Doing Criticism

HUM080 Lecture by Prof. Melannie Dela Cruz

Let’s recap!
• Popular culture can influence people
• Culture can be influenced by powerful, dominant groups
• Cultural Studies concerns the attitudes, approaches, and criticisms of a
culture
What’s a Critique?
A critique is a genre of academic writing that briefly summarizes and
critically evaluates a work or concept. Critiques can be used to
carefully analyze a variety of works such as:

Creative works – novels, exhibits, film, images, poetry

Research – monographs, journal articles, systematic reviews,
theories
Media – news reports, feature articles
Why do we write critiques?
Writing a critique on a work helps us to develop:
• A knowledge of the work’s subject area or related works.
• An understanding of the work’s purpose, intended audience,
development of argument, structure of evidence or creative style.
• A recognition of the strengths and weaknesses of the work.
It is important to have a thorough understanding of the work that will
be critiqued.
• Study the work under discussion.
• Make notes on key parts of the work.
• Develop an understanding of the main argument or purpose being
expressed in the work.
• Consider how the work relates to a broader issue or context.
Scope of the Critique:
• The Text
• The Creator
• The Audience
• The Media
• The Context
References:
• https://www.citewrite.qut.edu.au/write/critique.html#:~:text=A%20c
ritique%20is%20a%20genre,journal%20articles%2C%20systematic%2
0reviews%2C%20theories
Mapping Classics
in Philippine
Popular Culture
Part 1: Comics

Lecture by Prof. Melannie Flor Irene R. Dela Cruz

Philippine Comics: A Brief Historical Overview
• In 1884, Jose Rizal was asked
by Trubner's Record, a
magazine about Eastern
Literature, to contribute a
couple of fables.
• Rizal submitted “Ang Matsing
at Ang Pagong” (The Monkey
and the Tortoise)
Image Source: http://www.comicscube.com/2011/06/first-komik-monkey-and-tortoise.html
Image Source: http://www.comicscube.com/2011/06/first-komik-monkey-and-tortoise.html
• Tony Velasquez is the Father of
Philippine Comics
• He is known for Kenkoy
(Liwayway published “Album ng
Kabalbalan ni Kenkoy”)
Image Source: http://pilipinokomiks.blogspot.com/2005/11/album-ng-kabalbalan-ni-kenkoy-1934.html
Image Source: https://www.comicartfans.com/gallerypiece.asp?piece=823676
Image Source: https://www.comicartfans.com/gallerypiece.asp?piece=823676
• Philippine comics are inspired by American comics, but also drew
more inspiration from Philippine literature.

Image Source: http://erneelawagan.blogspot.com/2017/08/the-history-of-philippine-komiks.html

Themes
• Superheroes
• Promotion of ideas
• Stories of poverty and difficulties
• “Underdog” characters
• Satire (inspired by American satirical
comics)
Critiquing Comics
• Text
• Story, characters, language
• Audience
• Target readers, reception
• Context
• Social / political setting
References
• http://www.comicscube.com/2011/06/first-komik-monkey-and-
tortoise.html
• https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/03/28/opinion/columnists/the-
dna-of-pinoy-komiks/707292/
 Mapping
Philippine Pop
Culture Classics
Part 2: Film

Lecture by Prof. Melannie Flor Irene R. Dela Cruz

Brief Historical Overview of Philippine Film
• Theater is in early Philippine society before cinema was introduced.
• During the last decade of the 19th century, in 1896, a Spaniard by the
name of Pertierra, prepared to launch his first movie show in Manila
at Christmas Time.
• The venue was to be at Salon de Pertierra, which he established nine months
earlier as the Phonograph Parlor on the ground floor of the Casino Espanol at
Calle Perez, off the Escolta.

However, he failed to make the presentation and was postponed until new
year, January 1, 1897.
On January 1, 1897, the first four movies
namely,
Un Homme Au Chapeau (Man with a Hat),
Une scene de danse Japonaise (Scene
from a Japanese Dance),
Les Boxers (The Boxers), and
La Place de L’ Opera(The Place L’ Opera),
were shown via 60mm Gaumont Chrono-
photograph projector at the Salon de
Pertierra at no. 12 Escolta.

