni ng isang tao sa paraang pasalita o
komunidad kung saan tayo ay nabibilang.
pasulat. Dito ay ginagamit natin ang mga tayutay,
idyoma, sagisag, at simbolismo.
 MODULE6
PARAAN NG PAGBABAHAGI NG WIKA

Pagpapahayag ng damdamin (Emotive) –

Saklaw nito ang pagpapahayag ng mga saloobin,
damdamin, at emosyon.
Panghihikayat (Conative) – Ito ang gamit ng
wika upang makahimok at makaimpluwensya sa iba
sa pamamagitan ng pag-uutos o pakiusap.
Pagsisimula ng pakikipag-ugnayan (Phatic) –
Ginagamit ang wika upang makipag-ugnayan sa
kapwa at makapagsimula ng usapan.
Paggamit bilang sanggunian (Referential)–
Ipinakikita nito ang gamit ng wikang nagmula sa
aklat at iba pang sangguniang pinagmulan ng
kaalaman upang magparating ng mensahe o
impormasyon.
Paggamit ng kuro-kuro (Metalingual)– Ito ay
gamit na lumilinaw sa mga suliranin sa
pamamagitan ng pagbibigay ng komento sa isang
kodigo o batas.
Patalinghaga (Poetic)– Saklaw nito ang gamit
ng wika sa masining na pagpapahayag gaya ng
panulaan, prosa, sanaysay, at iba pa.

MODULE7
PINAGMULAN NG WIKA

Ding- dong- to ay nagmula sa panggagaya sa

mga tunog sa kalikasan.
Bow-wow- Ito ay nagmula sa panggagaya sa
mga tunog na nalilikha ng mga hayp o kalikasan.
Pooh- pooh- Ito ay nagmula sa mga salitang
namutawi sa bibig ng ta nang makaramdam sila ng
masidhing damdamin.
Ta- ta- Ito ay nagsasabing may koneksiyon ang
kumpas o galaw ng kamay ng tao sa paggalaw ng
dila.
Yo-he-ho- Ito ay nabuo mula sa pagsasama-
sama, lalo na kapag nagtratrabaho nang
magkakasama.
 ENGLISH BASIC PARTS OF A SENTENCE (Subjects
and Predicates)
Subject tells whom or what the sentence is

PROFIENC
about. The predicate tells what the subject is, has,
does, or feels.

Y
OTHER FORM OF SUBJECT AND
PREDICATE
Simple Subject –A simple subject is the most
important word/group of words in the complete
MODULE 1-7 subject. It is usually a noun or a pronoun
Simple Predicate –The simple predicate of a
sentence is the verb that is done in the sentence. It
MODULE 1 can be the action that happens, the state of being, or
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH the linking verb.
LANGUAGE Compound Subject –A sentence has a
Old English- had its roots from Gaelic and compound subject when it has two or more simple
Teutonic languages that got mixed and blended as subjects (noun or pronoun) joined by a conjunction.
early as the fifth century. Compound Predicate –A sentence has a
Loanwords- are those borrowed by English compound predicate when there is more than
from other languages such as Latin, French, Greek, one simple predicate (verb) separated by
Scandinavian, Indian, Spanish, etc. conjunction.
Processed Words- aside from borrowing,
English also grew richer by way of word MODULE 3
formation processes like compounding, blending, KINDS OF PHRASES AND THEIR
clipping, acronyms , abbreviating, reduplicating, FUNCTIONS
affixing, and inflecting. Phrase is a group of words that is used as a
single part of speech and that does not contain both
PART OF SPEECH a verb and its subject. In English, there are various
Noun –It refers to a word that names a person, kinds of phrases.
place, thing, or idea.
Pronoun –It refers to a word used in place of a KINDS OF PHRASE
noun or another pronoun. a. Prepositional Phrase–It is a group of words
Verb –It refers to a word that expresses an that contains a preposition, the object of the
action, a condition, or a state of being. preposition, and any modifiers of that
Adjective –It refers to a word that modifies a
noun or a pronoun. CLASSIFICATION OF PREPOSITIONAL
Adverb –It refers to a word that modifies a verb, PHRASE
an adjective, or another adverb. Adjective Phrase –It is a prepositional
Preposition –It refers to a word used to show the phrase that modifies a noun or a pronoun. It tells
relationship between a noun or a pronoun and what kind/s or which one/s.
another word in the sentence. Adverb Phrase –It is a prepositional phrase
Conjunction –It refers to a word that connects that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb.
words or group of words. Like an adverb, it tells how, when, where, or to
Interjection –It is a word or a group of words what extent about the word it modifies.
that expresses feeling or emotion. b. Appositive Phrase –It consists of an
appositive and any modifiers the appositive
MODULE 2 has. An appositive is a noun or pronoun
KINDS OF SENTENCES ACCORDING TO placed beside another noun or pronoun to
FUNCTIONS identify or describe it.
Declarative Sentence- sentence used to make a c. Verbal Phrases –A verbal phrase consists
statement and usually ends with a period of a verbal and its modifiers and
Interrogative Sentence- sentence used to ask complements. The three kinds of verbal
questions and ends with a question mark (?) phrases are the participial phrase, the gerund
Imperative Sentence- sentence used to give a phrase, and the infinitive phrase.
command or instruction, make a request or to offer
advice. It usually ends with a period (.) and THE CLAUSES
sometimes with exclamation point (!) A clause is a word group that contains a verb and its
Exclamatory Sentence- sentence used to subject and that is used as a sentence or as part of a
express a strong feeling or emotion and ends with sentence.
an exclamation point (!).
 KINDS OF SUBORDINATE CLAUSE\ Linking verb- connects the subject to a
Noun Clause –It is a subordinate clause word or word group in the predicate that
which acts as a noun in a sentence. It usually starts identifies or describes the subject. Such a word or
with words such as that, what, whatever, who, word group is called a subject complement.
whom, whoever, whomever
Adjective Clause –It is a subordinate clause (Part 2 –Main and Helping, Transitive
that is used as an adjective to modify a noun or a and Intransitive Verbs)
pronoun in a sentence. It mostly starts with relative Verb- phrase consists of at least one main
pronoun such as that, who, whom, whose, which, or verb and one or more helping verbs (also called
whose. auxiliary verbs).
Adverb Clause –It is a subordinate clause Modal- is a helping verb that is joined with
that is used as an adverb to modify a verb, an a main verb to express an attitude such as necessity,
adjective, or an adverb in a sentence. It modifies a possibility, or obligation
verb of the main clause in terms of time, place, Transitive Verb- is a verb that sends its
manner, condition, and degree. action to an object –a noun or a pronoun in the
predicate that tells who or what receives the action.
MODULE 4 Intransitive Verb- when it does not have
KINDS OF SENTENCES ACCORDING TO any objects or when it does not send its action to a
STRUCTURE word in the predicate.
Simple Sentence- contains one independent clause
and no subordinate clauses. It may contain a MODULE6
compound subject, a compound verb, and any USES OF VERBS
number of phrases. (Part 1 –The Principal Parts of Verb)
Compound Sentence- contains two or more Every verb has many different forms. All of these
independent clauses and no subordinate clauses. forms are made from the four principal parts of
The independent clauses in a compound sentence the verb: the present infinitive (usually called the
may be joined by a comma and a coordinating present), the present participle, the past, and the
conjunction, by a semicolon, or by a semicolon and past participle.
a conjunctive adverb or a transitional expression.
Complex Sentence- contains one (Part 2 –Regular and Irregular Verbs)
independent clause and at least one subordinate Regular verb- forms its past and past participle by
clause. adding -d or -ed to the base form. Most verbs are
Compound- Complex Sentence- contains regular.
two or more independent clauses and at least Irregular verb- is a verb that does not form the
one subordinate clause. past and past participle by adding -d or -ed to the
base form.
SENTENCE FRAGMENTS AND RUN- MODULE7
ON SENTENCES USES OF VERBS
Sentence fragment- is any word group that (Part 3–Tenses, A. The Simple Tenses)
may be capitalized and punctuated as a sentence but Tense- of a verb indicates the time of the action or
does not contain both a subject and a predicate or of the state of being expressed by the verb.
does not express a complete thought.
Run-on sentence- consists of two or more USING THE SIMPLE TENSE
complete sentences that are run or joined together Past Tense –The past tense of a verb is used
with commas or without any punctuation. to express an action or a state of being that occurred
in the past and did not continue into the present.
TWO KINDS OF RUN-ON SENTENCE Present Tense –The present tense of a verb
Fused Sentence –It has no punctuation at all is used to show an action or a state of being that
between the two complete thoughts. occurs in the present, occurs regularly.
Comma Splice –It just has a comma Future Tense –The future tense of a verb is
between the two complete thoughts. used to indicate an action or a state of being that will
occur in the future.
MODULE 5 (Part 4 –Tenses, B. The Perfect Tenses)
KINDS OF VERBS Past Perfect Tense –The past perfect tense
(Part 1 –Action and Linking Verbs) of a verb is used to express an action or a state of
Verb- expresses an action, a condition, or a being that ended before some other past action or
state of being. It tells what the subject of the state of being.
sentence is, has, does, or feels. Present Perfect Tense –The present perfect
tense of a verb is used to show an action or a state
Action Verbs and Linking Verbs of being that was completed at an indefinite time in
Action Verb- tells and describes what the the past.
subject of a sentence does. It expresses either Future Perfect Tense –The future perfect
physical or mental activity. tense of a verb is used to indicate an action or a
state of being that will occur before some other
future occurrence.
Organization &
Manager- is skilled at the discharge of
his functions at the management level he is in.
The performance of a manager depends on how
well he performs the management functions using

