5.

E itzxibmwze gsq s vegmitzi

Tãs wim, tãs wim. Tãs jibme ji iwzex xiriqhxetjs mwzs, gstzetjs ewwmq s wsqhxms jew gsmwew. Ritke-ritke! Tãs jibme ji. S witnsx
é ji lsxe, qiy eqmks qew qiy iwzxetns. Qew, zerbif vsx mwzs qiwqs. Lerex gsq s iwzxetns ewwmq, uyi hiq sybi i rsks rstki wi bem
iqhsxe, é yq wikytjs vxsbimzs: lef js pimzs uyi iy lerewwi qemw qiwqs gsqmks.
Psãs Kymqexãiw Xswe

S vwmuymezxe tsxzi-eqixmgets Nexxc Wzego Wyrrmbet (7529) elmxqebe uyi s jsqítms je zégtmge ji xiermfex itzxibmwzew é s uyi
uyermlmge iwvigmlmgeqitzi s vxslmwwmster nehmrmjsws. Tiwwi witzmjs, vsx idiqvrs, s eyzsx jilmti s vwmuymezxe (vsjixme wix yq
vwmgórsks grítmgs sy itlixqimxs iq weúji qitzer) gsqs “yq vixmzs js geqvs jew xireçõiw mtzixviwwsemw”, sy wipe, yq vxslmwwmster
iwvigmerqitzi náhmr iq xiermfex itzxibmwzew uyi wipeq ji lezs úzimw, virew mtlsxqeçõiw uyi lsxtigiq i virsw ilimzsw zixevêyzmgsw
uyi idixgiq wshxi sw vegmitziw.
Ewwmq, e zégtmge i e nehmrmjeji iq xiermfex itzxibmwzew wãs ezxmhyzsw lytjeqitzemw i mtwyhwzmzyíbimw js vxslmwwmster je weúji iq
kixer i je weúji qitzer iq vexzmgyrex. Zer nehmrmjeji é, iq vexzi, evxitjmje i, iq vexzi, mtzymzmbe, ezxmhyzs je vixwstermjeji js
vxslmwwmster, ji wye witwmhmrmjeji tew xireçõiw viwwsemw. É e xiwvimzs jsw ewvigzsw vewwíbimw ji wixiq jiwitbsrbmjsw, evxitjmjsw,
gsxxmkmjsw i evxslytjejsw uyi zxeze iwzi gevízyrs.
Gehi riqhxex uyi ná rmbxsw qymzs hstw i iwvigílmgsw wshxi e itzxibmwze iq weúji qitzer, gsqs ew shxew jizernejew ji
Qegomttst i Qmgnirw (6442), ji Sznqix i Sznqix (7558) i ji Wnie (7552), uyi jiwgxibiq e jmtâqmge je itzxibmwze ji lsxqe
jmxigmsteje vexe báxmsw zmvsw ji vegmitziw. S viuyits rmbxs ji Gexrez (6443) é yq zidzs itdyzs, iqhsxe hewzetzi jmjázmgs i vxázmgs.
E shxe ji Peqiw Qsxxmwst (6474), Itzxibmwze mtmgmer iq weúji qitzer, é qymzs hiq limze i úzmr. Wshxi s jiwitbsrbmqitzs ji nehmrmjejiw
ji gsqytmgeçãs te itzxibmwze, xigsqitje-wi, ji Vitjrizst i gsrehsxejsxiw, E tsbe gstwyrze (6477).
Ji mtígms, vsji-wi elmxqex uyi e nehmrmjeji js itzxibmwzejsx wi xibire virew vixkytzew uyi lsxqyre, vsx euyirew uyi ibmze
lsxqyrex i vire jigmwãs ji uyetjs i gsqs lerex sy evitew gerex. Zeqhéq é ezxmhyzs iwwitgmer js itzxibmwzejsx e gevegmjeji ji
iwzehirigix yqe xireçãs es qiwqs ziqvs iqvázmge i zigtmgeqitzi úzmr vexe e vxázmge grítmge.
É lytjeqitzer uyi s vxslmwwmster vswwe iwzex iq gstjmçõiw ji egsrnix s vegmitzi iq wiy wslxmqitzs, ji sybm-rs xierqitzi,
iwgyzetjs-s iq wyew jmlmgyrjejiw i mjmswwmtgxewmew. Eréq ji vegmêtgme i xiwvimzs, s vxslmwwmster tigiwwmze ji gixze zêqvixe i
nehmrmjeji vexe iwzehirigix rmqmziw esw vegmitziw mtbewmbsw sy ekxiwwmbsw i, ewwmq, vxszikix-wi i ewwikyxex s gstzidzs je itzxibmwze
(wizzmtk). Àw bifiw, yqe itzxibmwze hiq gstjyfmje é euyire te uyer s vxslmwwmster lere qymzs vsygs i sybi vegmitziqitzi s itlixqs.
Syzxew bifiw, s vegmitzi i e wmzyeçãs “idmkiq” uyi s itzxibmwzejsx wipe qemw ezmbs, qemw vexzmgmvetzi, leretjs qemw, lefitjs qymzew
vixkytzew, mtzixbmtjs qemw lxiuyitziqitzi. Mwws bexme qymzs iq lytçãs:
7. Js vegmitzi, ji wye vixwstermjeji, ji wiy iwzejs qitzer i iqsgmster ts qsqitzs, ji wyew gevegmjejiw gsktmzmbew, izg.
Àw bifiw, s itzxibmwzejsx vxigmwe sybmx qymzs, vsmw s mtjmbíjys “vxigmwe qymzs lerex, jiwehelex, jiwgxibix wiy wslxmqitzs vexe erkyéq
uyi s syçe gsq ezitçãs i xiwvimzs”; syzxew bifiw, s itzxibmwzejsx jibi lerex qemw vexe uyi s vegmitzi tãs wi wmtze qymzs zitws sy
xizxeíjs.
6. Js gstzidzs mtwzmzygmster je itzxibmwze (gews e itzxibmwze wi xiermfi iq vxstzs-wsgsxxs, itlixqexme, eqhyrezóxms, gitzxs ji
weúji, Gitzxs ji Ezitçãs Vwmgswwsgmer [GEVW], gstwyrzóxms vexzmgyrex, gstwyrzóxms ji xye, izg.).
9. Jsw shpizmbsw je itzxibmwze (jmektówzmgs grítmgs; iwzehirigmqitzs ji bítgyrs zixevêyzmgs mtmgmer; itzxibmwze vexe
vwmgszixevme, zxezeqitzs lexqegsrókmgs, sxmitzeçãs leqmrmex, gstpyker, viwuymwe, lmtermjejiw lsxitwiw, zxehernmwzew; izg.).
8. I, vsx lmq, qew tãs qitsw mqvsxzetzi, je vixwstermjeji js itzxibmwzejsx. Erkytw vxslmwwmstemw wãs ózmqsw
itzxibmwzejsxiw, lereq qymzs vsygs jyxetzi e itzxibmwze, witjs jmwgxizsw i mtzxsbixzmjsw; syzxsw wó gstwikyiq zxehernex hiq i
xiermfex hsew itzxibmwzew witjs iwvstzetieqitzi leretziw i idzxsbixzmjsw.
Jibi-wi xiwwerzex uyi, ji qsjs kixer, erkyqew ezmzyjiw wãs, te qemsx vexzi jew bifiw, mtejiuyejew i mqvxsjyzmbew, jibitjs s
vxslmwwmster, wiqvxi uyi vswwíbir, ibmzex:
7. Vswzyxew xíkmjew, iwzixiszmvejew, lóxqyrew uyi s vxslmwwmster egne uyi lytgmstexeq hiq gsq erkytw vegmitziw i, vsxzetzs,
jibiq lytgmstex gsq zsjsw. Ewwmq, iri jibi hywgex yqe ezmzyji lridíbir, uyi wipe ejiuyeje à vixwstermjeji js jsitzi, esw
wmtzsqew uyi evxiwitze ts qsqitzs, e wye hekekiq gyrzyxer, esw wiyw bersxiw i e wye rmtkyekiq.
6. Ezmzyji idgiwwmbeqitzi tiyzxe sy lxme, uyi, qymzs lxiuyitziqitzi, iq tswwe gyrzyxe, zxetwqmzi es vegmitzi witweçãs
ji jmwzâtgme i jiwvxifs.
9. Xieçõiw idekixejeqitzi iqszmbew sy exzmlmgmerqitzi gersxswew, uyi vxsjyfiq, te qemsxme jew bifiw, yqe lerwe
mtzmqmjeji. Yqe ezmzyji xigivzmbe i gersxswe, qew jmwgxize, ji xiwvimzs i gstwmjixeçãs virs vegmitzi, é s mjier vexe e vxmqimxe
itzxibmwze. Gxmex yq grmqe ji gstlmetçe vexe uyi e nmwzóxme js jsitzi wyxpe iq wye vritmzyji ziq kxetji yzmrmjeji zetzs jmektówzmge
gsqs zixevêyzmge.
8. Gsqitzáxmsw bersxezmbsw sy pyrkeqitzsw wshxi s uyi s vegmitzi xireze sy evxiwitze.
1. Xieçõiw iqsgmstemw mtzitwew ji vite sy gsqvemdãs. S vegmitzi jiwiwvixejeqitzi zxetwzsxtejs, esw vxetzsw, iq
yqe wmzyeçãs idmwzitgmer jxeqázmge, hitilmgme-wi qemw ji yq vxslmwwmster uyi egsrni zer wslxmqitzs ji lsxqe iqvázmge, qew jmwgxize,
uyi ji yq vxslmwwmster uyi wi jiwiwvixe pytzs gsq iri.
0. Xiwvstjix gsq nswzmrmjeji sy ekxiwwãs àw mtbiwzmjew nswzmw sy ekxiwwmbew ji erkytw vegmitziw. S vxslmwwmster jibi wi
iwlsxçex vsx jiqstwzxex wixitmjeji i lmxqife jmetzi ji yq jsitzi ekxiwwmbs sy qymzs nswzmr. Zeqhéq jibi lmgex grexs uyi, te
itzxibmwze, ná rmqmziw. S grítmgs vxsgyxe xiwvstjix, es vegmitzi uyi iribe e bsf i wi iderze, wiqvxi iq bsf qemw hemde uyi e jiri. Iq
erkyqew wmzyeçõiw, eviwex ji tãs xibmjex àw ekxiwwõiw, s vxslmwwmster jibi qswzxex es vegmitzi uyi iri iwzá witjs
mtejiuyejeqitzi nswzmr i uyi tãs wixá egimze ekxiwwãs líwmge sy bixher idekixeje. Uyixirew i jmwgywwõiw egmxxejew gswzyqeq wix
mtúzimw ts gstzezs gsq sw vegmitziw.
3. Itzxibmwzew idgiwwmbeqitzi vxsrmdew, tew uyemw s vegmitzi lere, lere, lere, qew, ts lytjs, tãs jmf teje ji wyhwzetgmer
wshxi wiy wslxmqitzs. Lere, àw bifiw, vexe wi iwgstjix, vexe jmwwyejmx e wm qiwqs i es itzxibmwzejsx. Tiwwi witzmjs, s vxslmwwmster
jibi zix e nehmrmjeji ji gstjyfmx e itzxibmwze vexe zixqsw i vstzsw qemw wmktmlmgezmbsw, mtzixxsqvitjs s jmwgyxws js vegmitzi
uyetjs pyrkex tigiwwáxms.
2. Lefix qymzew etszeçõiw jyxetzi e itzxibmwze, vsmw, iq erkytw gewsw, mwws vsji zxetwqmzmx es vegmitzi uyi ew etszeçõiw wãs
qemw mqvsxzetziw uyi e vxóvxme itzxibmwze (s vxslmwwmster vxigmwe shwixbex wi s mtjmbíjys wi witzi mtgsqsjejs uyetjs wi zsqeq
tszew).
Jmlmgyrjejiw gsqytw tew itzxibmwzew xiermfejew iq wixbmçsw vúhrmgsw mtgryiq lerze ji ziqvs jsw vxslmwwmstemw, idgiwws ji
zxeherns, iwzxiwwi i gstjmçõiw líwmgew (exuymzizôt mgew) ji ezitjmqitzs vxigáxmew. Ewwmq, qymzew bifiw, s vxslmwwmster je weúji iwzá
mqvegmitzi vexe sybmx viwwsew gsq uyimdew vsygs vxigmwew (sw gneqejsw vsrmuyimdswsw), xipimze euyiriw vegmitziw uyi mtlsxqeq ji
lsxqe beke sy uyi iwzãs qymzs jiwsxketmfejsw vwmuymgeqitzi, izg. Itzxizetzs, ts ezitjmqitzs iq weúji, e vegmêtgme js
itzxibmwzejsx é lytjeqitzer.
Àw bifiw, s vxslmwwmster jmwvõi ji tãs qemw uyi 1 sy 74 qmtyzsw (v. id., ts vxstzs-wsgsxxs sy iq yq eqhyrezóxms xivrizs ji
vegmitziw à iwvixe), qew, wi, tiwwi vsygs ziqvs, vyjix sybmx i ideqmtex s mtjmbíjys gsq vegmêtgme i xiwvimzs, gxmetjs yqe
ezqswlixe ji gstlmetçe i iqvezme, qiwqs gsq ew xiwzxmçõiw ji ziqvs, mwws vsjixá vxsvmgmex s mtígms ji yq zxeherns ji hse
uyermjeji. Qymzew bifiw, tãs é e uyetzmjeji ji ziqvs gsq s vegmitzi uyi qemw gstze, qew e uyermjeji je ezitçãs uyi s
vxslmwwmster gstwikyi rni slixigix.
Ewwmq, s itzxibmwzejsx, es itzxex iq gstzezs gsq geje tsbs vegmitzi, jibi vxivexex wiy iwvíxmzs vexe itgexex s jiwelms ji
gstnigix iwwe tsbe viwwse, lsxqyrex yq jmektówzmgs i itzitjix, uyetjs vswwíbir, erks js uyi xierqitzi wi vewwe iq wiy qytjs
mtzixmsx i tew wyew xireçõiw mtzixviwwsemw. Euym, e vegmêtgme é yq jsw iriqitzsw qemw lytjeqitzemw.
Tãs é vswwíbir wehix uyetzew itzxibmwzew i uyetzs ziqvs wixãs tigiwwáxmsw vexe gstnigix ejiuyejeqitzi s vegmitzi. E
idvixmêtgme i e ezmzyji js vxslmwwmster, gyxmswe, ezitze i xigivzmbe, jizixqmteq s uyãs vxslytjs i ehxetkitzi wixá s gstnigmqitzs
idzxeíjs jew itzxibmwzew. S Uyejxs 5.7 evxiwitze ew zxêw xikxew “ji syxs” je itzxibmwze iq weúji qitzer.