In the same year, the Lumiere

Cinematograph was first introduced in the
Philippines by a Spanish soldier named
Antonio Ramos.
• 1919 – Jose Nepomuceno’s
Dalagang Bukid was released. It is
known as the first silent film
produced in the Philippines.
• The first “talkie” film (film
with sound) was Jose
Nepomuceno’s Punyal na
Ginto (Golden Dagger), which
premiered on March 9, 1933,
shown in Lyric Theater.
Themes / Highlights in Philippine Cinema and its
History
(Source: History of Philippine Cinema by San Diego Philippine Cinema, n.d. http://sdfilipinocinema.org/philippine-cinema-history/)

• 1930s – storylines and characterization

comes from Philippine literature and
popular theater
• 1940s – war and heroism themed films
were common
• 1950s – “Golden Age of Philippine
Cinema”
• 1960s
• Monopoly in film
production ended and gave
way to independent film.
New genres were
introduced (ex: Western,
musical, action, “bomba”)
• 1970s
• Films that served as propaganda proliferated
• Films with “serious” themes became common
• Action and sex films developed further, introducing
explicit content
• A censorship board was created to regulate
films
• In 1976, an interim Board of Censors was created.
• The second golden era of Philippine cinema
transpired in the late 70s
• 1980s
• Reconstitution of Board of Censors for
Motion Pictures
• 80s became a peak of Philippine cinema
• 1990s
• New wave of independent movies
and filmmakers
• Increasing production costs, high
taxes, and piracy became an issue
• Some films ended up being hastily
made, low quality and formulaic.
However, film continued to
flourish.
• 2000s
• Hollywood Films became
dominant
• Digital Age of cinema
• Rise of digital age made it easier
for independent film producers
to produce films
Critiquing Film
• Text
• Story, characters, language,
dialogue, visuals, etc.
• Audience
• Target viewers, reception
• Context
• Social / political setting
References
• https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-
on-the-arts-sca/cinema/history-of-philippine-cinema/
• http://sdfilipinocinema.org/philippine-cinema-history/
• http://factsanddetails.com/southeast-
asia/Philippines/sub5_6e/entry-3899.html
Mapping Classics in Philippine
Popular Culture
Radio
HUM080 Lecture by Prof. Melannie Flor Irene R. Dela Cruz
Radio in the Philippines
Source: Radio as a Way of Life by Ramon R. Tuazon. Source: https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-
3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-cultural-disseminationscd/communication/radio-as-a-way-of-life/

