\mZm-]pcw:

sshÚm-\nI ]mc-¼-cyhpw kzm[o-\hpw

Fw.F kemw dlvam\n Iq«m-ep-§Â
tIc-f-¯nse Ckvem-anI kaq-l-¯nsâ B`nÀ`mhw/hfÀ¨/hnImkw F¶n-h¡v
]n¶n \nc-h[n LS-I-§Ä DÄt¨À¶n-«p-v.tIc-f-¯n\v ]pd¯v JmPm apCu-\p-±o³
Nnjv¯n,-_-àn-bmÀ IAvIn,-\n-km-ap-±o³ Huen-b, keow Nnjv¯n XpS-§n-hÀ
Ckvem-ansâ hym]-\-¯n ]¦p hln-¨Xv t]mse tIc-f-¯n amen-Ip-_v\p-Zo-\m-
dn\v tijw aJvZqw IpSpw-_hpw \nc-h[n k¿nZv IpSpw-_-§fpw Bßo-b- ]-Þn-X-
·mcpw hnhn[ {]tZ-i-§Ä tI{µo-I-cn¨v Ckvem-anI {]t_m-[\ cwK¯v XymtKm-Öz-
e-ambn kzm[o\w sNep-¯p-I-bp-m-bn.\n-e-hn-ep-m-bn-cp¶ kmaq-lnI hyh-Ø-bnse
A´-Nn-{Z-§fpw CkvemanImi-b-¯nsâ {]k-àn-bp-saÃmw CXn-\p-]n-¶n-ep-v.-
s]m-¶m\n tI{µo-I-cn¨v aJvZqw IpSpw-_-¯nsâ XW-enepw kzm[o-\-¯nepw
Ckvem-ansâ hnIm-khpw X\Xv kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS(indigenous culture) \ne-
\n¸pw kw`-hn-¨Xv t]mse ]n¡m-e¯v hSt¡ ae-_m-dnsâ Ncn-{X-¯nepw C¯-
c-samcp hyh-ØnXn \ap¡v hmbn-s¨-Sp-¡m-\m-Ipw.-\n-c-h[n ]ÞnX IpSpw-_§fpsS
kzm[o-\-¯n Ckvemw tIc-f-¯nse atä-sXmcp {]tZ-i-t¯-¡mfpw ]¨-]n-Sn¨p \n¶
hSt¡ ae-_m-dnse \mZm-]pcw F¶ {]tZiw tIc-fob Ckvem-ansâ Ncn-{X-¯nepw
hÀ¯-am-\-¯nepw Gsd {]k-à-amWv.-tI-c-f-¯nse a¡-sb¶v s]m¶m-\nsb hnfn-
¡p-¶Xv ]n¶nse ImcWw \ap¡v kphy-à-am-W-tÃm.-AXp-t]mse s]m¶m-\n-bn-
teXp t]mse \nc-h[n kam-\-X-IÄ -\mZm-]p-c¯pw \ap¡v ImWm-\m-Ip-¶-Xm-Wv.-A-
Xp-sIm-mWv cmw s]m¶m-\n-sb¶v tIc-fob apkvenw Ncn-{X-¯n \mZm-]p-cs¯ tcJ-
s¸-Sp-¯-s¸-«-Xv.(-tIc-f-¯nse cmw a¡-sb¶pw \ap¡v Cu {]tZ-is¯ hnfn-¡m-hp-
¶-Xm-Wv).-\m-Zm-]p-c-¯nsâ thdn« khn-ti-j-X-I-sfbpw ]mc-¼cy Ckvem-ansâ hym]-
\-¯n\v ]n¶nse LS-I-§-sfbpw At¼-jn-¡p-I-bm-Wn-hn-sS.

\mZm-]pcw ]ffn:Úm\ tKm]p-c-§-fpsS tI{µw

s]m¶m-\n-bn ]Ån tI{µo-I-cn¨v Ckvem-anI \thm-°m-\-¯n\v aJvZq-ap-amÀ
t\XrXzw \ÂIn-bXv t]mse \mZm-]p-c¯pw ]Ån tI{µo-I-cn-¨m-bn-cp¶p Ckvem-anI
hnIm-k-¯nsâ Ncn{Xw cq]w sImf-fp-¶-Xv.-am-¸nf apkvenw Ub-d-IvS-dn-bn \mZm-
]pcw ]Ånsb Ipdn¨v tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯-s¸-«Xv ImWpI: 500 hÀj-¯n-e-[nIw ]g¡aps-
¶v Icp-Xp¶ \mZm-]pcw Pam-A¯v ]Ånbpw ZÀkpw Gsd {]kn-²-am-Wv. ‘-cmw
s]m¶m-\n’-sb¶v Cu tI{µw Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.(tUm: kn.sI Icow,hmfyw 2, t]Pv 583)
apkven§fpsS kmwkvIm-cnI/kmaq-lnI hfÀ¨-bn ]f-fn¡v henb Øm\-ap--tÃm.-
a-Zo-\m-]-Ån-bn \n¶pw XpS-§nb hyh-Øn-Xn-bm-W-Xv.
\nc-h[n ]Þn-X-·mÀ \mZm-]pcw ]Ån tI{µo-I-cn¨v Zo\o {]Nm-c-W-¯n\v
t\XrXzw \ÂIn-bn-«p-v.-A-dn-hnsâ kmK-c-¯n `bm-i-¦-I-fn-ÃmsX IS-¶p-sN-¶n-cp¶
alm-·mÀ¡v P·w \ÂInb \nc-h[n ]ÞnX IpSpw-_-§Ä \mZm-]p-c¯nsâbpw
kao-]-tZ-i-§-fpsSbpw t]cn\pw s]cp-a¡pw Imc-W-am-bn-«p-v.-kaqlw henb BZ-c-
thm-sS-bm-bn-cp¶p Ahsc In-cp-¶Xv. _lp-am-\m-Z-c-hp-I-tfmsS HmÀ F¶ hnfn-t¸-cn-
em-bn-cp¶p Cu al-¯p-¡sf kaqlw A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNbvXn-cp-¶-Xv.\mZm-]p-c-
¯nsâ Ckvem-anI Ncn-{X-¯n ‘Hmdp’-am-cpsS km¶n-[yhpw t\Xr-Xzhpw kzm[o-
\hpw ià-ambn AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯-s¸-«-Xm-Wv.Ch-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯n Ckvem-an-Im-´-
co£w Gsd {]^p-Ã-X-tbmsS \ne-\n-¶-XmWv \mZm-]p-c-¯nsâ al-Xz-¯n\v \nZm-\w.-
\m-Zm-]p-c-¯nsâ khn-ti-j-amb Ckvem-anI ]mc-¼-cy-s¯-¡p-dn¨v \mZm-]pcw
]Ån-bn Gsd¡mew ZÀkp \S-¯p-Ibpw ]mÞn-Xy-¯n-sâbpw Xk-Æp-^n-sâbpw
sImSp-apSn Ib-dp-Ibpw sNbvX hn{ipX ]Þn-X³ Iog\ Ipª-_vZpà apkven-bmÀ
(Io-g\ HmÀ) kvac-Wn-I-bn ]n.-im-Zpen hyà-am-¡p-¶Xv ImWpI:tIc-f-¯n Hcp
kl-{km_vZ Imew Ckvem-ansâ a¡tbm aZo-\tbm GXp-am-I-s«,-AXv s]m¶m-\n-bm-
bn-cp-¶p.-\m-Zm-]p-chpw Ckvem-ansâ Cuän-Ã-am-b-t¸mÄ cmw s]m¶m-\n-sb¶ _lp-aXn
\mZm-]p-c-¯n\pw e`n-¨p.-C-kvem-anI hnÚm\ hn`-h-§Ä cpNn-bpÅ akm-e-IÄ
tNÀ¯psh¨v hnf-¼p¶ Hcp hnÚm\ t`mP\ tI{µ-ambn¯oÀ¶ \mZm-]pcw ]Þn-
X-·m-cp-sSbpw hnZymÀ°n-I-fp-sSbpw Cuän-Ã-am-bn-cp-¶p.-^nJvlpw XÀ¡-im-kv{Xhpw
Ae-¦mc imkv{Xhpw JpÀ-B\pw lZokpw Ad_n Ihn-X-Ifpw hymI-c-Whpw \mZm-
]p-cs¯ CS-¯cw hoSp-I-fpsS CS-\m-gn-I-fn t]mepw NÀ¨ sN¿-s¸-«p.-^yq-UÂ
{]`p-Xz-¯nsâ Ipªn Ipªn amXr-I-IÄ Acn-s¨-¯nb apkvenw IpSpw-_-§-fnÂ
]Þn-X-·m-cpsS km¶n²yw Hcp-e-¦m-c-s¸m-en-ambn«v Xs¶ cq]-s¸-«p.-P·n thjw
sI«nb IpSpw-_-¡mcpw Ahsc tkhn¨v h¶ B{in-Xcpw A¶s¯ kmaq-lnI LS-
\bm-bn-cp¶p.F-Ãm X«p-Imcpw ]Þn-X-·msc BZ-cn-¨p.-A-\m-Zn-¸o-Sn-I-I-fnse hoª-
s¸-«n-I-fn t]mepw ^Xv-D apCu\pw al-Ãnbpw anivIm¯pw D²-cn-¡-s¸-«p.-X-
cpWo cXv\-§Ä¡v Zo\n-¿mb AdnhpIÄ ]I-cm³ Krlm-¦-W-§-fnepw ]ffn ]cn-k-
c¯pw cmhnsâ bma-§Ä \op \n¡p¶ hA-fp-IÄ Ac-t§-dn.-D-e-am-¡Ä , Da-dm-
¡Ä, A\p-k-c-W-bpÅ A\p-bm-bn-IÄ \mZm-]p-c-¯nsâ ]qÀÆ Ncn{Xw AXm-bn-cp-
¶p.-apkvenw IpSpw-_-§-fn GsX¦nepw Hcp IÀ½-imkv{X {KÙw DkvXm-Zp-amsc
sh¨v HmXn-¸-Tn-¡m-¯-h-cmcpw Hcp ap¡m \qämp ap¼v hsc ChnsS Dm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.-
\m-Zm-]p-cs¯ km[m-c-W-¡m-c³ A\y-tZ-i-¯pÅ apkven-bm-sc-¡mÄ hnh-c-Ø-\m-
bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v ]d-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.(-t]Pv 102,d-lvam-\n¿ IS-tacn hnZymÀ°n kwL-S\
_lvP-¯p Dea {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨Xv)
D²rX hN-\-§Ä \mZm-]p-c¯pw Npäp-]m-Sp-I-fnepw \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ Ckvem-
anIm´-co-£-¯nsâ aln-a-bn-te¡pÅ hyà-amb kqNn-I-bm-Wv.