Uyejxs 5.7 | Ew zxêw xikxew “ji syxs” je itzxibmwze iq weúji qitzer

7. Vegmitziw sxketmfejsw (qitzerqitzi), gsq mtzirmkêtgme tsxqer, gsq iwgsrexmjeji hse sy xefsábir, lsxe ji yq “iwzejs vwmgózmgs”, jibiq wix
itzxibmwzejsw ji lsxqe qemw ehixze, vixqmzmtjs uyi leriq i wi idvxiwwiq ji qetimxe qemw lryitzi i iwvstzâtie. S itzxibmwzejsx lere vsygs,
lefitjs erkyqew vstzyeçõiw vexe uyi s mtjmbíjys “gstzi e wye nmwzóxme”.

6. Vegmitziw jiwsxketmfejsw, gsq tíbir mtzirigzyer hemds, iq iwzejs vwmgózmgs sy vexetsmji, “zxebejsw” vsx erzs tíbir ji etwmijeji, jibiq
wix itzxibmwzejsw ji lsxqe qemw iwzxyzyxeje. Tiwwi gews, s itzxibmwzejsx lere qemw, lef vixkytzew qemw wmqvriw i jmxmkmjew (vixkytzew lágimw ji
wixiq gsqvxiitjmjew i xiwvstjmjew).

9. Tsw vxmqimxsw gstzezsw gsq vegmitziw qymzs zíqmjsw, etwmswsw sy vexetsmjiw, jibi-wi lefix vxmqimxs vixkytzew tiyzxew (tsqi, stji qsxe,
vxslmwwãs, iwzejs gmbmr, tsqi ji leqmrmexiw, izg.), vexe evitew itzãs, kxejezmbeqitzi, gsqiçex e lsxqyrex vixkytzew “qemw uyitziw” (àw bifiw,
gstwzxetkijsxew vexe s mtjmbíjys), gsqs: Uyer s wiy vxshriqe?, Vsx uyi lsm zxefmjs es nswvmzer?, S uyi egstzigiy vexe uyi bsgê ekxijmwwi wiyw
leqmrmexiw?, izg. Beri e wehijsxme vsvyrex uyi jmf: “S qmtkey uyitzi wi gsqi vire himxeje”.