• In the Philippines, radio

broadcasting started in 1922
when an American
businessman in Manila
opened three 50-watt radio
stations, not for commercial
broadcasting but as a
demonstration channel for
his electrical supply business.
• The first two radio stations to commercially operate in 1924 are
station KZKZ owned by the Radio Corporation of the Philippines, and
KZRQ, owned by the Far Eastern Radio, Inc.
• The oldest existing radio station in
the country today is DZRH. It first
signed on in 1939 as KZRH. The last
two letters of the call station stands
for Radio Heacock , after H.E.
Heacock, the original owner of the
station and one of the largest chains
of department stores in the Pacific
Rim.
History of Philippine Radio
• Pre-war to the early post-war period was primarily entertainment-
oriented. Some are “flavoured with colonial productions,” including
canned American serials.
• News and public affairs programming, including government programs,
were virtually unheard until a few years before the end of World War II.
• Advertising of products other than those of the station owners began
only in 1939.
• In 1929, the first provincial radio station, KZRC was established in Cebu
City. However, it merely relayed programs originally aired over KZRM in
Manila. This Manila-centric programming was to continue up to today.
• During World War II, KZRH broadcasted the ” Voice of Freedom” from
its transmitter physically transferred in Corregidor. Anchored by
Norman Reyes, its stirring broadcast announcing the fall of Bataan in
1942 is a classic in broadcast journalism — “Bataan has fallen… But
the spirit that made it stand, a beacon to all liberty-loving people of
the world, cannot fall.”
• 1950s saw the introduction of development broadcasting through
farm programs.
• The Philippine Broadcasting System was the pioneer in this area
through its school broadcast, features and documentaries on
outstanding government programs and news and public affairs
• The early years of development broadcasting were difficult since many station
managers and advertisers were doubtful of the effectiveness of radio as a
medium for information and education.
• The use of radio for agriculture and rural development became more
pronounced by the late 1960s to the 70s.
• Institutions such as the Department of Agriculture, UP at Los Baños,
International Institute for Rural Reconstruction (IIRR), Philippine Rural
Reconstruction Movement (PRRM) and the International Rice
Research Institute (IRRI) were among the advocates of farmcasting
and developmental communication.
• the information campaign for Masagana 99 launched in 1973 as the country’s
rice self-sufficiency program is considered a pioneering “success story” in the
use of broadcast media for development.
• Radio is now acknowledged as the primary source of news and the
most pervasive, persuasive, and credible medium. It reaches 85 to 90
percent of the population with over 25 million sets nationwide.
Themes in Philippine Radio
• According to Ramon Tuazon, radio remains as the medium of choice
especially by the Filipino masa due to its diverse programming.
• Programming content and format are so diversified that there is
always a program suited to the taste of every sector
• Ex: housewife, students, businessman or entrepreneur, music enthusiast
(from pop music to rock and revivals), religious, farmer, sports enthusiast,
among others.
Nature of Programs in Philippine Radio
• Over 90 percent of radio stations are commercial, and it is expected that
programming is dictated by consumers’ (or listeners’) wants and tastes as
measured by the ratings game.
• Content is dominated by entertainment.
• AM stations programming usually consists of news and public affairs, public
service , soap opera (drama), talk shows which focus on national and local
issues or entertainment (movie) trivia.
• FM stations are still dominated by music programming.
• Public service programs are usually of the panawagan genre. The poor
and the sick (or their relatives) are given the chance to “air their plight” on
air and ask for donations from civic groups, philantrophic individuals, etc.
• Radio has also proven to be an effective development communication
channel.
Some issues and concerns
• Issues related to ethics and social responsibility
• “Envelopmental” journalism – some may use media to promote /
downplay certain stories
• So-called tabloid journalism - some radio programs apply the
“success formula” of tabloids — crimes, sex and gossip broadcasting.
• Technological development, and the impact of digital technologies
and the internet.
• Some consider broadcasting in the Philippines has been one-way —
Manila produces and the rest of the country watches or listens.
Critiquing Radio
• Text
• Content of the radio program
• Audience
• Target listener
• Context
• Social / political setting
References
• http://gwhs-
stg02.i.gov.ph/~s2govnccaph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-
cultural-disseminationscd/communication/philippine-television-thats-
entertainment/
• https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-
on-cultural-disseminationscd/communication/radio-as-a-way-of-life/
 Mapping
Philippine Popular
Culture
Television (TV)

HUM080 Lecture by Melannie Flor Irene R. Dela Cruz

Philippine Television – A Historical Perspective
Source: Philippine Television: That’s Entertainment by Ramon R. Tuazon

