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EBERMEÇÃS VWMGSRÓKMGE JE JMWLSXME JI KÊTIXS
I GETJMJEZSW À GMXYXKME JI ELMXQEÇÃS JI
KÊTIXS
Hmetge Qegnejs Hsxhe Wsrr
Etkirs Hxetjirrm Gswze

Uyetjs yqe gxmetçe tewgi, sy ezé qiwqs etziw ji wiy tewgmqitzs, é nehmzyer iq tswwe wsgmi-
jeji uyi wi jiwmkti wiy wids e vexzmx ji wyew gexegzixíwzmgew widyemw vxmqáxmew (vêtmw = qitmts;
byrbe = qitmte). Qiwqs te bmje ejyrze, gszmjmeteqitzi ebermeqsw ew viwwsew gsq uyiq gstbm-
biqsw e vexzmx ji wiy gsqvsxzeqitzs sy gexegzixíwzmgew widyemw wigytjáxmew i rniw ezxmhyíqsw
vxstzeqitzi s xózyrs ji nsqiq sy qyrnix, e jiwvimzs je lsxqe gsqs geje yq wi mjitzmlmge. S
tsqi jejs e iwwi vxsgiwws vwmgswwsgmer é ezxmhymçãs ji kêtixs. Iri vsji wix yqe ezxmhymçãs
qéjmge, vsx qims je ebermeçãs ji yqe yrzxewwstskxelme mtzxeyzixmte sy ideqi je etezsqme js
hihê es tewgix, sy wsgmer, uyetjs sgsxxi te xireçãs wsgmer itzxi vexiw.
Gsqs e qemsx vexzi jew viwwsew gxme yqe tsçãs ji wm sy wi mjitzmlmge es rstks je bmje e vexzmx
js wids uyi rni lsm jiwmktejs es tewgmqitzs, ná yqe wshxivswmçãs, ts witws gsqyq, jew ge-
ziksxmew ji wids i ji kêtixs. Sy wipe, gswzyqe-wi egxijmzex uyi zsjew ew viwwsew uyi zêq ji-
zixqmtejew gexegzixíwzmge widyemw, gsqs vêtmw, ziwzígyrsw i gxsqswwsqsw DC, jibeq wix jiwmkte-
jew qitmtsw i wi mjitzmlmgex gsqs nsqitw es rstks ji wye bmje ejyrze i birnmgi. Pá zsjew ew viww-
sew uyi tewgiq gsq bekmte/byrbe, sbáxmsw i gxsqswwsqsw DD jibiq wix jiwmktejew qitmtew i
wikymx wi mjitzmlmgetjs gsqs qyrnixiw es rstks js gmgrs bmzer. E qemsxme jew viwwsew wikyi iwwi
vxsgiwws ji jiwitbsrbmqitzs. Zemw viwwsew wãs grewwmlmgejew te rmzixezyxe vwmgsrókmge i qéjmge
gsqs gmwwidyemw. Sy wipe, evxiwitzeq yqe mjitzmjeji ji kêtixs gstkxyitzi gsq s wids uyi rniw
lsm jiwmktejs es tewgmqitzs.
Vexe ew viwwsew uyi evxiwitzeq yqe mjitzmjeji ji kêtixs uyi tãs gstgsxje gsq s wids uyi
rniw lsm jiwmktejs es tewgmqitzs, é gsqyq te rmzixezyxe mtzixtegmster e yzmrmfeçãs je tsçãs ji
zxetwkêtixs. Iwzi é yq gstgimzs eqvrs uyi ehxetki viwwsew uyi evxiwitzeq iwwi jiwegsxjs
itzxi wids jiwmktejs i mjitzmjeji ji kêtixs, qew zeqhéq euyirew uyi zxetwgitjiq ew idv-
xiwwõiw wsgmemw zxejmgmstemw ji vevémw ji kêtixs. Ts gstzidzs hxewmrimxs, é qemw gsqyq e yzmrmfe-
çãs je tsçãs ji viwwse zxetw vexe jex gstze jiwwi litôqits. Yq wikqitzs jiwwe vsvyreçãs
wãs viwwsew zxetwidyemw, sy wipe, euyirew uyi es rstks ji wiy jiwitbsrbmqitzs xirezeq kxetji
wslxmqitzs jibmjs à mtgstkxyêtgme itzxi s wids uyi rniw lsm ezxmhyíjs es wiy tewgmqitzs i e
lsxqeçãs ji wye mjitzmjeji ji kêtixs. Vsx mwws, iwwew viwwsew vxsgyxeq wixbmçsw ji weúji, vsmw
vixgihiq uyi wyew gexegzixíwzmgew widyemw tãs xivxiwitzeq e wye mjitzmjeji (Rib, 6448), xigsx-
xitjs, iq qymzsw gewsw, e zxezeqitzs nsxqster i gmxyxkme ji qsjmlmgeçãs jew gexegzixíwzmgew
widyemw vxmqáxmew i wigytjáxmew. S Uyejxs 74.7 jiwzege gstgimzsw-gnebi te ehsxjekiq jew uyiw-
zõiw ji kêtixs i widyermjeji.

UYEJXS 74.7
Jiwgxmçãs ji gstgimzsw mqvsxzetziw wshxi e mjitzmjeji ji kêtixs

Zxetwkêtixs Viwwsew gype mjitzmjeji ji kêtixs i/sy idvxiwwãs ji kêtixs tãs gsxxiwvstji àw
tsxqew wsgmemw i àw idvigzezmbew zxejmgmsterqitzi ewwsgmejew es wids jiwmktejs es
tewgix, zxetwgitjitjs s gstgimzs hmtáxms ji kêtixs (zxetwidyer, hmkêtixs, kitjixuyiix,
zxebiwzm, ekêtixs, itzxi syzxsw).

Qyrnix zxetw Viwwse uyi zibi s wids jiwmktejs es tewgix ji qewgyrmts, vsxéq ziq wye mjitzmjeji
ji kêtixs liqmtmte i, vsx mwws, ximbmtjmge s xigstnigmqitzs wsgmer i riker ji wix qyrnix.

Nsqiq zxetw Viwwse uyi zibi s wids jiwmktejs es tewgix ji liqmtmts, vsxéq ziq wye mjitzmjeji ji
kêtixs qewgyrmte i, vsx mwws, ximbmtjmge s xigstnigmqitzs wsgmer i riker ji wix nsqiq.

Viwwse zxebiwzm Zxebiwzmw wãs viwwsew uyi lsxeq jiwmktejew gsq s wids qewgyrmts es tewgix, qew uyi
te qemsx vexzi js ziqvs tãs wi xigstnigiq gsqs zer i bmbiq ts vevir ji kêtixs
liqmtmts. Qymzew jew zxebiwzmw wi xigstnigiq gsqs yq zixgimxs kêtixs. Beri xiwwerzex
uyi erkyqew bifiw e verebxe “zxebiwzm” biq gexxikeje ji vxigstgimzsw i é yweje ji
lsxqe vipsxezmbe, vszitgmermfetjs emtje qemw e byrtixehmrmjeji jiwwew viwwsew.

Viwwse gmw Viwwse gype mjitzmjeji ji kêtixs é gstkxyitzi gsq s wids jiwmktejs es tewgix.

É gsqyq, zetzs itzxi e vsvyreçãs iq kixer uyetzs itzxi sw vxslmwwmstemw je weúji, e gstlywãs
itzxi sw gstgimzsw rmwzejsw ts Uyejxs 74.7. Sxmitzeçãs widyer i bexmeçõiw ji kêtixs lsxeq gstwm-
jixejew gsqs litôqitsw wiqirnetziw i vezsrókmgsw tew vxmtgmvemw gsxxitziw gmitzílmgew je qize-
ji js wégyrs DD (Jxiwgnix, 6474), i iwwe gstgivçãs jiwezyermfeje emtje nspi zxef gstwiuyêtgmew
tikezmbew uyetzs es iwzmkqe i es vxigstgimzs e uyi viwwsew zxetw wãs idvswzew. Viwwsew zxetw,
ewwmq gsqs ew viwwsew gmw, vsjiq wix zetzs nizixswwidyemw gsqs hmwwidyemw sy nsqswwidyemw.
Sy wipe, e sxmitzeçãs widyer tãs ziq xireçãs gsq e mjitzmjeji ji kêtixs.

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Ts itzetzs, é mqvsxzetzi wermitzex uyi zxetwkêtixs, viwwsew zxetw i zxebiwzm tãs jibiq wix
bmwzsw gsqs “jsitçew” jitzxs je vixwvigzmbe vwmgsrókmge gstziqvsxâtie; zxeze-wi ji bexmeçõiw
tsxqemw je mjitzmjeji ji kêtixs ji geje mtjmbíjys. S Uyejxs 74.6 irygmje erkytw gstgimzsw
mqvsxzetziw vexe e gsqvxiitwãs js kêtixs ts gstzidzs js jiwitbsrbmqitzs.

