117

lwia dnly
xtexb awri
*
,zipnexyicii zextq lr meik mixacn xy`k
diaxqa ,dpiaewean yicii ixvei ly dxeag dze`l mipeekzn
dpey`xd mlerd zngln xg`l dvawzpy ,hrbiqyxen`xne
yicii zextq ly mifkxnd z` dxvie dlecbd dipnexa
.apiyiwae uiaepx'va ,hyxweaa
wx dipnexa mw icii izextq fkxny xacd oekp mpn`
gtqid mr ,ytp oeilnkl zicedid dziiqelke` dribdyn
dphwd dipnexy mb oekp la` .miycgd milagd dil`
llg dzid `l ,dicedi sl` ze`n yely lr ,1918 iptlny
zngln axr `weec .yiciia zizextqd dxivid zpigan wix
dphwd dipnexa yiciia zeizxivid dwpif dpey`xd mlerd
.zinlerd yicii zextql sxhvdl dpeek jez
xega) dpyid dipnexn mixirv dyely ,1914 xanvca
lrae oncl`e mixt` hpcehqd eqib ,uiaepiax ihen daiyid
(xtexb awri xxeynd q`i ly dhiqxaipe`d mrhn x`ezd
* .ezxihtl miyelyd meia mixac
lwi a dnly
118
mya oerax `ivedl eligzd hkil wcva aygdl ie`xd ,(xe`)
mitzey .dipnexa zipxcen yicii zextq ly dziy`xk
,diaxqan ribdy ,iwqp`yehea awri eid dlgzd dze`l
.oiaex oae`x rcepd icedid xiivde
m`ea zra dbviiy ,zifkxnd zizextqd zencdy `l`
did jyndae ,dpyid dipnex z` miaxqade mi`piaewead ly
did ,dlecbd dipnexa yiciia dxivia wlg lhpy xteql
.xtexb awri
.hyxweaa 1934 zpya wx rited elyn mixiy xtq
xtexb ly eixiy uaew ,ab` oiihy oe ohy oi` dlva)
xtexbe [...] eiiga xe`l `viy cigid xtqd `ed (davn ly
ly dneiw zepy 22 jezn dxyr yyd dpya eze` `ived
dipnexa miixletet eid exiye xxeynd mle` .dlecbd dipnex
lra xxeyn elit` zexicp mizirl dl dkefy dcina dphwd
miax enbxiz miipnexmicedi mixxeyn .dxiy ixtq dxyr
mlwcne `xew did icedid xrepde ,zipnexl xtexb ixiyn
eqtcpy ,iciid mxewna mbe ipnexd mnebxza mixiyd z`
mb ,e`xw `ly dl`e .zeipihl zeize` ly wizrza erci md
dtiq` efi`l xtexb ly ezqipk .ea egazyde xtexb lr
ayeid itn dkxal cinz dkef dzid zicedi mzq e` zipeiv
.ldwd ze`eyzle y`x
s`e zine`l dpigan elleazd xaky ,mipnexd micedid
xxeynd did `ed .wcvae xtexba migazyn eid ,zizeaxz
xte xb awri
119
,dpyid dipnex znc` lr clepy oey`xd ipxcend iciid
yicii ornl inlerd icedid wa`nl sxhvdy myn oey`xd
szzyd dxyr dpenyd oa xtexb .ef dtya zeizxivi ornle
did `ed .1908a uiaepx'va dqpkzdy oeyld zcireea
daizkl dpt j` zipnexd ikxa lr jpgzdy cigid icedid
mixteq zexyr eyry itk zipnexa azk `le en` ztya
.mixg` micedi
rcepd iciid xecaexhd ,"mik`l`eed ux`n hiigd"
q`il ede`iad eixed .dpyid dipnexa clep `l ,xbp`n wivi`
z` eil` axiwy oey`xd did xtexb awri .deevnxa liba
.eixiy iabl daehl ezepian riade xbp`n
leki ip`e dpy miyely iptl izazk jk ,xtexb awri"
ly exgy xxeyn xeza did ,zebiizqd lk ila jk lr xefgl
zipgex zeiyi`k ;mei ly enex - icedi hpbilhpi` xeza ;mei
".elek lk dpyid dipnex zecdi ly dnei -

zery zedyl il oncfp miyelyd zepy zligza ,f`i`

leabd lr ,oliidin ,xtexb awri ly ezecli zxiira zecg`
icedie leabl xarn driqt .dpiaeweae dpyid dipnex oiay
mipewe hxq zi`piaewead dxiird l` driqpa miribn oliidin
mbe xzei milef md d"xiwd zpicn ly dpiaeweaay ,mibix`
lwi a dnly
120
hxq icedie leabl xarn l` dxfg driqt ;xzei miti
lek`l ick oliidin ly ze`aqnd zg` jezl miwnegmiqpkp
ihyaFcF` oiia dze` mqalE milgb lr dielv dvne` efi` my
dzid ef dpigan .x`phFw oiia ,xgaend on `nye ,aeh
ieedd la` ,dpyid dipnex dlek lk leabd lry oliidin
dfl dneca ,ezeipebqq `elna my did oiicr wec`d icedid
.divilbe dpiaewea oetv zexiiray
zexiira ezgixt `elna didy icedid ieedd eze` jezn
,(diaxqae dpiaewea leab lry dl`a xwira) zeia`clend
enqxtzd eixiyy ,xtexb awri iciid owixild dlre gnv
a hlree ryicii .dwegxd dplieeay
izpncfp oliidina izedy ly zexetqd zeryd jyna
ly mditzk lr - mixegy iehrd oex`d .dieell dxwna
oecedi crev mcile ,mixetq mieeln - oex`d ixg` .mipwf
`l` ,mila`d zeavr z` wx `l ekezn wrvne `hef
dxiird ly dzeavr z` ,yega qetzl ozipy itk ,s`
.zqqebd
izhaid exiya x`ezn `edy itk eiz`vne riwxa
:'xag l`' xtexb ly ix`letetd
,wgyd f`n cai` ezlkz zegvgv z`
;miwxad xrql sxhvdl minii`ne
[qehiin edil` :zixar]
xte xb awri
121
zeavrdy `l` ,cxi `l mybe mrfp myba mii` riwxd
idefy dybxd dzid ile dklde dzarzp mipprl zgzny
dxeawl dhilt zix`y d`yp eli`k .dxiira dpexg`d dieeld
.dnly zicedi dlidw
dgtyn cer el dzid `ly s`) xtexb ly dzid dxiird
dxiirl ,myle (myn eccp miaexwd lke ezn en`e eia` .my
ixtq mr ,yxcnd zia lye xcgd ly ezeipgex mr ,`idd
icedid gexd yi` rbrbzd ,mrd ixiye `n` ly zeiyrnd
,oey`xd icedid xewnd l` diblhqepd .xtexb awri ocernd
.xtexb ly exiya iceqid aihend dzid ,dxiird l`
,cgi my ayil cer eplki ,ixag el