\mZm-]p-c-¯n\v hgn-sh-fn-¨-ambn ]c-s¶m-gp-Inb al-¯p-¡sfbpw Ah-cpsS Pohn-
Xhpw \ap¡v ]cn-N-b-s¸-Smw.
ta\-t¡m¯v Ipª-½Zv Ip«n apkven-bmÀ(ln:1233/1290)
\mZm-]p-c-¯nsâ sshÚm-\nI ]mc-¼-cy-¯n\v Xsâ-km-¶n²yw sImv DuÀÖw
]IÀ¶ ]ÞnX {]Xn-`-bmWv ta\-t¡m¯v Ipª-½Zv Ip«n apkven-bmÀ.-Ckvem-aI
hnÚm-\o-b-§-fn AKm-[-amb {]mKÛyw Dm-bn-cp¶ hyàn-Xz-ambncp¶p alm³.-
ta-\-t¡m¯v HmÀ F¶ \ne-bn {]kn²n t\Snb Ct±-l-¯nsâ {]Xn-`m-[-\-Xz-s¯-
¡p-dn¨v Alva-Zp-tImb imen-bm¯n Xsâ Xdm-Pn-ap apA-Ãn-^o³ F¶ {KÙ-¯nÂ
C§s\ ]d-bp-¶-Xmbn ImWmw:At±lw Ime-L-«-¯nsâ AÛpX {]Xn-`-I-fn Hcm-
fm-bn-cp-¶p.B Ime-L-«-¯nse A]qÀÆ hyàn-Xz-am-bn-cp-¶p.-hn-Úm-\-¯nepw
A²ym-]-\-¯nepw alm `mKyw kn²n¨hcm-bn-cp-¶p.
 {]apJ ]Þn-X-·m-cm-bn-cp¶- ssiJv Aen-¿p la-Zm\n F¶ Ip-«ymen
apkven-bmcpsS (-]m-d-¡-Shv Jmfn) ZÀkn-emWv {]mY-anI ]T\w \S-¯p-¶-Xv.-tijw
s]m¶m-\n-bn-te¡v t]mbn.sh-fn-bw-tImSv DaÀ Jmfn,-A-lvaZv _n³ ssiJv Aen
lk³ aJvZqw(-h-enb _mh apkven-bmÀ) ssk\p-²o³ aJvZqw AJoÀ XpS-§nb-
hcn \n¶pw Adnhv Ic-K-X-am-¡n. \mZm-]pcw Jmfnbpw apZ-cn-kp-am-bn-cp¶ a½p
apkvenbmÀ BWv ]nXm-hv.
\qtªcn Ipª-l-½Zv apkven-bmÀ(-\-Jvi-_-´n¿m Xco-J-¯nsâ ssiJv),-^-
coZv apkven-bmÀ(-A-d-¡Â ]cymbn apkven-bmÀ F¶ t]cn {]kn-²-\m-bn. Amln-
bnse ssiJv apl-½-Zp la-Zm\n, Ipªo-Zp«n apkven-bmÀ (Nm-t¯m¯v HmÀ)-Xp-S-
§n-b-hÀ Ct±-l-¯nsâ injy-·m-cn Nne-cm-Wv.
AlvaZv iodmkn (1269/1326)
]mÞn-Xy-¯nsâ Kcna sImv apkvenw tIc-f-¯n\v Gsd ]cn-Nn-X-\mb ]ÞnX
Ipe-]-Xn-bmWv AlvaZv iodm-kn.-a-e-¸pdw PnÃ-bnse a¦-S-¡-Sp¯ tNcn-b¯v \nhm-
kn-bmWv Ct±-lw.Øe \ma-amb tNcnbw F¶-Xnsâ Ad_n cq] ]cn-Wm-a-amWv
iodmkn F¶-Xv.
s]m¶m\n Ppap-A¯v ]Ån-bnse ]T-\-¯n\v tijw Ahn-sS-¯s¶ apZ-cn-
kmbn \nb-an-¡-s¸-«p-sh-¦nepw AÂ] Ime tijw Adnhnsâ {]`-bpsS tI{µ-amb
\mZm-]pcw {]hÀ¯\ aÞ-e-ambn alm³ sXsc-sª-Sp-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.-ssk-\p-
±o³ aJvZqw, aJvZqw AlvaZv _mh apkven-bmÀ,-A-_vZpáp«n apkven-bmÀ XpS-§n
]ÞnX tIc-f-¯nse DÖze km¶n-[y-§-fm-b alm-·m-cmbncp¶p iodm-kn-bpsS
DkvXm-Zp-amÀ.
tIc-f-¯nsâ aX hnÚm\ cwK¯v Gsd kzm[o\w sNep-¯nb alm-{]-Xn-`-
bmWv AlvaZv iodm-kn.-A-d_n `mj-bn AKm[ ]mÞn-Xy-¯n-\p-S-a-bm-bn-cp¶
alm³ \sÃmcp Ah-Km-l-ap-ff {KÙ-Im-c³ IqSn-bm-bn-cp-¶p.-C-_v\p-am-en-Insâ
Ad_n hymI-cW {KÙ-amb AÂ^n-b-bpsS lmin-b,-k³Pmsâ id-lmb X^vXm-
km-\n-bpsS lmin-b, ^Xvlp apCusâ idlv XpS-§nb {KÙ-§fpw cn^mCu
auen-Zv,-ap-lvbp-±o³ ssiJv auenZv XpS-§nb auen-Zp-Ifpw almsâ Xqen-I-bnÂ
\n¶pw ]nd-¶p.
AlvaZv iodm-kn-bpsS km¶n[yw \mZm-]p-c-¯nsâ alXzw tIc-f-¯nse khn-
ti-j-amb Zo\o-hn-Úm\ cwK¯v AwKo-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sm³ \nZm-\-am-bn-«p-s-¶-Xv hmkvX-
h-am-Wv.\mZm-]pcw ]Ån-bpsS AI¯v ImWp¶ \mev J_-dp-I-fn ]Sn-ªmdp
\n¶pw cm-a-t¯-XmWv iodm-kn-bpsS J_À.lnPvd hÀjw 1326 emWv h^m-¯m-Ip-¶-
Xv.-Nm-t¯m¯v Ipªo-Zp«n apkven-bmÀ(-a-cWw:ln.1315) Ih-e-t§m¯v A_q-_-¡À
apkven-bmÀ(-a-cWw:ln.1332)-A-d-¡Â ]coZv apkven-bmÀ(-a-cWw:ln.1340) F¶n-h-cp-tS-
XmWv aäp J_-dp-IÄ.
iodm-kn-bpsS aI-\mb apl-½Zv iodm-knbpw \mZm-]pcw ]Ån-bn apZ-cn-kmbn
tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn¨ {]ap-J-\m-Wv.-an-I¨ Ad_n Ihn IqSn-bm-bn-cp¶p At±-lw.ssiJv
Dkvam³ _n³ Pem-ep-±o³ s]m¶m-\n-bpsS -J-Xvdp-¶-Z¡v k¼qÀ® hymJym\w
Ct±lw Fgp-Xn-bn-«p-v.
Bb-t©cn AÐp dlvam³ apkven-bmÀ (ln:1298/1361)
Xd-¡n HmÀ F¶ t]cn hn{ip-X-\mb Bb-t©cn AÐp-d-lvam³ apkven-bmÀ
\mZm-]pcw Ppap-A¯v ]Ån tI{µo-I-cn¨v sshÚm-\nI {]k-cW¯n\v t\XrXzw
\ÂInb alm ]Þn-X-\m-Wv.