management skills appropriate to his level.

MODULE 3
MODULE 1-7 ENVIRONMENTAL FORCE AND
ENVIRONMENTAL SCANNING
MODULE 1
General environment- of the firm, also
MEANING, FUNCTION, AND TYPES OF
known as the microenvironment, consists of the
MANAGEMENT
most general elements that can potentially influence
Management- is a continuous process of p
the strategic and long-term decisions, which are
lanning, organizing, influencing and
uncontrollable.
controlling towards the attainment predetermined
Specific (operating) environment- of the
standards. It is also the process of using resources in
firm consists of all actual organizations, groups, and
order to reach organizational goals.
persons with whom the organization interacts and
conducts business.
MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS
PEST- analysis stands for Political,
Planning- is the central function of
Economic, Social and Technological analysis. It
management which consists of setting goals,
helps the manager determine the impact of
objectives and specifying ways to attain them.
environmental factors or conditions to the long-term
Organizing- consists of ensuring that work
performance and activities of the business.
is accomplished by assigning tasks, coordinating
SWOT- stands for Strengths, Weaknesses,
them, and allocating necessary resources.
Opportunities and Threats. It is another tool used
Controlling- consists of monitoring and
in environmental analysis.
checking of alignment of performance to
predetermined standards.
MODULE 4
Influencing- consists of guiding, instructing
PHRASES OF ECONMIC DEVELOPMENT
and inspiring subordinates towards the attainment of
Traditional society- economic system is
organizational goals.
stationary; low economic and social mobility and
changes are seen negatively.
EVOLUTION OF MANAGEMENT
Proconditions for "take off"- There is an
THEORIES
external demand for raw materials; individual
1890 Classical Approach- People were
mobility begins, and national identity and shared
rational, management process became systematic
economic interest are now developed.
and scientific, and the principles of management
Takeoff- This stage is characterized by
were circulated.
dynamic growth, self-sustained environment,
1930 Behavioral Approach- Focused on
urbanization increases, industrialization proceeds
the need to understand people’s behavior, beliefs
and technological breakthroughs occur.
and practices.
Drive to maturity- Economic progress and
1940 Management Science Approach-
technical progress, multiple industries expand and
Quantitative techniques were used to analyze and
new industries take root.
solve managerial.
Age of mass consumption- most parts of
1950 Systems Approach- Used Input,
society live in prosperity; there is a widespread of
Process, Output (IPO) framework and the
consumption of high-value consumer goods.
environment.
1970 Contingency Approach- The MODULE 5
management way should change depending on the FORM OF BUSSINESS ORGANIZATION
circumstance.
1980 Contemporary Approaches- TQM, Business that a manager runs usually takes any of
Learning organizations, Technology driven the following forms depending on the nature of
workplace. ownership. Business can be a sole or single
proprietorship, partnership, or a corporation.
MODULE 2 Sole Proprietorship Partnership
MANAGEMENT FUNCTION, ROLES AND ▪Faith sari-sari store ▪A&J Express Shop
SKILLS ▪ABC party needs ▪D&K Trading
Typical organization- is organized by Corporation
section, department, or division. Depending on the ▪Jollibee Foods Corporation
scope of influence a manager has, management ▪SM Investments Corporation
levels usually vary. A manager carries out a myriad Business that a manager runs usually takes any
of activities in a day; these activities indicate the of the following forms depending on the primary
roles a manager plays in his organization. activities. Business can be classified as
service, merchandising, or manufacturing.
Service Merchandising Scenario Planning- “What if” identifies
▪Accounting Firms ▪Department stores several alternative future scenarios or states affair
▪Salon ▪Hardware stores that may occur, making plans to deal with them.
▪Telecommunications ▪sari-sari stores Use of Staff Planners- Hiring persons are
Manufacturing called staff planners. They are the ones that go
▪Coca-Cola ▪Gardenia ▪San Miguel through planning process then present them for
approval.

MODULE 6 Benchmarking- It is the setting of standards

NATURE OF PLANNING AND TYPES OF and assessing other organizations ’best practices to
PLANS be standardize and this planning technique can
improve organizational process and planning
implementation.
Contingency Planning- It is the technique
in identifying alternative courses of action that can
be implemented to meet the needs of changing
circumstances.

APPLICATION OF PLANNING TOOLS AND

TECHNIQUES

MODULE 8
NATURE OF ORGANIZING
Organizing, as management function, is next to
planning. Effective organizing is important to
determine how plan is to be executed on the way to
the attainment of company objectives. It is therefore
important to study the concepts that relate to
organization to appreciate how the process of
PLANNING AT DIFFERENT LEVELS IN THE management works.
FIRM

TYPES OF ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE

MODULE 7
PLANNING TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS

Forecasting- It is used to assess the

environment and predict future environmental
happening that will affect the business’s operations.
Scheduling- It is used for resource
allocation consists of detailing the list of activities
to be done, with related resources and specific time
period.
 EARTH & LIFE
SCIENCE What are the common rock-forming minerals?

MODULE 1-8
MODULE 1
EARTH AS THE ONLY HABITABLE
PLANET
Earth- is the fifth largest planet in the solar
system. Its diameter is about 8,000 miles. Itis the
third closest planet to the sun. Its average distance
from the sun is about 93 million miles
What makes the Earth habitable?
1. It is in the right distance from the Sun, which is
93M miles.
2. It is protected from harmful solar radiation by its
magnetic field.
3. It is kept warm by an insulating atmosphere.
4. It has the right chemical ingredients for life,
including water and carbon. CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS
Rock- is any naturally occurring solid mass
FOUR SUBSYSTEMS OF EARTH or aggregate of minerals.
Earth- is a system of four interacting Classification of Rocks
components that stabilize life. A. Igneous Rock-It is formed by volcanic activity.
TYPES
What are the different spheres that make up earth? 1. Extrusive Igneous or Volcanic Rock- It
Hydrosphere- is the total amount of water is the rapid cooling of lava.
on a planet. A planet's hydrosphere can be liquid, 2. Intrusive Igneous or Plutonic Rock- It
vapor, or ice. is the slow cooling of magma.
Atmosphere- is a thin layer of gases that Examples: granite and rhyolite, diorite and andesite,
hovers above our planet's surface. The atmosphere gabbro rock and basalt
provides us with oxygen to breathe, shelters us from B. Sedimentary Rock- It is formed through
solar UV radiation, and warms Earth's surface via lithification, compaction, and cementation of
the greenhouse effect. sediments
Biosphere- is made up of the parts of Earth TYPES
where life exists. 1. Clastic-It is the compaction of broken
Geosphere- describes all of the rocks, rocks.
minerals and ground that are found on and in Earth. 2. Chemical-It is the compaction of
dissolved minerals.
THE EARTH’S INTERNAL STRUCTURE 3. Organic-It is the compaction of organic
Outer Core- thick and is mostly composed materials.
of liquid iron and nickel. C. Metamorphic Rock- The pre-existing rocks
Inner Core- It is a hot, dense ball of may undergo changes by action of heat and
(mostly) iron. pressure.
Crust- It is the thin layer of the Earth -The process of transformation of parent rocks is
composed of a great variety of igneous, called metamorphism.
metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks TYPES
Mantle- It is the layer of the earth that lies 1. Foliated-It is distinguished by layers such
below the crust and is by far the largest layer as slate.
making up 84% of Earth's volume. 2. Non-foliated-It has no distinguishable
layers such as quartzite.
MODULE 2
COMMON ROCK-FORMING MINERALS DEFORMATION OF CRUST
Mineral- is an inorganic substance that Weathering- is the breakdown of rocks at
has orderly internal structure, and has a fixed, the Earth’s surface, by the action of rainwater,
(or uniformly variable) chemical composition. extremes of temperature and biological activity.