,zgpa slb miegn ,xtq zeiyrn
.mikfmilegk zeidl miwgyd eay f`
[qehiin edil` :zixar]

zepya zecicia enr izxywzpy ,xtexb awri z`

zligza dipnex z` iz`v onl cer izi`x `l ,ily hyxwea
zereay miizpy iptl iziliayk enr ybtidl izieeiw .1939
xak xxebzdy ,xtexb ddy f` `weecy `l` .l`xyia micg`
zipkez eprawe epazkzd .oilxaa ,l`xyia xtqn mipy
`l` ,(izrvd itl) fixta e` (ezrvd itl) dpieea ybtidl
lwi a dnly
122
ipelna oetlhd lvliv cg` xwea .dniiwzd `l dyibtdy
lfnzp `l m` .xtexb awri ly elewa izpgade fixta
,zegtd lkl ,z`f eyriy - xn` - mipt l` mipt ybtipy
miggeynd ipy .mirebrb `lne jx ,mg rnyp elew .epizelew
zehrnd zewcd jez xikfd xtexb .zernca ewpgp oetlha
,(onl` zepexg`d mipyd 34 jyna did `ed) ezecica z`
zpicna ezgny z`e eze` micixhnd sebd iyegin z`
yg xwira .ytp zaxiwae zeiaala lawzp my ,l`xyi
ynn jk) ycewd xir ,milyexia miptd zlawa ef daxiw
.(dze` dpik
dqqz zizxivid zepzt`yd mle` .eze` epir miyegind
eixiy ly lecb ipy uaew xe`l `ivedl opekzd `ede ea
.zr iazka mixeft eidy e` enqxtzd mxhy
oilxal miwqr rqnl aey xtexb `vi xanaep idlya
6 xanvca 12d ipy meia xhtp `ed mye `aed epex` .196
xxebzd da dtiga ,xanvca 25 ,'` meia xawp `ede l`xyil
.did 76 oa .lnxkd lry meixehpqa dpexg`d eiig zpya
ornle eiazk z`ved ornl mitqk xi`yd ez`eeva
xteqd zkixra yicii zxiy ly zllek dibelezp` z`ved
.lwpxt xfril`
ipizxa .` .w :yiciin mbxz
123
siqei .a
ilniq axr
*
xeniy lr ze`l `ll cwyy ,cnelnd ield x"c
zpy ly sxega gilvd ,dipnex icedi ly zelibnde milieebd
ircnl oeknd aiaq micg` mil`ehwlhpi` cb`l 1932
lrtn zexetq mipy jez miwd df oekn .eei - zecdid
dtexi`a zecdid ircnl zycwend dincw` ,x`etn izeaxz
ly ezey`xa sipq ,hyxwea ,eply dnecxd xira mb cqiie
lr zepexkf zelrdl ick epqpkzd miaxrd cg`a .ield x"c
ztewz lr ,wegx `ld xar on dcefit` hkil .q`ia [xe`]
miyp` dnk eid epipia .xtexb awri xxeynd did dvxnd
lwia x"c ,bxapxhy awri xxeynd ok enke ,q`ia eclepy
sqepae - zicedi zeaxze zeiaal ,divpbilhpi` ly xve` -
xar xg` exzy mipey mibeqn mil`ehwlhpi` ly dveaw
.zeizeaxzd mdizeti`yl ceqi ynyie zernyn wipriy
.xacl ligzd xtexb
* :xtexb awri ly ezxivi lr xtqn rhw mebxz
B. Iosif, Nostalgia ghettoului evreesc, Bucuresti, 1934, pp.10-12
si qe i . a
124
ztewz ly mixetqd "micxey"d ,ep` hkil epikfy ,
xrin zrwea zicedid dxiyde dlind z` dpey`xl renyl
dlrn eze` renyl epybxzd ,xtexb awril zeced epzxivi
ly oexg`d cxew`de mixerpd oe`y ,zeclid zaai oexkf z`
.dipnexa zicedid dxiyd
ly minqwd caxn lr lw yig dlr xtexb xxeynde
mdny miwte`d l` ,ietvk ,sterzde miiyi`d zepexkfd
zevw drax`a epfg` ,mipif`nd ,ep` .ezxiy icd eil` eribd
zenedzd l` eprwye midabd l` ez` cgi ep`ype caxnd
z` ep`vn me`zt .ezxivi zexewn l` ,el wx elbzdy
d`aed 1400 zpy dze` ;weica `l ?1400a ?dti` ...epnvr
dxivid ly oey`xd cxew`d dlr myn ik ,epiptl dbvede
ztewza xtexb awril zeced dzeipeig `elna dnlbzdy
hkil .
xtexby dry ,axr eze`a minqwen eplek epiid
epipirn miienq eid mdizevwy miheg eicgi xaig xxeynd
tc mnvrn eli`k evawzde e`a .ok iptl dixehqid i
.icedid xard on minc zerxe`n ,zelibn ,zecerz ,miaidvn
,zayiizn ,zxywp zecaer ly znieqn dxcq ik epyg
xiihvn jk ick jeze xtexb ly ez`ixwl dnvrn zlylzyn
eppevxay in lye eppdy in ly ,eply mlyd oweicd epiptl
ly zihzpiqd dpenzd z` axr eze`a hhxq xtexb .zeidl
dcigie zg` dlilr ef dzid .dipnexa zicedid zeaxzd
i lni q axr
125
eiwa`ne eizeb`c mr ,iaeclend icedid zeedzd zece`
oenftae .ely bgde zelrzdd ,dgepnd irbx mr ,miineineid
.eytp zle`bl wa`nd ,un`nd xkip xfegd
miayei epnvr epi`xe eplek epxxerzd ,wzzyd xy`k
mikxc zyxta epxvrp .xtexb mr cgi ogleyd aiaq
cr jxcde ,zixehqid hkil .dkex` cer dziid
ixac lrn wa`d z` syp" xaky mc` ,epzi`n cg`
ahid el mixken eid milwlwrd dixehqidd iliayy ,"minid
:rztl `xw ,mipeikx`a ezcearn
mzernyny zerxe`n lr siwn ixehqid han dfi` -
!dxxazd mxh
.ield x"c df did
qnp epal .riztne midcn myex epilr eyr xtexb ixac
,xxetnk ok iptl epipira xiihvdy ,icedid xard xy`k
.zipenxd zipazk dpey`xl epl dlbzd
dnypd ly dpey`xd dzxiy epilr dcxi axr eze`a
.dgkiyd zelba f` cr dzdyy ,dipnexa zicedid
126
dti .a .`
dipnexa yicii zextqe xtexb awri
*
epexkf ia` itn izrnyy df xiy il xekf izecli inin
:dkxal
,riexb olin ,hrxrq oe brxa
!xriexb xrn jp xrplin xrc oe`
- xrhqiexb xrc ohpw ic oi`
.xrhqielw xrhyrpila hlnixc
oxi hxrcped spi oi` oiey fi`'x
.oxrb i` orbpbrb i`
oxi ic oi` oiey oreerb oe`
mrxeh oe` lhy oe` hiiwiliid