1937  \mZm-]p-c¯v sh¨v hlm-_n-IÄs¡-Xnsc \S¶ kwhm-Z-¯n kp¶o
]£-¯n\v t\XrXzw \ÂIn-bXv alm-\m-bn-cp-¶p.-h-lm-_n/kp¶n hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Z-§-
fpsS Ncn-{X-¯n Gsd {]m[m-\y-apÅ H¶m-Wv \mZm-]pcw kwhm-Zw.
FÃm hnÚm-\o-b-§-fnepw AKm-[-amb {]mho-Wy-ap-m-bn-cp¶ almsâ
km¶n[yw \mZm-]p-c-¯nsâ {]i-kvXn¡pw cmw s]m¶m\n F¶p hnfn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-
\p-saÃmw \nZm-\-ambn hÀ¯n-¨n-«p-s-¶Xv FÃm-hcpw AwKo-I-cn-¡p¶ hkvXp-X-bm-Wv.-
]n¡m-e¯v Gsd {]tim-`n¨ \nc-h[n injy-·msc hmÀs¯-Sp-¡m³ At±-l-¯n\v
km[n-¨n-«p-v.-Io-g\ Ipª-Ðpà apkven-bmÀ,-ta-¸n-em-t¨cn sambvXo³ apkven-bmÀ,
tItfm¯v In sNdnb A½Zv apkven-bmÀ, apl-½Zv iodm-kn, hnÃym-¸Ån Iptªän
apkven-bmÀ, ]m\m-bn-¡pfw _m¸p apkven-bmÀ, shÃqÀ _mJn-bm¯v ap³ {]n³kn-¸-
em-bn-cp¶ ssiJv lk³ l{k¯v XpS-§n-b-hÀ Ct±-l-¯nsâ injy-·m-cn s]Sp-
¶p.
ta¸n-em-t¨cn sambvXo³ apkven-bmÀ
Xd-¡n HmdpsS injy-cn {][m-\n-bm-bn-cp¶p ta¸n-em-t¨cn sambvXo³ apkven-
bmÀ.-]p-¯³ Nn´m-K-Xn-¡m-cpsS s]mf-f-¯-c-§sf FXnÀ¡m\pw ]cn-ip² kp¶¯v
Pam-A-¯nsâ Bib {]N-c-W-¯n\pw alm³ ap³]-´n-bn-ep-m-bn-cp-¶p.
{]tZ-i-¯p-m-bn-cp¶ imZpen Xzco-J-¯pImÀ s\©n ssIsh¨v DÅnÂ
\n¶pw Hcp {]tXyI iÐw ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn-¡mdp-m-bn-cp-¶p.-CXv shdp-samcp iÐ-am-
sW¶pw AÃm-lp-hnsâ ASp-¡Â bmsXmcp {]Xn-^-ehpw e`n-¡p-I-bn-söpw ta¸n-
em-t¨cn hmZn-¡p-I-bp-m-bn.Cu {]iv\w Xsâ Kpcp IqSn-bmb Xd-¡n HmdpsS ASp-¡-
se-¯n-b-t¸mÄ ta¸n-em-t¨cn sambvXo³ apkven-bmÀ akv-Ae ]d-bp-¶Xv \n§Ä
FXnÀ¡m³ t]mtI F¶m-bn-cp¶p At±-l-¯nâ adp-]-Sn.-A-tXm-sSm¸w Xs¶ ZnIvdv
sNmÃp-¶-hÀ¡v AXn\pÅ A\p-a-Xn-bpw \ÂIn.
Xlveo-ense lmAv \o«m³ ]mSn-söv hmZn-¨n-cp¶ ta¸n-em-t¨cn AXp-ambn
_Ô-s¸«v Nne ss_¯p-IÄ cNn-¨n-«p-v.,
‫فانها من غلط قد عدوا‬, ‫و هاء ال اله ال يمدو‬
F¶ hcn-IÄ sImmWv AXp XpS-§p-¶-Xv.-{]-tZi hmkn-IÄ C¶pw Gsd BZ-c-
thmsS kvacn-¡p¶ \ma-amWv ta¸n-em-t¨cn HmÀ F¶-Xv.
Bb-t©cn AÐp-d-lvam³ apkven-bm-cpsS asämcp injy-\m-bn-cp¶ tItfm¯v
In sNdnb A½Zv apkven-bmÀ,ta-\-t¡m¯v Ipª-½Zv Ip«n apkven-bm-cpsS {]apJ
injy-\mb Ad-¡Â ^coZv apkven-bmÀ(-Jp-Xp_nbpsS {][m\ DkvXm-Zp-am-cn-sem-
cmÄ) \mZm-]pcw tZi-¯v Adn-hnsâ {]` sNmcnª kpIrX km¶n[y-§fm-Wv.
 \mZm-]pcw ]Ån-bpsS ss]Xr-I-¯n\pw ]mc-¼-cy-¯n\pw amäp Iq«p-Ibpw {]tZ-
i¯v Zo\o ssNX\yw Du«n-bp-d-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXXv C¯cw D¶-X-Øm-\o-b-cmb
]Þn-X-·m-cn-eq-sS-bm-bn-cp-¶p.-A-Xp-t]m-se-¯s¶ ka-kvX-bpsS t\Xmhpw tIc-f-
¯nse Xe-sb-Sp-¸pÅ \nc-h[n ]Þn-X-·m-cpsS DkvXmZpw IqSn-bmb JpXp_n apl-
½Zv apkven-bmÀ,iw-kp Dea C.sI A_q-_-¡À apkven-bmÀ XpS-§nb {]K-Ûcpw
\mZm-]pc¯v Ckvem-ansâ sshÚm-\nI ]mc-¼-cy-¯n\v \nd-tim` ]IÀ¶ Kpcp-h-
cy-·m-cm-Wv.
cmw s]m¶m-\n¡v DuÀÖw ]IÀ¶ IS-tacn:
\mZm-]p-c¯v \n¶pw GI-tZiw Bdv Intem-ao-äÀ am{Xw Zqc-apÅ IS-ta-cnbpw
AhnsS {]` ]c-¯nb \nc-h[n Hmdp-am-cpsS km¶n-[yhpw kzm[o-\hpw IqSn tNcp-
t¼mÄ am{X-am-Wv \mZm-]p-c-¯nsâ cmw s]m¶m-\n-sb¶ hnfn-t¸cv AÀ°-h-¯m-Ip-
¶-Xv.-sN-dn-sbmcp Npä-f-hn ico-A-¯nepw Xzco-J-¯nepw At{K-k-c-·m-cm-bn-cp¶ H«-
h-\[n ]ÞnX al-¯p-¡Ä \ndªp \n¶ {]tZ-i-amWv IS-ta-cn.-Hcp ]s£ tIc-f-
¯nsâ Ckvem-anI Ncn{X hmb-\-bn A]qÀÆ-ambn am{Xw ZÀin-¡m³ km[n-¡p¶
khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wn-Xv.-C-kvem-anI ]mc-¼cyw \ndªp \n¶-Xn CXn-t\-¡mÄ {]m[m-
\y-apÅ asämcp Imc-Whpw IS-ta-cnbpsS Ncn-{X-¯n-en-Ã.\mZm-]p-c-t¯-¡mÄ Hmdp-
amÀ \ne-\n¶ \mSmWv IS-tacn F¶p ]dbp¶-Xn Akmw-K-Xy-ap-s¶v tXm¶p-¶n-Ã.
Iog\ hen-tbmÀ,-a-cp-¶qÀ HmÀ,-Nm-t´m-¶n-temÀ,-Nn-d¡Â HmÀ,-No-¡n-temSv hen-
tbmÀ, No¡n-tem«v Ipª-½Zv apkven-bmÀ(-I-S-tacn dlvam\n¿ Ad-_nIv tImtfPv
Øm]-I³)-Im-§m«v HmÀ,-In-g-¡n-bn HmÀ,-Io-g\ HmÀ,-A-¼n-fn-¡p-¶Xv HmÀ,-sh-fp¯
]d-¼¯v HmÀ XpS-§n-b-hÀ IS-ta-cn-bpsS a®ns\ {]^p-Ã-am-¡nb alm ]Þn-X-·m-
cm-Wv.
IS-tacn ]Ånbpw \thm-°m-\-¯nsâ XpSÀ¨bpw:
IS-ta-cn-bnse Ff-b-Ss¯ acp-¶qÀ Xd-hm-«nte¡mWv IS-ta-cn-bn {]` ]c-
¯nb ]ÞnX Xd-hm-Sp-I-fpsS thcp-I-sfÃmw sNs¶-¯p-¶-Xv.-a-cp-¶qÀ HmÀ F¶
t]cnedn-b-s¸« kq¸n apkven-bm-cpambn IpSpw_ _Ô¯neq-sSbpw hnhml _Ô-
¯n-eq-sS-bp-ambn IS-ta-cn-bnse ]ÞnX t{ijvT-scÃmw _Ô-s¸-Sp-¶p-v.-A-Xp-t]m-se-
¯s¶ Iog\ hen-tbmÀ F¶ t]cn-e-dn-b-s¸« kq^o {]ap-J³ Iog\ Ipª-½Zv
Ip«n apkven-bmcpsS (Iptªän apkvenbmÀ) ]p{X-·mcpw ]u{X-·mcpambn-cp¶p IS-
tacnbpsS al-Xz-¯n\v hn¯p-]m-In-b-hÀ.