UYEJXS 74.6
Gstgimzsw xiregmstejsw es kêtixs ts gstzidzs js jiwitbsrbmqitzs

Wids jiwmktejs es Wids kstejer, Tswwe hmsrskme mtlryitgme ew jmlixitçew etezôqmgew itzxi s wids
tewgix kitézmgs (DD, DC) i qewgyrmts i s liqmtmts tsw óxkãsw kitmzemw i te lsxqe i lytçõiw
qsxlsrókmgs js gsxvs. Jivitjitjs js wids hmsrókmgs js hihê, wiy xikmwzxs
(bekmte, gmbmr (qewgyrmts sy liqmtmts) é jizixqmtejs, i sgsxxi yq
sbáxmsw/vêtmw, vxsgiwws wsgmer ji ezxmhymçãs ji kêtixs.
ziwzígyrs).

Vevémw ji kêtixs Bexmijeji ji Idvigzezmbew itxemfejew te wsgmijeji ji gsqs nsqitw i

vejxõiw ji qyrnixiw jibiq wyvswzeqitzi ekmx ji egsxjs gsq s wids
gsqvsxzeqitzs jiwmktejs. Beri riqhxex uyi sw vejxõiw ji gsqvsxzeqitzs vexe
uyi jizixqmteje geje wids tãs wãs ytmbixwemw i vsjiq qyjex es rstks js ziqvs
gyrzyxe gstwmjixe sy itzxi gyrzyxew.
evxsvxmeje vexe
geje wids.

Mjitzmjeji ji Vixgivçãs ji geje Gstgivçãs lsxqeje virs mtjmbíjys js wiy vxóvxms wirl i ji wye
kêtixs viwwse uyetzs es vixwstermjeji. E hmsrskme i ew idvixmêtgmew wsgmemw mtlryitgmeq s
wiy kêtixs. jiwitbsrbmqitzs, vsxéq tãs jibiq wix bmwzew gsqs jiwzmts te
lsxqeçãs je mjitzmjeji ji kêtixs. Ew viwwsew vsjiq zix yqe
mjitzmjeji ji kêtixs jmlixitzi js wids jiwmktejs es tewgix,
gsqs ew viwwsew zxetw.

Ji egsxjs gsq ew Tsxqew ji Ezitçãs à Weúji jew Viwwsew Zxetw i gsq Bexmehmrmjeji ji Kê-
tixs je Ewwsgmeçãs Qytjmer Vxslmwwmster vexe e Weúji Zxetwkêtixs (AVEZN) (Gsriqet iz er.,
6476), sw vxslmwwmstemw je weúji qitzer uyi zxeherneq gsq ew viwwsew zxetw, mjierqitzi, jibix-
meq zix:

7. Qiwzxejs sy iuymberitzi iq yq geqvs grítmgs jew gmêtgmew js gsqvsxzeqitzs. Iwwi kxey, sy

yq qemw ebetçejs, jibi wix gstgijmjs vsx yqe mtwzmzymçãs gxijitgmeje. S vxslmwwmster je weú-
ji qitzer jibi jmwvsx jew gxijitgmemw gstgijmjew virew ekêtgmew ji gixzmlmgeçãs js veíw.
6. Nehmrmjeji ts yws js Qetyer jmektówzmgs i iwzezíwzmgs ji zxetwzsxtsw qitzemw (JWQ) i/sy je
Grewwmlmgeçãs mtzixtegmster ji jsitçew i vxshriqew xiregmstejsw à weúji (GMJ) vexe lmtw ji
jmektówzmgs.
9. Gevegmjeji ji xigstnigix i jmektswzmgex vxshriqew ji weúji qitzer gsidmwzitziw i ji jmli-
xitgmá-rsw je jmwlsxme ji kêtixs.
8. Zximteqitzs wyvixbmwejs jsgyqitzejs i nehmrmjeji iq vwmgszixevme sy egstwirneqitzs.
1. Gstnigmqitzs ji mjitzmjejiw i idvxiwwõiw ji bexmehmrmjeji ji kêtixs i ji ebermeçãs i zxe-
zeqitzs je jmwlsxme ji kêtixs.
0. Ijygeçãs gstzítye te ebermçãs i ts zxezeqitzs je jmwlsxme ji kêtixs. Mwws vsji mtgrymx e
vexzmgmveçãs iq xiytmõiw, slmgmtew sy wiqmtáxmsw vxslmwwmstemw xiribetziw; e wyvixbmwãs ji yq
vxslmwwmster ji weúji qitzer gsq idvixmêtgme; sy e vexzmgmveçãs iq viwuymwew xiregmstejew
gsq e bexmehmrmjeji ji kêtixs i e jmwlsxme ji kêtixs.

WMWZIQEW JI GREWWMLMGEÇÃS IQ WEÚJI QITZER VEXE E GSTJMÇÃS

ZXETWKÊTIXS
Nmwzsxmgeqitzi, s jmektówzmgs ji zxetwbiwzmwqs evexigiy vire vxmqimxe bif iq 7501, ts qetyer
jmektówzmgs GMJ-2, te geziksxme ji jiwbmsw widyemw. E Eqixmget Vwcgnmezxmg Ewwsgmezmst, wikymtjs
ew qiwqew zitjêtgmew jeuyiri ziqvs, vyhrmgsy, iq 7502, e wikytje ijmçãs ji wiy qetyer
(JWQ-MM), zeqhéq rmwzetjs jiwbmsw widyemw, itzxi sw uyemw s zxetwbiwzmwqs.
Nexxc Hitpeqmt lsm s qéjmgs uyi, ts mtígms js wégyrs DD, jilmtmy s zixqs “zxetwidyer” i lsm s
xiwvstwábir vire witwmhmrmfeçãs wshxi e tigiwwmjeji je ezitçãs à weúji jew viwwsew gsq erkyqe
bexmeçãs ji kêtixs (Hitpeqmq, Kxiit, & Qewzixw, 7500). Ituyetzs e vwmuymezxme i e qijmgmte je
évsge gstwmjixebeq-tew gsqs nsqswwidyemw gstlywsw i iwuymfslxêtmgsw (Jxiwgnix, 6474), Hit-
peqmt mteykyxsy e jmwzmtçãs itzxi nsqswwidyermjeji, zxetwbiwzmwqs i zxetwidyermjeji, qmwzyxe-
jew ezé itzãs, qswzxetjs uyi, ts vxmqimxs gews, tãs iwzebe iq psks s jiwips ji qyjetçe gsxvs-
xer i ji elmxqeçãs je mjitzmjeji. Kxeçew e Hitpeqmt elmxqsy-wi gmitzmlmgeqitzi e mjime ji uyi ew
viwwsew zxetwidyemw tãs jibixmeq wix wypimzew e zixevmew gstbixwmbew, gstwsrmjetjs e zixevêyzmge
lsgeje te vswwmhmrmjeji ji zxetwmçãs wsqázmge uyi é yzmrmfeje ezé nspi (Jxiwgnix, Gsnit-Oizzitmw,
& Amtzix, 6476).
Iq 7531, gsq e vyhrmgeçãs je GMJ-5, s jmektówzmgs ji zxetwidyermwqs lsm jiwgxmzs i mtwixmjs te
geziksxme ji jiwbmsw widyemw. Iq 7554, e GMJ-74 xijilmtmy wye bmwãs wshxi iwwi litôqits, jiwrs-
getjs-s vexe yqe tsbe geziksxme: zxetwzsxts ji mjitzmjeji ji kêtixs. Iwwe qyjetçe lsm s xiwyr-
zejs ji qymzsw iwzyjsw uyi gsqvxiitjmeq s zxetwidyermwqs gsqs yqe gstjmçãs je sxjiq je
mjitzmlmgeçãs ji kêtixs, i tãs xiregmsteje à sxmitzeçãs widyer sy e vexelmrmew. E Eqixmget Vwcgn-
mezxmg Ewwsgmezmst, iq 7524, es vyhrmgex s JWQ-MMM, jiwgxibiy i grewwmlmgsy vere vxmqimxe bif iq wiy
wmwziqe s zxetwidyermwqs te geziksxme zxetwzsxtsw vwmgswwidyemw (Jxiwgnix, 6474; Gsriqet iz er.,
6476; Jxiwgnix, 6476). S Uyejxs 74.9 qswzxe iq sxjiq gxstsrókmge e ibsryçãs js jmektówzmgs te
GMJ i ts JWQ.
Tsw etsw 7554, qymzew viwwsew zxetwidyemw gsqiçexeq e ketnex jiwzeuyi te gite vúhrmge
(Beritzmti, 6443). Iqixki, ewwmq, ts gstzidzs qytjmer sgmjitzer i, vxmtgmverqitzi, tsxzi-eqixm-
gets, e geziksxme zxetwkêtixs, uyi ehexgebe s gstpytzs ji bexmeçãs ji kêtixs, qiwqs tew viww-
sew uyi tãs iwzebeq jmwvswzew e wi wyhqizix esw vxsgijmqitzsw ji qyjetçe gsxvsxer
(Jebmjwst, 6443). Jiwwe lsxqe, mtmgme-wi yq qsbmqitzs wsgmer i gmitzílmgs uyi elmxqe uyi bexme-
çõiw ji kêtixs wãs bexmetziw je tsxqermjeji i hywge e xibmwãs jsw gxmzéxmsw jmektówzmgsw, ls-
getjs vxijsqmtetziqitzi ts iwzmkqe ewwsgmejs àw bexmeçõiw ji kêtixs i àw jmwvexmjejiw ji
weúji jigsxxitziw jirew (Hsgozmtk, 6445). Xilridsw jiwwiw qsbmqitzsw iwzãs te vyhrmgeçãs js
JWQ-1, uyi jiwvezsrskmfe e mjitzmjeji ji kêtixs, vewwetjs e grewwmlmgex evitew e jmwlsxme (qer-
iwzex) ji kêtixs (Gsnit-Oizzitmw & Vlellrmt, 6474), i mtgrym mjitzmjejiw ji kêtixs erzixtezmbew
eréq jsw iwzixiózmvsw hmtáxmsw qewgyrmts i liqmtmts (“lsxzi jiwips ji vixzitgix es syzxs kêtixs
sy e erkyq kêtixs erzixtezmbs jmlixitzi js jiwmktejs”). Eréq jmwws, e GMJ-77 xiqsbi s gxmzéxms
zxetwidyermjeji, vxiwitzi te GMJ-74, je rmwze ji jsitçew qitzemw, tsxzieje vire gsqvxiitwãs ji
uyi ire tãs é jsitçe qitzer, vsmw tiq zsjew ew viwwsew zxetw xirezeq wslxmqitzs vwíuymgs.