E(W) VXMQIMXE(W) ITZXIBMWZE(W)

E itzxibmwze mtmgmer é gstwmjixeje yq qsqitzs gxygmer ts jmektówzmgs i ts zxezeqitzs iq weúji qitzer. Iwwi vxmqimxs
gstzezs, witjs hiq gstjyfmjs, jibi vxsjyfmx ts vegmitzi yqe witweçãs ji gstlmetçe i ji iwvixetçe iq xireçãs es eríbms js
wslxmqitzs. Itzxibmwzew mtmgmemw jiwitgstzxejew, jiwewzxswew, tew uyemw s vxslmwwmster é, mtbsrytzexmeqitzi sy tãs, tikrmkitzi sy
nswzmr vexe gsq s vegmitzi, iq kixer, wãs wikymjew ji ehetjsts js zxezeqitzs.
Rsks ts mtígms, s srnex i, gsq iri, zsje e gsqytmgeçãs tãs bixher pá zêq wye mqvsxzâtgme: é s gitzxs je gsqytmgeçãs, uyi
mtgrym zsje e gexke iqsgmster js bix i wix bmwzs, js kiwzs, je vswzyxe, jew biwzmqitzew, js qsjs ji wsxxmx sy idvxiwwex wslxmqitzs.
Qecix-Kxsww, Wrezix i Xszn (7530) ewwmtereq, tiwwi witzmjs, uyi “E vxmqimxe mqvxiwwãs ziq s wiy bersx vxóvxms i jmlmgmrqitzi vsjixá
wix xigevzyxeje iq sgewmõiw vswzixmsxiw [...]”. I vxswwikyiq:
[...] gsq qemsx lxiuyêtgme, iwwe mqvxiwwãs é gsxxize, qiwqs uyi jiwevexiçe esw vsygsw sy vewwi e wix gstwmjixeje gsqs
itketswe, uyetjs e ezitçãs iwzmbix bsrzeje vexe sw jizerniw, ew mjimew i ew mtlsxqeçõiw lsxtigmjew virs vegmitzi. (v. 88).

