GR 12CB CHEMISTRY

CH 2:SOLUTIONS
DATE:30’MAR’21
TIME:9.00 A.M
TYPES OF SOLUTIONS

 [if water is used as a solvent, the solution is called aqueous solution and if
not, the solution is called non-aqueous solution.]
 (B) Depending upon the amount of solute dissolved in a solvent we have
the following types of solutions:
 (i) Unsaturated solution A solution in which more solute can be dissolved
without raising temperature is called an unsaturated solution.
EXPLANATION

 Amount of solute which is present in a solvent less than its solubility

 Unsaturated solution
 definite amount of solute dissolved per unit volume of solvent
EXPLANATION

 Binary solutions
 Ways of expressing concentration: amount of the solute
 Per unit amount of solvent
 (ii) Saturated solution A solution in which no solute can be dissolved further
at a given temperature is called a saturated solution.
 (iii) Supersaturated solution A solution which contains more solute than that
would be necessary to saturate it at a given temperature is called a
supersaturated solution.
 Solubility The maximum amount of a solute that can be dissolved in a given
amount of solvent (generally 100 g) at a given temperature is termed as its
solubility at that temperature. The solubility of a solute in a liquid depends
upon the following factors: (i) Nature of the solute (ii) Nature of the solvent
(iii) Temperature of the solution (iv) Pressure (in case of gases)
EXPLANATION

 100 g of water 25 g of sugar at room temp. solubility

 100g of water 10g of sugar at room temp unsaturated solution
 100 go of water 25 g of sugar at room temp saturated solution
 100 g of water 30g of sugar at 30 deg super saturated solution
 When a solid solute is added to the solvent, some solute dissolves and its
concentration increases in solution. This process is known as dissolution.
 Some solute particles in solution collide with the solid solute particles and
get separated out of solution. This process is known as crystallisation.
 A stage is reached when the two processes occur at the same rate. Under
such conditions, number of solute particles going into solution will be equal
to the solute particles separating out and a state of dynamic equilibrium is
reached.
 Solute + Solvent <==Solution
 Dissolution a gas into aliquid – pressure
 The solution which is in dynamic equilibrium with undissolved solute is the
saturated solution and contains the maximum amount of solute dissolved in
a given amount of solvent. Thus, the concentration of solute in such a
solution is its solubility.
Solubility of a Gas in a Liquid

 These trends are also observed experimentally. Effect of pressure Pressure

does not have any significant effect on solubility of solids in liquids. It is so
because solids and liquids are highly incompressible and practically remain
unaffected by changes in pressure.

 Oxygen dissolves only to a small extent in water. It is this dissolved oxygen

which sustains all aquatic life. On the other hand, hydrogen chloride gas
(HCl) is highly soluble in water.
RECAP