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Ewwmq, vxsvõi s jmektówzmgs ji mtgstkxyêtgme ji kêtixs te geziksxme “weúji widyer”, vexe uyi ew
viwwsew vswweq zix egiwws uyermlmgejs i nyqetmfejs esw wixbmçsw ji weúji wiq s iwzmkqe xi-
regmstejs es jmektówzmgs ji jsitçe qitzer. S Uyejxs 74.9 qswzxe sw jmektówzmgsw vexe e gstjm-
çãs zxetwidyermjeji i iq uyer geziksxme iwzebeq mtwixmjsw te GMJ i ts JWQ es rstks jsw etsw
ji vyhrmgeçãs. S Uyejxs 74.8 evxiwitze sw gxmzéxmsw jmektówzmgsw ezyemw vexe jmwlsxme ji kêtixs
jiwgxmzsw virs JWQ-1.

UYEJXS 74.9
Grewwmlmgeçãs jmektówzmge te GMJ i ts JWQ vsx ets

Ets Geziksxme Tsqi js jmektówzmgs

GMJ-0 (7582) T/E T/E

JWQ-M (7516) T/E T/E

GMJ-3 (7511) T/E T/E

GMJ-2 (7501) Jiwbmsw widyemw Zxetwbiwzmwqs

JWQ-MM (7502) Jiwbms widyer Zxetwbiwzmwqs

GMJ-5 (7531) Jiwbmsw widyemw Zxetwbiwzmwqs

Zxetwidyermwqs

GMJ-74 (7554) Zxetwzsxts ji mjitzmjeji widyer Zxetwidyermwqs

GMJ-77 (6472) Zxetwzsxtsw widyemw i ji weúji Mtgstkxyêtgme ji kêtixs

widyer

JWQ-MMM (7524) Zxetwzsxts vwmgswwidyer Zxetwidyermwqs

JWQ-MMM-X (7523) Zxetwzsxtsw kixerqitzi Zxetwidyermwqs

jmektswzmgejsw vire vxmqimxe bif te
mtlâtgme sy ejsriwgêtgme

JWQ-MB (7558) Zxetwzsxtsw widyemw i ji mjitzmjeji Zxetwzsxts ji mjitzmjeji ji kêtixs

ji kêtixs iq ejsriwgitziw i ejyrzsw

JWQ-MB-ZX (6444) Zxetwzsxtsw widyemw i ji mjitzmjeji Zxetwzsxts ji mjitzmjeji ji kêtixs

ji kêtixs iq ejsriwgitziw i ejyrzsw

JWQ-1 (6479) Jmwlsxme ji kêtixs Jmwlsxme ji kêtixs

UYEJXS 74.8
Jiwgxmçãs jsw gxmzéxmsw jmektówzmgsw vexe jmwlsxme ji kêtixs ejevzeje js JWQ-1

Jmwlsxme ji kêtixs iq ejsriwgitziw i ejyrzsw

E. Mtgstkxyêtgme egitzyeje itzxi s kêtixs idvixmqitzejs/idvxiwws i s kêtixs jiwmktejs ji yqe viwwse,
gsq jyxeçãs ji virs qitsw wimw qiwiw, qetmliwzeje vsx ts qítmqs jyew jew wikymtziw gstjmçõiw:

7. Mtgstkxyêtgme egitzyeje itzxi s kêtixs idvixmqitzejs/idvxiwws i ew gexegzixíwzmgew widyemw vxmqáxmew

i/sy wigytjáxmew (sy, iq psbitw ejsriwgitziw, ew gexegzixíwzmgew widyemw wigytjáxmew vxibmwzew).
6. Lsxzi jiwips ji rmbxex-wi jew vxóvxmew gexegzixíwzmgew widyemw vxmqáxmew i/sy wigytjáxmew iq xefãs ji
mtgstkxyêtgme egitzyeje gsq s kêtixs idvixmqitzejs/idvxiwws (sy, iq psbitw ejsriwgitziw, jiwips ji
mqvijmx s jiwitbsrbmqitzs jew gexegzixíwzmgew widyemw wigytjáxmew vxibmwzew).
9. Lsxzi jiwips virew gexegzixíwzmgew widyemw vxmqáxmew i/sy wigytjáxmew js syzxs kêtixs.
8. Lsxzi jiwips ji vixzitgix es syzxs kêtixs (sy e erkyq kêtixs erzixtezmbs jmlixitzi js jiwmktejs).
1. Lsxzi jiwips ji wix zxezejs gsqs s syzxs kêtixs (sy gsqs erkyq kêtixs erzixtezmbs jmlixitzi js
jiwmktejs).
0. Lsxzi gstbmgçãs ji zix sw witzmqitzsw i xieçõiw zívmgsw js syzxs kêtixs (sy ji erkyq kêtixs erzixtezmbs
jmlixitzi js jiwmktejs).

E gstjmçãs iwzá ewwsgmeje e wslxmqitzs grmtmgeqitzi wmktmlmgezmbs sy vxipyífs ts lytgmsteqitzs wsgmer,

vxslmwwmster sy iq syzxew áxiew mqvsxzetziw je bmje js mtjmbíjys (Gxmzéxms H) i vsji wix wshxivswze gsq erkyq
zxetwzsxts js jiwitbsrbmqitzs widyer (v. id., wítjxsqi ji mtwitwmhmrmjeji esw etjxókitsw sy nmvixvrewme
ejxiter gstkêtmze).

Vexe erkyqew viwwsew, s wids jiwmktetjs es tewgmqitzs, vsx qims je ebermeçãs ji wyew gexeg-
zixíwzmgew widyemw gsxvsxemw, tãs gsxxiwvstji es gsqvsxzeqitzs (vevir) wsgmerqitzi iwvixejs
vexe euyire jiwmkteçãs. Eréq jmwws, e mjitzmjeji ji kêtixs, vsx bifiw, zeqhéq vsji tãs gsx-
xiwvstjix es wids ezxmhyíjs i àw idvigzezmbew wsgmemw xirezmbew es vevir ji kêtixs uyi jibixme wix
wikymjs. É mqvsxzetzi xiwwerzex uyi tiq zsjew iwwew viwwsew wi vixgihiq sy wi ituyejxeq tsw
gxmzéxmsw ji mtgstkxyêtgme ji kêtixs. Yqe qyrnix gmwwidyer réwhmge, vsx idiqvrs, vsji zix yqe
mjitzmjeji ji kêtixs ji egsxjs gsq s wids uyi rni lsm jiwmktejs es tewgix i, ts itzetzs, wi
gsqvsxzex iq jiwegsxjs gsq sw vevémw ji kêtixs iwvixejsw vexe ew qyrnixiw iq wye gyrzyxe.
Jivitjitjs js kxey ji egimzeçãs je jmbixwmjeji ji kêtixs vsx iwwe gyrzyxe, ire vsji wi vix-
gihix “mtgstkxyitzi” sy tãs.
Vexe erkyqew viwwsew, iwwe mtgstkxyêtgme é qexgetzi. Hse vexzi jew viwwsew, iwvigmerqitzi
zxetwidyemw, evxiwitze mtgstkxyêtgme ji kêtixs e zer vstzs uyi ná kxetji qer-iwzex vwmgsrókmgs
iq ewwsgmeçãs. Iwwi qer-iwzex gstlmkyxe e jmwlsxme ji kêtixs. Tsbeqitzi, iq erkytw gstzidzsw,
erkyqew viwwsew zxetwidyemw xivsxzexeq tãs witzmxiq jmwlsxme, vsmw gxiwgixeq iq leqírmew i
gstzidzsw gsq kxetji egimzeçãs jiwwe jmbixwmjeji. Ts itzetzs, ts Hxewmr, e qemsx vexzi jew viww-
sew zxetw xivsxzeq iwwe jmwlsxme (Wsrr iz er., 6472).
Vsx lmq, erkyqew viwwsew zxetw, kixerqitzi euyirew uyi evxiwitzeq kxetji jmwlsxme ji kê-
tixs, hywgeq vxsgijmqitzsw wsgmemw i qéjmgsw ji elmxqeçãs ji kêtixs. Iq xireçãs esw vxs-
gijmqitzsw wsgmemw, idmwzi e qyjetçe ji tsqi i wids tsw xikmwzxsw gmbmw, i, tsw qéjmgsw, e hywge
vsx gmxyxkmew ji qsjmlmgeçãs jew gexegzixíwzmgew widyemw vxmqáxmew i wigytjáxmew, xiqsçãs ji
virsw, yws ji vxóziwiw i nsxqôtmsw.
Jiwwe lsxqe, e bmwãs gstziqvsxâtie e xiwvimzs jew uyiwzõiw je jmbixwmjeji ji kêtixs, à ryf
jew tsbew grewwmlmgeçõiw jmektówzmgew, vsji wix wmtzizmfeje gsqs qswzxe e Lmkyxe 74.7.