• Television was introduced in the

Philippines in 1953 with the opening of
DZAQ-TV Channel 3 of Alto
Broadcasting System in Manila.
• Alto Broadcasting System (ABS) was
owned by Antonio Quirino.
• This television station was later bought by the
Chronicle Broadcasting Network (CBN) which
started operating radio stations in 1956. CBN
was owned by the Lopezes.
• The first radio-TV network in the
Philippines is ABS-CBN.
• The Lopez group eventually added a second
station, DZXL-TV 9.
• By 1960, a third station was in operation,
DZBB-TV Channel 7 or Republic Broadcasting
System, owned by Bob Stewart, a long-time
American resident in the Philippines.
• The first provincial television stations were
established in 1968 in Cebu, Bacolod, and
Dagupan by ABS-CBN.
• The network is supplemented by 20 radio
stations located nationwide.
Themes in Philippine Television
• Economic constraints during these
early years of television forced a
dependence on imported programs
from three U.S. networks – ABC, CBS,
and NBC.
• Importing programs was cheaper than
producing them locally.
• Also, canned programs appeared to be
more popular among local audiences,
even though initiatives were made in
educational programming.
Themes in Philippine TV
• Advertising is broadcasting’s lifeblood which
makes stations dependent on ratings for
survival.
• Many are musical variety shows, soap operas,
and situation comedies.
• Many local productions are modelled on
western programs.
• Television programming is oriented toward
urban interests, and many provincial stations
function merely as replay or relay stations.
• Focus is on trivia and entertainment.
Issues in Philippine TV
• Dominance of sex and violence
• Possible impact to audience
• Possible contribution to colonial
mentality
• Focus on entertainment, less
attention given to public affairs
related discussions.
Critiquing Television
• Text
• Visuals and audio, narrative, content, etc.
• Audience
• Target viewer and other possible viewers
• Context
• Social / political background
References:
• http://gwhs-
stg02.i.gov.ph/~s2govnccaph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-
cultural-disseminationscd/communication/philippine-television-thats-
entertainment/
 Mapping Philippine
Popular Culture
Publications and Prints
HUM080 Lecture by Prof. Melannie Flor Irene R.
Dela Cruz
Historical Overview of Philippine Print
Publication
• The Spaniards brought the art of printing to the
Philippines
• The first products of this art were books printed from
woodblocks. The first products of the xylographic press
were dated 1593.
• During the 1600s, books were mostly about the
Church, or vocabularies, or about history.
• The languages of the first products of the printing
press were Spanish, Chinese, Tagalog, Latin, and
Bisaya, Pampangan, Ilokano and Japanese.
• The first printers were Chinese – Juan de
Vera, Pedro de Vera and one Luis Beltran
who printed the doctrinas and many other
books thereafter.
• Tomas Pinpin is regarded as the first Filipino
printer and Patriarch of Filipino Printers.
• His works were Arte y Reglas de la Lengua
Tagala (1610) and theLibrong Pagaaralan nang
mga Tagalog nang Uicang Castila (1610) printed
in Bataan
• He also printed in Pila, Laguna (1613) and at
Binondo, Manila (1623-1627). From 1609 to
1639, Pinpin printed more than a dozen titles.
• From the 17th century up to the American period 1890-1946, exciting
events happened in the printing and publishing industries. Five
religious orders consisting of the Franciscans, Jesuits, Dominicans,
Augustinians and the Recollects came to the country, and each one
established printing presses for their own use.
• There was a rapid growth of religious publications during this period
and it is estimated that around 541 titles were printed (Buhain, 1998,
p. 13).
• There are now over a thousand printers and publishers in the country,
but two names stand out as having a long and distinguished history
and impact on Philippine printing.
• Cacho Hermanos
• Carmelo and Bauermann - this is known as the oldest and biggest commercial
printing press in the country.
• The government is also into
printing of government
publications through its
Government Printing Office
(formerly Bureau of Printing).
• Individual government
agencies also print their own
publication such as the
National Economic
Development Authority
(NEDA), the Department of
Education, Culture, and
Sports (DECS) and the
Department of Foreign
Affairs.
Themes in Philippine Publication
• Print media in the Philippines played a huge role throughout Philippine
history.
• During the 1800s and 1900s, the Spanish colonial government suppressed
freedom of expression in the Philippines.
• The circulation of the publication La Solidaridad helped awaken the upper
class about the oppression of the colonizers.
• Katipuneros also had their own publication, Kalayaan. However, only one
issue was published dated January 18, 1896, due to its immediate closure
after being discovered by the Spaniards.
• The signing of the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898 led to the
establishment of nationalist newspapers such as the La
Independencia (Independence), El Heraldo de la Revolucion (Herald
of the Revolution) and El Renacimiento (Renascence) to campaign for
recognition of Philippine sovereignty.
• During the Philippine-American war in 1898, newspapers continued
to be published to rally Filipinos to fight for the nation and to boost
morale. One of these newspapers is El Renacimiento.
• During the Japanese invasion, the Japanese government promoted the
“Asia for the Asians” policy using media. The press played a major role in
the said propaganda movement. The Japanese took control of the Tribune
for propaganda purposes.
• Underground press emerged during the Japanese occupation. Some
publications include:
• The Liberator, The Lico Chronicle, Ateneo War News, Kalibo War Bulletin and Matang
Lawin.
• Huks also printed The Aspirant, Hukbalahaps, Katubusan and Ing Masala
• Amado V. Hernandez, president of the Philippine Newspaper Guild, published several
articles which discussed political issues including Japanese collaboration, the
resurrected landlordism, executions of guerrilla leaders and re-arrival of American
military forces in the Philippines.
• Press censorship ended after the Second World War.
• Only a few pre-war publications continued during the post-war period
due to financial crisis caused by the war.
• The Manila Times, Manila Chronicle, Manila Daily Bulletin, The Philippines
Herald, Daily Mirror, The Evening News and Taliba are some of these
publications.
• The declaration of Martial Law by Former
President Ferdinand Marcos in 1972 led
to press censorship.
• Some publications were sequestered or
closed down, such as the Daily Star, The
Manila Times, Evening News, Manila
Chronicle and Philippines Herald.
• The rise of alternative press happened
during the 1980s.
• After the EDSA Revolution, media
became more “vibrant and dynamic.”
References:
• In Defense of Freedom: Philippine Press Through the Ages by
Ferdinan S. Gregorio
• https://nhcp.gov.ph/in-defense-of-freedom-philippine-press-through-the-
ages/