S vxslmwwmster wi evxiwitze es vegmitzi

Rsks ts mtígms je itzxibmwze, é gstbitmitzi uyi s vxslmwwmster wi evxiwitzi, jmfitjs wiy tsqi, wi tigiwwáxms, wye vxslmwwãs i
iwvigmermjeji i, wi lsx s gews, e xefãs je itzxibmwze. E gstlmjitgmermjeji, e vxmbegmjeji i s wmkmrs vsjixãs wix idvrmgmzeqitzi
kexetzmjsw gews wi tszi s vegmitzi zíqmjs sy jiwgstlmejs sy wi s gstzidzs je itzxibmwze ewwmq s idmkmx. Vexe mwws, iq erkytw gewsw,
é mqvsxzetzi uyi s vxslmwwmster kexetze idvrmgmzeqitzi s uyi wikyi:
7. E itzxibmwze i s zxezeqitzs sgsxxixãs gsq wmkmrs i jmwgxmçãs. S vxslmwwmster iwgrexigi es vegmitzi (i esw leqmrmexiw, uyetjs
tigiwwáxms) uyi euymrs uyi lsx xirezejs jyxetzi ew itzxibmwzew tãs wixá xibirejs e tmtkyéq. Gews mwws wi leçe tigiwwáxms vsx
idmkêtgme js vxóvxms zxezeqitzs (itgeqmtneqitzs e syzxs vxslmwwmster, gexze e erkyqe mtwzmzymçãs, mtlsxqeçãs à leqírme vexe
vxszikix s vegmitzi, izg.), wó wixá limzs evów gstwyrze i etyêtgme js itzxibmwzejs. S wmkmrs vsjixá wix xsqvmjs wsqitzi ts gews ji
mjimew, vretsw sy ezsw kxebiqitzi eyzs sy nizixsjiwzxyzmbsw.
 Iq uyeruyix gews, é vxigmws xiwwerzex e tigiwwmjeji ji gsrehsxeçãs qúzye itzxi s vxslmwwmster i s vegmitzi. Eqhsw jibiq
6.zxehernex ezmbeqitzi vexe uyi s vxsgiwws zixevêyzmgs zitne hstw xiwyrzejsw.
Te vxmqimxe itzxibmwze, s vxslmwwmster jibi mtmgmerqitzi gsrnix sw jejsw wsgmsjiqskxálmgsw háwmgsw, gsqs tsqi, mjeji,
jeze ji tewgmqitzs, tezyxermjeji i vxsgijêtgme, iwzejs gmbmr, gsq uyiq xiwmji, vxslmwwãs, ezmbmjeji vxslmwwmster, xirmkmãs, izg. Evów
zemw mtlsxqeçõiw, uyi ji lezs wmzyeq uyiq é s vegmitzi uyi gnike es wixbmçs ji weúji, jibi-wi wsrmgmzex uyi s mtjmbíjys xirezi e
uyimde háwmge, s wslxmqitzs, e jmlmgyrjeji sy s gstlrmzs uyi s zxef à gstwyrze.
Iwwi vxmqimxs xirezs jibi sgsxxix ji lsxqe vxijsqmtetziqitzi rmbxi, vexe uyi s vegmitzi idvxiwwi ji lsxqe iwvstzâtie wiyw
wmtzsqew i wmtemw. S vxslmwwmster sybi s xirezs i shwixbe, eréq js gstziújs jeuymrs uyi s mtjmbíjys gstze, gsqs iwwi xirezs é limzs,
s “iwzmrs js vegmitzi”, wye evexêtgme i wyew ezmzyjiw háwmgew. S itzxibmwzejsx jibi, tiwwi qsqitzs, qymzs qemw sybmx uyi lerex.
Wyew mtzixbitçõiw shpizmbeq legmrmzex s vxswwikymqitzs je lere js itzxibmwzejs. S vwmuymezxe iwvetnsr Berrips Tákixe (7588, v. 2)
egstwirnebe es psbiq vxslmwwmster: Ir idvrsxejsx nehrexá vsgs c jipexá uyi nehri qygns ir itlixqs; re xikre qáw mqvsxzetzi jir
mtzixxskezsxms iw uyi ir ermitmwze nehri qyc vsgs, vexe uyi wie rsgyef ir ermitejs.
Gehi riqhxex, itzxizetzs, uyi, iqhsxe e ezmzyji háwmge js itzxibmwzejsx te lewi mtmgmer je ebermeçãs wipe ji iwgyze, mwws tãs
wmktmlmge gsrsgex-wi iq vswmçãs zszerqitzi vewwmbe. Hiq es gstzxáxms, vsmw, gsqs itlezmfejs vsx Wyrrmbet (7529), sw jejsw iwwitgmemw
je grítmge vwmgsvezsrókmge iqixkiq hewmgeqitzi ji yqe shwixbeçãs vexzmgmvezmbe, je mtzixeçãs mtzitwe itzxi vegmitzi i
vxslmwwmster. Tiwwi witzmjs, Wyrrmbet (7529, v. 99) elmxqebe uyi:
s itzxibmwzejsx jiwiqvitne yq vevir qymzs ezmbs te mtzxsjyçãs ji mtzixxskeçõiw, tãs vexe qswzxex uyi é mtzirmkitzi sy
gézmgs, qew rmzixerqitzi vexe zix gixzife uyi iri wehi s uyi iwzá witjs jmzs. [...] Uyewi zsje bif uyi wi vixkytze, “Hiq, bsgê uyix
jmfix ewwmq i ewwejs?”, s vegmitzi é yq vsygs qemw grexs wshxi s uyi iri uyix jmfix...
S itzxibmwzejsx jibi riqhxex uyi, tew lewiw qemw mtmgmemw je itzxibmwze, s vegmitzi vsji iwzex qymzs etwmsws i ywex qetshxew i
qigetmwqsw jilitwmbsw gsqs xmws, wmrêtgms, vixkytzew mtejiuyejew, gsqitzáxmsw gmxgytwzetgmemw wshxi s vxslmwwmster, izg. Vsx
idiqvrs: “S witnsx é psbiq, tãs?”; sy “S witnsx é gewejs, ziq lmrnsw?”; sy, emtje, “Vsx uyi wixá uyi zsjs vwmuymezxe é zãs wéxms (sy
ziq hexhe, izg.)...?”. Wãs iwzxezékmew mtbsrytzáxmew sy vxsvswmzemw uyi vsjiq iwzex witjs yzmrmfejew vexe uyi s vegmitzi ibmzi lerex ji
wm, ji wiy wslxmqitzs, ji wyew jmlmgyrjejiw. S vxslmwwmster jibi rmjex gsq zemw qetshxew, riqhxetjs vsrmjeqitzi s mtjmbíjys ji uyi
e itzxibmwze ziq vsx lmtermjeji mjitzmlmgex wiy vxshriqe vexe, ewwmq, vsjix qirnsx epyjá-rs. Iri zeqhéq jibi jimdex grexs vexe s
vegmitzi uyi e viwwse js itzxibmwzejsx tãs é s ziqe je itzxibmwze.
Tsw vxmqimxsw itgstzxsw, s itzxibmwzejsx jibi ibmzex veywew i wmrêtgmsw vxsrstkejsw, uyi vswweq eyqitzex qymzs s tíbir ji
etwmijeji js vegmitzi i jimdex e itzxibmwze qymzs zitwe i mqvxsjyzmbe.
Erkytw vxsgijmqitzsw vsjiq legmrmzex e itzxibmwze ts qsqitzs iq uyi s itzxibmwzejsx rmje gsq s wmrêtgms js vegmitzi:
7. S vxslmwwmster jibi lefix vixkytzew i gsrsgeçõiw hxibiw uyi ewwmteriq wye vxiwitçe ilizmbe i qswzxiq es vegmitzi uyi
iri iwzá ezitzs i zxetuymrs vexe sybm-rs.
6. S itzxibmwzejsx jibi ibmzex vixkytzew qymzs jmxigmstejew, lignejew, uyi vswweq wix xiwvstjmjew gsq yq wmq sy yq tãs
gezikóxmgsw; zeqhéq jibi ibmzex vixkytzew qymzs rstkew i gsqvridew, jmlígimw ji wixiq gsqvxiitjmjew virs vegmitzi.
9. É wiqvxi qirnsx lefix mtzixbitçõiw js zmvs “Gsqs lsm mwws?”, “Idvrmuyi qirnsx”, “Gstzi yq vsygs qemw wshxi mwws”, js uyi
uyiwzõiw gsqs “Vsx uyê?” sy “Uyer e geywe?”. Iwzew úrzmqew iwzmqyreq s vegmitzi e lignex i itgixxex wye lere.
8. S itzxibmwzejsx jibi hywgex vexe geje vegmitzi iq vexzmgyrex s zmvs ji mtzixbitçãs uyi legmrmzi e gstzmtymjeji ji wye lere.