oxvpR x ,ohclq x
...oxcpyf qxp dxiw x oe`
ghd hxqd ly dcba" - dpgha oghe / ,zexet` zep
/ dlecb digk znpnpn wgxna / .cer xet` xzei `ed
* :jeza ,xtexb qxt zwelg qwha mixac dipnex hay .1979 qxn ,
di pne xa yi ci i ze xtqe xte xb awri
127
mirnyp / mipy w"z / .dler wte`ae hypl`a ly dltzd
`id // .mipnfe mizr dilrn mitlege / mippxe mixiy da
xvan mb ,miqeql deexe` mb / miqpd minid uexna dzid
okyne / ,xvptd zbeltl ,liigl hwxqwe / ,miqblw
[xvln .y :zixar] "...xqiwd ixheyl ,x`cp`'fl
in izrci `l j` ,dt lr eizrcie xiyd z` izrny
miinnrd mixiyd lk jxck ,xtexb ly eixiy ik .exaig
`l` ,`weec mi`xwp mixiy eid `l ,zeixad lr miaagznd
mherin wx .zilxe` zxeqna ,dt l` dtn exary mixiy
uaew wx eiiga mqxit xtexb ik reci ixdy ,qetca xe` e`x
) cg` mixiy oiihy oe ohy oi` mbe (1934 hyxwea ,
j` .eixiy z` mqxtl daxn did `l miizextqd zrd iazka
ly eizerted awr xwira micedi itl` axwa ercep dl`
epgled s` eixiyn miax .miizextq mitypa envr xxeynd
.mxagn edin byen mdl did `ly miyp` ita mixyen eide
:lwia dnly ly ezecr epilr dpn`pe
dcina dphwd dipnexa eid miixletet eixiye xxeynd"
ixtq dxyr lra xxeyn elit` zexicp mizrl dl dkefy
xtexb ixiyn miax enbxiz mipnexmicedi mixxeyn .dxiy
mixiyd z` mlwcne `xew did icedid xrepde ,zipnexl
wizrza eqtcpy ,iciid mxewna mbe ipnexd mnebxza
xtexb lr erci ,e`xw `ly dl`e .zeipihl zeize` ly
mzq e` zipeiv dtiq` efi`l xtexb ly ezqipk .ea egazyde
dti .a . `
128
ze`eyzle y`x ayeid itn dkxal dkef cinz dzid zicedi
".ldwd
mixec`aexhd ly mkiynne myxei xtexb did dfae
mewnl mewnn mixaer eidy mrd ixxeyn ,micedid
ecai` mdixiye ,zepezgae zegnya mdixiy z` mirinyne
mr ixiyl ektdpe zil`eciaicpi`d mzedf ipniq z` aexl
ezgny ,icedid ald oebip z` mkeza exv`y miipenl`
.ezlgeze eirebrb ,eavre
oa did daeclenay oliidin dxiird cili ,xtexb
.mewnd oa elek lk did `ed j` ,divilbn m`veny mixedl
xtq mqxity ,siqei .a on`pd epyxt eilr cird xake
) ezxiy lr zipnexa icedid ehibd ly diblhqepd hyxwea ,
:(1934
ly zixild eznyp lew zepa ezxiya `iad xtexb"
daeclen ly dize`ycn ileya jldn didy df ,icedid yi`d
e`vn ia`clend icedid ly eixerpe ezecli .dixeyine
zipnexd dxiyd zecya drxy xecd .mxxeyn z` xtexba
zepy ly weznd aipl aiywdl rbxl xvrp ziztxvde
d xiiv eay ,zeclid ,miwgynd ,`a` zia ze`xnn xxeyn
".icedid meiwd ipiipr lke xcgd ieed
ezxeknux` itep ezxiya mix`eznd mitepd wx `le
`ed oky .ce`n icedi qgi did sepl ely eqgi mb `l` ,eid
`l` ,cala zelkzqd ly d`pda sepd ze`xn lr bprzd `l
di pne xa yi ci i ze xtqe xte xb awri
129
zeceq lr ,oeixtd ceq" lr ezervn`a zedzl ywia
ik ,zebd wxt" ely rahd ixe`iz eid `l ok lre ,"d`ixad
."xzqltiazk e` dvxrdipepnd m`
zixild dxiyd ly mipeyd dibeqa eci dqip xtexb
iwxtn ,dad`d zxiy cr zinnrd dclad onl ,zit`de
dlbzp cgi mb mlekae ,qet` ly zeaihg cre milidz
enr ly zeaxzd zexewnn a`eyd ,wdaen icedi xxeynk
oa icedid z` zeell ecia dlr ok lre .ezeyibx zepiirnne
,zipgexd ezelrzd rbxa ,enei lnra ,ekxca mewnd
exiya xy `ed jke .eidel` mre envr mr ezecgiizda
gek ,ezewnr ,ezeixewn zekfa ik raew epyxty ,'zegilq'
z` qipkn `ed ,ea mireahd zxeqnd zeceqie ely iehiad
:mlerd zxiy megzl xxeynd
,gepfl zegny zr ,uiw / ,daiywd ,miwtec zegilql"
gvp // .gext gxti `l ocr / ,gvp iep igxt mihwel oi` /
xak dad` / ,diyi` oeebx`a epiny / ynyd ravz `l
/ enirpi `l aey mixiya // .dibeprzl uwd `a / ,zaxrp
zelewak / ,hwya jze` slrl / ,syp lk jal mixinfd
/ ?ml` xrva zewidan / jipir icbp df dnl // .sqk ililg
dngd // ?dl` miaedv milr ,onf / mcew ,jxca mirez dn
zraeh millvay cr / ,ztwyn min xeg`l / ,mbera drewy
[qehiin .` :zixar] ".ztlec dpir dpexg` /
ef zcgein yicii oeyl ly dxvei mb `ed xtexb awri
dti .a . `
130
exec ipan miax mixteq dyniye dipnex zefegna dlawzpy
.xzei xirvd xecd ipan mbe
sck dnyxpy dcefit` dze`a mb xeyw xtexb ly eny
`eld ,dipnexa ziciid zextqd ly dizecleza zx`tz ly
zrd azk ly minid zxvw ezrted `id hkil zngln inia
.dpey`xd mlerd
na oirn onf wxt eze`a dcqep q`ia zinnr zeaxzl d
zenec zena zeawra jk d`xwp dnad ."lediapieh" mya
dxagd owzn ly eny lr e`xwpe dilbp`a zeniiw eidy
eid ,dilbp`a ,my .1883a zny iapieh clepx` ilbp`d
ze`hiqxaipe`a ecqepy ,mihpcehq ipecren xwira dl`
zrc uitdl mihpcehqd z` xxerl dzid mzxhne ,zepeyd
dtexi` gxfnl lblbzp oeirxd .mrd ipend axwa dlkyde
,md s` epkzp ,dipnexae divilba enwedy dl`k mipecrene
lwia dnly .lediaieh mya ,milbp`d mipecrend zeawra
d`inelewa ,eixerp inia ,dl`k mipecren meiw lr xtqn