Iog\ IpSpw_w
IS-t a-cn-sb bYmÀ° Ckvem-anI aqey-§-fpsS {]k-cW tI{µ-am-¡p-¶-XnÂ
kp{]-[m\ ]¦p-h-ln¨ ]ÞnX IpSpw-_-amWv Iog\. CÂapw XJvhbpw hdDw ka-
Ú-k-ambn kt½-fn¨ al-¯p-¡Ä¡v P·w \ÂInb Xd-hm-Sm-Wn-Xv.-Io-g\ hen-
tbmÀ F¶ t]cnedn-b-s¸« Bcn^pw kq^n-bp-am-bn-cp¶ Iog\ Ipª-l-½Zv Ip«n
apkven-bm-cpsS k´m-\-§-fmWv Ipª-Ðpà apkven-bmÀ,-Ip-ª-l-½Zv lmPn,-Nn-d-
¡Â A_vZp-d-lvam³ apkven-bmÀ F¶n-hÀ.
Iog\ Ipª-_vZpà apkven-bmÀ (Iog-t\mÀ ,1912/2000)
 Iog\ hen-tbm-dpsS cm-as¯ aI³ Ipª-l-½Zv lmPn-bpsS ]p{X-\mWv
Iogt\mÀ F¶ t]cn {]kn-²-\mb Ipª-Ðpà apkven-bmÀ.kwØm\ tIc-f-bpsS
{]kn-U-m-bn-cp-¶p.-I-S-ta-cn-bnepw tkh-\-tI-{µ-am-bn-cp¶ \mZm-]p-c¯pw Bßob
shfn-¨-ambn ]cn-e-kn¨ hyàn-Xz-am-bn-cp-¶p.-\m-Zm-]p-c¯v \o A³]Xv hÀjw ZÀkv
\S-¯n-bn-«p-v.
Bb-t©cn A_vZp-d-lvam³ apkven-bmÀ,-A-lvaZv iodm-kn,-ta-¸n-em-t¨-cn,-Jp-
Xp_n XpS-§n-bh-cn \n¶p-amWv Adnhv Ic-K-X-am-¡n-b-Xv.-Kp-cp-\m-Y-·msc t]mse-
¯s¶ Iog-\bpw Adnhv t\Sp-¶-Xnepw ]I-cp-¶-Xnepw AKm-[-amb anIhv {]I-Sn-¸n-
¨p.
JpXp-_¡v ssa¡v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xp-ambn _Ô-s¸« akv-Aem XÀ¡-¯nÂ
At±lw kZ-J-¯pà aue-hn-bpsS A`n-{]m-b-t¯m-sSm-¸-am-bn-cp¶p \ne-sIm--Xv. F¶n-
cp-¶mepw ka-kvXbpambn FÃm \ne-¡pw _Ôw ]peÀ¯nb hyàn-Xz-am-bn-cp¶p
At±-lw.-C-Xn\v almsâ Pohn-X¯n \n¶pw \nc-h[n sXfn-hp-IÄ D²-cn-¡m-\m-Ip-
¶-Xm-Wv.-iw-kp De-a-s¡-Xnsc DÅmÄ X§Ä Ip^vdm-tcm-]Ww D¶-bn-¨-t¸mÄ
AXn-s\-Xnsc alm³ {]Xn-I-cn¡pI-bp-m-bn.-XXv kw_-Ô-ambn \m«nI DkvXmZv ]ntä
Znhkw ^nkvJv \nan¯w DÅmÄ X§Ä¡v Jfm-C\v tIm«w kw`-hn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p F¶
{]kvXm-h\ I-t¸mÄ At±lw Gsd k´pjvSn {]I-Sn-¸n-¨p.Cu coXn-bn \nc-h[n
sXfn-hp-I-fp-v. C¶sXÃmw AwKo-I-cn-¡m³ ]pXnb kwØm-\-¡mÀ¡v hn½n-jvS-am-Wv.
euUv kv]o¡-dnsâ t]cn \m«n Ipg-¸-ap-m-¡m³ At±lw CjvS-s¸-«n-cp-¶n-Ã.-D-]-
tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-hÀ¡v D]-tbm-Kn¡mw F¶ \ne-]m-Sm-bn-cp¶p At±-l-¯n-\v. CsXÃmw
]Þn-X-·mÀ¡n-S-bnse kzm`m-hn-I-amb akv-Ae NÀ¨-I-fm-bn-«mWv At±lw ]cn-K-
Wn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv.-hn-eym-¸-Ån-bn Ppap-A¯v ]Ån-bn J¯o-_mb Imcym«v A½Zv
apkven-bm-tcmSv ]Ån-¡-½nän euUv kv]o¡À D]-tbm-Kn-¡m³ ]d-ªp.-A-t±lw
DS³ Xs¶ Iog-t\msd kao-]n¨v hnjbw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p.-Io-g-t\mÀ \ÂInb adp-]Sn
C{]-Im-c-am-bn-cp¶p; ‘‘\n§Ä cmPn sht¡-,-euUv kv]o¡À ]äp-sa¶v ]d-bp-¶-h-cp-
antÃ’’
{]tZ-i¯v Bßo-bhpw `uXn-I-hpamb FÃm {]iv\-§Ä¡p-apÅ A¯m-Wn-
bmbn-cp¶p Iog-t\mÀ. IS-tacn dlvam-\n¿ Ad-_nIv tImtf-Pnsâ cq]o-I-c-W-¯nepw
hfÀ¨-bnepw almsâ kzm[o\w {]I-S-am-Wv.-{]-Ya apJy c£m-[n-Im-cnbpw ]n¶oSv
acWw hsc D]-tZ-iI kanXn sa¼-dp-am-bn-cp-¶p.IS-tacn Ppap-A¯v ]Ån ]cn-k-c-
¯mWv A´y hn{iaw sImÅp-¶-Xv.
Nnd-¡Â AÐp-d-lvam³ apkven-bmÀ(Nnd-¡temÀ:1892/1972)
Iog\ Xd-hm-Sns\ t]mse-¯s¶ {]kn-²- Xd-hmSmWv Nnd-¡Â.ap¼v kqNn-¸n¨
Iog\ hen-tbm-dpsS aI-\mb Nnd-¡Â AÐp-d-lvam³ apkven-bm-cmWv Cu IpSpw-_-
¯nse apJy-I-®n.(Iog\ Xd-hm-«n \n¶pw amdn-¯m-a-kn¨ ]d-¼nsâ t]cp-I-fmWv
Nnd-¡Â,No-¡n-tem«v F¶n-h.-]n-¶oSv Cu t]cp-I-fn ChcpsS IpSpw-_-§Ä Adn-b-
s¸-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p) C¶v ImWp¶ dlvam-\n¿
Øm]-\-§-Ä¡v XpS¡w Ipdn-¨Xv alm³ IS-tacn ]Ån-bn sh¨v \S-¯nb
ZÀkn \n¶p-am-Wv.-No-¡n-tem-t«mÀ,-A-lvaZv iodmkn XpS-§n-b-hÀ {][m\ Kpcp-\m-Y-
·m-cm-Wv.-]-T\ tijw hnÃym-¸-Ån,-X-fn-¸-d¼v F¶n-hn-S-§-fn ZÀkp \S-¯n.-Xp-SÀ¶v
kz´w \mSmb IS-ta-cn-bn Jmfnbpw apZ-cn-kp-ambn tkh\w sNbvXp.-C-¡m-e¯v
{]tZ-i-¯nsâ Bßob apt¶-ä-§Ä¡v t\XrXzw \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶Xpw alm-\m-bn-cp-¶p.
Chn-S-¯p-ImÀ BZ-c-thmsS Nnd-¡-temÀ F¶v hnfn¨p t]m¶p. tcmK-§Ä¡pw aäp
imco-cn-I-hpw-am-\-kn-I-hp-amb {]Xn-k-Ôn-IÄ¡p-saÃmw almsâ km¶n[yw
Hcmizmk-am-bn-cp-¶p.- PmXn aX t`Z-at\y kpJ-{]-k-h-¯n\v A\p-{Klw hm§n-bn-
cp¶Xv Nnd-¡-tem-dn \n¶p-am-bn-cp-¶p.-a-lm³ AXn-s\mcp ss¹äv FgpXn IpSn-
¡m\pw \q {´n¨p sI«m\pw sImSp¡pw,F-¶n«v Hcp \nÝnX kabw ]d-bpw.-A-
tXmsS B ka-b-¯n-\p-Ån B kv{XobpsS kpJ-{]-khw \S-¶n-cn-¡pw.-C-Xm-bn-
cp¶p ]Xn-hv. hnj _m[-tb-ä-h-scbpw Nnd-¡-temÀ a{´n-¨qXn hnj-an-d-¡nb \nc-h[n
kw`-h-§-fpv.