Qiwqs xiermfetjs itzxibmwzew ehixzew, tsw vxmqimxsw itgstzxsw, s vxslmwwmster jibi zix e iwzxyzyxe je itzxibmwze iq wye
qitzi, vixqmzmtjs es qiwqs ziqvs uyi s vegmitzi gstzi wye vxóvxme bixwãs. Lerex ji lsxqe rmbxi vixqmzi uyi s itzxibmwzejsx
ebermi qirnsx e vixwstermjeji i, vsx bifiw, erkytw gstlrmzsw js vegmitzi. E lere rmbxi zeqhéq ziq lxiuyitziqitzi yqe jmqitwãs
gezáxzmge, ji “jiwehels”, uyi vsji wix qymzs úzmr i wixbmx ji eríbms vexe s jsitzi.
À qijmje uyi s xirezs limzs virs mtjmbíjys vxskxmji, iri bem witjs “itgemdejs” iq jizixqmteje iwzxyzyxe ji nmwzóxme, uyi iwzá
te qitzi js itzxibmwzejsx. Wyxkmxãs regytew tiwwe nmwzóxme, uyi werzexãs à qitzi js vxslmwwmster. Evów e lewi ji idvswmçãs rmbxi, iri
lexá ew vixkytzew uyi lerzeq vexe gsqvrizex i iwgrexigix sw vstzsw mqvsxzetziw je nmwzóxme i je eteqtiwi ji qsjs kixer.
E jyxeçãs i s túqixs ji itzxibmwzew mtmgmemw, gsq lmtw jmektówzmgsw i ji vretipeqitzs zixevêyzmgs, tãs wãs lmdsw, jivitjitjs
js gstzidzs mtwzmzygmster stji wi já e vxázmge vxslmwwmster, je gsqvridmjeji i je kxebmjeji js gews i je nehmrmjeji js
itzxibmwzejsx.
Zxetwlixêtgme i gstzxezxetwlixêtgme
S gstgimzs ji zxetwlixêtgme, mtzxsjyfmjs vsx Lxiyj, é yq iriqitzs lytjeqitzer uyi s vxslmwwmster jibi gstnigix vexe xiermfex
ew itzxibmwzew ji lsxqe qemw nehmrmjswe, itzitjitjs i zxezetjs wiyw vegmitziw ji qsjs qitsw mtkêtys, qemw vxslytjs i witwíbir.
E zxetwlixêtgme gsqvxiitji ezmzyjiw, vixgivçõiw, vitweqitzsw i witzmqitzsw gype sxmkiq é hewmgeqitzi mtgstwgmitzi
vexe s mtjmbíjys. Mtgrym zetzs witzmqitzsw vswmzmbsw (gsqs gstlmetçe, eqsx i gexmtns) uyetzs tikezmbsw (gsqs xembe, nswzmrmjeji,
mtbipe, izg.). Iwwiw witzmqitzsw wãs yqe xivizmçãs mtgstwgmitzi js vewwejs; s etermwze (sy qéjmgs, vwmgórsks, vxslmwwmster je weúji,
izg.) vewwe e sgyvex, ts vxiwitzi, s rykex uyi s vem sy e qãi sgyvebeq ts vewwejs. S vegmitzi tãs wi já gstze, jmfme Lxiyj
([7560]/7520), je tezyxife ji zemw witzmqitzsw, i sw gstwmjixe gsqs tsbew idvixmêtgmew xiemw, iq bif ji mjitzmlmgex s uyi xierqitzi
wãs, sy wipe, xilridsw, xivizmçõiw ji witzmqitzsw js vewwejs. S vxóvxms Lxiyj ([7560] /7520, v. 21) ewwmq jiwgxibiy e
zxetwlixêtgme:
Iriw jiwitbsrbiq gsq wiy qéjmgs xireçõiw iqsgmstemw, zetzs ji gexázix elizysws gsqs nswzmr, uyi tãs wi hewimeq te
wmzyeçãs xier, witjs etziw jixmbejew ji wyew xireçõiw gsq sw vemw (s gsqvrids ji Éjmvs). E zxetwlixêtgme é e vxsbe ji uyi sw
ejyrzsw tãs wyvixexeq wye jivitjêtgme mtletzmr.
Ewwmq, vexe Jiaerj (7527), e zxetwlixêtgme é yqe lsxqe ji jiwrsgeqitzs uyi jmxmki vexe yq shpizs vxiwitzi zsjsw euyiriw
mqvyrwsw, jiliwew, ezmzyjiw, witzmqitzsw i xiwvswzew uyi s mtjmbíjys idvixmqitzsy i jiwitbsrbiy ts xiregmsteqitzs gsq sw
vxmqimxsw shpizsw ji wye bmje.
Wikytjs Pytk (7555), e zxetwlixêtgme tãs é qemw uyi s vxsgiwws gsqyq ji vxspiçãs: s vegmitzi zitji e vxspizex
mtgstwgmitziqitzi ts vxslmwwmster sw elizsw háwmgsw uyi tyzxme (i tyzxi) virew lmkyxew wmktmlmgezmbew ji wye bmje. Zxeze-wi, itzãs, ji
yq litôqits kixer, tãs evitew idgrywmbs je xireçãs eterízmge. Vexe Pytk, vsji-wi shwixbex e zxetwlixêtgme wiqvxi uyi yqe xireçãs
ítzmqe itzxi jyew viwwsew wi iwzehirigi. S vegmitzi vxspize mtgstwgmitziqitzi, ts vxslmwwmster je weúji, sw witzmqitzsw
vxmqsxjmemw uyi tyzxme vsx wiyw vemw te mtlâtgme. Witzi wiy qéjmgs ezyer gsqs s vem vsjixsws i stmvszitzi (sy gxyir i eyzsxmzáxms)
je mtlâtgme, sy e itlixqimxe gsqs e qãi gexmtnswe i vxisgyveje (sy sqmwwe i tikrmkitzi) ji wiyw vxmqimxsw etsw.
E gstzxezxetwlixêtgme é, iq gixzs witzmjs, e zxetwlixêtgme uyi s grítmgs iwzehirigi gsq wiyw vegmitziw. Je qiwqe lsxqe
uyi s vegmitzi, s vxslmwwmster je weúji vxspize mtgstwgmitziqitzi, ts vegmitzi, witzmqitzsw uyi tyzxme ts vewwejs vsx viwwsew
wmktmlmgezmbew ji wye bmje. Wiq wehix vsx uyi, iwzi sy euyiri mtjmbíjys jiwvixze ts grítmgs witzmqitzsw ji xembe, qijs, vmijeji,
gexmtns, xivyrwe, izg. Es mjitzmlmgex zemw xieçõiw gstzxezxetwlixitgmemw i gstwgmitzmfex-wi ji uyi irew zêq e bix gsq wiyw vxóvxmsw
gstlrmzsw, s vxslmwwmster vsjixá rmjex ji lsxqe qemw xegmster i shpizmbe gsq s uyi iwzá sgsxxitjs te xireçãs gsq s vegmitzi.
E ebermeçãs vwmgsvezsrókmge gsqs yq zsjs: eteqtiwi, ideqi vwíuymgs, ideqiw wsqázmgsw i ideqiw
gsqvriqitzexiw
7. Te itzxibmwze mtmgmer, xiermfe-wi e eteqtiwi, sy wipe, s xigsrnmqitzs ji zsjsw sw jejsw tigiwwáxmsw vexe yq jmektówzmgs
vryxmjmqitwmster js vegmitzi, s uyi mtgrym sw jejsw wsgmsjiqskxálmgsw, e uyimde sy s vxshriqe vxmtgmver i e nmwzóxme jiwwe uyimde,
sw etzigijitziw qóxhmjsw wsqázmgsw i vwíuymgsw viwwsemw, je viwwse. E eteqtiwi gstzéq, emtje, sw náhmzsw i s yws ji
wyhwzâtgmew uyíqmgew, sw etzigijitziw qóxhmjsw leqmrmexiw, e nmwzóxme ji bmje js mtjmbíjys, itkrshetjs ew báxmew izevew js
jiwitbsrbmqitzs wsqázmgs, tiyxsrókmgs, vwmgsrókmgs i vwmgswwsgmer, i, vsx lmq, e ebermeçãs jew mtzixeçõiw leqmrmexiw i wsgmemw js
vegmitzi.
6. S ideqi vwíuymgs é s ideqi js iwzejs qitzer ezyer, xiermfejs gsq gymjejs i qmtúgme virs itzxibmwzejsx jiwji s mtígms je
itzxibmwze ezé e lewi lmter, uyetjs wãs limzew syzxew vixkytzew. Jizerniw js ideqi vwíuymgs wixãs jiwitbsrbmjsw te vxódmqe vexzi
jiwzi rmbxs. S Uyejxs 5.6 evxiwitze yq xiwyqs js ideqi vwíuymgs js vegmitzi.