mipwqre milikyn mixirv miqpkzn eid mye uiaepx'vae
zeircn ze`vxda ehirldle "mrd l` zkll" dxhna mipeiv
eidy zextqd iaxra eli`e .zeil`wiqen zeipkezae zeizextqe
jezn `exwl mibdep eid ,mipecrend mze`a miniiwzn
,uxt ,mkilr mely ,zicedid zextqd ilecb ly mdiazk
.mixg`e wil`ia ,oifiix
mlerd zngln axr epncfp q`ia xy` lediapieha
di pne xa yi ci i ze xtqe xte xb awri
131
.mall daexw dzid ziciid dxividy mixirv unew dpey`xd
my xikd `ede ,mireawd oecrend i`an did xtexb awri
didy ,ziyxey zicedi dgtynl oa ,oncl`e mixt` z`
ihen z`e ,inewnd oekizd xtqd zia lqtq z` yaeg oiicr
mixiy azky ,sixge iwa ,ocwye repv xega ,uiaepiax
azk `ivedl dnfeil oirxbd z` eeid dl` dyely .yiciia
xeark etxhvd mdil` .dxirvd ziciid dxivil ohw zr
daeclen zxial ribdy ,iwqp`yehea awri dnonf
oae`x mya mipy xeark rcepy) uiaewilf oae`x ,diaxqan
xenc`d oa ,oncixt edizzne (xiivd ,oiaex ,cE'fc`n
zextql qtzp ,"drx zeaxzl `vi"y ,ipi'fixd i`v`vn
miipy cwt ibxh lxeb .eia` zia ici lr mxgede zipeligd
zexdad qetihn zn oncixt edizzn :dveawd iyp`n
fbtn zifga bxdp oncl`e mixt`e dpey`xd mlerd znglna
a mqxity zeniyxd zg`a .ipnxb hkil x`zn ,'mixeaib' ,
engly micedid miliigd ly dicbxhd z` uiaepiax izen
edrx lr yi` exi minrtle ,mipey ze`ava ,zezifgd lka
...milbxd lig ly zeaxwa mipt l` mipt eybtp s`e
eyabzp lediapiehd ly zeaxzd zelerty xg`l
xaca mpeirx yeninl z`fd dveawd iyp` eybip ,eagxzpe
.ohw izextq zr azk z`ved
ly dpey`xd zxaegd hkil ycega ,1914a drited
elivl' xtexb awri ly exiy ,xzid oia ,eqtcp dae ,xanvc
dti .a . `
132
ezniyx ,zexig mgell oepnid oirn ,'iaknd dcedi ly
'x ly oehiilit ,'mixeaib' ,uiaepiax ihen ly zxkfpd
xiy ,(iwqp`yehea .i) rlrwpi xetiq ,lhqn awri ly mi
uiaepiax ihen ly ixih`q xiy oke oncl`e mixt` ly xiye
mqxetn didy ,"xhnlwrc xrc" (ieca my znizga)
.mdipinl zextq itypa e`ixwdl miaxn eide ezrya ce`n
a mireawd mitzzynd hkil micqiind zveaw iyp` eid
eqif .l .` oebk migxe` mixteq mrtl mrtn etxhvd mdil`e
,zexaeg rax` erited lkd jqa .dipyd zxaega szzydy
meqxitl hxt j` .e"rxz dpyd y`x axra dpexg`d
iagxa zextq iaxr oebxi`a mb dveawd ixag ewqr zexaegd
aeyii `vnp day dxiir e` xir dzid `ly dnece ,dipnex
iwxt z`ixw ellk dl`d mitypd .myl eribd `l mdy icedi
dnbna dyrp lkde - zeizepn` zerted ,ze`vxd ,zextq
.mipendd axwa zicedid zeaxzd z` xicgdl
iyp` hkil miipy .miiznbn mihqiyicii eid `l
mixar" elit` eid oncixt edizzne uiaepiax ihen ,mkezn
"mytp ziihp it lre yxcnd zian mzxykd it lr miwdaen
md j` ,(uiaepiax ihen ly epa ,iax awri cirny itk)
dliride dxvwd jxcd ef ik epiady meyn yiciia exga
edizzn .yeakl eywia eze`y icedid aihwlewd all xzeia
zxaega yxcp ,dveawd ly bele`ici`d didy ,oncixt
ik dcede zepeyld aixl ziyilyd zixard ycewd oeyl `id
di pne xa yi ci i ze xtqe xte xb awri
133
dbetq `id ,ely zeaxzd ikxr exvep da ,icedid mrd ly
la` ,mrd ly eixerp inin xye`de une`d ,zexigd gex
yicii dtyd ef ,mrd aex ly zineineid xeaicd zty `id
exga mdy jkl zixwird daiqd efe ,mlege ayeg `ed da
.yicii aezkl
- daihwtqxt jezn z`fd dtewzd lr mitev ep`yk
ik zecedl ep` miaiig - ze`qnletd lkl xarne lrn hkil
zelleazdd ipta qixz eynya aeyg ine`l ciwtz `lin
dryn zicedid divpbilhpi`d axwa dt lka zlke` dzidy
itc lrn .zipnexd dxivid zekxrna alzydl dlgd efy
zrd azk deewzd xteqde oncixt edizzn oia gekieed ldpzd
ezcnr cbp uveg `vi oncixt .dwxc` qwilt ipnexicedid
iext ,rwiext") dwxc` ly zelleazdl dhepd o`l rw
`ll ,zgketn dxeva avnd z` ze`xl evli`e ("?zrbd
.zeily`
iehiad xbzyp dipnexa zicedid zepezirde zextqa
ztewz" hkil .t z`n df mya zxaeg elit` dritede ,"
dl` zexaeg rax` zeie`x mpn`d .1933 zpya ipenl`
epi` iax awri ?dipnex icedi zecleza "dtewz"l aygidl
:azek `ed .jk xaeq
" hkil `ed j` ,dtewz gzt `le dtewz zwfga did `l
d`xy` e` drtyd lr xacl xzen m` .zpiiprn dcefit` did
mini drehp dzidy dxkdd meyn wx df ixd ,epnn ekynpy
dti .a . `
134
gkedy ,ine`ld dpgna xwira ,dipnexa miagx mibega miax
meqxit ici lr zg` mrt hkil h`bxd zecdi mb ik ,
geka xevil zlbeqn ,"zivx`dmr"k zwfgend ,zlygpd
z`aeind zicedi zeaxz ly okxv zeidl wx `le ,dnvr
".mixg` zenewnn
mpn`e hkil zizextqd dwiceixtd dcya mewipe` did
`ed s` did xtexb awriy myk ,dipnexa zicedid
inegza lrte lcb ,clepy cigid icedid xxeynd ,"mewipe`"
"dlecbd dipnex" lr eppeic z` jinqp m` ,oky .h`bxd
,diaxqa z` mlerd zengln izy oiay dtewza dllky
xtexb x`yii `ly i`ce ,cere dipaliqp`xh ,dpiaewea