Htc tNmc-bn ]nd-¶-h-cm-bn«pw DkvXm-sZ¶ coXn-bn No¡n-tem«v hen-
tbmsd AXn-cäv BZ-cn-¨n-cp¶p alm³.-Im-gvN-¡p-d-hn\v thn I®S sh¡p¶ alm³
DkvXm-Znsâ ap¶n-se-¯n-bm apJ¯p \n¶pw I®S amäp-am-bn-cp-¶p.-D-kvXm-Znsâ
ap¼n sh¨v AsXmcp AZ_v tISm-bmtem F¶p tXm¶p-¶Xv sImmWv C{]-Imcw
sNbvXn-cp-¶-sX¶v AtX-Ip-dn¨v alm³ ]d-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p.Cu coXn-bn Xs¶-bm-bn-
cp-¶p PohnXw apgp-h-\pw.
\nc-h[n AÛpX kw`-h-§Ä At±-l-¯nsâ Pohn-X-¯n {]I-S-am-bn-«p-v.-H-cn-
¡Â Xsâ `mcy¡v Akp-J-am-b-t¸mÄ hS-I-c-bnse {]apJ tUmIvS-dmb cma-Ir-
jvWs\ hnfn-¡m³ alm³ sXm«-Sp¯ {]tZ-i-amb Iocn-b-§m-Sn-bn At±-l-¯nsâ
hchpw Im¯n-cp-¶p.-A-Xp-hgn Imdn h¶ tUmIvSÀ Ct¸mÄ `£-W-¯n\v ka-b-
am-sb¶pw hcm³ ]än-söpw alm-t\mSv ]dªp Imdv apt¶m-s«-Sp-¯p.-]s£ H¶p
\o§n-b-t¸m-tg¡pw hn kzbw Hm^m-bn. F{X dn¸-bÀ sNbvXn«pw hn icn-bm-ImsX
aWn-¡q-dp-IÄ AbmÄ¡v tdmUn sNe-h-gn-t¡n h¶p.
aX hnÚm-\-¯nsâ {]^p-Ã-amb A´-co-£-¯n IS-ta-cnsb hgn \S-¯nb
Bßob tPymXn-Êm-bn-cp¶p Nnd-¡-temÀ.
Fkv.-ssh.-Fkv tÌäv sshkv {]kn-Upw tImgn-t¡mSv PnÃm {]kn-Upw IS-tacn
dlvam-\n¿ {]^-k-dp-amb kn.-F¨v alvaqZv kA-Zn,-I-S-tacn Jmfnbpw dlvam-\n¿ apZ-
cn-kp-amb kn.-F¨v laoZv apkven-bmÀ F¶nhÀ Nnd-¡-tem-dpsS ]p{X-·m-cn s]«-h-
cm-Wv.-BsI Bdv B¬a-¡fpw aq¶v s]¬a-¡-fp-am-Wp-Å-Xv.
Im§m«v Ipª-_vZpà apkven-bmÀ(-Im-§m-t«mÀ:1912/13,1998)
IS-ta-cn-sb Bßo-b-ambn hgn \S-¯nb cp IpSw-_-§-fm-bn-cp¶p Iog\ Xd-
hmSpw Im§m«p ]d-¼nse Xd-hm-Spw.-tI-c-fob apkvenw-I-fpsS Ncn-{X-¯n {]I-S-am-
Ip¶ Dea/k¿nZv tI{µ-§-fpsS AtX amXrI Xs¶-bm-bn-cp¶p Cu cp Xd-hm-Sp-I-
fnepw \ap¡v ImWm-\m-Ip-¶-Xv.No¡n-tem-«v,-Io-g-\,-Nm-t´m-§n XpS-§nb ]ÞnX
IpSpw-_-§-sfÃmw Im§m-t«m-dp-ambn _Ô-s¸«p InS-¡p-¶p-v.
Ff-b-Ss¯ Nnd-¡Â Xd-hm-«nse Hm¯p ]Ån,Ccn-¡qÀ,-hm-g-¡mSv ZmdpÂ
Deqw, hS-Ic ]gb PpapA¯v ]Ån XpS-§nb Øe-§-fn ]T\w \S-¯n.-No-¡n-tem-
t«mÀ F¶-t]-cn {]kn-²-\mb Ipª-Ðpà apkven-bmÀ(-d-lvam-\n¿ Øm]-I³
Ipª-½Zv apkven-bm-cpsS ]nXm-hv) JpXp_n apl-½Zv apkven-bmÀ,_mh apkven-bmÀ
XpS-§n-b-h-cmWv {][m\ DkvXm-Zp-amÀ.
 hmg-¡mSv Zmdp Deqw(2 hÀjw,-I-®n-b-¯p-kvXmZpw A¶-hn-sS-bp-m-bn-cp-¶p)
I®qÀ PnÃ-bnse ]qt¡mw(39 hÀjw)F¶o Øe-§-fn tkh\w sNbvXp.-Hcp DJvd-
hn-¿mb ]Þn-Xsâ FÃm e£-W-§fpw alm-\n {]I-S-am-bn-cp-¶p.-PmXn aX t`Z-
at\y At±-l-¯nsâ alXzw Bfp-IÄ Xncn-¨-dn-ªp.-]qt¡man tPmen sN¿p¶
ka-b¯v Hmdv ]Ån-bn Ds-¦n tdmUn-eqsS \S-¡p¶ \S-¶p-t]m-Ip¶ lnµp-¡-Ä
sNcp-¸qcn I¿n ]nSn-¡m-dp-m-bn-cp-¶p-h-s{X.
IS-tacn dlvam-\n-¿-bp-ambn XpS¡w apXÂ \Ã _Ô-am-bn-cp-¶p.-c-£m-[n-Im-cn-
bmbpw D]-tZ-iI kanXnbwK-am-bp-saÃmw {]hÀ¯n-¨p.-k-a-kvX-sbbpw t\Xr-Xz-
s¯bpw alm³ AXn-c-äv BZ-cn-¨n-cp-¶p.-Io-g-t\mdv t]mepw Im§m-t«mÀ¡v ap¶nÂ
hn\-b-t¯m-sSbpw BZ-c-thm-sS-bp-am-bn-cp¶p s]cp-am-dn-bn-cp-¶-Xv.-X-k-Æp-^nsâ AI-
km-c-§sf ASp-¯-dnª Cu cp al-¯p-¡-fpsS kwKaw IS-tacnbpsS Úm\ ]mc-
¼-cy-¯n\v D¯a \nZÀi-\-am-bn-cp-¶p.
Ing-¡-bn apl½Zv apkven-bmÀ(-In-g-¡-bn-temÀ)
IÀ½-im-kv{Xw,-tKmf imkv{Xw,-XÀ¡-imkv{Xw XpS-§nb hnj-b-§-fn AKm-
[-]m-Þn-Xy-¯n-\p-S-a-bm-bn-cp¶p Ing-¡-bn-temÀ. \mZm-]pcw ]Ån-bn apZ-cn-kmbn
h¶v IS-ta-cn-bn hnhmlw sNbvXp Xma-k-am-¡nb ^coZv apkven-bm-cpsS ]u{X-
\mWv Ct±-lw.1926 emWv P\-\w.-\m-Zm-]p-cw,-hm-g-¡m-Sv,-tN-cm-]p-cw,-]-S-¶,-sh-ÃqÀ XpS-
§nb Øe-§-fn ]T\w \S-¯n.
GXp hnj-bhpw Ah-Km-l-ap-Å-h-cn \n¶pw am{Xw kzoI-cn-¡pI F¶ \ne-
]m-Sm-bn-cp¶p At±-l-¯n-\p-m-bn-cp-¶-Xv.-Jn-_vesb NÀ¨ sN¿p¶ cnkme F¶
{KÙw ]Tn-¡m³ sI.Fw aue-hnsb t]mepw alm³ kao-]n-¨n-«p-v. Cu Ime¯v d_o-
D AÆ amk-am-bm aue-hn-bpsS ho«n sh¨pXs¶ HmÀ aueoZv HmXm-dp-m-bn-
cp-¶p-sh-¶Xv ckm-h-l-amb Imcy-am-Wv.
Iog\,I-®n-¿-¯p-kvXm-Zv,-ssI-¸ä _ocm³ Ip«n apkven-bmÀ,-ap-l-½Zv iodm-kn,-
Xm-sg-t¡mSv Ipª-ehn apkven-bmÀ,-ssiJv BZw lkvd-¯v,-A-_q-_-¡À lkvd¯v
F¶n-h-cmWv {][m\ DkvXm-Zp-amÀ.At±-l-¯nsâ ]mÞn-Xy-¯n DkvXmZpamÀ
t]mepw AÛpXw Iqdn-bn-cp-¶p.tNI-¶qÀ auehn hnZymÀ°n-bm-bn-cp¶ Ime¯v
At±-ls¯ ssa_Zn HmXm³ I®n-¿-¯p-kvXmZv Ing-¡-bn HmdpsS ho«n-te¡v ]d-
ª-b-¨n-cp-¶p.