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Lmkyxe 74.7 Bmwãs gstziqvsxâtie e xiwvimzs jew uyiwzõiw je jmbixwmjeji ji kêtixs uyi mtgrym ewvigzsw
vwmgswwsgmemw.

S vwmgórsks ezye gsqs legmrmzejsx tiwwi vxsgiwws ji elmxqeçãs ji kêtixs i gsqs gsgstwzxyzsx
js vxsgiwws ji mjitzmjeji ji kêtixs iq geje yqe jiwwew izevew, epyjetjs e gsqvxiitjix e
mtgstkxyêtgme ji kêtixs i e qmtmqmfex e jmwlsxme, eréq ji gstjyfmx s itgeqmtneqitzs i e eberme-
çãs vexe sw vxsgijmqitzsw ji elmxqeçãs ji kêtixs.
Erkytw eyzsxiw zêq shwixbejs uyi yqe vexzi je jmwlsxme uyi gixzew viwwsew zxetw witziq ziq
xireçãs gsq s iwzmkqe i e jmwgxmqmteçãs e uyi wãs wypimzew i ew idvigzezmbew wsgmemw xiregmstejew
es uyi wixme gstkxyitzi iq xireçãs e jizixqmtejsw gsxvsw, vevémw (gsqvsxzeqitzs) i mjitzmje-
jiw ji kêtixs iq geje gyrzyxe. S tsqi jejs e iwwe vixwvigzmbe é iwzxiwwi ji qmtsxme (qmtsxmzc
wzxiww) (Zmqqmtw, Xmqiw, & Xenqet, 6473). Ire iwzehirigi uyi lezsxiw vwmgswwsgmemw iwzãs mqvrm-
gejsw ts wslxmqitzs jew viwwsew zxetw i uyi iwwi wslxmqitzs sxmytjs je jmwgxmqmteçãs tãs jibi
wix tikrmkitgmejs te vxázmge grítmge.

Mqvrmgeçõiw je grewwmlmgeçãs ts egiwws à ewwmwzêtgme iwvigmermfeje

Ezyerqitzi, s jmektówzmgs, wikymtjs yq vxszsgsrs ji ebermeçãs grítmge i ebermeçãs vwmgswwsgmer, é
iwwitgmer vexe uyi ew viwwsew zxetw hxewmrimxew xigiheq s itgeqmtneqitzs vexe sw gitzxsw ji
xilixêtgme gsq gevegmzeçãs vexe vxiwgxibix nsxqôtmsw i gmxyxkmew ji elmxqeçãs ji kêtixs. Ts
Hxewmr, zxetwidyemw jmektswzmgejsw e vexzmx jsw gxmzéxmsw iwzehirigmjsw te GMJ-77, uyetjs itgeqmt-
nejsw je ezitçãs vxmqáxme vexe e zixgmáxme, vsjiq zix egiwws e vxsgijmqitzsw ji xijiwmkteçãs
widyer virs Wmwziqe Útmgs ji Weúji (WYW), gstlsxqi jmwvõiq sw exzw. 2º i 3º, MM, je Rim tº
2.424/54.
S vxsgiwws é xigstnigmjs virs Gstwirns Lijixer ji Qijmgmte vsx qims je Xiwsryçãs tº 7.511,
ji 6474 (Gstwirns Lijixer ji Qijmgmte [GLQ], 6474), i ezyerqitzi é xikyrejs vire Vsxzexme js
Qmtmwzéxms je Weúji tº 6.249, ji 6479. Iwwe vsxzexme jilmti gxmzéxmsw vexe e bmehmrmfeçãs js vxs-
giwws zxetwidyermfejsx (tsxqe zégtmge yzmrmfeje virs WYW/Qmtmwzéxms je Weúji uyi iwzehirigi yq
gstpytzs ji iwzxezékmew ewwmwzitgmemw vexe zxetwidyemw uyi vxizitjiq xiermfex qsjmlmgeçõiw
gsxvsxemw js wids), itzxi sw uyemw sw wikymtziw:

7. tigiwwmjeji ji nehmrmzeçãs iwvigílmge js iwzehirigmqitzs ji weúji vexe slixigix iwwi

ezitjmqitzs;
6. egsqvetneqitzs qitwer, jsmw ezitjmqitzsw qitwemw, jyxetzi s vixísjs qítmqs ji jsmw
etsw ts vxé-svixezóxms i vsx ezé yq ets ts vów-svixezóxms, vsx iuymvi qyrzmvxslmwwmster, uyi
mtgrye qéjmgs vwmuymezxe, itjsgxmtsrskmwze, itlixqimxs, ewwmwzitzi wsgmer i vwmgórsks;
9. jmektówzmgs gstlsxqi e GMJ-77;
8. mjeji qítmqe ji 72 etsw vexe egsqvetneqitzs grítmgs sy vxé-svixezóxms, e wix xiermfejs vsx
ts qítmqs jsmw etsw; mjeji qítmqe ji 72 etsw vexe zixevme nsxqster i ji 67 etsw vexe
gmxyxkmew.

Gehi xiwwerzex uyi e xilixmje vsxzexme eqvrmsy s egiwws e iwwiw vxsgijmqitzsw e viwwsew
zxetwidyemw uyi tãs tigiwwexmeqitzi hywgeq gmxyxkmew tew gexegzixíwzmgew widyemw vxmqáxmew, sv-
zetjs evitew vsx yws ji nsxqôtmsw sy gsrsgeçãs ji vxóziwiw, vsx idiqvrs.
Ná gstwitws ji uyi e jmwlsxme ji kêtixs vsji wix ermbmeje, iq kxetji vexzi, vsx qims jiwwi
zmvs ji zxezeqitzs. Sy wipe, sw zxezeqitzsw jmwvstíbimw vexe epyjex ew viwwsew zxetw gsq jmwlsxme
ji kêtixs jibiq gstwmwzmx te vswwmhmrmjeji ji idvrsxex wye mjitzmjeji ji kêtixs i itgstzxex yq
vevir ji kêtixs uyi wipe gstlsxzábir vexe irew.

VXSGIJMQITZSW GRÍTMGSW VEXE E ELMXQEÇÃS JI KÊTIXS

S vxsgiwws wsqázmgs vexe e elmxqeçãs ji kêtixs vsji itbsrbix s yws ji nsxqôtmsw (iwzxókits i
etjxókits) i e xiermfeçãs ji vxsgijmqitzsw gmxúxkmgsw, gsqs e gmxyxkme ji elmxqeçãs ji kêtixs, e
gsrsgeçãs ji vxóziwi qeqáxme sy e qewzigzsqme, itzxi syzxsw. E iwgsrne js vxsgijmqitzs é zs-
zerqitzi mtjmbmjyermfeje. Erkyqew viwwsew zêq jmqmtymçãs je jmwlsxme evitew gsq s zxezeqitzs
nsxqster; syzxew, gsq e gstgmrmeçãs jsw nsxqôtmsw i je gmxyxkme; i erkyqew gstwikyiq mtzikxex
wye mjitzmjeji ji kêtixs gsq s wids jiwmktejs es tewgix evitew gsq vwmgszixevme. Itzxi ew
viwwsew uyi xigsxxiq es zxezeqitzs wsqázmgs, é gsqyq uyi sw nsqitw zxetw wi wezmwleçeq
evitew gsq s yws je ziwzswzixste i e qewzigzsqme, vsxéq, vexe e qemsx vexzi jew qyrnixiw

