Mtbixzix yqe were ji eyre idmki gsxekiq.

Itbsrbi xivitwex zetzs s jibix ji gewe uyetzs s ziqvs iq were

ji eyre. Wywgmze tsbsw jiwelmsw uyi sw vxsliwwsxiw vxigmweq jsqmtex. Iwzi gevízyrs lsge ew iwzxezékmew
vigyrmexiw tigiwwáxmew vexe uyi e idvixmêtgme je were ji eyre mtbixzmje gsqs yq zsjs wi zsxti yq
wygiwws vexe erytsw i vxsliwwsxiw.

WSGSXXS! QIYW LMRNSW TÃS LMFIXEQ S JIBIX JI GEWE

Beqsw xigstnigix: tiq zsjsw sw erytsw mxãs lefix sw jibixiw ji gewe. E gstgrywãs jiwwe zexile é yq
vxshriqe uyi idmwzi mtjivitjitziqitzi ji bsgê mtbixzix sy tãs wyew eyrew. Pá zmbi erytsw uyi tãs lefmeq
s jibix ji gewe mtbixzmjs, itzãs s bíjis mtbixzmjs tãs é e bexmtne ji gstjãs uyi bem xiwsrbix iwwi
vxshriqe. Qew vswws elmxqex uyi yq vixgitzyer qemsx ji erytsw gsqvrizebe ew zexilew ji bíjis mtbixzmjs
js uyi ew zexilew js jibix ji gewe zxejmgmster. Imw erkyqew wykiwzõiw vxázmgew uyi mxãs eyqitzex ew
gnetgiw ji sw erytsw ewwmwzmxiq es bíjis i xiermfexiq s uyi lsm wsrmgmzejs.

Zsxti sw erytsw xiwvstwábimw

Sw erytsw vxigmweq wehix uyi bãs wix xiwvstwehmrmfejsw virs zxeherns uyi lefiq. Yqe lsxqe ji
xiwvstwehmrmfá-rsw é ezxmhymx yqe tsze vsx ewwmwzmx es bíjis. Gews tãs gyqvxeq e zexile, wãs gstbmjejsw e
ewwmwzmx esw bíjisw mtbixzmjsw iq were ji eyre, ituyetzs euyiriw uyi gstgryíxeq e zexile evrmgeq sw
gstgimzsw js bíjis mtbixzmjs i lefiq iwwitgmerqitzi s “zxeherns jmlígmr”. Sw erytsw uyi tãs zmbixiq
gstgryíjs e zexile ji bíjis mtbixzmjs bãs evxitjix jivxiwwe uyi, iq rstks vxefs, é qemw lágmr i qitsw
jiqsxejs gsqvrizex s jibix ji gewe.

Shzitne epyje jsw vxóvxmsw gsrikew jsw erytsw

Vretipi yqe ezmbmjeji iq eyre uyi wó vswwe wix gstgryíje wi zsjsw gstgryíxiq s zxeherns vxébms. Iq yqe
wmzyeçãs jiwwew, e vxiwwãs jsw gsrikew é, qymzew bifiw, gsrsgeje wshxi euyiriw uyi tãs zmbixiq limzs e
zexile tigiwwáxme. Jyxetzi yqe bmekiq es Ximts Ytmjs, gstbixwim gsq erkytw erytsw iq yqe were ji eyre
mtbixzmje wshxi euyiriw uyi tãs lefmeq s jibix ji gewe mtbixzmjs. Iriw qi gstzexeq uyi, uyetjs erkyq
gsrike tãs gyqvxme s gsqhmtejs, iriw “vikebeq ts vé” jiri, vsmw zmtneq ji “gexxiká-rs tew gswzew”.

Rmkyi vexe gewe

Rmkyi vexe e gewe jsw erytsw i zxsuyi mjimew gsq sw vemw wshxi sw qszmbsw virsw uyemw s lmrns jiriw tãs
iwzá mtjs hiq tsw iwzyjsw. Tew sgewmõiw iq uyi lmf mwws i idvrmuyim e tezyxife ji yqe zexile ji bíjis
mtbixzmjs, iriw lsxeq hewzetzi wsrmjáxmsw.