TYPES OF WEATHERING
1. Chemical Weathering- It happens when
there is a chemical reaction that breaks apart the
materials.
2. Mechanical Weathering- The pushes
and pulls of nature: wind, flowing water, moving
ice and gravity can all cause rocks and minerals to •Viscosity is the resistance to flow (opposite of
break down. fluidity). Viscosity depends on primarily on the
composition of the magma, and temperature.

Erosion- occurs when those small pieces of MODULE4

rocks, soil or minerals move. Water and Wind are METAMORPHISM
the main causes of erosion on Earth.
Deposition-is the laying down of sediment Metamorphism –It is the change in the
carried by wind and water or when pieces of the structure of constitution of a rock due to natural
Earth are deposited somewhere else. agencies, such as pressure and heat. It comes from
the Greek words: Meta= after and morph=form
MODULE 3 Metamorphic rocks–These have been
EARTH’S INTERNAL STRUCTURE changed from their original form by immense
Earth’s Core heat or pressure. Therefore, it goes through the
Inner core –It is intensely hot! process of metamorphism.
Temperatures sizzle at 5,400° Celsius (9,800°
Fahrenheit). That’s almost as hot as the surface of Process of Metamorphism that changes the
the sun. Physical and Chemical Composition of Rocks
Outer core–It is made from iron and nickel, 1. Recrystalization– It is the process that
in liquid form. changes the shape of the size of grains without
changing the identity of the mineral making up
FORMATION OF MAGMA grains.
MAGMA-is a molten rock found below the earth's 2. Phase Change –It is the process that
surface. It has a high temperature that tends to be transforms one mineral into another mineral with
very fluid and a large amount of dissolved gases the same composition on but with different crystal
that tends to be very explosive. structure.
3. Metamorphic Reaction or Neo-
HOW IS MAGMA FORMED (MAGMATISM)? crystalization –It is the process in which chemical
Magma forms in three particular environments: reactions digest minerals of the protolith to produce
subduction zones, divergent zones, and hot spots or new minerals of metamorphic rock.
mantle plumes. 4. Pressure Solution– It is the process that
1. Magma production at the occurs when a wet rock is squeezed more strongly
SUBDUCTION ZONE- It occurs due to increased in one direction than in others.
temperature due to friction, addition of water to the 5. Plastic Deformation– It is the process
asthenosphere, and pressure-relief melting. It is that occurs when a rock is squeezed or sheared at
generated at the subduction zones called andesitic. elevated temperatures and pressures.
2. Magma production at the
DIVERGENT ZONE- It is facilitated by pressure FORMATION OF THE DIFFERENT TYPES
relief melting. It is associated with spreading OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
-as hot asthenosphere oozes up to fill the gap; the Igneous rocks- are created when magma cools and
magma at divergent zone is basaltic. hardens.
3. Magma production at the HOT SPOTS TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
or MANTLE PLUMES- These are columns of 1. Extrusive Igneous or volcanic rocks.
rising mantle material that begin to melt as it they •The rock is formed by cooled, hardened magma on
rise to lower pressure or shallower depths. the surface of the Earth.
-If mantle plume rises beneath the sea, eruptions •These rocks form very fast and usually look glassy
build submarine volcanoes and volcanic islands. or shiny.
2. Intrusive Igneous or plutonic rocks.
FORMATION OF MAGMA (Part2) •When magma cools and hardens beneath the
Magma originates in the lower part of the surface, it is a much longer process, so intrusive
Earth's crust and in the upper portion of the mantle. igneous rocks are usually grainy and rough.
Different types of magma cause different types of
eruptions and create different sorts of volcanoes. FORMATION OF THE DIFFERENT TYPES
Types of Magma OF IGNEOUS ROCKS (Part 2)
Types of magma are determined by chemical
composition of the magma. Three general types are Extrusive rocks are formed on the surface of the
recognized: Earth from lava, which is magma that has emerged
1. Basalticmagma-SiO245-55 wt%, high in Fe, from underground. Intrusive rocks are formed from
Mg, Ca, low in K, Na magma that cools and solidifies within the crust of
2. Andesiticmagma-SiO255-65 wt%, intermediate. the plane.
In Fe, Mg, Ca, Na, K Rock Formation- Extrusive and intrusive
3. Rhyoliticmagma-SiO265-75%, low in Fe, Mg, rocks both form when hot molten material
Ca, high in K, Na crystallizes.
Cooling Time- Extrusive rocks cool quickly
Viscosity of Magmas because they are at the surface of the Earth and
Intrusive rocks take a lot longer to cool because the layer would be at the bottom, and the youngest
temperature under the Earth's surface is a lot higher. would be at the top.
]