Ad-_n,-^mÀkn,-Cw-¥ojv `mj-IÄ ssIImcyw sNbvXn-cp¶ _lp-`mjm ]Þn-
X³ IqSn-bm-bn-cp¶p alm³.-]-«n-¡mSv Pman-A,-I-S-tacn dlvam-\n-¿,-\´n Zmdp-Ê-emw,
Xfn-¸-d¼v JpÆ-¯p Ckvemw, ]m\qÀ PmanA klvd XpS-§nb Øm]-\-§-fnepw
]pfn-bm-hv,-a-¿-t©-cn,-Ipf-¸-d-¼v,h-Ån-bm-Sv,-sIm-S-¡Â ,ap-¡-S-¯pw-s]m-bn XpS-§nb
{]tZ-i-§-fnse ZÀkp-I-fnepw alm³ Adnhv ]IÀ¶p-\ÂIn.Cu {]tZ-i¯v A\p-
{Klw sNmcnª ]ÞnX Ipe-]-Xn-bm-bn-cp¶p alm³.
Nmt´m-§n Ipª-½Zv Ip«n apkven-bmÀ
IS-ta-cn-bnse Nmt´m§v IpSpw-_-¯n \n¶pw DZn¨p-bÀ¶ ]ÞnX {]Xn-`-
bm-bn-cp¶p Ipª-½Zv Ip«n apkven-bmÀ.-XÀ¡ imkv{Xw,-tKmf imkv{Xw XpS-§nb
hnj-b-§-fn AKm[ ]mÞn-Xy-¯n-\p-S-a-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
 No¡n-tem«v Ipª-_vZpà apkven-bmÀ,-Nn-d-¡-temÀ,-B-b-t©cn AÐp dlvam³
apkven-bmÀ,-tI-tfm¯vIn sNdnb A½Zv apkven-bmÀ,-Iq-«mbn _mh apkven-bmÀ XpS-
§n-b-hÀ {][m\ Kpcp-\m-Y-·mÀ.-ap-bvt¸m-¯v, hnÃym-¸-Ån(35 hÀjw) XpS-§nb Øe-
§-fn tkh\w sNbvXp.
No¡n-tem«v hen-tbmÀ
\thm-°m-\-¯nsâ bpK-¸n-d-hn¡v km£yw hln¨ IS-tacn ]Ån-bpsS Jmfn-
bmbn Øm\-ta-sä-Sp-¡m³ hn{ia PohnXw \bn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶ Iog\ Ipª-½Zp
Ip«n apkven-bm-tcmSv \m«p-ImÀ Bh-iy-s¸-«-t¸mÄ aI³ Ipª-Ðpà apkven-bmsc(d-
lvam-\n¿ Øm]-Isâ ]nXm-hv) BIvSnwKv Jmfn-bm-¡-W-sa¶ \n_-Ô-\-tbmsS
AtX-sä-Sp-¯p.
No¡n-tem«v Ipª-Ðpà apkven-bmÀ henb ]Þn-X-\m-bn-cp-¶p.-hn-eym-¸-Ån,-C-
cn-¡qÀ,-]-t¿mfn F¶n-hn-S-§-fn apZ-cn-kmbn tkh\w sNbvXn-«p-v.-h-enb Øm\-am-bn-
cp¶p Bfp-IÄ alm\v \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶-Xv.-IÀj-IÀ sImbv¯p Ignªv BZys¯
]p¯cn alm\v ImgvN sh¨ tijta kz´w Bh-iy-¯n\pw aäpw FSp-¡m-dp-m-bn-cp-
¶p-Åp.
IS-tacn ]Ån ]pXp¡n¸Wn-XXpw hnI-kn-¸n-¨Xpw Ct±-l-¯nsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯n-
em-bn-cp-¶p.a-s®® hnf¡v I¯n-¨m ]Ån-bpsS Npa-cp-IÄ ]pI-]n-Sn-¡p-sa-¶-Xn-
\m {]kvXpX hnf¡v ]f-fn-bn- I¯n-¡p-¶Xn\v At±lw FXn-cm-bn-cp-¶p.-]n-Xm-
hmb Ipª-½Zv Ip«n apkven-bmÀ henb HmÀ F¶ t]cn Adn-b-s¸-«-t¸mÄ BZy
Ime¯v Ct±lw sNdnb Iog\ HmÀ F¶ A]-c-\m-a-¯n-emWv {]i-kvX-\m-bn-cp-¶-Xv.-
]n-¶oSmWv No¡n-tem-t«mÀ F¶ \ma-¯n {]kn-²-\m-Ip-¶-Xv.-\n-c-h[n AÛpX kw`-
h-§Ä¡v At±-l-¯nsâ PohnXw km£yw hln-¨n«p-v.
No¡n-tem«v Ipª-½Zv apkven-bmÀ
aX `uXnI ka-\zb hnZym-`ym-k-¯nsâ BZym-£-c-§Ä tIc-f-¡-c¡v ]cn-N-
b-s¸-Sp-¯nb IS-tacn dlvam-\n¿ Ad-_nIv tImtf-Pnsâ Øm]-I-\mb Ct±lw
No¡n-tem-t«mÀ F¶-dn-b-s¸« Ipª-_vZpà apkven-bm-cpsS aI-\m-Wv.-Ip-ª-½Zv
apkven-bm-cpsS \nÝbZmÀVyhpw BßmÀ¸-W-hp-amWv IS-ta-cn-bpsS ]mc-¼cyw
FÃm Ime-t¯¡pw Im¯p-kq-£n-¡-s¸-Sm³ CS-bm-¡n-b-Xv.
Nnd-¡Â Hm¯p-]-Ån-bn \n¶pw {]mY-anI hnZy-`ymkw ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡nb
alm³ Nnd-¡-tem-dpsS IqsS hnÃym-¸Ån,X-fn-¸-d¼v ZÀkp-I-fn ]T\w \S-
¯n.1945/46 emWv Ct±lw Xfn-¸-d-¼n HmXp-¶-Xv.-Xp-SÀ¶v tIm«p-ae A_q-_-¡À
apkven-bm-cp-sS tIm«p-ae ZÀkn tNÀ¶p.-A-hnsS apkvenw tIc-f-¯nsâ Bßob
hnZym-`ymk `qan-I-bn Gsd kzm[o\w sNep-¯nb bpK-{]-`m-h-\mb ]Þn-X³
Fw.Fw _joÀ apkven-bmÀ,-CsI lk³ apkven-bmÀ F¶n-hÀ kl-]m-Tn-I-fm-bn-cp-
¶p.-ZÀkv PohnXw IqSp-XÂ apt¶m«p sImp-t]m-Im³ alms\ IpSpw-_-km-l-Ncyw
A\p-h-Zn-¨n-Ã.-]n-Xmhv tcmK-_m-[n-X-\m-b-t¸mÄ IpSpw_ _m[yX Npa-en-emb Imc-W-
¯m cp hÀjs¯ ]T\ tijw AhnsS \n¶pw Xncn-¨p-t]m-¶p.-]s£ X\n¡v
km[n-¡m-¯Xv kap-Zm-b-¯n-eqsS t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡-W-sa¶ Dd¨ e£y-t¯m-sS-bmWv
alm³ ]T\ PohnXw Ah-km-\n-¸n-¨-Xv.\m«p-Im-cpsS A¯m-Wn-bm-bn- hÀ¯n-¡p-I-
bm-bn-cp¶p tijw Ipª-½Zv apkven-bmÀ.
dlvam-\n¿:]mc-¼cy kwc-£-Whpw kzm[o-\hpw
Ckvem-anI ]mc-¼-cy-¯nsâ al-\o-bX \ndªp \n¶ Hcp {]tZ-i¯v 1970
Ifn _nZC Bi-b-¡mÀ cwK-{]-thiw sN¿m³ XpS-§n-b-t¸mÄ AXn-s\-Xnsc {]Xn-
tcm-[-¯nsâ ]S-l-[z-\n-bp-ambn No¡n-tem«v Ipª-½Zv apkven-bmÀ cwK-s¯-¯p-I-
bm-bn-cp-¶p.-A-Xm-bn-cp¶p AÂ] Ime tijw dlvam-\n¿ Ad-_nIv tImtf-Pnsâ
cq]o-I-c-W-¯n-te-¡v \bn-¨-Xv.
apkvenw D½-¯v Ime-§-fmbn ]n´p-SÀ¶p t]mcp¶ {]hm-N-Iob ]mc-¼-cy-
¯nsâ DZm-¯-amb Ah-Øm-´-c-§Ä \m«n \ne-\n-dp-¯m\pw hn[zw-kI iàn-
IÄs¡-Xnsc {]Xn-tcm-[n-¡m³ ]mI-Xbpw ]Iz-X-bp-apÅ Hcp Xe-ap-dsb hmÀs¯-Sp-
¡m\pw thn Hcp Øm]\w Bh-iy-am-sW¶v At±lw hniz-kn-¡p-Ibpw AXn\v
thn Bscbpw Im¯p\n¡msX cwK-s¯-¯p-Ibpw sNbvXp.-AÂ]w {]bmkw
\ndª Npäp-]m-Sp-I-fm-bn-cp-s¶-¦nepw AXn-s\-Xnsc Cuam-\nsâ Icp-¯n \o´p-I-
bm-bn-cp¶p alm³.