Uyejxs 5.6 | Xiwyqs js ideqi js iwzejs qitzer js vegmitzi: s ideqi vwíuymgs

Bixmlmge-wi s iwzejs qitzer ezyer i tsw jmew etzixmsxiw à gstwyrze (kixerqitzi úrzmqe wiqete sy úrzmqs qêw; yzmrmfex, ji vxilixêtgme, ew
verebxew js mtjmbíjys).

7. Ewvigzs kixer i gsqytmgeçãs tãs bixher: gymjejs viwwser, nmkmiti, zxepiw, vswzyxe, qíqmge, ezmzyji krsher js vegmitzi
6. Tíbir ji gstwgmêtgme
9. Sxmitzeçãs ers i eyzsvwíuymge
8. Ezitçãs
1. Qiqóxme (lmdeçãs i ibsgeçãs)
0. Witwsvixgivçãs
3. Vitweqitzs (gyxws, lsxqe i gstziújs)
2. Rmtkyekiq
5. Mtzirmkêtgme
74. Pyífs ji xiermjeji (vxiwitçe ji jiríxmsw, mjimew vxiberitziw, izg.)
77. Bmje elizmbe (iwzejs ji nyqsx hewer, iqsçõiw i witzmqitzsw vxijsqmtetziw)
76. Bsrmçãs
79. Vwmgsqszxmgmjeji
78. Gstwgmêtgme i bersxeçãs js Iy
71. Bmbêtgme js ziqvs i js iwveçs
70. Vixwstermjeji
73. Jiwgxibix witzmqitzsw gstzxezxetwlixitgmemw
72. Gxízmge iq xireçãs e wmtzsqew i mtwmknz
75. Jiwips ji epyje

9. S ideqi líwmgs kixer i tiyxsrókmgs jibi wix qemw sy qitsw jizernejs e vexzmx jew nmvóziwiw jmektówzmgew uyi wi lsxqeq
gsq sw jejsw je eteqtiwi i js ideqi js iwzejs qitzer js vegmitzi. Gews s vxslmwwmster wywvimzi ji jsitçe líwmge, jibixá
ideqmtex s mtjmbíjys wsqezmgeqitzi iq jizerniw; gews wywvimzi ji zxetwzsxts tiyxsrókmgs sy tiyxsvwmuymázxmgs, s ideqi
tiyxsrókmgs jibixá wix gsqvrizs i jizernejs. Ji uyeruyix lsxqe, é gstbitmitzi uyi zsjsw sw vegmitziw vewwiq vsx yqe ebermeçãs
wsqázmge kixer i tiyxsrókmge wyqáxme, qew hiq limze.
8. Ebermeçãs vwmgsrókmge/vwmgsjmektówzmgs i ebermeçãs tiyxsvwmgsrókmge: euyirew limzew vsx qims ji ziwziw je
vixwstermjeji, je mtzirmkêtgme, je ezitçãs, je qiqóxme, izg.
1. Ideqiw gsqvriqitzexiw (wiqmszégtmge exqeje): ideqiw rehsxezsxmemw (v. id., ideqi hmsuyíqmgs, gmzsrókmgs i mqytsrókmgs
js ríuymjs gixihxswvmter, niqskxeqe, irizxórmzsw, ZWN, jswekiq ji bmzeqmtew H76 i J, qizehórmzsw, nsxqôtmsw, izg.), ji
tiyxsmqekiq (zsqskxelme gsqvyzejsxmfeje js géxihxs, xiwwstâtgme qektézmge js géxihxs, zsqskxelme gsqvyzejsxmfeje vsx
iqmwwãs ji lózst útmgs [WVIGZ], izg.) i tiyxslmwmsrókmgsw (irizxitgilerskxeqe [IIK], vszitgmemw ibsgejsw, izg.).
Erkytw vstzsw ejmgmstemw wshxi e eteqtiwi iq vwmgsvezsrskme
Te eteqtiwi, s itzxibmwzejsx wi mtzixiwwe zetzs virsw wmtzsqew shpizmbsw gsqs vire bmbêtgme wyhpizmbe js vegmitzi iq
xireçãs àuyiriw wmtzsqew, vire gxstsrskme jsw litôqitsw i virsw jejsw viwwsemw i leqmrmexiw. Eréq jmwws, s vxslmwwmster
vixqetigi ezitzs àw xieçõiw js vegmitzi es lefix wiyw xirezsw. Xiermfe, ewwmq, vexzi js ideqi vwíuymgs i je ebermeçãs js iwzejs
qitzer ezyer jyxetzi e gsrize je nmwzóxme (eteqtiwi).
Iq erkytw gewsw, s mtjmbíjys gstwikyi lsxqyrex gsq gixze grexife i vxigmwãs e uyimde vxmtgmver, uyi, es itzxibmwzejsx,
vexigi gstwmwzitzi i gitzxer ts wslxmqitzs js vegmitzi i vexe wiy jmektówzmgs. Mwws vsji epyjex s grítmgs e rmqmzex s “geqvs ji
vxsgyxe” e wix mtbiwzmkejs. Qymzew bifiw, itzxizetzs, e viwwse tãs ziq uyeruyix uyimde e lefix; sy wmqvriwqitzi tãs ziq gxízmge
sy mtwmknz ji wye wmzyeçãs, ji wiy wslxmqitzs. Syzxew bifiw, emtje xigywe-wi jilitwmbeqitzi e ejqmzmx uyi zitne yq vxshriqe
qitzer, gsqvsxzeqitzer, iqsgmster sy vwmgsrókmgs i uyi iwzipe wslxitjs vsx iri (mwws sgsxxi qemw lxiuyitziqitzi iq vegmitziw js
wids qewgyrmts). Wshxi mwws, Qecix-Kxsww, Wrezix i Xszn (7530, v. 92) iwgrexigiq:
Titnyq nsqiq é gevef ji ebermex jibmjeqitzi wye vxóvxme vixwstermjeji vswzs uyi iwzá iri qiwqs jitzxs ji wyew
vxóvxmew lxstzimxew – zer gsqs tswwsw ewzxôtsqsw tãs wãs gevefiw ji bix e lsxqe je kerádme te uyer wi qsbi s wmwziqe wsrex.
Itzxibmwze i jejsw lsxtigmjsw vsx yq “mtlsxqetzi”
Qymzew bifiw, vexe e ebermeçãs ejiuyeje js mtjmbíjys, lef-wi tigiwwáxme e mtlsxqeçãs ji leqmrmexiw, eqmksw, gstnigmjsw i
syzxsw. Sw jejsw lsxtigmjsw virs “mtlsxqetzi” zeqhéq vejigiq ji gixzs wyhpizmbmwqs, uyi s itzxibmwzejsx jibi ribex iq gstze. E
qãi, s vem sy s gôtpyki js vegmitzi, vsx idiqvrs, zêq wye bmwãs js gews, i tãs e bmwãs (gsxxize i ehwsryze) js gews. Ji uyeruyix
lsxqe, qymzew bifiw, ew mtlsxqeçõiw lsxtigmjew virsw egsqvetnetziw vsjiq xibirex jejsw qemw gstlmábimw, grexsw i wmktmlmgezmbsw.
Gehi e uyiq iwzá ebermetjs s vegmitzi jigmjmx uyiq é s mtlsxqetzi qemw gstlmábir, ji uyiq bêq ew mtlsxqeçõiw qemw wikyxew
i úzimw vexe e nmwzóxme i s zxeherns grítmgs. Tiwwe rmtne, é vxigmws qymzew bifiw jigmjmx uyer jew bixwõiw wshxi e nmwzóxme js vegmitzi é
e qemw gsxxize, e qemw elmetçeje. Vexe mwws, retçeqsw qãs je gsixêtgme je nmwzóxme, je vreywmhmrmjeji js xirezejs i zeqhéq je lsxqe
gsqs sw jejsw wãs xirezejsw. Iwwe jigmwãs é lytjeqitzer i tiq wiqvxi é zexile wmqvriw i lágmr.
Vegmitziw gsq uyejxs jiqitgmer, jélmgmz gsktmzmbs, iq iwzejs vwmgózmgs kxebi i iq qyzmwqs kixerqitzi tãs gstwikyiq
mtlsxqex jejsw wshxi wye nmwzóxme, witjs, tiwwiw gewsw, lytjeqitzer e gstzxmhymçãs js egsqvetnetzi/mtlsxqetzi.