• Books and Bookmaking in the Philippines by Rosa M. Vallejo

• https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-
cultural-heritagesch/libraries-and-information-services/books-and-
bookmaking-in-the-philippines/
 Mapping
Philippine
Popular Culture:
Fashion
HUM080 Lecture by Prof. Melannie Flor Irene R. Dela Cruz
Historical and Social Context of Fashion in the
Philippines:
• The evolution of fashion in the Philippines reflect history and its
influence on culture.
• Significant events in Philippine history also influenced fashion in the
Philippines.
Characteristics of Fashion in the Philippines
• Clothes signified social status in the pre-colonial period.
• The Spanish colonization led to a change
in fashion. Fashion became Hispanized in
the Philippines.
• The arrival of European influences and the
development of economy and
globalization also affected fashion.
• Certain clothing items have been
introduced, like the panuelo and tapis,
floor-legth skirts and dresses, has
something to do with modesty / being
conservative.
• During the American
colonization period,
Western influenced
affected fashion in
the Philippines.
• Example: Women
started wearing loose
dresses and knee-
length skirts, while
men wore suit and
coat, replacing Barong Photo Source:
Tagalog. https://www.esquiremag.ph/style/fashion/filipino-mens-
fashion-a2289-20190401-lfrm6
• The effects of World War II and
the Japanese occupation affected
factories and led to shortage of
textiles. This led to tailoring
shops, clothing boutiques, and
dressmakers closing.
• Clothes became simpler. Stores
only sold monochromatic dresses
in dark colors.
• After the war, there was a lack of
dressmakers and tailors. People
also focused more on basic Photo Source: https://www.businessinsider.com/bataan-
necessities like food and shelter. death-march-photos-from-world-war-ii-2017-4
• 1950s saw a rise in economy. People started buying new clothes. New
clothes that were being bought include floral dresses, fuller knee-
length skirts (for women), sweaters, colored, printed polos, pants and
flannels (for men).
• When Ramon Magsaysay
became the president, he
often wore Barong
Tagalog in official
functions he attended.
This led to the rebirth of
the Filipiniana. Filipiniana
was often used as a
formal attire in special
events. Photo Source:
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/t
hird-republic/
• During the late 1960s to early 1970s, Filipinos were influenced by the
hippie culture. Victorian vintage clothes also became popular.
• 1970s saw the emergence of Disco culture. Casual look became
popular.
• Loose fashion became popular during the 1990s (ex: oversized shirts
and pants). Rock music also influenced mainstream fashion.
• 21st century is a mix of different styles from different eras.
• The advent of new technology and social media in 2010 led to
Filipinos being exposed to different fashion style and brands.
• The digital era also affected the way Filipinos consume fashion.

Photo Source:
https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/10/10/19/lrt-2-cuts-free-rides-for-students-amid-shorter-revenue-operations
https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/06/06/2019052/covid-19-cases-philippines-exceed-21000-death-toll-nears-1000
Reference:
• “Fashion State of The Nation” by Ma. Glaiza Lee, published 2018, The
Manila Times.
• https://www.manilatimes.net/2018/06/08/weekly/the-lookbook/fashion-
state-of-the-nation/405988/
Mapping Philippine Popular 
Culture: Advertisements