MODULE5
DEFORMATION OF ROCKS c. Principle of Crosscutting Relations- It state that
Deformation- it refers to the change in the any rocks or fault that cuts across other rocks is
original shape and size of a rock. It is caused by youngest that those it cuts across.
tectonic force or stresses. d. Idea of Unconformities/ Lateral Continuity- It
state that the new layer of form in regions of
3 SUCCESSIVE STAGES OF DEFORMATION separation.
1. Elastic Deformation- It is characterized by
a reversible strain. METHOD OF DATING TO DETERMINE THE
2. Ductile Deformation- It is characterized by AGE STRATIFIED ROCKS
irreversible strain. Absolute Dating- It is the method of
3. Fracture- It is an irreversible strain in measuring the absolute age of an object.
which the material breaks. Isotope- these are elements that have the
PROCESS OF ROCK DEFORMATION same number of protons but different numbers of
A. Folding- It occurs when rock are pushed towards neutrons.
each other from the opposite sides. These are Radiometric Dating- It uses five
produced by horizontal compressive stresses. radioactive isotopes to determine the age of rocks.
Stress- It is a force acting over on a material Fossils- There are fossils that are used to
that produced a strain. determine the age of rocks.
Pressure- It is a stress where the forces act
equally from all directions. MODULE6
Differential Stress- it refers to a stress that RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE DATING
is not equal from all directions. Geologic time scale is often discussed in two
3 KINDS OF DIFFERENTIAL STRESS forms:
Tension Stress- It stretches rocks. Relative time (chronostratic) - It refers to
Compression- It pushes rocks together. the subdivision of the earth’s geologic in a specific
Shearing- It can causes masses of rocks to slip. order based upon relative age relationship. (Ex.
COMMON TYPES OF FOLDS Eon- Era- Period- Epoch)
Anticline- it is an arch-like shape that is convex Absolute Time (chronometric) – It is the
upward. numerical age in “millions of years” or some other
Syncline- It is fold that is concave upward. measurement. (Ex. Palezoic Era= 542- 251 MYA)
B. Faulting- It is the fracturing and displacement of
brittle rocks strata along a fault plane. HAZARD (GEOLOGIC PROCESS)
Geologic Process- These are naturally occurring
DIFFERENT FAULTS events the directly or indirectly impact the geology
a. Dip- slip fault- It occurs when the of the Earth.
movement of two blocks is vertical Earthquake- It is a rapid shaking of the ground due
b. Strike- slip or transform fault- the two to the movement of rocks along fractures.
blocks slide past one another. Earthquake Hazards
1. Surface rupture and physical damage
METHODS OF DATING THE STRATIFIED 2. Liquefaction
ROCKS 3. Fires
Rock Layers- These are also called strata (the 4. Tsunami
plural form of the Latin word stratum). 5. Landslide
Stratification- It is formed by layers of sediment Volcanic Eruption- It happens when the lava and
being laid down over the course of time. Occurs gas are discharged from volcanic vent.
when animal/ shells/ marine crusty animals die in Volcanic Hazard
groups. 1. Too much pyroclastic material may bury
people and severely damage agriculture land
METHOD OF DATING TO DETERMINE THE and livestock.
AGE STRATIFIED ROCKS 2. Mudflow and lahar may occur at high speed,
Relative Dating- it uses a set of principles to put destroying everything along its path.
rocks in their proper sequences of formation 3. Poisonous gases released by volcanoes
(youngest to oldest layer of rocks) can be lethal to people, animals, and
plants.
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF RELATIVE DATING
4. Violent volcanic eruptions underwater
a. Law of original horizontality- The sedimentary
rocks are originally formed in horizontal layers. can trigger a tsunami.
b. Law of Superposition- It states that in any Landslides- It is the movement of rock, earth, or
undisturbed sequence of layers of rock, the oldest debris down a sloped section of land.
Landslide Hazard
 1. Erosion and undercutting of slope by stream, Saltwater Intrusion-It is the movement of
rivers, or glaciers. saltwater into the freshwater aquifer.
2. High mortality rate and few injuries
Ways of preventing saltwater intrusion
1. Stop using the well where freshwater has
been depleted to let the groundwater replenish
naturally via the water cycle.

3. Damage and loss of property value,

livestock, and crops.

MODULE 7
AREAS PRONE TO HAZARD BY GEOLOGIC 2. Build two wells: a pumping well-built farther
PROCESSES inland, and an injection well-built closer to then
Pacific Ring of Fire- It is an area surrounding coast.
the Pacific Ocean where most of the word’s
geologic processes. MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION
Earthquake- It is a sudden and violent shaking Mitigation – It is the reduction of something
of the ground that causes vast destruction. harmful or the reduction of its harmful effects. It
10 op provinces that are at risk to may refer to measures taken to reduce the harmful
earthquake: effects of hazards that remain in potential, or to
1. Surigao Del Sur 3. Benguet manage harmful incidents that have already
2. La Union 4. Pangasinan occurred.
5. Pampanga 8. Davao Oriental
6. Tarlac 9. Nueva Vizcaya
7. Ifugao 10. Nueva Ecija

Landslides- refers to the sliding down of a mass of

earth or rock from a mountain or cliff.

10 provinces that are the risk to earthquake-

induced shallow landslides:
1. Ifugao 6. Bukidnon
2. Lanao Del Sur 7. Aurora
3. Sarangani 8. Davao Del Sur
4. Benguet 9. Davao Oriental
5. Mountain Province 10. Rizal

Volcanic Eruptions- It occurs when magma

is released from a volcano and relatively calm and
effusive.
10 top provinces that are at risk for volcanic
eruptions:
1. Camiguin 6. Sorsogon
2. Sulu 7. South Cotabato
3. Biliran 8. Laguna
4. Albay 9. Camarines Sur
5. Bataan 10. Batanes

MODULE 8
HYDROMETEROLOGICAL PHENOMENA
Hydrometeorological Phenomena- These
are processes or phenomenon of atmospheric or
oceanographic nature that may cause loss of life.

MARINE AND COASTAL PROCESSES

Coastal Processes- such as waves, tides, sea
level changes, crust movement, and storm surges
will result to coastal erosion, submersion, and
saltwater intrusion.
Coastal Erosion- It is the wearing down of
the coastline by the movement of wind and water.
Submersion- It happens because of the
changes in the sea level, specifically, when it rises
dangerously above the normal level – due to the
increase of the global temperature.
Reading &
writing
Second Draft is the improved version of the
first draft. Remember to refer to your thesis
statement and check whether you are able to capture
MODULE 1-8 it.

MODULE 1 3. Revising- Revision is the general process of

NATURE OF READING going back through your whole draft, from the start
Reading- is a cognitive process in which you view to end, and improving on or clarifying your writing
letters and words printed on a text or flashed on the subject’s meaning.
screen to derive meaning out of them. Editing- It refers to a more meticulous
process of clarifying meaning by revising each word
EFFECTIVE READING STRATEGIES and line of your draft.
Pre-Reading Strategies- reviewing, Skimming, Proofreading- This is the process of
Scanning and Recalling Background Knowledge. checking your paper for possible errors in
During-Reading Strategies- Using Context Clues mechanics and style –spelling, punctuation,
or Using Connotation and Denotation. capitalization and grammatical errors.