epnp dilry dlecb dxeag dze`n cg`k aygii `l` ,ececiaa
awri ,onhl` dyn ,xbp`n wivi` ,bx`apiihy xfril`
mby myk ,bxapxhy hkil ,cigid zrd azkl aygii `l
eilr etqeezi oky ic ,hxee xrfpe` ,lfpi` ,qpii` ,oaiey
yicii ,jee minegz megiza miwec` x`yip m` j` .cere
z` wx aeygpe ux`d ly mipeyd dizefegn oia miitxbe`ib
xtexb awri x`yii ,"zizin`"d dipnexl diphpene daeclen
.dipnexa cigid iciid xxeynd
`l xveik eiig .wpetne gtehn "cigi oa" didy `le
zian ei`xew eid miax `l .z`fd zecicad i`pza milw eid
zr iazk xcrda .zizeaxz zicii "daiaq" `la ig `ede
mipnexmiicedi zr iazka eixiyn mqxtn did ,yiciia
di pne xa yi ci i ze xtqe xte xb awri
135
zipnex xaic envr `ed .zeinex zeize`a divixwqp`xha
`ed oi` dnl eicicie eixkn eilr ednze edz zg` `le dhedx
ixteq lecby mixtqn .ux`d ztya exiy z` mb azek
,mrt el xn` ez` ccein didy ep`iaec`q li`din dipnex
mze` zibd dl` mixiy" :eixiyn dnk z`ixw rnyy xg`l
z` mixney mde ,yiciia mze` zazky it lr s` zipnexa
,ep`iaec`q mxa "...lkd zexnl zixewnd zipnexd mznip
ite`d z` oiadl leki `l ,micedid cici didy it lr s`
mzaxw lk mr ,xtexb ly eixiy ceqiay innrd icedid
.miinewn miipnex miaihenl
z`f mibcdl dqp`e `a lxi`n 'x' exiya .zg` d`aena
lxi`n 'xe ,xepika obpn iprev xxeynd x`zn 'dik`l`eel
:xne`e eil` dpet
!xrpn xrpiiee ,xegy xrpbiv iid
;xrpiix cil oe bplw xrc fi`'q
xrqif wiplrhq iee mrh of oe`
;xrqe`in ,xrvxeey ec ,og oe` oiiy
,oliRy oc x ,odxU oc x
.oliw orn hree mepdib mrc xic
zexenfn oe` olree orlaniv
.zexec orv xic oe oehR hyip
dti .a . `
136
o'hree mrpc lci mrc oe`
.ohraev xic xw mrc oi`
,lfnily ,jp xid hqree ec
.lfnl of xiibn jif
jxiy `ed iwp dn / !xegxgy ipiika ,xeztoa iprev"
,og `ln eleke / zxeekn dlgk axri enrh / ;xedhe lelve
opevz / ztexyzk hdeld jpebip zekfa od // .zx`tza hern
/ zxvevge lilge aea`e lvlive // .ztezdlydy` jiptl
einip mr xepikd df z`e // .zxyra zexeca jnn exeqi `l
z`f cere // .xawa cgi jz` jl erivi cer / xagd lk
"!zglvend ,daehd drya xiibzz / zgple lfnl dpyd
[xvln .y :zixar]
zra iwqpely xaigy xiyd z` mkl xikfn df oi`d
ziprev zxenfz rnyy xg`l 1932a hyxweaa exewia
?ze`aqnd zg`a
- oilt dc dcxe dfpext :il xy `ed
gxi i`vge - alve - cecobn mibxzyne
- oifc`end lli - mipenrt lewe
.gtiizn "xekfi"a ofg idpe
- ,ici lr `p aye iprev ,dpd yb
.zlaew dke jzxnf `id zicedi dk
,icedi df ixd - !lf`frl - xpkde
.l`b`y wx`n ly eizepenzn ylb xy`
di pne xa yi ci i ze xtqe xte xb awri
137

,miil`weld zeceqid ebfnzp xtexb ly ezxiya

mr miprevd ly innrd mpebip ,ipnexd sepd ly hixelewd
jezn xvep ezxiy ly icegiid diite` .zicedid dnypd
`ed dxwn `l .df z` df enilydy dl` mihpnl` zealzyd
lecb ixiyn mbe milidz iwxt mb yiciil mbxiz xtexby
xtexb ie`x i`ce ef dpigane ,ewqpin` ,dipnex ly dixxeyn
.dipnex zecdi ly cgeind ixiyd dbivpk aygidl
dn :epnvr z` mil`ey ep`yk ,meik gexd ikxr md
zextqd zexve` md dn ,myn epz` ep`ady dxivide
ly ezxiy z` zepnl lkep ,zillkd me`ld ztewl mexzpy
.dlrna zepey`xd zenexzd oia xtexb awri
138
yilyiail dix`
eizxkdy itk xtexb awri
*
'b dzik ly d`xwna did xtexb mr oey`xd iybtn
mb rited ef d`xwna .icedid xtqd ziaa izcnly dry
.zipnexl mebxza [zneqxt] 'rnlwrx' xtexb ly exiy
`exwl ixez ribdy cre ,lewnyxk did ipexkf mini mze`a
.dt lra xiyd z` izrci xak
,eb`ip dliq`e dileyk car ia` ly dk`lnd ziaa
eilelrz ,eize`vnd oiba "rbeynd dliq`e" `n` ita `xwpy
,"miliren" mixac daxd izcnl epnn .dyry qcpewd iyrne
...mixexc civ ,zebb lr qetih oebk
`ed ,dliq`e ipta 'zneqxt' xiyd z` iznlwic xy`k
xiyd seq zelin z` deel`y ,ily i`nad xeza ,ize` dgpid
izya ziyrpy zicedi jk lk `l drepza "!`p ...d`xi `ed"
dn byen il did `l dl` oebka "ize`iwa" aexn .zerexfd
cnl in dl`y ,dxend ,xi`niig 'ab xy`k zxgnl .dyexit
mdd minia) "!ip`" :mx lewa izwrv ,dt lra xiyd z`
* .2004 x`epia 18 ,xtexb awri ly exkfl ycwend axra mixac
e i zxkdy i tk xte xb awri
139
'ab xiyd z` iznlwicy drya .(epxteq lew oiicr il did
j` ,dipt lr jety ofe`l ofe`n jeigyk dpif`d xi`niig
.dtlrzd dxend ,ize` cnil dliq`eey drepzl izrbdyn
lr deeln xtqd zial `eal izvl`p xak zxgnly xweaa
.ia` ici
did `ed ,zixwzd lr xtexbl izxtiqyk ,onf xeark
rav`l lkd jqa izpeekzd" zlvpzn dnipa xn`e jeap hrn
."zyleyn

,hyxweaa "zextql xtqd zia"l izlawzd xy`k

dxrp zaxwa seqseq did`y izayg ik ,ce`n izgny
dl'dniq zxxeynd dzid z`f .dzrici `ll izxfig dixg`y
zfxe` diz`vn ,dzial izrbdyk ,lfnd rexl j` .xciipy
`id :izafr weica dze`y xirl dzriqp z`xwl zeceefn