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zxetw uyi vxsgyxeq sw wixbmçsw ji weúji, e svçãs ji lefix e bekmtsvrewzme é qymzs xiribetzi. Mt-
jivitjitziqitzi jew svçõiw, vxsgijmqitzsw grítmgsw vexe e elmxqeçãs ji kêtixs wãs e qirnsx
gstjyze grítmge vexe viwwsew zxetw uyi xivsxzeq jmwlsxme.
É mqvsxzetzi wermitzex uyi viwwsew gmw zeqhéq vsjiq xigsxxix e zxezeqitzsw vexe elmxqeçãs
ji kêtixs. Erkyqew qyrnixiw gmw xigsxxiq à gsrsgeçãs ji vxóziwi qeqáxme, i erkytw nsqitw gmw
lefiq yws ji wyvriqitzsw vexe wi witzmxiq qemw gstlsxzábimw gsq wiyw gsxvsw i lmxqexiq wiy
kêtixs.
S mqvsxzetzi é uyi s egsqvetneqitzs vwmgsrókmgs vexerirs es zxezeqitzs wsqázmgs vswwe
zxehernex gsq e viwwse wyew idvigzezmbew, wyew letzewmew i wye xireçãs gsq sw ewvigzsw ji xierm-
jeji uyi itbsrbiq sw vxsgijmqitzsw, vsmw gsq s vxsgiwws zxetwidyermfejsx wi mtmgme yq tsbs
jiwelms: e xireçãs gsq s gsxvs iq gstwzxyçãs. S mtígms js vxsgiwws vsji jiwitgejiex yqe “tsbe
vyhixjeji” ji egsxjs gsq s kêtixs idvxiwws. Ew zxetwlsxqeçõiw gsxvsxemw, gsqs qyjetçe ji
bsf, ji uyetzmjeji ji virsw gsxvsxemw, s mqvegzs te rmhmjs i te lixzmrmjeji, ew erzixeçõiw ji
nyqsx, e xieçãs wsgmer jmetzi je zxetwlsxqeçãs, ew idvigzezmbew viwwsemw i gyrzyxemw uyetzs es
gsqvsxzeqitzs iwvixejs uyetjs e viwwse vewwe e bmbix syzxs vevir ji kêtixs wãs ewvigzsw
tsbsw e wixiq bmbitgmejsw ji lsxqe wyhpizmbe i xier, wiq, gstzyjs, iwuyigix jsw gymjejsw iq
weúji uyi iwwiw vxsgijmqitzsw idmkmxãs vexe zsje e bmje.

Ebermeçãs vwmgsrókmge je jmwlsxme ji kêtixs i ji getjmjezsw e vxsgijmqitzsw ji

elmxqeçãs ji kêtixs
Iq vxmqimxs rykex, jibi-wi xigstnigix uyi e ebermeçãs vwmgsrókmge tãs jibi wix yzmrmfeje vexe iw-
zehirigix wi yqe viwwse é ji lezs zxetw sy tãs. Iqhsxe idmwzeq mtwzxyqitzsw uyi ebermiq e
ejiwãs e jizixqmtejsw vevémw ji kêtixs (gsqs s Hiq Wid Xsri Mtbitzsxc), e xireçãs itzxi mjitzm-
jeji ji kêtixs iq gstgsxjâtgme sy tãs gsq s wids jiwmktejs es tewgmqitzs (gsxvs) jibi wix
xiermfeje vsx qims js eyzsxxirezs. Sy wipe, é xigstnigmjs uyi e mjitzmjeji ji kêtixs é yqe
gstwzxyçãs viwwser i uyi jibi wix eyzsjigrexeje. S qézsjs gstwekxejs te rmzixezyxe é s jew
jyew vixkytzew. E vxmqimxe jibi jmfix xiwvimzs es wids jiwmktejs es tewgmqitzs, tsw xikmwzxsw
gmbmw (nsqiq sy qyrnix), i e wikytje jibi wix e xiwvimzs je mjitzmjeji ji kêtixs ezyer (nsqiq,
qyrnix, nsqiq zxetw, qyrnix zxetw, zxebiwzm sy syzxe mjitzmjeji ji kêtixs). Uyeruyix jmlixitçe
itzxi s wids jiwmktejs es tewgmqitzs i e mjitzmjeji ji kêtixs ezyer gstlmkyxe yqe mjitzmjeji
zxetw.
Ts itzetzs, vexe iwzehirigix e mtgstkxyêtgme ji kêtixs, idmwziq sw gxmzéxmsw je GMJ-77. Vexe s
jmektówzmgs je jmwlsxme ji kêtixs, idmwzi s JWQ-1. Eréq jmwws, jmbixwsw mtwzxyqitzsw lsxeq
jiwitbsrbmjsw vexe ebermex iwwi qer-iwzex, gsqs: Zni Yzxignz Kitjix Jcwvnsxme Wgeri (YKJW);
Zni Kitjix Mjitzmzc/Kitjix Jcwvnsxme Uyiwzmsttemxi lsx Ejsriwgitzw etj Ejyrzw (KMJCU-EE). Ts
Uyejxs 74.1, sw mtwzxyqitzsw wãs jiwgxmzsw iq qemw jizerniw. Ezyerqitzi, titnyqe jiwwew iw-
gerew iwzá bermjeje vexe e vsvyreçãs hxewmrimxe, qew irew wãs lxiuyitziqitzi ywejew virsw
gitzxsw tegmstemw i mtzixtegmstemw ji ezitjmqitzs ji xilixêtgme iq kêtixs.

UYEJXS 74.1
Mtwzxyqitzsw yzmrmfejsw vexe e ebermeçãs jsw wmtzsqew ji jmwlsxme ji kêtixs

Zni Yzxignz Kitjix Jcwvnsxme Wgeri Yzmrmfeje vexe qijmx e mtzitwmjeji ji jmwlsxme ji kêtixs. Idmwziq
(YKJW) (Wgntimjix iz er., 6479) bixwõiw wivexejew je YKJW vexe wids qewgyrmts es tewgmqitzs
(YKJW-Q) i liqmtmts (YKJW-L). Iwgsxiw qemw erzsw te iwgere mtjmgeq
qemsx jmwlsxme ji kêtixs (bexmeçãs ji 76 e 04).

Zni Kitjix Mjitzmzc/Kitjix Uyiwzmstáxms uyi eberme s kxey ji jmwlsxme ji kêtixs xiregmstejs à
Jcwvnsxme Uyiwzmsttemxi lsx gstwzxyçãs je mjitzmjeji ji kêtixs iq ejsriwgitziw sy ejyrzsw.
Ejsriwgitzw etj Ejyrzw (KMJCU-EE)
(Jiskxegmew iz er., 6443; Wmtkn iz er.,
6474)

Tsze: Iwwiw mtwzxyqitzsw tãs wãs ji yws idgrywmbs js vwmgórsks.

Vexerireqitzi àw uyiwzõiw iwvigílmgew ji kêtixs, zeqhéq jibiq-wi lsgex sw ewvigzsw