NATURE OF WRITING 4. Writing the Final Draft- It is the stage where

Writing- is the process of conveying thoughts, you are ready to incorporate all revisions on your
ideas, and facts through written words. It is a skill paper. This is where you need to rewrite your paper
one needs to learn to be able to communicate and integrate whatever changes you have made.
effectively. It is used to accomplish educational and
employable requirements. 5. Publishing the Manuscript- In this stage, you
are now ready to share your paper with others. You
3 GENERAL STAGES OF WRITING may be asked to read your paper in front of a bigger
Prewriting- The initial stage of writing process that audience. You may also publish your work in a
may include brainstorming of ideas for possible book, journal, or periodical.
topics.
Writing (During) - The stage of writing down the MODULE 4
ideas in an organized way to convey a particular TEXT VERSUS DISCOURSE
message or present an argument. TEXT
Post-Writing- The stage of the writing process Text- A written form of communication
where editing, revising, reorganizing, rewording, information, which is a non-interactive nature.
and proofreading occurs. Textual Analysis: grammatical cohesion and
structure of sentences are analyzed.
MODULE 2&3 -Usually in written form.
THE WRITING PROCESS Examples: press reports, street signs, documents,
Writing Process- is composed of five basic stages: etc.
prewriting, drafting, revising, writing the final DISCOURSE
draft and publishing the manuscript. In the Discourse- A spoken, written, visual, or audial
previous lesson, you were already introduced to the form, communicating information that is interactive
two initial stages of the writing process –prewriting in nature.
and drafting. Discourse Analysis: Agents or speakers involved in
the communication, the social purpose, and the
STAGES OF THE WRITING PROCESS medium utilized are analyzed
1. Prewriting- This is the planning stage and -Can be either in written, verbal, or audio form
perhaps the most challenging stage in the process. Examples: dialogues, conversations, interactions in
Freewriting- uses the force of narration to audio-visual programs, etc.
draw a stream of connected ideas out of the writer’s
mind. FORM OF DISCOURSE
Clustering or Mapping- a graphic Discourse- is the use of words to exchange thoughts
organizer that is used to connect other ideas to the and ideas in an orderly and organized manner.
main topic Discourse markers- or conjunctions, connectives,
Brainstorming- listing questions that may and linking devices –help connect ideas to form a
help you brainstorm on your topic. logical text.
Exposition- It serves to explain or inform about a
2. Drafting -In this stage, you already have your topic, define a concept, show analysis and, explain a
thesis statement. process.
First Draft- is the rough draft. Remember Description- It serves to state the qualities or
that this can still be improved in terms of characteristics of something/someone, it can be
mechanics, ideas and style. You have to exhaust all subjective (based on one’s perception) or objective
your ideas on your topic. (literal sense).
 Narration- is an essential rhetorical pattern
in writing. It is the process of telling a story or
account, which may be factual or fictional.
Narration- It serves to narrate or tell a story, it -A narration can be objective and subjective.
consists certain elements of a narration, and it also
appeals to the emotions.
Argumentation- It serves to argue or to persuade Description- is one of the main rhetorical
and it appeals to intellect. patterns that creates a mental image of a thing, a
person or character, or an event.
MODULE5 -Description is a pattern of development used when
TECHNIQUE IN SELECTING AND a writer aims to convey the readers the physical
ORGANIZING INFORMATION characteristics of a person, place, or thing.
Definition- definition gives the meaning of
BRAINSTORMING a word concept, your sources of definition must be
Brainstorming List- is simply an credible and valid; otherwise, you will be providing
enumeration of ideas that directly or indirectly refer wrong or inaccurate definition.
to the specific topic. It is like a grocery list, because Exemplification- is the process of providing
it helps the writer purposely pick and sort out his or examples of the concept that you are discussing, If
her writing ideas. definitions and explanations are still too abstract or
insufficient to make people understand, examples
Process of brainstorming includes some or all may be provided.
these phases: Classification- gives the writer a picture of
Orientation- pointing up the problem. how the ideas are categorized and helps the readers
Preparation- gathering pertinent data. understand what is being said and It is a pattern of
Analysis- breaking down the relevant material. development and a way for writers to describe or
Hypothesis- piling up alternatives by way of ideas. explain an idea/concept.
Incubation- letting up, to invite illumination.
Synthesis- putting the pieces together. MODULE7
Verification- judging the resultant ideas. PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT IN
WRITING (Part 2)
GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS 1. Comparison and Contrast
Graphic Organizers- help writers to Comparison- used when the writer wants to
visually map their writing ideas and plot them so it point out the similarities between or among ideas.
will be easier to create and observe relationships. Contrast- used when the writer wants to
The choice of appropriate graphic organizers is point out the differences between or among ideas.
dependent on the pattern to be used in developing 2. Cause and Effect- to develop your paragraph is
the paper. to establish a cause-and-effect relationship of ideas.
- To point out to your readers the relationship
TYPES OF GRAPHIC ORGANIZER between events or situation and to point out to them
Flow Chart- This graphic organizer indicates a as well the possible consequence.
process, with the arrows showing which step comes 3. Problem- Solution- It prompts the writer to
after another. subject a problem to careful analysis and later offer
Cycle- This graphic organizer shows a never-ending sound solution.
cycle of repetitive steps that a process undergoes. 4. Persuasion- logical fallacies weaken an attempt
Organizational Chart- This graphic organizer to persuade. Successful persuasion makes others
shows hierarchy. The higher the item, the more believe in support, or buy something.
authority he/she has over those below.
Venn Diagram- This graphic organizer is best used
for comparisons and contrasts.

OUTLINNING
Outlining- contains the main points of what
you are writing about. Like brainstorming, it is an
enumerated list of writing ideas that can be done
individually or collaboratively.

TWO FORMS OF OUTLINE

Topic Outline- The heading of each level is
composed of words or phrases only.
Sentence Outline- The heading of each level is
composed of complete simple sentence.

MODULE6
PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT IN
WRITING ACROSS DISCIPLINES
Oral communication The Basic Elements of Communication Process:
1.Sender –This refers to the source of
MODULE 1-8 information that initiates the conversation or the
process of communication.
MODULE 1 2. Encoding –This refers to sender’s process of
INTRODUCTION TO THE BASIC converting ideas into understandable messages.
CONCEPTS IN ORAL COMMUNICATION IN 3. Message- This refers to the ideas, information, or
CONTEXT (DEFINITION AND TYPES OF feelings created by the source or sender and
COMMUNICATION) transmitted to the receiver.
Communication- is the act of transmitting intended 4. Channel/Medium- This is also known as the
meanings from one entity or group to another carrier of the message or the information. This may
through the use of mutually understood signs and also refer to the way or method of delivering the
semiotic rules. message.
Types of Communication 5. Receiver- This refers to the recipient of the
A. BASED ON COMMUNICATION information.
CHANNEL 6. Decoding- This refers to the process where the
•Verbal Communication –It uses words receiver interprets the information into meaningful
in the process of sending and receiving messages.
messages. 7. Feedback- This refers to the receiver’s response
•Nonverbal Communication –It is the to the sender’s message.
process of sending and receiving messages without 8. Noise- This refers to anything that blocks the
the use of words. communication process, also known as interference.
•Audio Communication–It primarily uses
sounds to communicate or any form of transmission THE ELEMENTS AND PROCESS OF
that is based on hearing. COMMUNICATION (PART 2)
•Visual Communication –It uses aids Communication- is a dynamic process that begins
such as pictures, drawings, illustrations, and with the conceptualizing of ideas by the sender who
graphic organizers, like charts and tables. then transmits the message through a channel to the
•Audiovisual Communication–Motion receiver, who in turn gives the feedback in the form
pictures, television, and video clips/recordings are of some message or signal within the given time
some of the audiovisual communication media used frame.
both in the academe and in the workplace.
B. BASED ON PURPOSE AND STYLE
•Formal Communication –In this type of
communication, certain rules, conventions and
principles are followed while communicating
messages.
•Informal Communication –It is
established for societal affiliations of members in an
organization and face-to-face discussions.

THE NATURE OF COMMUNICATION

Communication- is the exchange of
thoughts, feelings, expressions, and observations MODULE3
among people. People can transmit messages COMMMUNICATION MODEL (LINEAR
verbally using words and phrases, or non-verbally, AND INTERACTIVE MODEL)
using signs, objects, body movements, etc. Model of Communication- refers to the
Communication may vary from spoken and written conceptual model used to explain the human
words, but it may also vary through actions, communication process. It shows the pattern or flow
mannerisms, and style anything attached to a of communication as well as the elements involved
message that gives meaning. in that kind of communication.
Communication is a human activity. Various Models of Communication
Communication is a complex process. 1. Linear Model – This model was the first
Communication is an interaction. model of communication. In this model,
Communication is a social context. communication is considered one-way process
where the sender is the only one who sends the
MODULE 2 message and the receiver does not give any
THE ELEMENTS AND PROCESS OF feedback or response.
COMMUNICATION (PART 1) Linear Model Examples:
Communication Process- refers to a series of • Aristotle’s Model of Communication
actions or steps taken in order to successfully • Shannon-Weaver’s Model
communicate. It involves several components or • Berlo’s Model
elements that enable the transmission of a message. • Laswell’s Model