.q`ia izklnnd icedid oexh`iza dcearl dlawzd
.dcixt zkxa lawl dzvx epnn ,xtexbl cgi epkld
ize` rny xtexby ixg` .migxe` lawl cinz gny xtexb
xwal `ea" :ipywa ,[xag l`] 'xg ev' exiy z` xy
"!xzei zeaexw mizrl
dil` izipty jk ,xtexb `le dl'dniq dpiipr ize` la`
i`eazy mrt lka" :ixne`a oec` lv` xwal jlp ,hyxweal
,hyxweaa exzepy dixedl dzb`c aexn !did jke ."xtexb
yi lyi ai i l di x`
140
ipfe`a d`ixwd `id .xirl zeaexw mizrl d`a dl'dniq
.izxy ip`e ekxck sqltzd `ed ,miycgd dixiyn xtexb
did jk ab`e epze` deeln did xtexb axra xge`n
did - !micli" .eixerpa e`xp mdy itk zeaegxd z` x`zn
."dixehqid itc lr o`k mikxec ep` - xne`
f` dcnr xak ea mewna ,hyx`w`e jxca myi`
o`k" :xn`e ely dkildd lwna riavd ,i`na 1 ziixehicpew
alg ,hxebei ,dpiab zeber ,aeh dz mr dtw zia did
,Ewp`i lqx`n ,`x`v o`hqixh o`kl mi`a eid ...ueng
jk lk dxeva mze` x`iz `ed ."!Eb`iaixt oei ,xbp`n wivi`
,mipy xeark .mda izybxd ,mizrny ,mizi`x ynny ,dig
mixknk ixear eid md ,mdn wlg l` izrceezd xy`k
.ce`n mze` axiw xtexb ly exe`iz .miwize
z` ,miixewnd eibibd z` xe`l `ived xtexb eli`
did f` ik ,xar lkl zeaicpa uitdy mixetiqd z`e zeqnd
cg` xtq meqxt mr xzep did `le zeixtqa mly scn `lnn
aezkl ayei eppi` recn zg` mrt eizl`y xy`k .cala
ip` ,iziirx ,dpib ly dzxiht f`n" :dpr `ed ,dl` lk z`
."xiipd zxaga xy`n miyp` ly mzxaga xzei aeh yibxn
meyn ig xevii `ed mc`" :dixe`z oirn el dziid df oiipra
mrt .xw utg df xiip ;dnxac siqen ,aibn ,aiywn `edy
eilry xiipa fex` eze` izlaiw .geln bc zlekna izipw
mixiy .mze` iz`xw .ipnex xxeyn ly mixiy eqtced
e i zxkdy i tk xte xb awri
141
.geln bc gix dpnn scp la` ,dliv` ,dpicr dwixil ,miaeh
."zepngx ynn
xdazd dpeynd ezebdpzd ceqe ,xzei aeh eze` izpad
cigid extq lr zixara myxy ehend z` iz`xwyk ,iptl
oiihy oe ohy oi` xkfl ycwen ehen ,(davn ly dlva)
,jzena ,izpib ,dpib" :dpnf mxh dnlerl dkldy ezy`
."iYn

il dxn` `id hyxweaa dl'dniq ly dixewian cg`a

eze` yebtp la` ,xtexb lv` libxd xewial i`pt dl oi`y
- cpaxxehlew xryici`) "sewi`" ly zcgein dtiq`a
ici lr zpbxe`nd (yicii zeaxzl dceb` CDE Comitetul
Democratic Evreiesc rexf ,icedid ihxwencd creed)
epnef myl ,(zicedid diqelke`d axwa zihqipenewd dbltnd
ly zeaxzd ipwqr ok enke ,yiciid ixteq lk zetigca
ixnf" my egkp jxr ilra mixxeyn xtqnl sqepa .dceb`d
.miax "xvg
sxhvdl `l frdy xtexbl dlek dycwed dtiq`d
z` eifexgn cg` s`a lld `le "xvgd ixxeyn" zldwnl
oeawix" oebk miiehia my ernyp .zihqipenewd dbltnd
.dpte`a f` eidy ze`ngn cere "xpeivw`ix" ,"ipbxea
,wepiz lyk micexe eid libxky eipt .mnec ayi xtexb
yi lyi ai i l di x`
142
.dl'dniq oiae epia izayi .dlda feg` elek did `ede epiald
izpad .milin dnk dnyx eilr wzt il dpzp `id me`zt
.wzta izvvde wt`zdl izleki `l .xtexbl exiardl ilry
segcl xdin xtexb .ea aezk did "micnbd ux`a xaileb"
.han ea sirdl witqdy xexa il did j` ,eqikl wztd z`
.zecexe aey eid eiigl

lv`e dixed lv` dkxrp dl'dniq mr ily dpezgd

.dgeexl zegezt zexicd lk zezlcyk ,dnewl mdipky
dxhyna cwt ax ly ezxica lecbd oelqa dkxrp dtegd
eze` eniy`iy yygn .iedexecn icedi ,wild mya
eig`l jld `ed ,ezxica jxrpd izc qwha zetzzyda
ick myl dptlh ezy` xy`k mle` .myn wegx `l xby
aye eizeyyg lr xabzd ,mixac `yep xtexby el xyal
.dvixa
aeye eceak zxcda mitq`pd ldw lk z` yak xtexb
did .rexi`d xnqn did elbxdk .ozgd edin xexa did `l
zneyz z` lilk dyak zihnfixkd ezenc .xzqp mqw ea
mlek ik ,ziad zepit lk l` ribd oeznd elew .mlek al
elwn lr oery ,ey`xl dnpt raek mr .eze` renyl eywia
zihpbl` dpal dtilg yeal did ,mrt s` cxtp `l epnn
e i zxkdy i tk xte xb awri
143
dtilgd z`y ,ingl xn` jxd ekeiga .dpey`xl izi`x dze`
."eply zad zpezgl" cgeina yal
xagn dle`y dtilga yeal iziid ,ip` ,ozgd ceak
wx ony iziid mdd minia .daxda ipnn agxe jenp didy
.xtexb ly xcpebnd elwnn hrn
micaekn miciwtz `lin dl'dniq ly dia`y oeeik
yniy ,xeaiv gilyk odik ,x`lEnn aegxay zqpkd ziaa
aex z` eeid md .dpekyd ipax lk ezpezgl erited ,ofgk
.migxe`d
zlra dpepye dti dyi` ,dxeac ,e`cpl axd ly ezy`
.dxiy lr xacl xtexb z` dpaxc ,zxxeyn ly zexnei
iwxt dt lra xnel lgd `ed .xtexb ipira og `vn `yepd
d .yiciil mewna ea mbxz mze` ,milidz mebxz df di
mipaxd .qetcd xe` z` d`xiy did ie`xd on mle` ,iyteg
cbp dprh dlrd mipaxd cg` .miwzexn eaiywd ldwde
zepyxtd z` ixnbl dn`z `ly ,xtexb ly ezepyxt
dkex` d`vxda aibde xbz`l dprp xtexb .zizxeqnd
ly df z` llek ,mlek al z` dzay xy` ,zpiiprne
...cala dlw zebiizqd mr xzep seqaly ,cbpznd