Gstbixwi mtjmbmjyerqitzi gsq sw erytsw

Teje gsqs yq hezi-vevs gexe e gexe gsq s eryts uyi tãs iwzá ewwmwzmtjs esw bíjisw mtbixzmjsw vexe
jiwgshxmx s uyi iwzá egstzigitjs. Iq qymzew sgewmõiw, evitew itlezmfex e mqvsxzâtgme jiwwew zexilew
vexe wiy wygiwws te were ji eyre bem xijmxigmstex sw erytsw vexe sw zxmrnsw. Egxijmzs uyi e qemsxme jsw
erytsw uyix mx hiq. Àw bifiw, iriw iwzãs zãs ewwshixhejsw gsq wyew bmjew uyi e iwgsre lmge iq wikytjs
vrets. I jex sybmjsw e iriw é yqe lsxqe ji hywgex wiy wygiwws.
Qymzew bifiw jiwgshxm, jyxetzi ew gstbixwew gexe e gexe gsq qiyw erytsw, uyi idmwzmeq uyiwzõiw (zemw
gsqs zxehernsw evów e iwgsre sy vxshriqew leqmrmexiw) uyi sw mqvijmeq ji xiermfex s jibix ji gewe. Iq
yq gews, tszim uyi yq eryts uyi wi iwlsxçebe qymzs, qew zmtne jmlmgyrjejiw. Vsx qims ji qmtnew
mtzixeçõiw gsq iri, lmuyim wehitjs uyi iri wi zsxtexe yq wiq-zizs. Itzãs s itgeqmtnim e erkytw jsw
vxslmwwmstemw ji weúji qitzer iq tswwe iwgsre, i iri gstwikymy shzix s eydírms ji uyi vxigmwebe. Wi iwwi
qitmts iwzmbiwwi iq qmtne were ji eyre zxejmgmster (sy wipe, tãs mtbixzmje), tãs zitns gixzife wi zixme
jizigzejs wiyw wmtemw ji elrmçãs i vxsbmjitgmejs uyi wye tigiwwmjeji lswwi ezitjmje. Vxshriqew ewwmq pá
idmwzmeq etziw ji iy mtbixzix qmtne were ji eyre, qew, jivsmw uyi s lmf, gsqigim e vxiwzex qemw ezitçãs
tiriw, jibmjs es eyqitzs ji qmtnew mtzixeçõiw gsq sw erytsw. Ew qemw vxslytjew xilsxçexeq vexe qmq e
mqvsxzâtgme jsw xiregmsteqitzsw te ijygeçãs.

Tãs vewwi e qãs te gehiçe jew gxmetçew

Qymzsw vxsliwwsxiw gsqiziq s ixxs ji “vewwex e qãs te gehiçe” jsw erytsw uyi tãs ewwmwzmxeq es bíjis
mtbixzmjs, lsxtigitjs e iriw mtwzxyçãs vxiwitgmer. Mwws itbme e qitwekiq vexe euyiriw uyi gstgryíxeq ew
zexilew ji uyi tãs beri e vite lefê-rew. Tytge wipe gstjiwgitjitzi gsq ew qáw iwgsrnew jsw erytsw.

Zsxti e eyre qemw itbsrbitzi

Ew gxmetçew xierqitzi uyixiq evxitjix. I uyetzs qemw itbsrbitziw i xiribetziw lsxiq ew idvixmêtgmew
iq eyre, qemw sw erytsw bãs vexzmgmvex i uyixix lefix s zxeherns vxébms. Ewwmq, vretipex yqe eyre
itbsrbitzi é iwwitgmer vexe lefix e evxitjmfekiq mtbixzmje lytgmstex.

GXMETJS BÍJISW MTBIXZMJSW JI UYERMJEJI

E qemsxme jsw vxsliwwsxiw uyi mtbixzi wyew eyrew vszitgmermfe bíjisw vexe s zxeherns vxébms. E wikymx,
iwzãs rmwzejew ew qirnsxiw vxázmgew vexe e gxmeçãs ji bíjisw mtbixzmjsw ilmgefiw:
Hxibiw. Yq bíjis mtbixzmjs, uyetjs hiq-limzs, é hxibi. Vexe erytsw jsw etsw mtmgmemw js itwmts
lytjeqitzer, iriw jibiq zix qitsw ji 74 qmtyzsw ji jyxeçãs i, vexe euyiriw jsw etsw lmtemw, qitsw ji
71 qmtyzsw. Sw bíjisw mtbixzmjsw zeqhéq jibiq wix qymzs lsgejsw iq yq shpizmbs ji evxitjmfekiq
iwvigílmgs. Yq bíjis ji wizi qmtyzsw jibi zsqex qemw sy qitsw 74 e 71 qmtyzsw vexe wix gstgryíjs (pá
uyi s eryts bem mtzixekmx, lefix etszeçõiw, xiwvstjix i lefix vixkytzew, veywex i xivxsjyfmx tsbeqitzi).
Zóvmgs útmgs. Geje bíjis mtbixzmjs jibi ehxetkix yq zóvmgs. Wi yqe eyre ziq báxmew vexziw, é qirnsx gxmex
qúrzmvrsw bíjisw vexe ehsxjex s ewwytzs.
Mtzixezmbsw. É lytjeqitzer uyi sw erytsw tãs evitew ewwmwzeq es bíjis; iriw jibiq wix gshxejsw vexe
lefix erks gsq iwwe idvixmêtgme. Leçe sw erytsw zsqexiq tszew, xiwvstjix e vixkytzew sy xiwvstjix e
yq jiwelms iq yqe lixxeqitze st-rmti. (E qmxíeji ji lsxqew vexe gstwzxymx mtzixezmbmjeji iq yq bíjis
mtbixzmjs wixá jmwgyzmje iq jizerniw qemw ejmetzi ts rmbxs.)
Mtzxsjyzóxmsw. Sw bíjisw mtbixzmjsw tsxqerqitzi mtzxsjyfiq gstziújs tsbs, uyi, jivsmw, é evxslytjejs
jyxetzi s ziqvs iq were ji eyre. Vsxéq, erkytw vxsliwwsxiw mtbixziq s gstgimzs ji bíjis mtbixzmjs i sw
gxmeq vexe wixiq ywejsw ts qims js gmgrs ji mtwzxyçãs, i tãs ts mtígms. Iq iwvigmer, mwws egstzigi
uyetjs sw vxsliwwsxiw iwzãs ywetjs yq vxsgiwws ji mtuymxmçãs.