‘
 3. Use appropriate language –Tailor the
2. Interactive Model– This model of words you will use based on your audience or
communication is an improved process. It still listener. Keep it simple and understandable. For
begins with a sender, in which a speaker encodes a example, figurative language (e.g., simile,
message using different channels. metaphor) is usually used in literature and in formal
Interactive Model Example: conversations, not in ordinary or casual
• Schramm’s Model conversations.
4. Be aware of your body language and
COMMUNICATON MODELS tone –Doing this can help the communicators to
(TRANSACTIONAL MODELS) keep their emotions in check, and have a healthy
3. Transactional Model - This model of and relaxed environment while communicating with
communication is more detailed and involves more one another.
elements of communication. It considers the 5. Be open –Suspend your own judgment,
situation of communication where there is a ideas, and beliefs. Give the speaker time to develop
simultaneous exchange between the sender and the and express his or her ideas or points before you
receiver. conclude if the message has any value, little value,
Transactional Model Examples: or none at all.
• Dunn and Goodnight’s Model 6. Give and accept feedback –Feedback
• Wood’s Model keeps the communication going. Respond to what
• Hamilton’s Model has been heard. Keep an open mind and avoid
overreacting emotionally to a message or feedback.
MODULE 4
COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN MODULE5
Communication breakdown- is another FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION (PART
term for misunderstanding, miscommunication, or 1 –REGULATION/CONTROL, SOCIAL
in other words, something gets in the way in the INTERACTION AND EMOTIONAL
communication process that makes the transaction EXPRESSION)
unsuccessful. Communication Function- refers to how people
use language for different purposes and how it is
Four Categories of Communication Barriers affected by different time, place, and situation.
1. Physical Barriers–These are the natural
or environmental conditions that act as barriers in Four Major Functions of Communication
communication whenever we are sending our 1. Regulation/Control in Communication
messages. These may include distracting sounds and –This function can be used to control the behavior
noise. These make it hard for the listeners to catch of human beings. Control means the power to
what was said. A speaker and a listener are affected regulate, direct, or dominate. It can be used to
by their surroundings. regulate the nature and number of activities humans
2. Psychological Barriers –These are engage in.
mental barriers that refer to the social and personal 2. Social Interaction and Emotional
issues of a speaker towards communicating with Expression–It is the most familiar and primary
others. reason why people want to communicate. It is used
3. Cultural Barriers –These are to produce social relationships. Emotional
communication problems encountered by people expression is the basic element of social interaction.
due to their own personal values, beliefs, and
traditions which are in conflict with others. FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION (PART
4. Linguistic Barriers –Words and delivery 2 –MOTIVATION AND INFORMATION)
of statements may have different meanings, 3. Motivation–Motivation is defined as the
especially in different places or contexts. power that drives a person to accomplish a desired
goal. Communication fosters motivation by
STRATEGIES TO AVOID clarifying for individuals what is to be done, how
COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN well they are doing, and what can be done to
1. Have clarity of thought –By doing this, improve performance.
communicators can avoid giving out confusing 4. Information– Giving and receiving
statements, so their ideas can be understood well by information is called information exchange. It is
others. considered to be the principal function of
2. Apply positive self-talk and perception communication because all the other functions
–Positivity is the best encouragement. It welcomes involve information exchange.
good vibes and pleasant outlook in all
communication.
 MODULE6
TYPES OF VERBAL CUES C. Song –It is characterized by the highest degree
Cues- are prompts that listeners and of musicality and of other aspects of performance.
speakers say or show to expect a response or Lyrics and notes become meaningful when they are
reaction. Speakers usually use verbal cues, while sung.
listeners are expected to show non-verbal cues.
Verbal cues- are commonly used in giving TYPES OF ORAL TEXTS (PART 2)
instructions, asking questions, or delivering a Different Types of Oral Texts
speech since they are clearly articulated in words. D. Riddle –It is a question in a form of a statement
or even a one-word hint for the brainteaser to be
identified by the listeners. It is comically performed
at a play in an entertaining atmosphere.
E. Oral Narrative –It is a story delivered by an
orator or performer. Oral prose can be in the form of
FUNCTIONS OF NONVERBAL CUES a myth, legend, fable, and fantasy.
Nonverbal cues- are nonverbal behaviors or F. Mixed Genre –It is a performance with the
objects to which meaning is assigned. The contribution of one or more types of oral texts. The
intentional assignment of meaning by a sender, interaction of song and oral narrative, like a musical
receiver, or social group to any non-verbal behavior presentation, is the best example of this.
or objects makes the non-verbal cues.
MODULE 8
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD
CONVERSATION AND SPEECH
Oral Communication- creates messages
that stimulate listeners’ meanings that bring about
the desired change in their understanding or
opinions. Whether the oral communication is formal
and informal, through conversation or public
speaking, it must be done effectively and
strategically.
Conversation- is a type of oral
communication where there is an exchange of ideas
and options between two or more people that
involve or invite shared interactions.

Characteristics of a Good Conversation

1. Vocal –It invites people to speak out and
challenge the received wisdom from the
conversation.
2. Reciprocating –It gives the opportunity for
everyone to participate and be heard.
3. Issue-oriented –It focuses on specific concerns
and rightful resolutions rather than subjective
MODULE7 criticism.
TYPES OF ORAL TEXTS (PART 1) 4. Rational –A good conversation is where reasons
Oral Text- is performed and verbally are intelligent and well-argued.
transmitted using arts and language to showcase 5. Imaginative –It is open to suggestion and
cultural information and values from one generation consider unexplored possibility from the parties
to another. involved.
6. Honest –It speaks the truth with objectivity.
Different Types of Oral Texts
A. Proverb –It is one of the common forms of oral Characteristics of a Good Speech
expressions. It can be used to address a subject or 1. Socially Responsible –The speaker must include
criticize an individual who cannot be named directly in his or her speech the welfare and interests of the
because of social and political restrictions. members of the society based on facts and
B. Oral Poetry –It is another way to animate the truthfulness.
words in metric form. Oral poetry can be done to 2. Compelling –Speakers with competitive and
achieve political power, economic reward and qualified background oftentimes endow a good
cooperation, religious satisfaction, describe nature, speech. The listeners find them credible and
love, and other powerful forces on earth. influential to be heard.
3. Purposeful –Speech is delivered to serve a
specific purpose.
4. Analytical –The speaker is expected to share
useful and meaningful topic. He or she should be
able to display logical explanation of his or her
speech.
5. Interesting –The enthusiasm and inspiration of
the speaker in his or her speech should build interest
for his or her audience.
6. Audible and Animated –Voice and body
language are the tools for the speaker to make his or
her speech successful.
7. Excellently Spoken –The speaker must be
careful with his or her choice of words, diction, and
articulation.

STRATEGIES TOWARDS AN EFFECTIVE

ORAL COMMUNICATION
Effective oral communication can be
achieved from a good conversation to a good
speech. People build and maintain relationships
through good conversation. Speakers gain pleasure
and power through a good speech. The following
strategies will contribute to the effective oral
communication of the conversant, speaker, and
listeners.