vwmgswwsgmemw, sw zxeçsw ji vixwstermjeji i ew jiqetjew iq weúji, vexe uyi e ewwmwzêtgme vxiwze-
je wipe qemw hiq uyermlmgeje i jmxigmsteje e iwwe vsvyreçãs, ewwmq gsqs sgsxxixme iq uyeruyix
syzxs vxsgijmqitzs ji weúji mtbewmbs i ji erzs xmwgs (gsqs gmxyxkmew hexmázxmgew, vsx idiqvrs).
Iq yq vxmqimxs qsqitzs, erkyqew viwwsew vsjiq vxsgyxex sw wixbmçsw vsx wi witzmxiq gs-
tlywew uyetzs e wye mjitzmjeji, i s ezitjmqitzs é bsrzejs vexe e gxmeçãs ji yq iwveçs zixe-
vêyzmgs tiyzxs iq uyi s mtjmbíjys vswwe wi gsqvxiitjix qirnsx. Tiwwiw gewsw, e ebermeçãs
vwmgsrókmge é yqe ermeje, gsqs wixme gsq viwwsew uyi tãs wãs zxetw, vsxéq, uyetjs sw gxmzéxmsw
tãs wãs ezitjmjsw, tãs ná mtjmgeçãs ji zxezeqitzs grítmgs.
S vxsgiwws zxetwidyermfejsx é gsqvrids i kixe mqvegzsw te weúji i ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs js
mtjmbíjys, i é ji idzxiqe mqvsxzâtgme uyi e viwwse zitne gmêtgme jew gstwiuyêtgmew uyi iri
vsji geywex iq wye bmje. Iq kixer, ew viwwsew vxsgyxeq sw wixbmçsw uyixitjs wsryçõiw mqijme-
zew, s uyi é lágmr ji gsqvxiitjix, vsmw e qemsxme jew uyi gstwikyiq gnikex esw ezitjmqitzsw pá
wehi ji wye gstjmçãs zxetw ná qymzsw etsw i iwzá getweje ji zix ji hxmkex vsx wiyw jmximzsw sy
iwzá gsq wmtzsqew ji jmwlsxme mtzitwsw. Ts itzetzs, é gsqyq uyi ew idvigzezmbew uyetzs esw
vxsgijmqitzsw zitneq yqe jmwgxivâtgme je xiermjeji. E gmxyxkme ji elmxqeçãs ji kêtixs é yqe
iwgsrne viwwser uyi jmf xiwvimzs à xireçãs je viwwse gsq wiy vxóvxms gsxvs; tãs é e gmxyxkme uyi
jilmti e lirmgmjeji i e eyzitzmgmjeji js kêtixs uyi e viwwse idvxiwwe. Idmwzi yqe letzewme ji uyi
e gmxyxkme vswwe xiwsrbix zsjsw sw ewvigzsw ji wslxmqitzs uyi e qemsxme jew viwwsew zxetw idvix-
mitgmsy es rstks ji yqe bmje ji byrtixehmrmjejiw. Vsxéq, s vxmtgívms ji yq egsqvetneqitzs
hiq-wygijmjs iwzá iq s mtjmbíjys vixgihix uyi e iwgsrne vire gmxyxkme jmf xiwvimzs e wye
eyzsmqekiq i tãs é s uyi jilmti wye mjitzmjeji. Eréq jmwws, syzxsw ewvigzsw ji weúji krsher
tãs vsjiq wix tikrmkitgmejsw virsw vxslmwwmstemw je weúji.
S ezitjmqitzs vwmgsrókmgs vsji zix jmlixitziw ehsxjekitw (gsktmzmbs-gsqvsxzeqitzer, wmw-
zêqmgs, ji sxmitzeçãs vwmgeterízmge, vwmgsjxeqázmgs, izg.), jiwji uyi xigstniçe e mjitzmjeji zxetw
gsqs yqe bexmeçãs je tsxqermjeji i tytge zitne gsqs shpizmbs e zixevme xibixwmbe. E iwwi xiw-
vimzs, gehi e qitçãs zetzs à Xiwsryçãs tº 447 ji 7555 uyetzs à Xiwsryçãs tº 447 ji 6472 js
GLV (Gstwirns Lijixer ji Vwmgsrskme [GLV], 7555; 6472). E vxmqimxe bije zxezeqitzsw jmwgxmqmte-
zóxmsw i zixevmew gstbixwmbew iq xireçãs à nsqswwidyermjeji, i e wikytje, iq xireçãs à
zxetwidyermjeji.
S ezitjmqitzs vwmgszixávmgs zeqhéq vsji wix mtjmbmjyer, ji gewer, leqmrmex sy ji kxyvs, gs-
tlsxqi e jiqetje ji geje mtjmbíjys zxetw uyi vxsgyxex ezitjmqitzs. S yws jew zégtmgew i jsw
mtwzxyqitzsw ji ebermeçãs vwmgsrókmge ziq gsqs lmtermjeji iwzehirigix iwzxezékmew zixevêyzmgew
uyi vswweq vxsqsbix e weúji qitzer, ewwmq gsqs idvrsxex e mjitzmjeji; uyiwzmstex sw vejxõiw
xíkmjsw ji vevir ji kêtixs; zxehernex iwzxezékmew ji itlxitzeqitzs jmetzi js iwzmkqe i js

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vxigstgimzs; zxehernex sw vxigstgimzsw viwwsemw, gsqs e vxóvxme zxetwlshme i qegnmwqs mtzixterm-

fejsw; eyqitzex s wyvsxzi wsgmer i leqmrmex; idvrsxex e eyzsmqekiq gsxvsxer; gsqvxiitjix sw
vstzsw vswmzmbsw je vixwstermjeji uyi vswweq wix yzmrmfejsw vexe e jmqmtymçãs je jmwlsxme ji
kêtixs.
Vexe iwwe ebermeçãs vwmgsrókmge qemw krsher, tãs idmwzi yq vxszsgsrs xíkmjs uyi jibe wix
wikymjs; e iwgsrne jsw mtwzxyqitzsw jivitji je wmtkyrexmjeji ji geje gews i je idvixmêtgme
zégtmge js vwmgórsks xiwvstwábir, wiqvxi xiwvimzetjs sw mtwzxyqitzsw evxsbejsw virs Wmwziqe
ji Ebermeçãs ji Ziwziw Vwmgsrókmgsw (WEZIVWM). Gstzyjs, vexe qirnsx gsqvxiitwãs js mqvegzs js
vxsgiwws zxetwidyermfejsx, é mqvsxzetzi uyi ew itzxibmwzew grítmgew vswweq gsrizex mtlsxqeçõiw
wshxi e nmwzóxme ji bmje vewweje, s qsqitzs ezyer i ew vixwvigzmbew lyzyxew, zemw gsqs:

• jiqetje js vegmitzi;
• vxmqimxe bif iq uyi vixgihiy uyi vsjixme wix yqe viwwse zxetw (mjeji, gsqs ixe wye bmje,
xszmte, izg.);
• witzmqitzsw i xilridõiw wshxi e mtgstkxyêtgme ji kêtixs te évsge iq uyi lsm vixgihmje i iw-
zehirigmqitzs ji yq vexerirs gsq sw witzmqitzsw i ew xilridõiw ezyemw wshxi wye mjitzmjeji
ji kêtixs;
• xireçõiw leqmrmexiw; kitskxeqe; vixgivçãs js wyvsxzi leqmrmex;
• ibitzsw zxeyqázmgsw xiregmstejsw sy tãs gsq e mjitzmjeji ji kêtixs;
• vixgivçãs ji vswwíbimw bmbêtgmew ji iwzmkqe i vxigstgimzs;
• nmwzóxme iwgsrex, lsxqeçãs i wmzyeçãs ezyer;
• nmwzóxme rehsxer i wmzyeçãs ezyer;
• nmwzóxme ji xiregmsteqitzsw wsgmemw i elizmbsw i wmzyeçãs ezyer;
• ewvigzsw je widyermjeji es rstks je bmje;
• mqvegzs ezyer je gstjmçãs zxetw iq zsjew ew iwlixew je bmje gszmjmete (viwwser, elizmbe, leqmr-
mex, rehsxer, wsgmer...);
• mqvegzs vxibmwzs (idvigzezmbew) uyetzs es vxsgiwws zxetwidyermfejsx iq zsjew ew iwlixew je
bmje gszmjmete (viwwser, elizmbe, leqmrmex, rehsxer, wsgmer...);
• ebermeçãs ji mqvegzsw ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs iqsgmster i vswwíbimw gsqsxhmjejiw jibmjs es
iwzmkqe i es vxigstgimzs;

Iwwew mtlsxqeçõiw wãs iwwitgmemw vexe wyhwmjmex e iwgsrne jsw mtwzxyqitzsw i uyermlmgex e eber-
meçãs. Sw Uyejxsw 74.0 i 74.3 jiwgxibiq erkytw mtwzxyqitzsw uyi vsjiq wix ywejsw vexe e eber-
meçãs vwmgsrókmge.

UYEJXS 74.0
Ziwziw ji yws idgrywmbs js vwmgórsks uyi vsjiq wix yzmrmfejsw vexe e ebermeçãs vwmgsrókmge

Ziwzi Yws grítmgs

Gewe-Áxbsxi- Mtwzxyqitzs ji lágmr evrmgeçãs iq gstzidzsw eqhyrezsxmemw uyi epyje te shzitçãs ji

Viwwse (NZV) (Hygo, mtlsxqeçõiw wshxi gsqs e viwwse bmbitgme wye mtjmbmjyermjeji iq xireçãs esw syzxsw i
6449) es eqhmitzi. S jiwitns je viwwse ziq-wi qswzxejs hewzetzi xmgs te nsxe ji ebermex
idvxiwwõiw je mqekiq gsxvsxer. Ts gews jew viwwsew zxetw, é mqvsxzetzi uyi s
evrmgejsx ribi iq gstwmjixeçãs tãs s wids jiwmktejs es tewgix, qew s kêtixs idvxiwws
vire viwwse.

Iwgerew ji Higo Ew Iwgerew ji Higo wãs gsqvswzew virs Mtbitzáxms ji Jivxiwwãs ji Higo (HJM-MM),
(Gytne, 6477) Mtbitzáxms ji Etwmijeji ji Higo (HEM), Iwgere ji Jiwiwvixetçe (HNW) i Iwgere ji
Mjieçãs Wymgmje (HWM). S HJM-MM qiji e mtzitwmjeji je jivxiwwãs, i s HEM, e mtzitwmjeji
je etwmijeji. Wehi-wi je erze vxiberêtgme jiwwiw wmtzsqew te vsvyreçãs zxetw jibmjs
es iwzxiwwi i àw byrtixehmrmjejiw e uyi é idvswze. Yqe ebermeçãs qemw lmjijmkte jiwwiw
wmtzsqew eydmrme ts vrets zixevêyzmgs.

Mtbitzáxms ji S mtwzxyqitzs vixqmzi uyi vwmgórsksw mjitzmlmuyiq s iwzmrs vexitzer qetmliwzejs tew
Iwzmrsw Vexitzemw leqírmew. Zeqhéq vsji wix evrmgejs evitew à viwwse mjitzmlmgeje i ebermex gsqs ire
(MLV) (Ksqmji, vixgihi uyi lsm wye bmje leqmrmex. Qymzew viwwsew zxetw xirezeq yqe idvixmêtgme
6440) mtzixtermfeje tikezmbe iq xireçãs e wye leqírme jibmjs es iwzmkqe uyi s
gsqvsxzeqitzs ji kêtixs bexmetzi gexxike.