Xsâ kz]v\-¯nsâ km£m-XvIm-c-¯n\v thn 1972 P\p-hcn 30 \v hS-Ic Xmeq-
¡nse ]Þn-X-·m-scbpw Da-dm-¡-sfbpw hnfn¨pIq«n Hcp I¬sh³j³ kwL-Sn-¸n-
¡pIbpw Xsâ Bibw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.-tIm«p-ae DkvXm-Zm-bn-cp¶p
{]`m-j-I³.-Hcp Ad-_nIv tImtfPv Øm]n-t¡--Xnsâ A\n-hm-cy-X-sb-Ip-dn¨v At±lw
kZ-Êns\ t_m[y-s¸-Sp-¯n.
ap¶n {]Xn-k-Ôn-IÄ Gsdbp-m-sb-¦nepw AsX-Ãmw At±-l-¯nsâ
\nÝbZmÀVy-¯n\v ap¶n hgn-am-dp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. tImtf-Pnsâ DZvLmS\ kt½-f-
\-¯n JmC-Zp Juw k¿nZv A_vZp-d-lvam³ _m^Jn X§Ä,-]n.-Fw.-F-kv.F
]qt¡mb X§Ä ,iw-kp De-a,-tIm-«p-ae DkvXmZv XpS-§nb alm-·mÀ ]s¦-Sp-¡p-
Ibpw No¡n-tem-«n\v a\-Êm-hm-Nm-IÀ½Wm ]n´pW {]Jym-]n-¡p-I-bp-m-bn.B
DuÀÖ-amWv hcpw \mfp-I-fn alm\v XpW-bm-b-Xv.-]q-t¡m-b X§-fmWv tImtf-
Pnsâ Xd-¡-Ãn-S IÀ½w \nÀh-ln-¨-Xv.
A§s\ B hÀjw Xs¶ \hw-_À 22 \v IS-tacn Ppam akvPn-Zn sh¨v
dlvam-\n¿ Ad-_nIv tImtfPv ¢mkv apkvenw tIc-f-¯nsâ ]ÞnX Kpcp I®n-b¯v
DkvXmZv ^Xv-lp apCu³ HmXn-s¡m-Sp¯v DÂLm-S\w sNbvXp.
tIhew ap¸-¯n-aq¶v Ip«n-I-fp-ambn XpS-§nb dlvam-\n¿ ]n¡m-e¯v
apkvenw tIc-f-¯nsâ aX hnZym-`ymk cwK¯v ]pXnb XpS-¡-an-«p.]n.F AÐpÃ
apkven-bm-cm-bn-cp¶p {]Ya {]n³kn-¸Â.-tijw -k-a-kvX-bpsS amÌÀ s{_bn\pw
Ipª-½Zv apkven-bm-cpsS kl-]m-Tn-bp-amb Fw.Fw _joÀ apkven-bmÀ dlvam-\n-¿-
bn-se-¯n-b-tXmsSbmWv hnZy-`ymk cwK¯v ]pXp-bp-K-¸n-dhn kw`-hn-¡p-¶-Xv.Ch-
cpsS XW-en dlvam-\n¿ ]pXnb ]mTy-]-²-Xn-I-fn-eqsS aX hnZy-`ymk taJ-e-bnÂ
apt¶-ä-¯n\v XpS-¡-an-«p.1973/79 Ime-¯mWv _joÀ apkven-bmÀ dlvam-\n-¿-bn-ep-m-
bn-cp-¶-Xv.-B-tcm-Ky-]-c-amb Imc-W-§-fmWv tijw At±lw dlvam-\n¿ hnSp-I-bm-bn-
cp-¶p.-_-joÀ apkven-bm-À Xsâ a\-Ên-ep-m-bn-cp¶ kz]v\ ]²Xn ]n¶oSv sN½mSv
Zmdp lpZ-bn-eqsS bmYmÀ°y-am-¡pI-bp-m-bn._joÀ apkven-bmÀ¡v tijw \nc-
h[n At{K-k-c-cmb ]Þn-X-·m-cn-eqsS dlvam-\n¿ hfÀ¶p.-tIm-«p-ae _m¸p apkven-
bm-c-S-¡-ap-Å-hÀ _joÀ apkven-bm-cpsS XpSÀ¨-tb-sä-Sp¯v cwK-s¯-¯n-bXv tIc-f-
¯nse aX hnZym-`ymk cwK¯v henb amä-¯n\v Ah-k-c-sam-cp-¡n-bn-«p-v.1987 k^À
cn\v A´y-izmkw hen-¡p-¶Xv hsc Ipª-½Zv apkven-bmÀ PohnXw apgp-h³ dlvam-
\n-b¡v thn Dgn-ªp-sh-¡p-I-bp-m-bn.C¶v Ipª-½Zv apkven-bm-cpsS aI³ No¡n-
tem«v Ipª-_vZpà apkven-bm-cmWv Øm]-\-¯nsâ amt\-PÀ.
]pXnb Ime¯v \mZm-]p-c-¯n-sâbpw IS-ta-cn-bpsSbpw sshÚm-\nI ]mc-
¼cy¯nsâ XpSÀ¨-tb-sä-Sp-¯p-sImv dlvam-\n¿ apt¶dn-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. ]Þn-
X-·m-cpsS km¶n-[y-§Ä \nd-ªp-\n¡p¶ \mSmbn \mZm-]p-chpw kao] tZi-
§fpw C¶pw \ne-\n¡p-¶-Xn dlvam-\n¿ apJy-]¦v hln-¨p-sIm-n-cn-¡p-¶p.-ap¼v
\mZm-]pcw Ppap-A¯v ]Ån tI{µo-I-cn¨v \S¶ sshÚm-\nI {]k-cW¯nsâ
XpSÀ¨ C¶v kao] {]tZ-i-amb IS-ta-cn-bn-eqsS kw`-hn-¨p-sIm-n-cn-¡p-¶p.
Aco-¡Â Xd-hmSv
]pIÄs]ä \nc-h[n Úm\ tIk-cn-IÄ¡v P·w \ÂInb Xd-hm-SmWv Aco-
¡Â Xd-hm-Sv.-\mZm-]p-c¯p \n¶pw A[nIw hnZq-c-a-Ãm¯ Xncp-h-ÅqÀ `mK-¯mWv
Cu Xd-hmSv ØnXn sN¿p-¶-Xv.\m-Zm-]p-c¯pw kao-]¯pw Pohn-¨n-cp¶ Hmdp amsc
t]mse-¯s¶ P\-§Ä Gsd BZ-c-thmsS Cu IpSpw-_-¯n Úm\ {]`p-¡sf
Hmdp-amÀ F¶p-hn-fn¨p t]m¶p.-Hcp \mSnsâ kwkvIm-c-¯n _lp-am-\m-Z-c-hp-I-fpsS
tNÀ¯p-sh-¸mb HmÀ F¶ hnfn-t¸-cn-e-dn-b-s¸« \nc-h[n t]À Aco-¡Â Xd-hm-«n-ep-v.-
]-SÀ¶p-]n-Sn¨ imJ-Ifpw thcp-Ifpw Gsd-bn-sÃ-¦nepw ]mÞn-Xy-¯nsâ Kcna sIm-
v P\-a-\-Êp-I-fn henb Øm\-am-bn-cp¶p Aco-¡Â Xd-hm-Sn-\v.
D¯c ae-_mdn Gsd {]kn-²\pw kq^n {]ap-J-\p-amb Aco-¡Â AlvaZv
apkven-bmsc Npän-¸-än-bmWv Aco-¡Â Xd-hmSv cq]-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.-{]-apJ ]Þn-X\mb
IpªoXp apkven-bm-cpsS aI-\m-bm-Wv Ct±lw ]nd-¡p-¶-Xv.
Pohn-X-¯nse FÃm {]iv\-§Ä¡pw A¯m-Wn-bmbn kaqlw In-cp-¶Xv Aco-
¡Â henb Hmsd¶ AlvaZv apkven-bm-sc-bmbncp-¶p.Pohn-X-¯n henb -kq-£va-
X- ]peÀ¯nb ]Þn-X-\m-bn-cp¶p At±-lw.-A-lvaZv iodm-kn,-sh-fn-b-t¦mSv Ip«ymap
apkven-bmÀ,-In-g-¡-bn-temÀ XpS-§n-b-hÀ Kpcp-\m-Y-·m-cn s]Sp-¶p.
kÀKm-ß-I-Xbpw kmln-Xyhpw ka-Ú-k-ambn kt½-fn¨ Xd-hm-Sm-bn-cp¶p
Aco-¡Â Xd-hm-Sv.- ae-bmf \m«n P·-sa-Sp¯ Ad_n Ihn-Ifpw ]Þn-X-·m-cpam-
bn-cp-¶p Aco-¡Â Xd-hm-«nse Hmdp-amÀ.