Different Strategies Towards and Effective Oral

Communication
1. Listen actively. Oral communication needs an
active and efficient listener.
2. Speak precisely. Oral Communication involves a
speaker who thinks before he or she speaks.
3. Speak clearly. Oral communication involves a
speaker with clear and well-articulated words.
4. Speak simply. Oral communication involves a
speaker who uses common and uncomplicated
words.
5. Speak with appropriate pauses. Oral
communication involves a speaker who considers
his or her rate of speaking.
6. Speak politely and friendly. Oral
communication involves people with courteous
expressions and manner of speaking.
7. Speak flexibly. Oral communication involves
people who are adjustable to the topic and
parties involved in the interaction.
8. Do not argue. Oral communication involves
people who never argue during conversation or
speech delivery.
9. Be interested. Oral communication needs
involved speaker and listener.
10. Be honest. Oral communication needs honest
speakers and listeners.
 Religious education
What alone is effective is a vibrant spiritual
life of believing, hoping and loving God, our
Almighty Father. CFC#293
MODULE 3-7 Sin, taken strictly, is always personal. But in
a larger sense we speak of social and structural sin.
MODULE3 These are distinguished by their proper structures
THE FALL OF MAN AND THE ORIGINAL and remedies.
SIN What are the typical social sins in the
The origin of evil in the world is depicted as Philippines: CFC#1206
Adam and Eve’s sin of disobedience to God’s 1. Prostitution – It refers to the business or practice
command not to eat of the tree of knowledge of of engaging in sexual activity in exchange for
good and bad. (Gen. 2:17) payment.
Temptation itself is not a sin, but it can lead 2. Pornography – It is the portrayal of a subject
to sin if we give in to it and choose to do as we are matter for the exclusive purpose of sexual arousal.
tempted. Currently, the internet saw a boom in the worldwide
Concupiscence is the inner disorder of our porn industry that generates billions of dollars
basic drives. annually.
3. Consumerism – It is the idea of consuming and
What are the grave consequences of sin? obtaining material goods perceived as the only
• Sin alienates us from God source of happiness and well-being of a person.
• Sin alienates us from ourselves and others 4. Militarism – It pertains to the belief or desire of
• Sin alienates us from nature a government or a people that a state should
maintain a strong military capability and to use it
THE SIN AND ITS CONSQUESNCE aggressively to expand national interests and/or
Sin is an offense against reason, truth, values.
and right conscience- it is failure in genuine love 5. Corruption – It includes graft, bribery,
for God and neighbor caused by a perverse embezzlement, backdoor deals, nepotism, and
attachment to certain goods. It wounds the nature of patronage.
man and injures human solidarity. It has been
defined as "an utterance, a deed, or a desire contrary MODULE5
to the eternal law." SACRAMENT OF RECONCILIATION
Sin is an offense against God - "Against It is a sacrament which will bring out the
you, you alone, have I sinned, and done that which inner relationship between being “reconciled with
is evil in your sight." Sin sets itself against God's God” and being “reconciled with the neighbor.”
love for us and turns our hearts away from it. Like
the first sin, it is disobedience, a revolt against God Purposes of the Sacrament of Reconciliation:
through the will to become "like gods." CCC#1848
Degree of Sin- Sin can be venial or mortal 1. We obtain pardon from God for our sins
depending on the different levels of MORAL EVIL committed after baptism and for which we are truly
involved. repentant.
MODULE4 2. Be reconciled with the Christian community, the
THE FIRST VIRTUE CALLED SIN Church.
Three Dimensions of Sin: CFC#773
1. As spiral – enslaves us in a contagious, Parts of the Sacrament of Reconciliation:
pathological habit of vice that acts like a virus, 1. Contrition – It requires sincere examination of
infecting social attitudes and structures such as conscience. To do this, a person must ask himself
family, social groups, and the like. questions based on the 10 Commandments, to see if
2. As sickness – drawing on Luke’s linking healing they have sinned.
to forgiveness of sin. (Luke 5:18-26-Jesus heals a 2. Confession – It means owning up honestly about
paralyzed man). sin, accepting responsibility for sin. It involves
3. As addiction – a process over which we become stating all the mortal and venial sins to the priest.
powerless as it becomes progressively more 3. Penance – It is when the priest states the possible
compulsive and obsessive. It leads to a pattern of action to do repair harm of the offense. It could be
deeper deception of self and others, ending in the penance or concrete action or a prayer of sorrow.
inevitable disintegration of all our major personal 4. Absolution – It is the forgiveness given by the
and social relationship. priest. Priests have the same spiritual gifts to forgive
sins just as Jesus did.
SIN AND SUFFERING IS INSEPERABLE 5. Confiteor – It is a prayer of reconciliation uttered
Our Christian Faith thus offers us spiritual at the start of Holy Mass.
strength to face the human condition rather than any
intellectual solution. The evil in the world is not a
problem to be solved, but a mystery to be faced.
The Seven Elements on How to Make a Good 5. God’s love is salvation - It is deliverance
Confession. from sin and its consequences that Christians believed
Always remember the word C. O. N. F. E. S. S. to be brought about by faith in God.
C: Confess without an excuse. - This is God’s way of liberating His chosen people
O: Offer of a genuine apology. from the corruption of sins.
N: Note the pain of the other person.
F: Forever value the relationship. THE PATRIARCHS: OUR MODELS OF FAITH
E: Equalize through restitution or restoration of THE CALL OF FAITH
something lost. The Patriarchs
S: Say “We will never do it again.” 1. Abraham
S: Seek forgiveness by explicitly asking for it as in: Callings to Abraham
“Can you ever forgive me for hurting you?” a. Leave his country
b. Leave his kinsfolk
FACT ABOUT SACRAMENT OF c. Leave his father’s house
RECONCILIATION VS.
What is the priest’s role in the sacrament of Promises to Abraham
confession? Make him a great nation
The priest is called, practically, to lead “the Him many descendants
penitent with patience toward healing and full Make him a great name and a blessing to others
maturity. He must pray and do penance for his 2. Isaac
penitent, entrusting him to the Lord’s mercy” (CCC 3. Jacob
1465-66). He told them that whatever sins they 4. Joseph
forgive are forgiven and whatever sins they retain are
retained (Jn 20:21-23; Mk 2:7). Three aspects of our Christian Faith:
Faith as believing (DOCTRINE)
Can a priest reveal to other people what he has Faith as accepting (MORALS)
heard from others? Faith as responding/worshipping (WORSHIP)
No. A priest can never reveal the sins a person
has confessed. This is known as the “Seal of PCP II – brings out this “doing” dimension of faith as
Confession,” which admits of no exceptions (CCC “witnessing” through the loving service of our needy
1467). If a priest were to violate the seal of confession neighbors.
he would be automatically excommunicated (CIC
1388). MODULE 7
GOD CALLS MOSSES TO SAVE HIS CHOSEN
How often do I need to confess? PEOPLE
Strictly speaking, after they’ve reached the age Exodus means “going out” or “departure” in
of reason, Catholics are obliged to confess their Greek word.
serious sins at least once a year (CIC 989). • The Struggles with Slavery
The Israelites multiplied in a significant
MODULE 6 number as numerous as the stars in the sky and it
GOD’S PLAN OF SALVATION made the Emperor fears of revolution. The pharaoh of
Egypt put the Israelites under control by making them
Characteristics of God’s Love:
slaves and cruelly making them work.
1. God’s love is faithful- the promise is one
keyword of love. The Old Testament story of God’s
• God Saves Moses (Ex. 2:1-10)
love for His people centers on His promise of
• God Calls Moses to Save His People (Ex. 2:23-
salvation. God knows His people’s suffering and
4:12)
shows Him as one who loves and cares for the
1. The pattern of God’s call. Moses had been
oppressed, the afflicted, the poor, and the hungry.
tasked by God to carry out a daunting and seemingly
CFC#413.
impossible mission for a shepherd.
2. His love encompasses all places despite
-God’s call to Moses once again shows the mystery of
their sinfulness and division- he plans to gather them
His choice.
all in one holy people. Salvation is not exclusive to the
-God’s choice does not depend on the person’s natural
Israelites only. It is offered for all people who will
ability.
believe, accept, and pray to Him.
-Moses’ objections showed how God allowed Moses
3. His love liberates- in Exodus 3:7-10, God
to respond freely to His call.
speaks to Moses in a burning bush, promising him that
-God reassured Moses of His constant guiding
He will set His people free from the slavery of the
presence: “I will be with you” (Ex 3:12).
Egyptians. He led the people of Israel out of Egypt in
2. Symbolisms in the call of Moses. God’s
unbelievable ways.
self-revelation to Moses is represented by three
symbols:
4. God’s love fulfilled His promise of
a. The desert is a place where life is almost
freedom to His chosen people- he brought
impossible.
redemption to His people and bring them to the
Promised Land.
 b. Mountains, “where heavens and earth
meet,” are traditionally accepted as places for
encountering
God.
c. Fire is a symbol of transformation and death
of the old life.

• The Preparation for the Exodus

Moses returned to Egypt with his brother
Aaron and explained to the people everything that
God had told him. (Bible: Ex 5:1 and Ex 5:2.)

• God Sends the Plagues (Ex 7:14-25, 8-11)

God sent Moses to the pharaoh again and
again but the pharaoh continued to be stubborn and
refused to listen to Moses. Thus, God had to intervene
in favor of His people. He sent the plagues.
• The Angel of Death Passes over the Israelites (Ex
12:1-29)
The word Passover came from the word
Pesach and the Aramaic word Pischa that both mean
“to pass over.”
Passover– This is God’s intervention and promise of
salvation to His people, the Israelites.