Vexe qymzsw vxsliwwsxiw, s bíjis é yq tsbs qims ji itwmts. E wikymx, iwzãs rmwzejew erkyqew jew
qirnsxiw vxázmgew vexe e gxmeçãs ji bíjisw mtbixzmjsw itbsrbitziw:
Qetzitne s zidzs es qítmqs tigiwwáxms. Sw vxsliwwsxiw qymzew bifiw gsqiziq s ixxs ji gxmex bíjisw
mtbixzmjsw gexxikejsw ji zidzs. S bíjis é yq qims bmwyer i é qemw ejevzejs e mqekitw i eçãs. Tãs leçe
wmqvriwqitzi yq bíjis e vexzmx ji yq wrmji ji VsaixVsmtz vsryíjs. Wi sw erytsw vxigmwexiq rix erks,
itzãs vewwi yqe rimzyxe gsqs zexile. Pá gstwzezim uyi, iq qymzsw gewsw, wyhwzmzymx yq wrmji ji VsaixVsmtz
js vxsliwwsx vsx yq idgiritzi kxálmgs i, jivsmw, ywex s zidzs gsqs xszimxs vexe s bíjis lytgmste qymzs
hiq.
Tãs leçe s bíjis wsfmtns. Mtgrye yq vxsliwwsx vexgimxs ts bíjis. Yq vxsliwwsx jibi itgitex s vevir ji
iwvigmermwze, i s syzxs, s ji yq eryts mtbiwzmkezmbs. Sw erytsw bãs egnex itbsrbitzi iwwe mtzixeçãs itzxi
jyew viwwsew i bãs evxiitjix qemw jew mtlsxqeçõiw xizxetwqmzmjew.
Vxiwzi ezitçãs iwvigmer à uyermjeji js áyjms. S jizerni zégtmgs qemw tikrmkitgmejs tsw bíjisw mtbixzmjsw é e
uyermjeji js áyjms. Iq kixer, s qmgxslsti iqhyzmjs tsw jmwvswmzmbsw qemw qsjixtsw é ejiuyejs, qew é
mqvsxzetzi uyi e kxebeçãs wipe limze iq yq eqhmitzi wmritgmsws.
Mtgrye etszeçõiw. Jiwitnex te zire ywetjs yq jmwvswmzmbs zmvs getize mxá eyqitzex wmktmlmgezmbeqitzi s
tíbir ji itbsrbmqitzs js eryts. Idmwzi yq riuyi ji lsxqew vexe yzmrmfex etszeçõiw tsw bíjisw —
evrmgezmbsw, hrsgs ji tszew jmkmzer i e kxebeçãs ji yq vxsliwwsx es rejs ji yq uyejxs hxetgs wãs zxêw
idiqvrsw.
 Etmqi wye bsf. Erkytw vxsliwwsxiw wi itgexeqypeq es lefix yq bíjis wiq yqe vrezime es bmbs. Zerbif tãs
wipe lágmr lerex gsq itixkme i itzywmewqs es kxebex yq bíjis wsfmtns iq yqe were, qew bsgê jibi zix iq
qitzi s vúhrmgs uyi bsgê iwzá zitzetjs itbsrbix — wiyw erytsw. Es kxebex, leri gsqs wi iriw xierqitzi
iwzmbiwwiq rá. Egxiwgitzi vmzejew ji nyqsx, gxmezmbmjeji i jmbixwãs iq wiyw bíjisw.

Eréq jmwws, ná yqe rmwze ji bixmlmgeçãs (gnigormwz) wshxi bíjisw mtbixzmjsw tsw Evêtjmgiw jiwzi rmbxs. Ire
mtgrym 73 mzitw e wixiq gstwmjixejsw vexe e gxmeçãs ji yq bíjis ji uyermjeji i jmbmji-wi iq zxêw vexziw —
wshxi zigtsrskme, wshxi s gstziújs js bíjis i wshxi syzxew gstwmjixeçõiw.