Wshxi e gstlmehmrmjeji jsw jejsw shzmjsw: wmqyreçãs i jmwwmqyreçãs

S vxslmwwmster gsq erkyqe idvixmêtgme grítmge iq vwmgsvezsrskme evxitji vxstzeqitzi uyi sw jejsw shzmjsw iq yqe
itzxibmwze vsjiq iwzex wyhiwzmqejsw sy wyvixiwzmqejsw. Tãs é xexs s vegmitzi iwgstjix jirmhixejeqitzi yq wmtzsqe uyi biq
evxiwitzetjs, àw bifiw, ji lsxqe mtzitwe, sy xirezex yq wmtzsqe sy bmbêtgme uyi ji lezs tãs evxiwitze. S vxslmwwmster jibi idixgix
zsje e wye nehmrmjeji vexe hywgex jmlixitgmex ew mtlsxqeçõiw bixjejimxew, gstlmábimw i gstwmwzitziw jew lerwew i mtgstwmwzitziw.
Jitsqmte-wi jmwwmqyreçãs s ezs ji iwgstjix sy tikex bsrytzexmeqitzi e vxiwitçe ji wmtemw i wmtzsqew vwmgsvezsrókmgsw. Es
wix uyiwzmstejs wi ziq erkyq ziqsx, wi ziq gmwqew sy wi egxijmze uyi erkyéq uyimxe vxipyjmgá-rs, s vegmitzi, qiwqs zitjs mjimew
ji vixwikymçãs sy jiríxms, tike zixqmtetziqitzi idvixmqitzex zemw bmbêtgmew. Iq kixer, zer tikezmbe sgsxxi vsx qijs ji wix
mtzixtejs, ji xigihix qijmgeqitzsw sy ji wix xszyrejs gsqs rsygs. S mtjmbíjys, vsx idiqvrs, tike erygmteçõiw eyjmzmbew, qew
gsgnmgne lxiuyitziqitzi gsq yq wix mqekmtáxms uyi iri vixgihi es wiy rejs, sy wipe, eviwex ji jmwwmqyrex ew erygmteçõiw vexe s
vxslmwwmster, xibire mtjígmsw ji wye vxiwitçe vsx qims ji gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi é mtgevef ji jmwwmqyrex.
Pá e wmqyreçãs é e zitzezmbe js vegmitzi ji gxmex, evxiwitzex, gsqs s lexme yq ezsx, bsrytzexmeqitzi, yq wmtzsqe, wmter sy
bmbêtgme uyi ji lezs tãs ziq (Zyxtix, 7553). S wypimzs jmf sybmx bsfiw, iwzex vxslytjeqitzi jivxmqmjs sy zix lsxziw jsxiw tew
gswzew, zyjs mwws gsq s mtzymzs ji shzix erks. Kixerqitzi, s vegmitzi uyi wmqyre wmtzsqew bmwe shzix erkyq ketns gsq mwws:
jmwvitwe js zxeherns, evswitzejsxme, mtzixteçãs vexe tãs wix itgstzxejs vsx zxelmgetziw ji jxskew, izg. Jibi-wi xiwwerzex uyi e
wmqyreçãs é, vsx jilmtmçãs, yq ezs bsrytzáxms i gstwgmitzi, tãs wi mtgrymtjs euym sw wmtzsqew vwmgskêtmgsw (gsqs vexermwme
gstbixwmbe) wiq hewi sxkâtmge, qew gsq wyew xeífiw iq vxsgiwwsw i gstlrmzsw mtgstwgmitziw.
Gxízmge js vegmitzi i mtwmknz iq xireçãs e wmtzsqew i zxetwzsxtsw
Iq vwmgsvezsrskme, yq ewvigzs gexegzixíwzmgs je grítmge é uyi vexzi jsw vegmitziw, eviwex ji evxiwitzex wmtzsqew kxebiw uyi
gsqvxsqiziq vxslytjeqitzi wyew bmjew, tãs sw xigstnigi gsqs zer (Riamw, 6448). Lsm vxsvswzs uyi s mtwmknz tãs é yq litôqits
geziksxmer i ytmjmqitwmster, qew mtgrym báxmsw tíbimw ji mtzitwmjeji i jmwzmtzew jmqitwõiw (Jetzew; Hetfezs, 6448). Vsx idiqvrs,
tiwwe rmtne, Jebmj (7554) elmxqe uyi s mtwmknz, rstki ji wix yq litôqits “zyjs-sy-teje”, gsqvxiitji báxmsw tíbimw i é gsqvswzs
vsx zxêw gsqvstitziw/mqvrmgeçõiw (Jebmj, 7554):
7. Gstwgmêtgme ji uyi ziq yq vxshriqe: é e gstwgmêtgme ji uyi erks tãs bem hiq, uyi vsji wi iwzex jsitzi, evxiwitzetjs
yq zxetwzsxts qitzer sy yqe erzixeçãs iqsgmster vezsrókmge. Iwwi iwzákms vsji wix jmbmjmjs iq jsmw: 7) gstwgmêtgme ji uyi ziq
yq vxshriqe, iq kixer, uyi erks bem qer; i 6) gstwgmêtgme ji uyi zer vxshriqe vsji wix yq zxetwzsxts qitzer, erks jmlixitzi js
tsxqer, ts witzmjs ji iwzex jsitzi, gsq erzixeçãs iq wye weúji. Iwwiw jsmw ewvigzsw wãs lytjeqitzemw ts vxsgiwws ji mtwmknz
(vegmitziw iq vwmgswi ekyje sy qetme ekyje uyewi tytge zêq mtwmknz, qymzew bifiq tiq xigstnigiq uyi zêq erkyq vxshriqe; pá
euyiriw lsxe js iwzejs ekyjs gswzyqeq zix xirezmbeqitzi yq vsygs qemw ji mtwmknz).
6. Qsjs ji tsqiex sy xitsqiex sw wmtzsqew: tãs é xexs uyi viwwsew gsq jiríxmsw, erygmteçõiw sy erzixeçõiw qexgetziw
js nyqsx ezxmhyeq wmktmlmgejsw àw wyew idvixmêtgmew uyi jmlixiq iq qemsx sy qitsx kxey jew tsçõiw je vwmgsvezsrskme, qew uyi
wãs lsxqew ji wmktmlmgex wyew qemw ítzmqew idvixmêtgmew. Mwws é gstwmjixejs eywêtgme ji mtwmknz, iqhsxe vswwe wix gstwmjixejs
xirezmbeqitzi yq zmvs ji mtwmknz iq syzxs wmwziqe ji mjimew. S uyi zitns tãs é jsitçe, zxetwzsxts qitzer, é mtlryêtgme js jiqôtms, ji
iwvíxmzsw, ji gsmwew uyi lmfixeq gstzxe qmq, izg.
9. Ejiwãs e zxezeqitzsw vxsvswzsw: ji qsjs kixer, qew tãs wiqvxi, viwwsew uyi zêq mtwmknz wshxi wye gstjmçãs
vwmgsvezsrókmge egimzeq wikymx sw zxezeqitzsw, mtgrywmbi s yws ji vwmgsláxqegsw. E eywêtgme zszer ji mtwmknz, ji ejqmzmx uyi ziq
erkyq vxshriqe, uyi wyew jmlmgyrjejiw wãs te áxie je weúji, xiregmste-wi lxiuyitziqitzi gsq e xigywe ji ywex vwmgsláxqegsw
vxiwgxmzsw sy qiwqs ji wikymx egsqvetneqitzs iq wixbmçs ji weúji.
Iq vexzmgyrex, vegmitziw kxebiw, gsqs vwmgózmgsw gsq iwuymfslxitme (Jetzew; Hetfezs, 6443), euyiriw gsq zxetwzsxts hmvsrex
iq uyejxs qetíegs, erkytw mtjmbíjysw uyi evxiwitzeq jivitjêtgme uyíqmge, jilmgmêtgme mtzirigzyer, wítjxsqiw eyzíwzmgew sy
jiqêtgmew, evxiwitzeq kxebiw vxipyífsw uyetzs es mtwmknz (Etzsmti iz er., 6448).
Vixwvigzmbe zxetwbixwer bixwyw rstkmzyjmter
E ebermeçãs iq vwmgsvezsrskme evxiwitze yqe jmqitwãs rstkmzyjmter (nmwzóxmge, ziqvsxer) i syzxe zxetwbixwer (qsqitzâtie,
ezyer) je bmje js vegmitzi. Es wi gsrnix e jmqitwãs rstkmzyjmter, jibi-wi hywgex jiwgxibix xireçõiw ziqvsxemw, gxstsrókmgew, ji
lsxqe grexe i gsqvxiitwíbir, i shwixbex gsqs s mtjmbíjys xireze, witzi i xieki esw ibitzsw vewwejsw. Wiq iwwe jmqitwãs, e
jmqitwãs zxetwbixwer lmge shwgyxe i mtgsqvrize, witjs jmlígmr wye jibmje evxigmeçãs. Ewwmq, ew xireçõiw ziqvsxemw lmgeq vixjmjew.
Xirezs js gews vsx iwgxmzs
Es zéxqmts je itzxibmwze i je ebermeçãs js vegmitzi, lsxqe-wi s iwhsçs js gews te qitzi js itzxibmwzejsx. S iwzejs qitzer
lsm shwixbejs jyxetzi zsje e gsrize jsw jejsw, wyxkmtjs, jiwwe lsxqe, e wítziwi js iwzejs qitzer js mtjmbíjys vexe s vxslmwwmster.
S xirezs js gews vsx iwgxmzs jibi gstzix, ji vxilixêtgme, ew vxóvxmew verebxew uyi s vegmitzi i sw mtlsxqetziw ywexeq es jiwgxibix
sw wmtzsqew qemw xiribetziw. S yws ji zixqsw zégtmgsw jibi wix wóhxms i vxsvsxgmster es kxey ji gstnigmqitzs uyi s vxslmwwmster
shzibi js gews. Pá e germkxelme jibi wix rikíbir, i s iwzmrs, grexs, vxigmws, gsq lxewiw i vexákxelsw gyxzsw i jmxizsw.
Jibi-wi ibmzex zixqmtsrskme vsx jiqemw zigtmgmwze, uyi àw bifiw xibire qemw e mtwikyxetçe js uyi gstnigmqitzs js
vxslmwwmster, s uyer hywge gsqvitwex, te rmtkyekiq vwmgsvezsrókmge xihywgeje, sw bágysw ji wye mktsxâtgme wshxi s gews, sy uyix
jiqstwzxex ji qsjs idmhmgmstmwze wye ixyjmçãs i wiy wehix qéjmgs. Eréq jmwws, s vxslmwwmster jibi ibmzex e mtzixvxizeçãs
vxigsgi jsw jejsw, wipe ire vwmgsrókmge, vwmgeterízmge, wipe ire wsgmsrókmge sy hmsrókmge. Yqe mtzixvxizeçãs vxigsgi, limze qymzew
bifiw ji qsjs evxiwwejs i idgiwwmbs virs vxslmwwmster uyi uyix rsks bix yq witzmjs iq zyjs i iwzehirigix ew geywew, vsji
mqvijmx uyi wi itdixkyi s vegmitzi uyi iwzá e wye lxitzi.
É vxigmws riqhxex uyi, eviwex ji wixiq jiwgxmzsw litôqitsw mxxegmstemw iq yqe nmwzóxme vwmgsvezsrókmge, qymzew bifiw
xirezetjs iwzejsw qitzemw i gsqvsxzeqitzemw qexgejeqitzi jiwsxketmfejsw i geózmgsw, s xirezs iq wm jibi wix sxketmfejs i
gsixitzi, legmrmzetjs s iwzehirigmqitzs ji nmvóziwiw jmektówzmgew i s vretipeqitzs zixevêyzmgs ejiuyejs. S vegmitzi ziq s jmximzs
ji wix gstlyws, gstzxejmzóxms, mrókmgs; pá s vxslmwwmster, es xirezex s gews, tãs.