THE TEN COMMANDMENTS

1. You shall not have other gods before Me.
The first commandment tells us to give God
His rightful place and exclusively worship Him alone.
We should put Him at the center of all the things in
our lives.
2. You shall not take the name of the Lord, your
God, in vain.
To dishonor God’s name is to dishonor His
Person. We must give praise to God’s name and honor
the name of God.
3. Remember the Sabbath day by keeping it holy.
God commanded a day to worship and rest.
4. Honor your father and mother.
We should respect our parents and elders in
words and deeds.
5. You shall not kill.
Murder is considered a terrible crime and
forbidden by the law.
6. You shall not commit adultery.
This forbids a person from entering into sexual
union with anyone other than their spouse.
7. You shall not steal.
The seventh commandment deals with
outward actions regarding our possessions. It is sinful
to take and deprive others of things they need so we
can have more.
8. You shall not give false testimony against your
neighbor.
The eighth commandment forbids us from
telling lies. Lies cause conflict and division, among
others.
9. You shall not covet your neighbor’s wife.
It prohibits us from entertaining impure or
lustful thoughts and desires.
10. You shall not covet your neighbor’s goods.
The tenth and seventh commandments both
ask us to govern our relationship to others with justice
and love. It prevents our inner temptation to crave for
something that belongs to another.
 THE BARRIERS TO PROPER DIET ARE THE

Physical Education
FOLLOWING:
-Lack of self-discipline
-Insufficient time to prepare your own food
& Health (diet foods)
-Limited budget
MODULE 1-7 -Limited options

MODULE 1 MODULE 3
SELF- ASSESSMENT TO ONE’S LIFESTYLE FREQUENCY INTENSITY TIME TYPE
(FITT)
HEALTH- RELATED FITNESS IS FITT PRINCIPLES
COMPOSED OF THE FOLLOWING FREQUENCY- It is the key component of
COMPONENTS: the FITT Principle. and it refers to the
1. Body Composition– It refers to the ratio amount/number of times per week the exercise is
between lean body mass and fat body mass. performed.
2. Muscular Endurance– It measures INTENSITY- It refers to the amount of
muscular strength. effort exerted in a workout and Intensity in
3. Cardiorespiratory Endurance– It is performing a workout must be balanced to burn
tested indirectly using estimation (Measures the energy without getting injured and refers to how
increase of breathing every activity). hard the activity or exercise is
4. Muscular Strength– It refers to the TIME- It refers to the duration or how long
greatest amount of force that can be generated from the exercise will take and It is the simplest rule
single maximal effort. because it is just a measure of the amount of time
5. Flexibility– It refers to the range of you will spend exercising.
motion of a joint. TYPE- It has a big effect on the results you
achieve. That’s why it’s important to know what
EXAMPLE ACTIVITIES OF HEALTH- you want to gain from your efforts and It refers to
RELATED FITNESS kind of activity or exercise to engage in.
Body Composition- Height and Weight &
Waist Circumference, Somatotype of the body MODULE 4
(Ectomorph, Endomorph, and Mesomorph). FITT PRINCIPLE OF TRAINING IN
Muscular Endurance- Leg raise Burpees, MAINTAINING FITNESS
Crab Push-up, and Planking. PRINCIPLES OF TRAINING
Cardiorespiratory Endurance- ▪Overload Principle –higher than its
Swimming, Running, VO2 Max 3 min. step test. regular work
Muscular Strength- Sit Ups, Lunges, ▪Progression Principle –body adapts to be
Squad jump. initially overload.
Flexibility- Zipper test, Calf Stretch, Sit and ▪Recovery Principle –An athlete needs rest
reach. and recuperation for the body to adjust properly.
▪Reversibility Principle –All gains due to
MODULE 2 exercise will be lost if one does not continue the
BARRIES TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY exercise.
PARTICIPATION AND ONE’S DIET ▪Specificity Principle –The specificity
Barriers to Physical Activity Participation and principle states that each form of activity would
One’s Diet produce different results.
A student can be limited from engaging in ▪Variation Principle –Something that is
physical activity for several reasons. similar to something else but is different in some
way.
BARRIERS TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ▪Individualization Principle –Each
PARTICIPATION individual has certain unique set of physical
-Previous injuries impair the student’s characteristics. Therefore, some training or exercise
movement. programs are tailor-made for certain individuals,
-Expenses involve purchase of uniforms and especially for those with specific needs, strengths,
equipment. or limitations, and conditions.
-Transportation can be very expensive. ▪Maintenance Principle –Exercise must be
Schedule can be a barrier as some of us are busy to regular to stay fit and healthy. By following all the
do our own tasks; hence, we don’t have a time for other principles above, taking into consideration the
recreation. principles of FITT, one can maintain a healthy level
of fitness.
 MODULE 5 CARBOHYDRATES- are the body's main
MONITORING HEART RATE OF AN source of energy. They help fuel your brain,
INDIVIDUAL FOR APPROPRIATE kidneys, heart, and muscles.
ACTIVITY Examples: dairy milk, yogurt, ice cream, whole
How to Analyze Physiological Indicators such as fruit, fruit juice, grains, bread, rice, crackers, and
Heart Rate, Rate of Perceived Exertion, and cereal
Pacing Associated with MVPAs to Monitor
and/or Adjust Participation or Effort ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP)
Adenosine- is present in all living tissues.
Heart Rate – It is an indicator of the level Phosphate- is a salt or acid compound.
of participation in physical activity. •When carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are
Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) – It can broken down, they produce a substance called
measure exercise intensity and can be combined adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
with the prediction equation. •ATP is the energy fuel of the body for all
Zone Training –It specifically deals with its functions, such as the manufacture and repair of
percentages of individual maximum heart rates. tissue, production of hormones, digestion.
There is a four-heart rate zone. Some of these •Losing a phosphate, ATP becomes ADP
trainings include moderate aerobic zone, weight (Adenosine Diphosphate).
management zone, aerobic fitness zone and the peak
aerobic performance zone. MUSCLES AND BONE-STRENGTHENING
Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity ACTIVITIES.
(MVPA) – It uses the FITT Principles, where a Muscle-and Bone-Strengthening
student can only manipulate the regular PE Exercises-produce an increase in both muscle and
session’s intensity and time or activity. bone strength at the first half of a person’s life.
Strength Training- is most seen as a
HEART RATE weight-bearing activity that also affects hormone
health positively.
MODULE 7
TYPE OF WARM-UP & STRECTING
EXERCISE, & PERSONAL SAFETY
PROTOCOL
Passive warm up –It is a type of warm up that
doesn't necessarily require a person to do physical
activities. It is a type of warm up that increases
body temperature by external means.
RATE OF PERCEIVED EXERTION General warm up- It involves light
(RPE) movement of a major muscle group. and to begin
your warm-up, do five (5)minutes of light (low
intensity) physical activities such as walking,
jogging or on a trampoline, or cycling.
Three Specific warm up-The specific warm
up mimics the actual moves of the sports or activity
in a very light intensity. It is a set or group of
exercises performed in order to prepare the body for
a particular sport or activity.

The Stretching Routines- Stretching is performed

in order to maintain or increase flexibility.
1. Ballistic Stretching-It aims to improve
MODULE 6 body flexibility.
OPTIMIZATION OF ENERGY SYSTEMS 2. Static Stretching–It refers to stretch-and-
Optimization- refers to particular procedure, to hold that increases range of motion as well as
make (something) as good or as effective as relaxes the muscles.
possible. 3. Dynamic Stretching–It is similar to
Nutrients- in the body help us to do physical ballistic stretching, but the movement is not jerky
activities in optimum level. and uncontrolled. Dynamic stretching avoids
FATS serve as insulation for the body to bouncing and sometimes includes movements
prevent heat loss. which are sport-specific.
Examples: avocado, cheese, dark chocolate, whole
eggs, fatty fish
PROTEIN is used for repair and growth of
body tissues
Examples: seafood, white-meat poultry, beans,
eggs, milk, cheese, and yogurt.
Conditions that may occur if exercise and
precautions are not in place:
1. Dehydration– Loss of fluids occurs in exercise
through sweat, breath, and urine. This will result in
the loss or coordination and of fatigue. To avoid
dehydration, students must drink fluids before,
during, and after exercise.
2. Overexertion– It may come in the form of any
exercise greater that the capacity of an
individual to handle. To avoid overexertion,
training must start from a low level of exertion
before graduating to higher levels.
3. Hypothermia– It the condition of low core body
temperature. To avoid hypothermia, one must layer
clothes and cover parts of the body with other types
of clothing such as hats, mittens, ear covers, and
face and nose covers.
4. Hyperthermia– Also called heat illness,
hyperthermia is a product of losing too much water
and heating up because of exercise. To avoid
hyperthermia, drink lots of fluids and avoid
overexertion.