Chapter Objectives

✓ Understand how to measure the stress and strain

through experiments

✓ Correlate the behavior of some engineering materials

to the stress-strain diagram.

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TENSION AND COMPRESSION TEST

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D8U4G5kcpcM
 STRESS STRAIN DIAGRAM
• Note the critical status for strength specification
➢ proportional limit
➢ elastic limit
➢ yield stress
➢ ultimate stress
➢ fracture stress
P
=
Ao

=
Lo
 STRENGTH PARAMETERS
• Modulus of elasticity, E [N/m2, Pa]
(Hooke’s Law)
 = E
• Brittle material– a property
applicable to a material if fracture
occurs soon after the elastic limit is
passed
• Ductile material – a property
applicable to a material if a large
amount of plastic deformation takes
place between the elastic limit and
the fracture point
• Ductility – the ability of a material to
be permanently deformed without
breaking when the applied load is
removed
 STRENGTH PARAMETERS

Ductile materials deform much more than brittle materials.

Brittle materials fail suddenly, usually with no prior indication that collapse is
imminent. On the other hand, ductile materials, such as structural steel, normally
undergo a substantial deformation called yielding before failing, thus providing a
warning that overloading exists.
 STRENGTH PARAMETERS
Brittle and Ductile Materials

➢ The stress-strain diagrams of various materials vary widely,

and different tensile tests conducted on the same material
may produce different results, depending upon
the temperature of the specimen and the speed of loading.

➢ It is possible, however, to distinguish some common

characteristics among the stress-strain diagrams of various
groups of materials and to divide materials into two broad
categories on the basis of these characteristics, namely,
brittle materials and ductile materials.

➢ Typically brittle materials have a fracture strain less than

0.05 (∊f < 0.05) and ductile materials have a fracture strain
greater than or equal to 0.05 (∊f ≥ 0.05).
 STRENGTH PARAMETERS
Material E(GPa)  = E
Diamond 1000
Tungsten Carbide, WC 450-650
Boron 441
Tungsten 406
Alumina, Al2O3 390
Cobalt and its alloys 200-248
Nickel 214
Nickel alloys 130-234
iron 196
Iron-based SA 93-214
Austenitic SS 190-200
Low alloyed steels 200-207
Cast irons 170-190
Copper alloys 120-150
Titanium alloys 80-130
Silica (SiO2) 94
Gold 82
Al and alloys 69-79
Fiberglass 35-45
Magnesium and alloys 41-45
Lead and lead alloys 14
Nylon 2.4
STRENGTH PARAMETERS

P
=  = E
Ao

=
Lo
 STRENGTH PARAMETERS
Modulus of Resiliance
• Strain-energy density called Modulus of Resiliance.
• Physically, it represents the largest amount of internal
strain energy per unit volume the material can absorb
without causing any permanent damage to the material.
Important when designing bumpers or shock absorbers.

1  2
1 pl
ur =  pl  pl =
2 2 E
 STRENGTH PARAMETERS
• Modulus of Toughness
– It measures the entire area
under the stress-strain diagram
– It indicates the maximum amount of strain-energy the
material can absorb just before it fractures.
– Important when designing members that may be
accidentally overloaded.
EXAMPLE 1
The stress–strain diagram for an aluminum alloy that is used
for making aircraft parts is shown in the Fig. If a specimen of
this material is stressed to 600 MPa, determine the
permanent strain that remains in the specimen when the load
is released. Also, find the modulus of resilience both before
and after the load application.
EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solution
• When the specimen is subjected to the load, the strain is approximately
0.023 mm/mm.

• The slope of line OA is the modulus of elasticity,

450
E= = 75.0 GPa
0.006
• From triangle CBD,

E=
BD 600 106
=
( ) ( )
= 75.0 109
CD CD
 CD = 0.008 mm/mm
EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solution
• This strain represents the amount of recovered elastic strain.

• The permanent strain is

 OC = 0.023 − 0.008 = 0.0150 mm/mm (Ans)

• Computing the modulus of resilience,

(ur )initial =  pl pl = (450)(0.006) = 1.35 MJ/m3 (Ans)

1 1
2 2
(ur ) final =  pl pl = (600)(0.008) = 2.40 MJ/m3 (Ans)
1 1
2 2

• Note that the SI system of units is measured in joules, where 1 J = 1 N •

m.
POISSON’S RATIO

 lat
v=−
 long
EXAMPLE 2
A bar made of A-36 steel has the dimensions shown in Fig. If
an axial force of P = 80 kN is applied to the bar, determine
the change in its length and the change in the dimensions of
its cross section after applying the load. The material
behaves elastically. Est = 200 Gpa, νst=0.32.
EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solution
• The normal stress in the bar is

P
z = =
80 103 ( ) ( )
= 16.0 106 Pa
A (0.1)(0.05)

• From the table for A-36 steel, Est = 200 GPa

z 16.0(106 )
z = =
Est 200(10 )6
= 80(10 −6
) mm/mm

• The axial elongation of the bar is therefore

 z =  z Lz = 80(10−6 )(1.5) = 120m (Ans)

EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solution
• The contraction strains in both the x and y directions are

 x =  y = −vst  z = −0.3280 (10 −6 ) = −25 .6 m/m

• The changes in the dimensions of the cross section are

 x =  x Lx = −25.6(10−6 )(0.1) = −2.56m (Ans)

 y =  y Ly = −25.6(10−6 )(0. − 05) = −1.28m (Ans)
SHEAR STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM
• Strength parameter G – Shear modulus of elasticity or the
modules of rigidity [Pa, N/m2]
• G is related to the modulus of elasticity E and Poisson’s
ratio v.

 = G

E
G=
2(1 + v )
EXAMPLE 3
A specimen of titanium alloy is
tested in torsion and the shear
stress– strain diagram is shown
in Fig. Determine the shear
modulus G, the proportional
limit, and the ultimate shear
stress.
Also, determine the maximum
distance d that the top of a block
of this material, shown in Fig.,
could be displaced horizontally if
the material behaves elastically
when acted upon by a shear
force V.
What is the magnitude of V
necessary to cause this
displacement?
EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solution
• By inspection, the graph ceases to be linear at point A. Thus, the
proportional limit is
 pl = 360 MPa (Ans)

• This value represents the maximum shear stress, point B. Thus the
ultimate stress is
 u = 504 MPa (Ans)

• Since the angle is small, the top of

the block will be displaced horizontally by

tan(0.008 rad)  0.008 =

d
 d = 0.4 mm
50 mm
EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solution
• The shear force V needed to cause the displacement is

V V
 avg = ; 360 MPa =  V = 2700 kN (Ans)
A (75)(100)
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Est = 200 Gpa

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Copyright ©2018 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.