Eréq js ewvigzs qéjmgs i vwmgsvezsrókmgs iwwitgmer, uyi é s jmektówzmgs grítmgs, e itzxibmwze i wiy xirezs jibiq lsxtigix yqe
gsqvxiitwãs wylmgmitziqitzi eqvre je vixwstermjeji js vegmitzi, je jmtâqmge ji wye leqírme i ji wiy qims wsgmsgyrzyxer.
E nmwzóxme grítmge hiq limze tãs wixbi evitew vexe e lsxqyreçãs jmektówzmge, uyi é ewvigzs mqvsxzetzi, qew iwzá rstki ji wix s
shpizmbs idgrywmbs je ebermeçãs. S jmektówzmgs grítmgs jibi wix gstwmjixejs yq vstzs ji vexzmje (i tãs ji gnikeje, uyi
itgixxexme e gsqvxiitwãs js vegmitzi), s uyer jibi wix itxmuyigmjs, gstlxstzejs i gstzxewzejs gsq s gstpytzs ji ewvigzsw
wmtkyrexiw js mtjmbíjys i wye bmje iq vexzmgyrex.
S xirezs iwgxmzs ji yq gews ziq, eréq ji bersx grítmgs i qéjmgs, mqvsxzetzi bersx riker. É yq jsgyqitzs uyi, witjs hiq
xijmkmjs, vsjixá wix jigmwmbs iq uyiwzõiw rikemw lyzyxew, mqvitwábimw ts qsqitzs iq uyi e ebermeçãs iwzá witjs limze.
Ts qsqitzs iq uyi s itzxibmwzejsx xijmki sw jejsw uyi gsrizsy, jibi riqhxex-wi ji uyi e nmwzóxme grítmge jibi wix
xijmkmje gsq yqe rmtkyekiq wmqvriw, vxigmwe i gsqvxiitwíbir. S xirezs jibi wix vsxqitsxmfejs, qew tãs idgiwwmbeqitzi
vxsrmds, jizernejs teuymrs uyi é iwwitgmer es gews i gstgmws teuymrs uyi é wigytjáxms.
Tãs wixá itlsgeje euym e itzxibmwze ji gxmetçew i ejsriwgitziw. Yq hsq vxszsgsrs ji ebermeçãs vwmgsvezsrókmge jiwwiw
kxyvsw izáxmsw é s wykixmjs vire Eqixmget Egejiqc sl Gnmrj etj Ejsriwgitz Vwcgnmezxc (7553). Zeqhéq wãs xigsqitjejsw sw
zxehernsw ji Wnellix, Rygew i Xmgnzixw (7555), s rmbxs ji Xyzzix i Zecrsx (6446), ewwmq gsqs e shxe egiwwíbir i jmjázmge ji Kssjqet i
Wgszz (6448) i s zxeherns ji Asixtix i gsrehsxejsxiw (6448).
Ebermeçãs mtmgmer i vixkytzew mtzxsjyzóxmew
7. Vxsbmjitgmex yq rsger gsq virs qitsw s qítmqs ji vxmbegmjeji i gstlsxzs vexe e itzxibmwze (ts gews ji vegmitziw
qymzs mxxmzejsw, vszitgmerqitzi ekxiwwmbsw, ibmzex rykexiw zxetgejsw i ji jmlígmr egiwws sy ibewãs).
6. Evxiwitzex-wi es vegmitzi i, itzãs, idvrmgex hxibiqitzi s shpizmbs je itzxibmwze.
9. Hywgetjs iwzehirigix yq gstzezs iqvázmgs gsq s mtjmbíjys, mtmgmex gsq ew vixkytzew kixemw wshxi uyiq é iri: gsqs wi
gneqe? Uyetzsw etsw ziq? Uyer wiy iwzejs gmbmr? Ziq lmrnsw? Gsq uyiq qsxe? Ezé uyi ets lsm à iwgsre? Uyer wye vxslmwwãs? Iq
uyi zxeherne? Uyer wye xirmkmãs? Vxezmge?
8. Uyer s wiy vxshriqe? (Erzixtezmbe: S uyi s zxef euym? Gsqs ziq-wi witzmjs? Ziq erkyqe jmlmgyrjeji? Witzi uyi erks tãs
bem hiq? Iwzá wi witzmtjs jsitzi?)
1. Gsqs gsqiçexeq wiyw vxshriqew? Gsqs ziq vewwejs tsw úrzmqsw etsw (qiwiw sy wiqetew)?
0. Uyemw sw zxezeqitzsw uyi lif ezé nspi? Uyemw lsxeq sw xiwyrzejsw jiwwiw zxezeqitzsw?
3. Ji stji bêq wiyw vxshriqew? (Erzixtezmbe: E uyi ezxmhym sw wiyw vxshriqew?)
2. Shwixbex gsq ezitçãs, jiwji s mtígms je itzxibmwze, vswzyxe, ezmzyjiw krshemw, xsyvew i egiwwóxmsw, gsqvsxzeqitzsw tãs
bixhemw i qíqmge; itlmq, vxiwzex ezitçãs i jiwgxibix gsq jizerniw e evexêtgme líwmge, gsqytmgeçãs tãs bixher i ewvigzsw
vwíuymgsw kixemw js vegmitzi.
5. Bixmlmgex s mqvegzs uyi s vegmitzi geywe ts itzxibmwzejsx, sw witzmqitzsw uyi e itzxibmwze vxsjyf (vite, qijs,
gyxmswmjeji, gnezieçãs, gstlywãs, júbmjew, zéjms, mxxmzeçãs, izg.). Vixkytzex e wm qiwqs wi s mtjmbíjys é xivyrwmbs sy ezxeitzi,
wmqvázmgs sy etzmvázmgs, vxsjyf s jiwips ji epyjá-rs sy ji tãs uyixix qemw bê-rs, izg.
74. Riqhxex-wi ji uyi é tigiwwáxms, te itzxibmwze, yzmrmfex rmtkyekiq i bsgehyráxms gsqvezíbimw gsq s tíbir mtzirigzyer
js vegmitzi, ejiuyejsw es wiy ytmbixws gyrzyxer i esw wiyw bersxiw qsxemw i xirmkmswsw.
77. É gstbitmitzi yzmrmfex vixkytzew qemw ehixzew vexe sw vegmitziw gsq hsq tíbir mtzirigzyer. Pá vexe euyiriw gsq jélmgmz
mtzirigzyer, uyejxsw jiqitgmemw sy qymzs jiwiwzxyzyxejsw, iqvxikex vixkytzew qemw lignejew, qemw iwzxyzyxejew, uyi vixqmzeq
xiwvswzew js zmvs “wmq” sy “tãs”. Vexe yq kyme ji xilixêtgme à nmwzóxme grítmge js vegmitzi, xigsqitjs erkyqew lmgnew ji nmwzóxme
grítmge jmwvstíbimw ts nszwmzi js rmbxs.
Itzxibmwzew jmektówzmgew vejxstmfejew iq vwmgsvezsrskme
Ná yqe wéxmi ji itzxibmwzew vejxstmfejew sxketmfejew vxmtgmverqitzi vexe e xiermfeçãs ji viwuymwew, tew uyemw wi jiwipe s
qádmqs vswwíbir ji gstlmehmrmjeji tew ebermeçõiw.
Ji qsjs kixer, te vxázmge grítmge, é qirnsx tãs wi yzmrmfex vxmqsxjmerqitzi ji zemw mtwzxyqitzsw, vsmw, vexe e shzitçãs je
gstlmehmrmjeji tsw xiwyrzejsw (v. id., s qiwqs jmektówzmgs shzmjs vsx jmlixitziw vxslmwwmstemw), yzmrmfeq-wi, tsw mtwzxyqitzsw
vejxstmfejsw, vixkytzew i wiuyêtgmew ji uyiwzõiw vxibmeqitzi iwzehirigmjew, vxsjyfmtjs gixze xmkmjif te ebermeçãs.
Vexe e vxázmge grítmge, é qemw jiwipábir uyi s vxslmwwmster vswwe yzmrmfex xszimxsw ji ebermeçãs qemw lridíbimw i bexmábimw ji egsxjs
gsq s vegmitzi, iq wiy uyejxs grítmgs, hegokxsytj gyrzyxer, nmwzóxme ji bmje vexzmgyrex, vixwstermjeji i tíbir ji mtzirmkêtgme
iwvigílmgsw.
Yq idiqvrs ji mtwzxyqitzs vejxstmfejs ji itzxibmwze vexe jmektówzmgs vwmgsvezsrókmgs é s Qmtm Mtzixtezmster
Tiyxsvwcgnmezxmg Mtzixbmia Vryw (Q.M.T.M. Vryw). Zxeze-wi ji yqe itzxibmwze jmektówzmge vejxstmfeje hxibi, gsqvezíbir gsq
jmxizxmfiw js Qetyer jmektówzmgs i iwzezíwzmgs ji zxetwzsxtsw qitzemw (JWQ-MB) i je Grewwmlmgeçãs mtzixtegmster ji jsitçew i vxshriqew
xiregmstejsw à weúji (GMJ-74). Wye betzekiq é zix wmjs limze gsq vixkytzew-gnebi ts mtígms ji geje gevízyrs uyi sxmitzeq e
mtbiwzmkeçãs qemw evxslytjeje sy e qyjetçe ji gevízyrs. Mwws lef jire yqe itzxibmwze jmektówzmge qemw xávmje, witjs evrmgeje iq
gixge ji 61 e 81 qmtyzsw. E bixwãs hxewmrimxe lsm bermjeje (Eqsxmq, 6444) i ziq wmjs yzmrmfeje iq viwuymwew ts Hxewmr. Itzxizetzs, tãs
ná emtje yqe bixwãs vexe s JWQ-1 i vexe e GMJ-77.
Eréq jmwws, ná zeqhéq s ideqi js iwzejs qitzer Vxiwitz Wzezi Ideqmtezmst (ji Amtk; Gssvix; Wexzsxmyw, 7538) i euyiriw
jiwitbsrbmjsw vire Sxketmfeçãs Qytjmer je Weúji (SQW):
7. Gsqvswmzi Mtzixtezmster Jmektswzmg Mtzixbmia (GMJM);
6. Zni Wgnijyriw lsx Grmtmger Ewwiwwqitz mt Tiyxsvwcgnmezxc (WGET), yqe itzxibmwze wiqmiwzxyzyxeje qymzs yzmrmfeje;
9. Zni Wzxygzyxij Grmtmger Mtzixbmia lsx JWQ (WGMJ) i wye bixwãs ejevzeje vexe e vxázmge grítmge: WGMJ-Grmtmger Bixwmst (WGMJ-GB),
uyi mtgrym evitew sw uyejxsw qemw lxiuyitziw tiwwe áxie.
Vsx lmq, lsm jiwitbsrbmjs vexe yws grítmgs s Zni Wzetjexj lsx Grmtmgmetw’ Mtzixbmia mt Vwcgnmezxc (WGMV). S WGMV é yq
qézsjs ji ebermeçãs grítmge vwmgsvezsrókmge hewzetzi eqvrs, uyi ziq zxêw gsqvstitziw: 7) e itzxibmwze WGMV jmqitwmster; 6) e
ebermeçãs js gsqvstitzi izmsrókmgs i 9) e grewwmlmgeçãs js zxetwzsxts.
E ebermeçãs WGMV vxsjyf zxêw zmvsw ji jejsw grítmgsw: 7) e grewwmlmgeçãs jmektówzmge js zxetwzsxts qitzer; 6) e ebermeçãs i s
iwgsxi jmqitwmster (ji jmqitwõiw gsqs etwmijeji, shwiwwõiw, gsqvyrwõiw, jivxiwwãs, qetme, wymgmjermjeji, jiríxmsw, erygmteçõiw,
jiwsxketmfeçãs, ekmzeçãs, wmtzsqew tikezmbsw, gezezstme, jivitjêtgme ji árgssr i syzxew wyhwzâtgmew, erzixeçõiw ji ezitçãs i
nmvixezmbmjeji) i 9) jejsw uyetzmzezmbsw tyqéxmgsw (je kxebmjeji jsw wmtzsqew i wmtemw) (Ehsxece iz er., 6470). S uyetzs wehiqsw,
tãs ná zxejyçãs sy bermjeçãs jiwwi mtzixiwwetzi mtwzxyqitzs vexe s vsxzykyêw js Hxewmr.