ITWMTI WIYW ERYTSW GSQS EWWMWZMX ESW BÍJISW MTBIXZMJSW

Ewwmwzmx e yq bíjis mtwzxygmster é jmlixitzi ji ewwmwzmx e yq bíjis vexe itzxizitmqitzs. Sw erytsw
gsqvxiitjiq mtixitziqitzi gsqs ewwmwzmx es qemw xigitzi lmrqi ji wyvix-nixóm, qew vxigmweq wix
itwmtejsw e ewwmwzmx e gstziújsw mtwzxygmstemw. Gsqvexs e jmlixitçe itzxi evxitjix e rix yq rmbxs-zidzs i
yq xsqetgi. Iwwe é yqe nehmrmjeji uyi jibi wix itwmteje. Sw vxsliwwsxiw vxigmweq jijmgex erkyq
ziqvs ts mtígms js ets iwgsrex itwmtetjs wiyw erytsw e ewwmwzmx e bíjisw gsq gstziújs mtwzxygmster. Xsww
Tirwst, vxsliwwsx ji qeziqázmge js 0º ets ts Zidew, ziq yqe lsxqe ilmgef ji itwmtex iwwi vxsgiwws. Iri
vewwe ew 6 e 9 vxmqimxew wiqetew js ets iwgsrex ewwmwzmtjs esw bíjisw gsq wiyw erytsw iq were ji eyre i
sxmitze e zyxqe wshxi sw zxêw vewwsw vexe wi gixzmlmgex ji uyi iriw iwzãs evxitjitjs:
1. Ewwmwzmx, iwgyzex i vxsgiwwex. Sw erytsw ewwmwziq es bíjis, iwgyzeq i vxsgiwweq ew mtlsxqeçõiw tiri
gstzmjew.
2. Lefix veywew i etszeçõiw. Iq wikymje, sw erytsw jãs veywe i etszeq s uyi evxitjixeq ts bíjis.
Mwws kexetzi uyi iriw zitneq syzxe svsxzytmjeji vexe vxsgiwwex s uyi egehexeq ji ewwmwzmx à
qijmje uyi lefiq etszeçõiw wshxi s bíjis. Eréq jmwws, iriw eksxe zêq yq xikmwzxs ji wye
evxitjmfekiq, es uyer vsjiq wi xilixmx jyxetzi ew vxázmgew iq were ji eyre.
3. Xiwvstwehmrmfeçãs. Vsx úrzmqs, sw erytsw xiwvstjiq e yqe ebermeçãs lsxqezmbe ji gmtgs vixkytzew.
Euyiriw uyi ergetçeq s rmqmex qítmqs ji 24% i evxiwitzeq wyew etszeçõiw vxswwikyiq vexe e
zexile js jme iq were ji eyre. Sw uyi tãs ergetçexiq s qítmqs jibiq gsqvexigix e yqe wiwwãs
zyzsxmer vexe viuyitsw kxyvsw rmjixeje virs vxsl. Tirwst.
Gsqs vxsliwwsx ji itwmts qéjms, iy vewwebe sw vxmqimxsw jmew ji eyre itwmtetjs esw erytsw gsqs
mtzixekmx gsq sw bíjisw mtwzxygmstemw. Qmtne ehsxjekiq ixe vexigmje gsq e js vxsl. Tirwst. Gstzyjs, pá
uyi qiyw erytsw ixeq qemw qejyxsw js uyi sw jiri, iy jijmgebe yqe uyetzmjeji qítmqe ji ziqvs
itwmtetjs iwwe nehmrmjeji. Yqe gsmwe iwwitgmer te uyer iy lefme uyiwzãs uyi iriw zxehernewwiq, gsqs
lefme Tirwst, ixe itlezmfex e tigiwwmjeji ji yq eqhmitzi rmbxi ji jmwzxeçõiw vexe lefix s jibix ji gewe
mtbixzmjs (pá uyi é jmlígmr evxitjix ituyetzs wmqyrzetieqitzi wi tebike ts Mtwzekxeq, wi itbme
qitwekitw ji zidzs sy wi ewwmwzi à ZB). S ziqvs jijmgejs e itwmtex sw erytsw e ewwmwzmx es gstziújs
mtwzxygmster i e mtzixekmx gsq iwwi gstziújs wixá vriteqitzi xigsqvitwejs, ts witzmjs ji eydmrmá-rsw e
wi zsxtexiq evxitjmfiw eyzsjmxmkmjsw.

TÃS VEWWI E ZEXILE JS BÍJIS JI JIBIX JI GEWE I ERKS QEMW

Yq ixxs uyi erkytw vxsliwwsxiw gsqiziq é ywex e eyre mtbixzmje vexe eyqitzex e gexke ji zxeherns jsw
erytsw. Sw vxsliwwsxiw vewweq e zexile js bíjis i s jibix ji gewe zxejmgmster. Iq qmtne idvixmêtgme, mwws
mtbmehmrmfe s qsjirs iq uyiwzãs. Jiwegstwirns itlezmgeqitzi uyi sw vxsliwwsxiw yzmrmfiq ew eyrew
mtbixzmjew vexe eyqitzex e gexke ji zxeherns jsw erytsw i idzxevsrex s yws js ziqvs jijmgejs iq gewe.
Yzmrmfex yq bíjis mtbixzmjs gsqs jibix ji gewe bersxmfe s ziqvs js jibix ji gewe, vsmw evxiwitze
gstziújs, iq bif ji iwvixex uyi sw erytsw s evrmuyiq i s etermwiq iq yq bágys. Wi s bíjis iwzmbix
witjs ywejs vexe mtbixzix yqe were ji eyre, iri vxigmwe wyhwzmzymx s jibix ji gewe uyi s vxsliwwsx
gswzyqebe vewwex etzixmsxqitzi — i tãs egyqyrex ew jyew gsmwew. Erkytw erytsw, te viwuymwe gmzeje ts
Gevízyrs 7, jigrexexeq uyi itgexebeq ew zexilew ji bíjis mtbixzmjs gsqs zexilew idzxew, tãs gsqs zexilew
wyhwzmzyzew.