Mtbitzáxms ji Eberme s uyetzs ew viwwsew vixgihiq ew xireçõiw leqmrmexiw iq zixqsw ji elizmbmjeji,

Vixgivçãs ji eyzstsqme i ejevzeçãs itzxi sw qiqhxsw. Iwwi mtwzxyqitzs vsji eydmrmex tew
Wyvsxzi Leqmrmex iwzxezékmew bsrzejew vexe e leqírme.
(MVWL) (Hevzmwze,
6445)

UYEJXS 74.3
Mtwzxyqitzsw ji yws tãs idgrywmbs js vwmgórsks uyi vsjiq wix yzmrmfejsw vexe e ebermeçãs
vwmgsrókmge

Mtwzxyqitzsw Jiwgxmçãs

Hsjc Ezzmzyjiw Wgeri (Wgekrmywm iz Eberme eqvreqitzi sw witzmqitzsw iq xireçãs es gsxvs.

er., 6440)

Uyiwzmstáxms ji Uyermjeji ji Jiwitbsrbmjs virs Kxyvs ji Uyermjeji ji Bmje je Sxketmfeçãs Qytjmer

Bmje je SQW – bixwãs hxibi je Weúji (SQW), é yq mtwzxyqitzs gyxzs i ji lágmr evrmgeçãs, hewzetzi
(ANSUSR-Hxil) (7552) ywejs iq viwuymwew gmitzílmgew.

VIWUYMWE
Erkyqew viwuymwew zêq qeviejs e mqvsxzâtgme ji yqe ezitçãs rmbxi ji jmwgxmqmteçãs ts gst-
zidzs je weúji jew viwwsew zxetw. Vsx idiqvrs, Gswze i gsrehsxejsxiw (6470) gstwzxyíxeq yq
iwzyjs gyps shpizmbs lsm ebermex e ilmgágme ji yqe mtzixbitçãs qyrzmjmqitwmster (ijygegmster,
elizmbe i gsqvsxzeqitzer) hewieje te aih vexe qyjex ew ezmzyjiw jsw vxslmwwmstemw je weúji iq
xireçãs à vsvyreçãs réwhmge, kec, hmwwidyer i viwwsew zxetw. Shpizmbsy-wi qitwyxex s vxigstgimzs
widyer gstzxe jmbixwmjeji widyer i ji kêtixs vxé i vów-mtzixbitçãs iq xireçãs àw gexegzixíwzmgew
wsgmsjiqskxálmgew. Yq zszer ji 943 vxslmwwmstemw je weúji js Wyr js Hxewmr wi mtwgxibixeq i gsq-
vrizexeq e ebermeçãs ji egsqvetneqitzs. E mtzixbitçãs zibi ilimzsw wmktmlmgezmbsw te xijyçãs js
vxigstgimzs.

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Zer xijyçãs ji vxigstgimzs é lytjeqitzer tsw wixbmçsw ji weúji, yqe bif uyi, gsqs
jiqstwzxejs iq syzxsw iwzyjsw (gsqs Gswze iz er., 6472), ew viwwsew zxetw zêq jmlmgyrjejiw
tiwwiw wixbmçsw jibmjs à jmwgxmqmteçãs i à lerze ji mtlsxqeçãs i ji yq vxspizs ji vsrízmge vúhrmge
uyi ezitje àw wyew tigiwwmjejiw iwvigílmgew. Yqe nmwzóxme ji jmwgxmqmteçãs vxébme xiregmsteje e
zxetwidyermjeji lsm ewwsgmeje e yq eyqitzs ji 0,36 bifiw te lxiuyêtgme ji ibmzeçãs ji wixbmçsw
ji weúji uyetjs ew viwwsew zxetw tigiwwmzebeq jiwwiw wixbmçsw, virs lezs ji wixiq zxetw [MG
51% (8,1, 74,7)].

NEHMRMJEJIW I GSQVIZÊTGMEW IWVIGÍLMGEW JS VXSLMWWMSTER

TIGIWWÁXMEW VEXE E EBERMEÇÃS JS VXSHRIQE IQ UYIWZÃS
Uyetjs s vwmgórsks xigihi iq wiy gstwyrzóxms viwwsew zxetw sy wi mtwixi iq iuymviw ji weúji
vexe s egsqvetneqitzs jiwwew viwwsew, é tigiwwáxms uyi, eréq ji zix gstnigmqitzs jsw jm-
ximzsw i jew vsrízmgew vúhrmgew bsrzejew e iwwe vsvyreçãs, zitne wye gstgivçãs ji
jiwitbsrbmqitzs je widyermjeji i ji kêtixs iq wye gsqvridmjeji ezyermfeje. Iq wítziwi, e
AVEZN, vsx qims jew Tsxqew ji Ezitçãs à Weúji jew Viwwsew Zxetw i gsq Bexmehmrmjeji ji Kê-
tixs, iwzehirigi erkyqew nehmrmjejiw i gsqvizêtgmew uyi vxslmwwmstemw je weúji qitzer uyi
zxeherneq gsq viwwsew zxetw mjierqitzi jibiq zix.
Ew zexilew xiregmstejew gsq e ebermeçãs i s itgeqmtneqitzs jsw vxslmwwmstemw je weúji qit-
zer uyi zxeherneq gsq viwwsew ejyrzew uyi evxiwitzeq jmwlsxme ji kêtixs wãs:

7. ebermex e jmwlsxme ji kêtixs;

6. lsxtigix mtlsxqeçãs wshxi ew svçõiw ji mjitzmjeji i idvxiwwãs ji kêtixs i ew vswwíbimw mt-
zixbitçõiw qéjmgew;
9. ebermex, jmektswzmgex i jmwgyzmx ew svçõiw ji zxezeqitzs vexe vxshriqew ji weúji qitzer
gsidmwzitziw;
8. wi lsx s gews, ebermex irikmhmrmjeji, vxivexex i itgeqmtnex e zixevme nsxqster;
1. wi lsx s gews, ebermex e irikmhmrmjeji, vxivexex i itgeqmtnex vexe gmxyxkme.

Syzxe zexile jsw vxslmwwmstemw je weúji qitzer itbsrbi ijygex i vxsqsbix sw mtzixiwwiw jew
viwwsew ywyáxmew js wixbmçs jitzxs ji wye gsqytmjeji (iwgsrew, rsgemw ji zxeherns, syzxew sxketm-
feçõiw) i epyjá-rew gsq ew qsjmlmgeçõiw jsw jsgyqitzsw ji mjitzmjeji.

GSTWMJIXEÇÕIW LMTEMW
Wãs mqvsxzetziw e witwmhmrmfeçãs i e gstwgmitzmfeçãs ji uyi ew uyiwzõiw ji kêtixs wãs gstwzmzyzm-
bew ji viwwsew gmw i zxetw i egsqvetneq e nyqetmjeji es rstks ji wiy vxsgiwws nmwzóxmgs. E
vxázmge grítmge tãs jibi wix yqe xivxsjyçãs je bmsrêtgme gszmjmete à uyer ew viwwsew zxetw iwzãs
idvswzew, i e ebermeçãs vwmgsrókmge tãs jibi wix yzmrmfeje gsq shpizmbsw tsxqezmbsw i vezsrskmfet-
ziw. E vwmgsrskme, te uyermjeji ji geziksxme vxslmwwmster i gmêtgme, lmterqitzi xigstnigi s
litôqits je zxetwidyermjeji gsqs yqe bexmeçãs js jiwitbsrbmqitzs tsxqer, i tãs yqe
vezsrskme. Vsxzetzs, ziqsw e gnetgi ji lefix je grítmge vwmgsrókmge yqe lixxeqitze vszitzi ji
gstwzxyçãs ji yqe tsbe lsxqe ji xigstnigmqitzs jew viwwsew zxetw gsqs wypimzsw ji jmxizsw i
jiwipsw. E bmsrêtgme ji kêtixs idmwzi i é lxyzs js vxigstgimzs i js iwzmkqe, iwziw, wmq, kxetjiw
gezermwejsxiw ji wslxmqitzs qitzer.