HUM080 Lecture by Prof. Melannie Flor Irene R. Dela Cruz
What are Advertisements?
• An advertisement (often shortened to advert or ad) is the promotion 
of a product, brand or service to a viewership in order to attract 
interest, engagement and sales. 
Source: https://www.adjust.com/glossary/advertisement/
Advertising in the Philippine context:
• Republic Act 7394, the Consumer Act of the Philippines, was enacted 
primarily to protect consumers against false, deceptive, and 
misleading advertisements.
• Chapter VI is about “Advertising and Promotion.”
Key Ideas from RA 7394 about 
advertisements:
• “Advertisement” means the prepared 
and through any form of mass medium, 
subsequently applied, disseminated or 
circulated advertising matter.
• “Advertising” means the business of 
conceptualizing, presenting or making 
available to the public, through any form 
of mass media, fact, data or information 
about the attributes, features, quality or 
availability of consumer products, 
services or credit.
• “Advertising agency or Agent” means a service organization or 
enterprise creating, conducting, producing, implementing or giving 
counsel on promotional campaigns or programs through any medium 
for and in behalf of any advertiser.
• “Advertiser” means the client of the advertising agency or the 
sponsor of the advertisement on whose account the advertising is 
prepared, conceptualized, presented or disseminated.
Issues in Philippine advertisements
• False, Deceptive and Misleading Advertisements
• “It shall be unlawful for any person to disseminate or to cause the 
dissemination of any false, deceptive or misleading advertisement by 
Philippine mail or in commerce by print, radio, television, outdoor 
advertisement or other medium for the purpose of inducing or which is likely 
to induce directly or indirectly the purchase of consumer products or 
services.” (Taken from RA 7394)
• Issues regarding advertisements in the digital age
• Ethical issues
Critiquing Advertisements
• The Text
• Form (text, visuals, audio, etc.)
• Content and message
• The Audience
• Target audience and market
• The Context
• Source
• Situation
References:
• https://www.adjust.com/glossary/advertisement/
• https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1992/04/13/republic‐act‐no‐
7394‐s‐1992/
 Mapping
Philippine Popular
Culture
Cyberspace

HUM080 Lecture by Prof. Melannie Flor Irene R. Dela Cruz

What is Cyberspace?
Cyberspace refers to the virtual computer world, and more
specifically, an electronic medium that is used to facilitate online
communication. Cyberspace typically involves a large computer
network made up of many worldwide computer subnetworks that
employ TCP/IP protocol to aid in communication and data exchange
activities.
Cyberspace's core feature is an interactive and virtual
environment for a broad range of participants.

Source: Technopedia (2020). Retrieved from https://www.techopedia.com/definition/2493/cyberspace

Internet as a source of information:
• Abundance
• Availability
• Accessibility
Abundance
Availability
Accessibility
Internet as a source of information:
• Abundance
• Availability
• Accessibility

These characteristics make the internet

known as a leading source of information
in the digital age.
Reference
• https://www.techopedia.com/definition/2493/cyberspace
Mapping Philippine Popular
Culture: Visual Culture

HUM080 Lecture by Prof. Melannie Flor Irene R. Dela Cruz

 “Visual culture is concerned with visual events in which
information, meaning or pleasure is sought by the consumer in an
interface with visual technology. By visual technology, I mean any form
of apparatus designed either to be looked at or to enhance natural
vision, from oil painting to television and the internet. Such criticism
takes account of the importance of image making, the formal
components of a given image, and the crucial completion of that work
by its cultural reception.” (Mirzeoff, 1998, 3)
Visuals as a form of power
• Visual culture is a hybrid of
art historical practices and
cultural studies.
Screen
The screen – computer screen,
television screen, cinema screen –
trades the physicality of a work for the
temporality of the moving image.
Visual Rhetoric
• The “screen” has a
homogenizing effect.
• Like words, images can be
considered as signs (related
to Barthes’ semiotics and
his work Mythologies)
• One can read things literally
or rhetorically
Construction
• Visual rhetoric functioned in a bourgeois culture to naturalize and
normalize beliefs and thereby maintain the status quo of power.
• Visual culture seeks to reveal covert mechanisms of representation as a form
of power.
• Premise: We construct the world through representations.
What you see, and what you know…

Source: https://theartofeducation.edu/2017/03/01/november-visual-culture-impact-
curriculum/#:~:text=Visual%20culture%20is%20any%20imagery,our%20perception%20of%20the%20world.&text=She%20say
s%2C%20%E2%80%9CVisual%20culture%20works,knowing%20and%20power%20are%20interrelated.
What you see, and what you know…
Reference:
• Understanding Visual Culture by Michael Belshaw (2016)