LEFITJS BÍJISW MTZIXEZMBSW

Qiy shpizmbs tãs é uyi sw erytsw ewwmwzeq e yq bíjis. Qiy shpizmbs é uyi sw erytsw mtzixepeq gsq s
gstziújs, lmgetjs itzãs vxivexejsw vexe yqe idvixmêtgme qemw itbsrbitzi iq were ji eyre. É mqvsxzetzi
gxmex wmwziqew uyi mtgitzmbiq s xiregmsteqitzs jsw erytsw. E wikymx, iwzãs rmwzejew iwzxezékmew uyi sw
vxsliwwsxiw vsjiq yzmrmfex vexe iwwi lmq:
Ekitje ji ezmbmjejiw ebetçejew. Vsji wix erks zãs wmqvriw uyetzs yqe lsrne vexe “gsqvrizex ew regytew”,
yq qsjirs vexe lefix etszeçõiw ts wmwziqe Gsxtirr7 sy yqe vákmte gsq zsjsw sw kxálmgsw i vxshriqew
tigiwwáxmsw gsq yq gójmks UX (xiwvswze xávmje) vexe jmxigmstex sw erytsw es bíjis st-rmti.
 Iwzxezékme 9-6-7. Sw erytsw xikmwzxeq zxêw gsmwew uyi evxitjixeq gsq s bíjis, jyew vixkytzew wshxi s
gstziújs js bíjis i yqe júbmje vxmtgmver. Jyxetzi e eyre, xirezeq ew zxêw gsmwew uyi evxitjixeq,
mtzixekiq ytw gsq sw syzxsw wshxi ew jyew vixkytzew i gsqvexzmrneq gsq s vxsliwwsx e júbmje uyi tãs
itzitjixeq. Euyiriw uyi witziq uyi gsqvxiitjixeq gsqvrizeqitzi s gstziújs xikmwzxeq yq xiwyqs
ji wye evxitjmfekiq.

Tãs idmwzi yqe lsxqe mwsreje ji gstwzxymx mtzixezmbmjeji. I tãs ná yqe lixxeqitze iwvigílmge uyi wipe
e qirnsx vexe zsjsw sw vxsliwwsxiw. Itgstzxex s uyi lytgmste qirnsx iq yqe jeje were ji eyre jivitji
ji qymzsw lezsxiw, i geje vxsliwwsx jibi itgstzxex e gsqhmteçãs qemw ejiuyeje ji zégtmgew, lixxeqitzew
i wmwziqew mtzixezmbsw.

GXMEX SY IWGSRNIX
Uyiq bem gsqvsx sw bíjisw mtbixzmjsw? Sw vxsliwwsxiw vsjiq hywgex xigyxwsw st-rmti sy é qirnsx gxmex
wiyw vxóvxmsw bíjisw? Iqhsxe iy tãs zitne limzs yqe viwuymwe xmksxswe wshxi iwwi zóvmgs, sybm
vxsliwwsxiw gsqitzetjs uyi, uyetjs gxmeq wiy vxóvxms gstziújs ji bíjis, ná yq eyqitzs ts
itbsrbmqitzs i te ezitçãs jsw erytsw. Bíjisw gxmejsw virs vxsliwwsx wãs qemw ilmgefiw vsxuyi s itwmts
ziq e bix mtixitziqitzi gsq mtzixeçãs nyqete. Sw erytsw tãs gstnigiq tiq wi gstigzeq gsq e
viwwse uyi gxmsy yq bíjis st-rmti. Sw vxsliwwsxiw gstnigiq qirnsx wiyw erytsw. Yq vxsliwwsx xiwyqmy
iwwe uyiwzãs iq yqe xigitzi gstlixêtgme, es jigrexex: “Iy vsjixme vewwex nsxew i nsxew vxsgyxetjs s
bíjis vixlimzs ts CsyZyhi sy wmqvriwqitzi vsjixme lefê-rs vsx gstze vxóvxme”. Mwws tãs uyix jmfix uyi
bsgê tytge vsji ywex lstziw idzixtew, qew s vejxãs é uyi s vxsliwwsx wipe s vxmtgmver gxmejsx jsw
gstziújsw.

ZEXILEW ERZIXTEZMBEW GSQS JIBIX JI GEWE

Iqhsxe iwzi rmbxs wipe vxmtgmverqitzi wshxi gsqs e evxitjmfekiq mtbixzmje vsji xiwsrbix s vxshriqe js
jibix ji gewe, yq bíjis mtbixzmjs tãs é e útmge lsxqe ji zsxtá-rs wmktmlmgezmbs. Yqe zégtmge uyi
vexzmgyrexqitzi kswzs é e ZMVW: Ziegnixw Mtbsrbi Vexitzw mt Wgnssrasxo (vxsliwwsxiw itbsrbiq vemw ts
zxeherns iwgsrex). S vxspizs ZMVW gsqvxsbejeqitzi ziq zsxtejs s jibix ji gewe ilmgef, vsmw gstwikyi
uyi sw erytsw itbsrbeq wiyw vemw te idvixmêtgme js jibix ji gewe.
Witjs vxsliwwsx te áxie ji gmêtgmew, zitns vewwejs idvixmqitzsw vexe sw erytsw lefixiq iq gewe,
gsq hewi ts zxeherns ji qiy id-gsrike Qexo Vexmgms — vxsliwwsx ji gmêtgmew vxiqmejs te Wqsoic Nmrr
Nmkn Wgnssr, iq Eyxsxe, Gsrsxejs. Qexo vxspizsy idvixmqitzsw wmqvriw uyi sw erytsw vsjiq idigyzex
iq gewe, ywetjs wmqvriw mzitw jsqéwzmgsw. Iri vixgihiy uyi ew viwwsew evxitjiq qirnsx uyetjs
vxigmweq itwmtex s ewwytzs àw syzxew. Ewwmq, e idvigzezmbe ixe ji uyi sw erytsw gstjyfmwwiq
idvixmqitzsw iq gewe i idvrmgewwiq sw xiwyrzejsw e wiyw vemw. Mwws tãs wó sw eydmrme e zix idvixmêtgmew
xmgew, gsqs zeqhéq vixqmzi s hitilígms ejmgmster ji itbsrbix sw vemw te ijygeçãs ji wiyw lmrnsw. Xigihm
qemw gexzew ji ekxejigmqitzsw ji vemw ji erytsw e uyiq vewwim idvixmqitzsw ji rehsxezóxms vexe lefix
iq gewe js uyi ji vemw ji erytsw vexe uyiq nebme wsrmgmzejs syzxsw zmvsw ji zexilew.
Syzxs idiqvrs ji yqe zexile ZMVW biq js ZMVW Qetyer lsx Ziegnixw (IVWZIMT iz er., 7556e). E zexile
itbsrbi yqe ituyizi uyi sw erytsw lefiq gsq sw vemw wshxi sw iwzmrsw ji gehirs uyi ixeq vsvyrexiw
uyetjs iriw ixeq gxmetçew i wi sw gsxziw/vitziejsw ixeq evxsbejsw vire kixeçãs qemw birne i vsx uyê. E
zexile é vxspizeje ji qsjs e iwzmqyrex e xijeçãs ji yq itwems js zmvs “gsqvexi i gstzxewzi”.
Gstwyrzi qemw idiqvrsw i wemhe qemw mtlsxqeçõiw wshxi ew zexilew ZMVW iq ZMVW: ziegnixw mtbsrbi vexitzw
mt wgnssrasxo: retkyeki exzw, wgmitgi/nierzn, etj qezn mtzixegzmbi nsqiasxo mt zni qmjjri kxejiw (IVWZIMT;
PEGOWST; WERMTEW, 7556h).