,izeng ik izpgad .axra 8 did dtegl rawpy crend
yi` ,ing .drwt dzeplaq .hwyi`a drf ,miypd cva my
el zxne` dze` izrny .dribxdl cin dil` ybip ,yibx
jixvy egkyy d`xp" :ernyi mixg` mby ick mx lewa
yi lyi ai i l di x`
144
hrn cer dryd !zglvene daeh drya ,dteg o`k jexrl
."!xyr xak
etgqp dk ,dlkde ozgd llek ,mleky did d`xp mpn`e
.zeqpkzdd zxhn z` egkyy
ozgd ,ep` ,miizqd lkdyk ,zevg ixg` zg`a ,xge`n
xyr ly wgxna xb `ed .dziad xtexb z` epieeil ,dlkde
.xwea zeptl yelya dziad epay .leih icrva dkild zewc
.epyi xak mlek
`l" :dwixan dyi` dzidy ,izeng epl dxn` zxgnl
daexw dzeidae "!xtexb mr mziid `ld ,db`cl daiq il dzid
`ed jexa yecwd ,z`f calne" :dtiqed ,mler ly epeaixl
mqew epd xtexb" :dkiynd cine ,"ize` ribxdl b`c envra
."dbibgd z` xi`dl ick eze` gly envra miwel` ,jxean
dlil eze`a .xtexb mr ilild leihd lr dl epxtiq
mrt icn .eprci `l oneiw lry ze`hnqa epze` jiled `ed
zeclez lr xaic ipnleg hanae aegx zpit efi`a cnrp
j` ,zxg` e` ef dlebc zeiyi` hexhexta x`iz `ed .mewnd
.miheyt miyp` lv` mb cgeind z` `evnl rci
lr ,zepyid ze`xhfefbd zg` lr exetiq z` xkef ip`
dqex`l oizndl dkiynde zeax mipy my dcnry dxega
xn` - miyp`" .dpey`xd mlerd znglnn xfg `l xy`
zgzn migxt xf mei lk gipdl mikixv eid - xtexb
."ef dxhfefbl
e i zxkdy i tk xte xb awri
145
oenft eze` lr xfeg did mixetiqd on cg` lk ixg`
xge`n xzei .(zixgy igxt) 'ornelapbxn' exiy z` miiq ea
,xirvd befd xear ida` xqn dfa did dyrnly izpad
:epxear
.ornelaqpbxn mrc xi` hprf hpd
,ornexRhpd qphkrp - obxn
...xrn hip xb ...obxn xrai`
,hil obxn xrc lee
,hila ,ornela ryf hila
,orila olree xi` hree xrhrRy
oriv olree ohpiee rhlw
.hrRy ev of oiey hree qr oe`
lenzzxehw - xgn / ,xgyl migxt mz` meid"
elr / ,xwr sleg onfd // .mixaw il` :hrn cere / ,zgkyp
xetk dpxrqz zegex / ,egxtz elnbz ik xgn / !xka migxt
[dleb .i :zixar] ".xge`n didi xak / eg`a
146
yil'uiaeail dnly
xtexb awri zece` zepexkf
*
xy` "fielw xryEdEa"a xtexb awri z` izxkd
lye oepaloncpaiil l`xyi ly mziaa dyrnl ,hyxweaa
,hyiFlRn oncixt zipaxd mb dxxebzd my ,eziirx dxetv
.cenlbd xxeynd z` daxiw ce`ny
iazk dnk il` dxiard ,axrd epz` z`vnpd ,dxetv
,l`xyi ecicil xxeynd xqn mze` ,xtexb ly mipiiprn ci
,xtexbe oepal ,mixagd ipy .oliidin dxiird on mixerp xag
.hyxwea - q`i - oliidin :lelqn eze` mdiiga exar
zewign daxd mr ekxck azk xtexby ,mixiy wx `l
zen`etl zencwd mb `l` ,cid iazk oia mi`vnp ,gqep iiepiye
z` zexidand ,[`ean] "xipx" mya `xw odl ,xaigy
mr cgi .zen`etd z` aezkl xxeynd z` e`iady zeaiqpd
meik epzgzn`a yi ,ziyi` il xqn xxeyndy cid iazk
.xtexb zxiy ly xweg lk ynyl lekiy ci iazk xexv
xtexbl ezecici z` giked oepaloncpaiil l`xyi
* .2004 x`epia 18 ,xtexb awri ly exkfl ycwend axra mixac
xte xb awri ze ce ` ze pe xkf
147
.dtig ly miigd ziaa xxeynd xear dxeaw mewnl b`c xy`k
`aiwr ipa ly dpenewa reaw gxe` did xtexb
jke zay lil zecerqa epz` ayi `ed my ,hyxweaa
xtexb bdp ,l`xyia ,o`k mb .xzeie xzei dfl df epaxwzd
.dipnxbl rqpy cr uegd cxyna izkyla ipxwal
lr ggeyl .envr ipta wxt deedn "dt lray xtexb"
didy mixacl aiywdl wx elit`e ,xtexb mr `d lre `c
zexve`a oif`nd z` xiyrn did ,envr oial epia mda oc
.miil`ehwlhpi`
oze`y zety ynga wx `l ziaa envr yibxd xtexb
xve`d z` xtexb xikd zixara .zeiextq ynga mb `l` rci
.iaxd lv` zia oa zeidl did leki ok lre eply wizrd
exb xikd yiciia .dycgd zextqd z` oaenk xikd `ed xt
`l zipnexd zextqd ."oeylrnn"a ritedy dn lk aexwn
.mipnex mixteqe mixxeyn ziyi` xikd `ede ,el dxf dzid
z` cgeina ad` ,ziztxvde zipnxbd zextqa mb dgy `ed
zexicp mizrl wx .dt lra miax mixiy mlwcl rcie dxiyd
.dfk icnin ax izeaxz xyer epinia yebtl xyt`
.xtexbl zeqgiiznd ze`aen ipy `iadl ipevxa ,meiql
mazeka micirn eixiy" :azk xy` wil`ia ly `ed cg`
lebcd xwand lyn ipyd ."il`pibixe` oexyik lra `edy
,d`eyd lr xtexb awri ly dn`etd" :xn` xy` ,ocq ac
."olekn daehd `l m` ,zextqa xzeia zeaehd zg`
148
ewxin qeixn
xtexb awri zece` zepexkf
*
ixd ,dipnexa micedid iig zexew myexl iziyrp m`
ilfn lfnzd .xtexb awri ly ezekfa ,dax dcina ,dxw dfy
meid jyna .xxeynd iciqg mr dnonf ip` mb izipnpe
,zeaygna wnrzdl i`pt il did `le miweqir ipina izwqr
iz`vne meineid iign izgxa ,zelila xwira ,miaxra j`
ribn iziid dyrnl .xtexb awri z` daaeqy dxiee`a hlwn
ep`ixeti aegx zpita ,hyx`w`e d`ilwa dphwd d`aqnl
ehet" ly melivd zepg len ,(xe'fEa lEwEciid xzei xge`n)
dhina f` izgx`zdy xg`n ,ribdl lw il did ."cx`pe`il