XILIXÊTGMEW
Hevzmwze, Q. T. (6445). Mtbitzáxms ji vixgivçãs ji wyvsxzi leqmrmex-MVWL. Wãs Veyrs: Bizsx.
Hitpeqmt, N., Rer, K. H., Kxiit, X., & Qewzixw, X. I. (7500). Zni zxetwwidyer vnitsqitst. Tia Csxo: Egi.
Hsgozmtk, A. S. (6445). Zxetwlsxqmtk zni vexejmkq sl zxetwkitjix nierzn: E lmirj mt zxetwmzmst. Widyer etj Xi-
rezmstwnmv Znixevc, 68 (6), 749-743.
Hygo, P. T. (6449). NZV Qetyer i Kyme ji Mtzixvxizeçãs. Wãs Veyrs: Bizsx. (Sxmkmterqitzi vyhrmgejs iq 7508. Zízyrs
sxmkmter: Zni nsywi-zxii-vixwst zigntmuyi).
Gsnit-Oizzitmw, V. Z., & Vlällrmt, L. (6474). Zni JWQ jmektswzmg gxmzixme lsx kitjix mjitzmzc jmwsxjix mt ejsriwgitzw
etj ejyrzw. Exgnmbiw sl widyer hinebmsx, 95 (6), 855-179.
Gsriqet, I., Hsgozmtk, A., Hszfix, Q., Gsnit-Oizzitmw, V., JiGycvixi, K., Lirjqet, P.,... Qstwzxic, W. (6476). Wzet-
jexjw sl gexi lsx zni nierzn sl zxetwwidyer, zxetwkitjix, etj kitjix-tstgstlsxqmtk visvri, bixwmst 3. Mtzixtezms-
ter psyxter sl zxetwkitjixmwq, 79 (8), 701-696.
Gstwirns Lijixer ji Qijmgmte (6474). Xiwsryçãs ts. 7.511/6474. Jmwvõi wshxi e gmxyxkme ji zxetwkitmzermwqs i xibs-
ke e Xiwsryçãs GLQ tº 7.016/46. Hxewírme: GLV. Xigyvixejs ji nzzv://aaa.vsxzerqijmgs.sxk.hx/xiwsryg-
siw/GLQ/6474/7511_6474.nzq
Gstwirns Lijixer ji Vwmgsrskme (7555). Xiwsryçãs 447/7555. Iwzehirigi tsxqew ji ezyeçãs vexe sw vwmgórsksw iq
xireçãs à uyiwzãs je sxmitzeçãs widyer. Hxewírme: GLV.
Gstwirns Lijixer ji Vwmgsrskme (6472). Xiwsryçãs 447/6472. Iwzehirigi tsxqew ji ezyeçãs vexe ew vwmgórskew i sw
vwmgórsksw iq xireçãs àw viwwsew zxetwidyemw i zxebiwzmw. Hxewírme: GLV.
Gswze, E. H., je Xswe Lmrns, N. Z., Vewi, V. L., Lstzetexm, E. Q. B., Geziret, X. L., Qyirrix, E.,... Kekrmszzm, J. E. Q. (6472).
Nierzngexi tiijw sl etj eggiww hexxmixw lsx Hxefmrmet zxetwkitjix etj kitjix jmbixwi visvri. Psyxter sl mqqmkxetz
etj qmtsxmzc nierzn, 64 (7), 771-769.
Gswze, E. H., Vewi, V. L., ji Geqexks, I. W., Kyexetne, G., Geizets, E. N., Obirrix, J.,... Texjm, N. G. (6470). Illigzmbi-
tiww sl e qyrzmjmqitwmster aih-hewij mtzixbitzmst vxskxeq zs gnetki Hxefmrmet nierzn vxegzmzmstixw’ ezzmzyjiw
zsaexj zni riwhmet, kec, hmwidyer etj zxetwkitjix vsvyrezmst. Psyxter sl nierzn vwcgnsrskc, 67 (9), 910-902.
Gytne, P. E. (6477). Iwgerew Higo – qetyer. Wãs Veyrs: Gewe js Vwmgórsks.
Jebmjwst, Q. (6443). Wiiomtk xilyki ytjix zni yqhxirre: Mtgrywmst, idgrywmst, etj sxketmfmtk amznmt zni geziksxc
zxetwkitjix. Widyermzc Xiwiexgn & Wsgmer Vsrmgc, 8 (8), 04.
Jiskxegmew, P. P., Psntwst, R. R., Qicix-Henrhyxk, N. L., Oiwwrix, W. P., Wgnshix, P. Q., & Fygoix, O. P. (6443). Zni kitjix
mjitzmzc/kitjix jcwvnsxme uyiwzmsttemxi lsx ejsriwgitzw etj ejyrzw. Psyxter sl Wid Xiwiexgn, 88 (8), 934-935.
Jxiwgnix, P. (6474). Uyiix jmektswiw: Vexerrirw etj gstzxewzw mt zni nmwzsxc sl nsqswidyermzc, kitjix bexmetgi, etj
zni Jmektswzmg etj Wzezmwzmger Qetyer. Exgnmbiw sl Widyer Hinebmsx, 95 (6), 863-804.
Jxiwgnix, P., Gsnit-Oizzitmw, V., & Amtzix, W. (6476). Qmtjmtk zni hsjc: Wmzyezmtk kitjix mjitzmzc jmektswiw mt zni
MGJ-77. Mtzixtezmster Xibmia sl Vwcgnmezxc, 68 (0), 102-133.
Ksqmji, V. M. G. (6440). Mtbitzáxms ji iwzmrsw vexitzemw: qsjirs zióxmgs, qetyer ji evrmgeçãs, evyxeçãs i mtzixvxizeçãs.
Vizxóvsrmw: Bsfiw.
Rib, E. M. (6448). Zxetwkitjix iqixkitgi. Tia Csxo, TC: Neasxzn Grmtmger Vxegzmgi.
Wgekrmywm, L. H., Erbexitke, Q., Vsregsa, B. S., Gsxjáw, Z. E. Uyimxsf, K. O. S., Gsirns, J., Vnmrmvvm, W. Z. & Retgne Px., E
N. (6440). Gstgyxxitz etj jmwgxmqmtetz bermjmzc sl zni Wzytoexj'w Lmkyxi Xezmtk Wgeri ejevzij mtzs Vsxzykyiwi. Ev-
vizmzi, 83 (7), 33-26.

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Wgntimjix, G., Gixaitoe, W., Tmijix, Z. S., Hxmoit, V., Gsnit-Oizzitmw, V. Z., Ji Gycvixi, K.,... Xmgnzix-Evvirz, N.
(6470). Qiewyxmtk kitjix jcwvnsxme: e qyrzmgitzix ideqmtezmst etj gsqvexmwst sl zni Yzxignz kitjix jcwvnsxme
wgeri etj zni kitjix mjitzmzc/kitjix jcwvnsxme uyiwzmsttemxi lsx ejsriwgitzw etj ejyrzw. Exgnmbiw sl widyer hi-
nebmsx, 81 (9), 117-112.
Wmtkn, J., Jiskxegmew, P. P., Psntwst, R. R., Hxejric, W. P., Omhhrianmzi, W.P., Sait-Etjixwst, E. … Fygoix, O. P. (6474).
Zni kitjix mjitzmzc/ kitjix jcwvnsxme uyiwzmsttemxi lsx ejsriwgitzw etj ejyrzw: lyxznix bermjmzc ibmjitgi. Psyxter
sl Wid Xiwiexgn, 83(7), 85-12.
Wsrr, H. Q., Xshriw-Kexgíe, X., Hxetjirrm-Gswze, E., Qsxm, J., Qyirrix, E., Bemzwiw-Lstzetexm, E. Q.,... Rshezs, Q. M. X.
(6472). Kitjix mtgstkxyitgi: e gsqvexezmbi wzyjc ywmtk MGJ-74 etj JWQ-1 jmektswzmg gxmzixme. Xibmwze Hxewmrimxe ji
Vwmuymezxme, 84 (6), 738-724.
Zni Asxrj Nierzn Sxketmfezmst uyermzc sl rmli ewwiwwqitz (ANSUSR): Jibirsvqitz etj kitixer vwcgnsqizxmg vxs-
vixzmiw (7552). Wsgmer Wgmitgi & Qijmgmti, 80 (76), 7105-7121.
Zmqqmtw, R., Xmqiw, O. E., & Xenqet, U. (6473). Qmtsxmzc wzxiwwsxw etj vwcgnsrskmger jmwzxiww mt zxetwkitjix
mtjmbmjyerw. Vwcgnsrskc sl Widyer Sxmitzezmst etj Kitjix Jmbixwmzc, 8 (9), 962.
Beritzmti, J. (6443). Mqekmtmtk zxetwkitjix: Et izntskxevnc sl e geziksxc. Jyxneq: Jyoi Ytmbixwmzc.

RIMZYXEW XIGSQITJEJEW
Eqixmget Vwcgnsrskmger Ewwsgmezmst (6471). Kymjirmtiw lsx vwcgnsrskmger vxegzmgi amzn zxetwkitjix etj kitjix
tstgstlsxqmtk visvri. Eqixmget Vwcgnsrskmwz, 34 (5), 296-208.
Gsriqet, I., Hsgozmtk, A., Hszfix, Q., Gsnit-Oizzitmw, V., JiGycvixi, K., Lirjqet, P.,... Qstwzxic, W. (6476). Wzet-
jexjw sl gexi lsx zni nierzn sl zxetwwidyer, zxetwkitjix, etj kitjix-tstgstlsxqmtk visvri, bixwmst 3. Mtzixtezms-
ter Psyxter sl Zxetwkitjixmwq, 79 (8), 701-696.

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