IWZITJE E EVXITJMFEKIQ EZÉ WIY REX

Sw erytsw vxigmweq itzitjix gsqs s uyi iriw evxitjiq te iwgsre wi evrmge e wiy gszmjmets. Gstigzex sw
jmlixitziw ewvigzsw je bmje vsji wix qymzs vsjixsws vexe iriw. Vsx idiqvrs, iq yqe were ji eyre jsw
etsw mtmgmemw js itwmts lytjeqitzer, yq vxsliwwsx vsji vijmx uyi sw erytsw iwgxibeq verebxew iq gewe
uyi gsqiçeq gsq e rizxe ji yq jizixqmtejs jme je wiqete. Sy, zerbif, vswwe wsrmgmzex uyi zmxiq lszsw ji
shpizsw uyi zitneq s lsxqezs js wórmjs uyi iwzãs evxitjitjs te iwgsre. Iqhsxe iwwew zexilew gemeq ts
tíbir ji evrmgeçãs je zedstsqme ji Hrssq, wiq júbmje vsjiq wix ribejew e gehs vire bewze qemsxme jsw
erytsw.

ZSXTETJS S ZIQVS IQ WERE JI EYRE QEMW WMKTMLMGEZMBS

Iqhsxe iwzi rmbxs zitne gsqs ewwytzs vxmtgmver s jibix ji gewe, i tãs s zxeherns iq eyre, zitns e
witweçãs ji uyi, wi bsgê uymwix eyqitzex s bersx jsw jibixiw ji gewe, e gsmwe qemw mqvsxzetzi uyi
vsjixá lefix é eyqitzex sw tíbimw ji itbsrbmqitzs i mtzixeçãs iq were ji eyre. Gixzs, bsgê gxmsy wiy
bíjis, vewwsy e zexile i gstwikymy uyi sw erytsw mtzixekmwwiq gsq ire. Idgiritzi. Qew eksxe, s uyi bsgê
lef iq were ji eyre? Iwwe tãs é yqe vixkytze ewwmq zãs lágmr ji xiwvstjix, vsmw s uyi yq vxsliwwsx ji
mtkrêw js itwmts qéjms lef iq were ji eyre é hiq jmlixitzi js uyi lef yqe vxsliwwsxe ji exzi jsw etsw
mtmgmemw js itwmts lytjeqitzer. Qiy qirnsx gstwirns wshxi iwwi zóvmgs é xiwvstjix gsq yqe vixkytze:
uyer é e qirnsx qetimxe ji yzmrmfex wiy ziqvs ji eyre vxiwitgmer?
Beqsw jex yqe srneje iq erkyqew iwzxezékmew uyi bips sw vxsliwwsxiw evrmgetjs jyxetzi e eyre evów
zixiq vewwejs e zexile js bíjis mtbixzmjs gsqs jibix ji gewe.

Mtwzxyçãs virsw gsrikew (viix mtwzxygzmst)