Ad-_n-bnepw ae-bm-f-¯nepw \nc-h[n Imhy cN-\-IÄ \S-¯nb alm ]Þn-
X-\mWv Aco-¡Â hen-tbmÀ. Ad-_n-Isf t]mepw hnkva-bn-¸n-¡p¶ coXn-bnÂ
Imhy {]]-©-sam-cp-¡m³ alm\v km[n-¨n-cp-¶p.-A-±p-dp ap\fw ^o a\m-JnÂ
Kukn AAvfw,-A-±p-d¯p ¶^ok ^o a\m-Jn_nÊbn-Z¯n¶^o-k,-A-È-am-C-epÂ
apl-½-Zn¿,A-¶q-dp AÆ XpS-§n-bh At±-l-¯nsâ cN-\-I-fn Nne-Xm-Wv.-^-
Xvlp apCusâ ZoÀL-amb ss_¯v at\m-l-c-ambn Bhn-jvI-cn-¨n-cp-¶p-sh-¦nepw
_m_p lÖv hsc am{Xta AXv ]qÀ¯n-bm-bn-«p-Åq.(\fvap JpÀd-¯n sF³ en
^Xvln apCu³)
Aco-¡Â AlvaZv apkven-bm-cpsS aq¶v k´-Xn-I-fm-bn-cp¶ Aco-¡Â
A_vZpà apkven-bmÀ,-A-_vZp-d-lvam³ apkven-bmÀ,-C-_vdmlow apkven-bmÀ F¶n-
hcpw ]mÞn-Xy-¯nsâ Bg-¡-SÂ Xmn-¡-S¶ alm-c-Y-·m-cm-bn-cp-¶p.
 Ch-cn Ad_v temI¯v t]mepw Gsd {]kn-²-\mb hyàn-bm-bn-cp¶p Aco-
¡Â AÐp-d-lvam³ apkven-bmÀ(-1938/2004).A-d_n `mj-bn AKm-[ ]mÞy-¯n-\p-
S-am-bn-cp-¶p.-]n-Xm-hn \n¶pw Xs¶-bmWv CXp-ambn _Ô-s¸« hnÚm\w t\Sn-b-
Xv. ]t¿m-fn,-sN-cn-¨n ,Im-b-®, tNcm-]p-cw,-tN-dp-h-®qÀ, \mZm-]pcw XpS-§nb ZÀkp-
I-fn \n¶pw hnhn[ ^¶p-I-fn Ah-Kmlw t\Sn.-
IS-tacn dlvam-\n¿ Ad-_nIv tImtf-Pn \o 32 hÀjw A[ym-]\w \S-¯n-bn-
«p-v. kaq-l-¯n\v henb Bizmk km¶n-[y-am-bn-cp¶p alm-\-hÀIÄ.Zp-B¡v CPm-
_-¯pÅ ]Þn-X-\m-bn-cp-¶p.\nc-h[n XhW hntZi bm{X-IÄ \S-¯n.-Hcp kµÀ`-
¯n hntZ-is¯ Hcp ]ÞnX kZ-Ên sh¨v Ad_n `mj-bn Ihn-Xm-h-X-cWw
\S-¯n-b-t¸mÄ Xm¦Ä CuPn-]vjy-\mtWm F¶ tNmZyw Ad-_n-I-fn \n¶pw Xs¶
Db-cp-I-bp-m-bn.-A-d_n Zn\-]-{X-amb A A¿man DkvXm-Zp-am-bpÅ A`n-apJw
{]kn-²-s¸-Sp-¯n-bXv hntZi \mSp-I-fn At±-l-¯n-\p-ff Øm\w AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-
¯p-v.
XJvhbpw hdDw H¯n-W-§nb ]Þn-X-\mb alm-\-hÀIÄ \nc-h[n hnj-b-
§-sf-¡p-dn¨v Ihn-X-IÄ cNn-¨n-«p-v.-A-t±-l-¯nsâ {]kn² IrXn-bmWv {]hm-N-Im-]-Zm-
\-§Ä hmgv¯p¶ A Pul-dp ap\fw ^o kod¯n \_n-¿n apJdw F¶-Xv.-a-
ä-\-h[n cN-\-Ifpw DkvXm-Zn-tâ-Xm-bn-«p-v.
Aco-¡Â AÐp-d-lvam³ apkven-bm-cpsS A\pP ktlm-Z-c\pw kakvX tI{µ
apim-hd sa¼À IqSn-bm-bn-cp¶ Aco-¡Â C_vdmlow apkven-bmcpw Aco-¡Â Xd-
hm-Snsâ alXzapbÀ¯n-h-cm-Wv.-]-«n-¡mSv Pman-A-bnse BZy _m¨nse \mep-t]-cnÂ
Hcm-fm-bn-cp¶p C_vdmlow apkven-bmÀ(1940/2011) ]nXm-hn\p ]pdta ssiJp\
iwkp De-a,-tIm-«p-ae DkvXm-Zv,-In-g-¡-bn-temÀ, Iog-t\mÀ, ]m\qÀ X§Ä XpS-§n-b-
hÀ Kpcp-\m-Y-·m-cm-Wv.-Hcp kq^nsb t]mse PohnXw \bn¨ hyàn-Xz-am-bn-cp¶p
alm³.-A-d_n Imhy temI¯v Xtâ-Xmb hyàn ap{Z ]Xn-¸n-¡m³ C_vdmlow
apkven-bmÀ¡v km[n-¨n-cp-¶p.A¶-hm-ep-¯zn_vcn ^o a\m-Jn-_n- k¿n-Zn Pn{^n
F¶Xv DkvXm-Znsâ {][m-\-s¸« cN-\-bm-Wv.
Xncp-h-ÅqÀ,-sX-cphw ]d-¼v,-ssI-{]w,-]m-\qÀ,-X-e-tÈ-cn,-F-S-t¨-cn,-Im-b-®,-
Nn¿qÀ,Io-g F¶n-hn-S-§-fnepw 1983 apX acWw hsc IS-tacn dlvam-\n-¿-bnepw
tkh\w sNbvXp.hS-Ic Xmeq-¡n ka-kvX-bpsS ap¶-Wn-t¸m-cm-fn-bm-bn-cp¶p alm-
\-hÀIÄ.
kam]vXw:
Npcp-¡-¯nÂ, \mZm-]p-c-¯nsâ cmw s]m¶m-\n-sb¶ hnfn-t¸-cn\v ]n¶n \nc-h[n
LS-I-§-fpsS kzm[o\w \ap¡v ImWm-\m-Ip-¶-Xm-Wv.-tI-c-f-¯nsâ hnhn[ `mK-§-
fn Ip-h-¶ncp¶ Dea/k¿nZv t\Xr-Xz-¯nsâ ià-amb XpSÀ¨ Xs¶-bm-bn-cp¶p
\mZm-]p-c¯pw {]I-S-am-b-Xv.-`q-an-imkv{X ]c-ambn A[nIw hnim-e-X-sbm-¶p-an-Ãm¯
Hcp {]tZ-i-¯mWv Adn-hn-sâbpw XJvh-bp-sSbpw Bg-¡-SÂ apdn-¨p-I-S¶ \nc-h[n
]ÞnX IpSpw-_-§Ä Pohn-¨-Xv.-tI-c-fob apkvenw Ncn-{X-¯nse khn-ti-j-am-sbmcp
Ah-Ø-mhn-ti-j-am-Wn-Xv.
tIc-fob apkven-ansâ ss]Xr-Ihpw ]mc-¼-cyhpw Gsd tim`-\-am-sW-¶Xv Ahn-
XÀ¡n-X-am-Wv.-]s£ tJZ-I-c-sa¶p ]d-b-s«, Ckvem-ansâ ]mc-¼cy aqey-§Ä ià-
ambn ]cn-e-kn¨ ]e {]tZ-i-§fnepw C¶v XpSÀ¨-IÄ ImWm-\m-Ip-¶n-Ã.-\mZm-]p-c-
¯nsâ D¶-X-amb aX ]mc-¼-cy-t¯-¡mÄ C¶v NÀ¨-I-fn IS-¶p-h-cp-¶Xv hÀKob
{Zpho-I-c-W-¯n-sâbpw Acm-P-I-Xz-¯n-sâbpw hÀ¯-am-\-am-sW-¶Xv Gsd Akmw-
KXyw \ndª Imcy-am-Wv.
A¯cw al-\ob ]mc-¼-cy-¯n\v CuSp-sh-¸p-IÄ hcpw-Im-e-t¯-¡p-ap-s-¦n am{Xta
`mhn tim`-\-am-Ip-I-bp-Åq. s]m¶m-\n-bp-sSbpw \mZm-]p-c-¯n-tâ-Xp-a-S-¡-apÅ Ncn{X
hmb-\-bn \n¶pw e`n-¡p¶ DuÀÖw ]pXnb kp{]`m-X-§Ä¡v thZn-sbm-cp-¡-s«.