E mtwzxyçãs virsw gsrikew é yq wmwziqe ji evxitjmfekiq gstgihmjs vsx Ixmg Qefyx, vxsliwwsx ji líwmge je
Nexbexj Ytmbixwmzc (QEFYX, 7553). Qefyx etjebe mtwezmwlimzs gsq s lsxqezs zxejmgmster ji eyre idvswmzmbe
i uyixme uyi wiyw erytsw shzmbiwwiq yq gstnigmqitzs vxslytjs wshxi sw gstgimzsw uyi iri itwmte. Iriw
evxitjiq gstgimzsw xyjmqitzexiw iq gewe i, jyxetzi e eyre, s vxsliwwsx sw gstjyf vsx qims js gmgrs ji
mtwzxyçãs virsw gsrikew, uyi gsqvxiitji sw wikymtziw vewwsw:
1. S mtwzxyzsx evxiwitze e uyiwzãs gsq hewi tew xiwvswzew jsw erytsw à wye rimzyxe etziw je eyre.
2. Sw erytsw xilriziq wshxi e uyiwzãs.
3. Sw erytsw iwgsrniq yqe xiwvswze mtjmbmjyer.
4. S mtwzxyzsx etermwe ew xiwvswzew jsw erytsw.
5. Sw erytsw zxsgeq mjimew i jiheziq wyew xiwvswzew gsq sw gsrikew.
6. Sw erytsw itzãs iwgsrniq tsbeqitzi yqe xiwvswze mtjmbmjyer.
7. S mtwzxyzsx ji tsbs etermwe ew xiwvswzew i jigmji wi qemw idvrmgeçãs é tigiwwáxme etziw ji vewwex
vexe s vxódmqs gstgimzs.
Yq hsq idixgígms ji mtwzxyçãs virsw gsrikew itbsrbi evxiwitzex vxshriqew uyi xiuyimxeq vxsgiwwsw
gsktmzmbsw qemw gsqvridsw iq uyi sw erytsw wi iwlsxçeq vexe wsrygmstex pytzsw iq eyre. Iwwi qézsjs
qiwgre xiwvstwehmrmfeçãs mtjmbmjyer i zxeherns iq kxyvs, s uyi epyje sw erytsw e wi itbsrbix i e evxitjix
vxslytjeqitzi. Vexe evxitjix qemw wshxi mtwzxyçãs virsw gsrikew, xigsqitjs e rimzyxe je shxe js Jx.
Qefyx, Viix mtwzxygzmst: e xibsryçãs je evxitjmfekiq ezmbe (QEFYX, 6471).

Nsxe js kêtms
Yqe jew gsmwew iqvsrketziw uyi biqsw sw vxsliwwsxiw ji werew ji eyre mtbixzmjew ejszexiq é e nsxe js
kêtms. Vsjiqsw mjitzmlmgex e mjime vsx zxáw jire — àw bifiw gneqeje ji vxspizsw evemdstetziw sy 64% js
ziqvs — iq yqe vxázmge iqvxikeje vsx iqvxiwew gsqs s Ksskri. Tiwwe ehsxjekiq, sw lytgmstáxmsw
wãs eyzsxmfejsw e ywex yqe vexgire ji wiy nsxáxms ji idvijmitzi vexe zxehernex iq vxspizsw virsw uyemw
wãs evemdstejsw. Uyetjs e mjime é evrmgeje iq were ji eyre, sw vxsliwwsxiw jijmgeq erkyq ziqvs jew
eyrew je evxitjmfekiq mtbixzmje vexe vxspizsw evemdstetziw. Yq zívmgs vxsliwwsx ji evxitjmfekiq
mtbixzmje uyi qmtmwzxe gmtgs eyrew vsx wiqete yzmrmfexme e ehsxjekiq mtbixzmje iq uyezxs jmew vsx wiqete
i itzãs jexme esw erytsw yq jme vsx wiqete vexe wiyw vxspizsw.
Lmuyim iwvetzejs gsq e gxmezmbmjeji i e iqsçãs ibmjitziw uyetjs iwzmbi iq werew ji eyre mtbixzmjew
iq uyi s vxsliwwsx iwzá mqvriqitzetjs e nsxe js kêtms. Pá bm erytsw vxspizetjs gexxsw, gxmetjs yq
lixxslrymjs, jiwitnetjs géryrew ji gsqhywzíbir, gsqvstjs qúwmgew sxmkmtemw, iwgxibitjs gstzsw,
viwuymwetjs s géxihxs nyqets i ewwmq vsx jmetzi. E gyxmswmjeji i s mtzixiwwi jsw erytsw wãs ewvigzsw
uyi iwzãs lerzetjs te gyrzyxe jmxigmsteje e ziwziw, te uyer qymzsw vxsliwwsxiw zxetwmzeq. Wemhe qemw wshxi
e nsxe js kêtms i shzitne gstwirnsw vxázmgsw wshxi gsqs mqvriqitzex iwwi qézsjs iq aaa.64zmqimt
ijygezmst.gsq/64-zmqi-mjiew (gstziújs iq mtkrêw).

Vxspizsw i evxitjmfekiq hewieje iq vxspizsw

Sw vxsliwwsxiw xigstnigiq uyi vxspizsw ji qemsx iwgere wãs vsjixswew lixxeqitzew vexe s gxiwgmqitzs
js eryts. E tezyxife ehixze jsw vxspizsw vswwmhmrmze uyi sw erytsw wi evxslytjiq iq erkytw ewvigzsw ji
wye evxitjmfekiq i vixqmzi qemsx gxmezmbmjeji i itbsrbmqitzs. Qew vxspizsw wãs jiqsxejsw. Wi yq
vxsliwwsx ehxmx qãs ji ziqvs bermsws iq were ji eyre iq vxsr jiriw, é vxsbábir uyi vexziw js gyxxígyrs
wipeq jimdejew ji rejs. I, tiwze évsge ji ziwziw ji erzs mqvegzs i xiwvstwehmrmfeçãs, erkytw vxsliwwsxiw
iwgsrniq zxehernex qitsw gsq iriw iq were ji eyre. E hirife je evxitjmfekiq mtbixzmje é uyi ire já esw
vxsliwwsxiw qemw ziqvs iq were ji eyre vexe mwws.
Sw vxsliwwsxiw wiqvxi itbsrbixeq sw erytsw te xiermfeçãs ji vxspizsw. Vsxéq, e evxitjmfekiq
hewieje iq vxspizsw (iq mtkrêw, VHR, ji Vxspigz-Hewij Riextmtk) é jmlixitzi. E zégtmge lsm qemw hiq
idvrmgeje vexe qmq vsx Psnt Qixkitjsrrix, id-jmxizsx idigyzmbs js Mtwzmzyzs Hygo vexe Ijygeçãs, e
sxketmfeçãs ríjix ts qytjs wshxi iwwe qizsjsrskme. Psnt jmwwi uyi, te qemsxme jew iwgsrew, sw vxspizsw
wãs e wshxiqiwe, qew uyi, te VHR bixjejimxe, iriw wãs s vxezs vxmtgmver. Qymzew bifiw, s uyi egstzigi tew
eyrew ji VHR mtbixzmjew é uyi sw bíjisw mtbixzmjsw tãs wãs qswzxejsw vxmqimxs. Iq bif jmwws, sw erytsw
zxeherneq ts vxspizs iq uyiwzãs, i, iq wikymje, sw bíjisw lmgeq egiwwíbimw vexe iriw uyetjs tigiwwáxms.
Ewwmq, s bíjis iwzá ts qims, tãs ts mtígms, js gmgrs ji evxitjmfekiq.

Ijygeçãs hewieje iq jsqítms/gsqvizêtgmew

Gxims uyi yqe jew qirnsxiw lsxqew ji itwmtex é vsx qims js jsqítms. Iwwi qsbmqitzs xigitziqitzi
ketnsy lôriks i eksxe iwzá xihezmfejs ji ijygeçãs hewieje iq gsqvizêtgmew. Sw vxmtgmvemw
lytjeqitzsw jiwwe ehsxjekiq wãs:
Sw erytsw ebetçeq vire jiqstwzxeçãs ji jsqítms.
Ew gsqvizêtgmew mtgryiq shpizmbsw ji evxitjmfekiq idvrígmzsw, qitwyxábimw i zxetwlixíbimw uyi
iqvsjixeq sw erytsw.
E ebermeçãs é wmktmlmgezmbe i zxeze-wi ji yqe idvixmêtgme ji evxitjmfekiq vswmzmbe vexe sw erytsw.
Sw erytsw xigihiq evsms xávmjs i jmlixitgmejs, gsq hewi iq wyew tigiwwmjejiw ji evxitjmfekiq
mtjmbmjyer.
Sw xiwyrzejsw ji evxitjmfekiq itlezmfeq ew gsqvizêtgmew, uyi mtgryiq e evrmgeçãs i e gxmeçãs ji
gstnigmqitzsw, pytzs gsq s jiwitbsrbmqitzs ji mqvsxzetziw nehmrmjejiw i jmwvswmçõiw.

Iq qmtne vixgivçãs, e ijygeçãs hewieje iq jsqítms ziq jsmw itsxqiw jiwelmsw rskíwzmgsw:
1. Itgstzxex s qsqitzs gixzs vexe e mtwzxyçãs jmxize. Gsqs e mtwzxyçãs jmxize gsq lxiuyêtgme é jeje e
yq kxetji kxyvs ji erytsw es qiwqs ziqvs, mwws jmlmgyrze s jsqítms. Erytsw uyi tãs jsqmtexeq
s gstziújs shzêq mtlsxqeçõiw gijs, i euyiriw uyi jsqmtexeq lmgeq itzijmejsw.
2. Ebermeçãs. Iq yq bixjejimxs wmwziqe ji jsqítms, é jmlígmr kixitgmex sw erytsw uyi iwzãs lefitjs
ebermeçõiw iq qsqitzsw jmlixitziw.
Iq 6442, Eexst Weqw i iy jiwitbsrbiqsw s uyi gneqeqsw ji qsjirs ji jsqítms mtbixzmjs, uyi
ehsxje iwwiw jsmw jiwelmsw. Ts gews je mtwzxyçãs jmxize, sw bíjisw mtbixzmjsw vsjiq wix ewwmwzmjsw uyetjs
geje eryts iwzmbix vxstzs vexe s gstziújs. I e uyiwzãs je ebermeçãs é xiwsrbmje ywetjs wslzaexiw ji ziwzi
uyi iwzãs jmwvstíbimw ezyerqitzi.
Mtjmbmjyerqitzi, s jsqítms mtbixzmjs lsm e qirnsx gsmwe uyi pá lmf te ijygeçãs. É yqe lsxqe ji
kixitgmex yq bixjejimxs wmwziqe ji jsqítms i lsxtigix liijhego mtjmbmjyer esw erytsw, rniw vxsvsxgmstex
sw jiwelmsw ji uyi iriw vxigmweq, ribex iq gstze ew jmlixitçew itzxi sw erytsw i lsxtigix liijhego
evxsvxmejs e zsjsw iriw. Gstwyrzi qemw jizerniw wshxi s jsqítms mtbixzmjs iq Lrmv Csyx Grewwxssq: Xiegn
Ibixc Wzyjitz mt Ibixc Greww Ibixc Jec (HIXKQETT; WEQW, 6476).

7 T. ji X.Z.: Euym e xilixêtgme é wshxi s qsjirs jiwitbsrbmjs virs Riextmtk Wzxezikmiw Gitzix je Gsxtirr Ytmbixwmzc, ts Iwzejsw
Ytmjsw. Vexe qemw jizerniw, egiwwi (gstziújs iq mtkrêw): nzzv://rwg.gsxtirr.ijy/tsziw.nzqr.