`l `vnpy "xlEy oexd`e dpin" mihpcehqd oerna ziaxfx
.myn wgxd
zelirtd ixz`n cg` dzid z`fd dphwd d`aqnd
rteyde ihqhptd xtexb awri ly zilcp izlade zvxnpd
ibeql ecrepy ,dl`k ybtn zenewn xtqn el eid .dibxp`
* .2004 x`epia 18 ,xtexb awri ly exkfl ycwend axra mixac
xte xb awri ze ce ` ze pe xkf
149
,eizepeirx z` bivd `ed ,mixirvd ,epxear .mipey mildw
.lirl izxkfdy dphwd d`aqna eizeyxc z` yxc
ipin mb my epikd) mixwan `ln mewn df did
"uiaeliny"a ,"lExhy"a exgzdy micgein "y`d lr"
didy hyx`w`e d`ilw ly xef`a mwennd ,("oiaex"ae
dni`zd jk lk `l zyrexd daiaqd .mc` dned mini mze`a
my miaviizn eid ezxeage `ed okle xtexb ly ezelirtl
`n zerya wx zegewldyk ,drwy dlenddyk ,zexge
f` .eziaa cg` lk dwenrd mzpy z` enp xak milibxd
xcga epqpkzdyk ,epl rixtd `l xac meye cg` s` xak
.d`aqnd ixcg ipy oian ohw xzeid
ldwd zeyxl cnr ,"lecbd oelqd" ,oey`xd xcgd
zrbd ,jynda didy "mixxeynd oelq" ,ipyd xcgl .agxd
oelqd" irnynecd eiepik o`kn) zg` dbxcn zilry xg`l
j` ,dvign mey dzid `l "mipelq"d ipy oia .("oeilrd
zerya `l` myl qpkidl oi`y xak erci milibxd mixwand
qpkp did ycg xwan dfi` z`f lka m` .iept oexcgd oda
xvlnd ,h`pxa cin aviizd ,mewna e`vnp "mixxeynd"yk
:l`ye mixxeynd z` zxiyy
?jz` dn -
- ycg "xxeyn" dfi`a xaecn `ly oigad h`pxa m`
dcyd ixrn xvw onfl e`ay dl`k mb myl eribd minrtl
:cin el xxan did - hyxweal
e wxi n qe i xn
150
my ,"lecbd oelq"a x`yid !o`k ytgl dn jl oi` -
!gepa xzei yibxz
miie`xd z` "opql" wx `l did h`pxa ly eciwtz
zxiyy df mb did `ed `l` ,"mixxeynd oelq"a `vnidl
el did `l `linn ,cgeina rbiin ciwtz df did `l .mze`
dceard lya `l j` .cin d`xpy itk yibdl dn daxd
.ciwtzd lr h`pxa ywrzd mewna dlwd
aezkl izivx ixerpa .zvwna xxeyn ip` mb mvra -
cer oi` ,onex enk ynn mnvr md iigy oeeik j` !onex
.aezkl jxev
eid ,ze`qik mewna milqtq lr ,jex` ogleyl aiaqn
,Ep`ilc Eiail ,oiwaix ,xivw`q lhen oebk miyp` miayei
xiivd ,o`nex q"y ,la`py lxa ,xltqix xi`n ,lbq inq
,qpiitlewqie dxht ,Ep`ileceR .q ,o`ieexd Epic ,oif xf`l
,xvipwe` oxd` ,qewxno`'vx`n l'vx`n ,oiihqphxe .c
wifii` x"c ,oiee`qo`ilinq .q ,o`naiixy .` l`igi
,jicEx dpixec ,oiihype`xa .q ,ilal .a ,oeia` .` ,i`lifxa
mb e`a minrt dnk ...ex'f`xhqliee`q .e ,aephit`w .i
l` jeynl ip` izglvd mze` ,qwetd`pExae yEp`a dix`n
yiywd owgyd my rited mrt icn .xtexb awri ly ebeg
zeilezidd eizexn`a dxiee`d z` mngn didy ,ifpky`
.zewigvnde zepepyd
y`xa cinz ayiy ,xtexb awri ldip mipiiprd z`
xte xb awri ze ce ` ze pe xkf
151
dn le`yl h`pxa aviizd dligz .iniptd dvwa ,ogleyd
eze` cinz yibdl ywazdy zexnl) oinfdl eppevxa
.(xacd
?epl uilnz dn -
!zeytp dign ,mec` oii il yi -
on dyely ,miipyy minrtl dxw .oii owpw `ian did
d `l cg` s` .cg` aaw epinfd (xezd itl) miaeqnd fr
.xtexb mliy oeaygd z`y meyn xzei oinfdl
jxev cer did `l ik ,mlrp did h`pxa okn xg`l
ywazdyk zery xtqn xeark wx aey rited `ed .eizexya
.oeaygd z` `iadl
z` jiynn did mvra j` ,xacl ligzn did xtexb
ybtnn jynp df jke ,mcewd ybtna ewqtpy mewna eixac
mb jke eze` renyl ick wx myl `a iziid .edrxl cg`
azkp xak dfd `ltd lr !dt lray i`qnd xtexb .mixg`d
did xtexb !enez cr mrt s` dveni `l `yepd j` ,zeax
dvxn did `ed .lecb ldw ipta xeaiva zexicp mizrl m`ep
ipta mxa ...zay bper iaxra e` ,zecgein zeiepncfda wx
eze`a minrt xtqn mizrle ,mei lk xacn did mvnevn beg
ciwtz lr cegiiae zecdil rbepy dn lk lr ?dn lre .mei
rtya hhvn did ."dl` epinia" icedid l`ehwlhpi`d
- dlila j` ...Ewqipin`ne dpiidn ,oiihypii`ne m"anxdn
dibxe`d" dvxtzd - mixirvd ,epz` didyk lynl
e wxi n qe i xn
152
,(mixexitd) "jrlwrxa ic" ,xtexb awri ly "zihwl`icd
.lwia dnly mze` dpiky itk
,xvrp did ,migkepd lv` zetiir ipniqa oigan didyk
:jenqd xcgd oeeikl wreve mw
?mlyp dnk ,h`pxa -
cil d`aqnd zifga zayl mi`vei epiid dti xie` bfna
dzid dkxcnd) ep`ixeti aegx rvn`a ynn cnry ogley
,dlila xge`n did df m` elit` ,my epayiyk .(icn dxv
elew z` ernyyn zepelga miriten daiaqd on mipkyd eid
`ly cr my ex`ype (?eze` xikd `l ine) xtexb ly
zkyga zeiplew ze`gn ernyp zeaexw mizrl .epwlzqd
xtexb ixaca axrzd dxeagd on edyin xy`k ,lild
.eixacl cbpzdl e` dheyt dl`y eze` le`yl ick ewiqtde
,dligz dpeeka minrtl ,ecbpk eprhy dl`k eid ,ok)
xzei xtexb z` dxtn `le oaxcn `l xac meyy mrceia
eicbpznn d`a `idyk xwira ,dtixg zecbpzd xy`n
ilewa zipnf ea xacl mlek miligzn eid f` .(l`nydn
yrxe dnedn dnwyk .ipyd on xzei cg` miwrev ,zelew
axrzne `a did ,mialkd z` ecixgd ,miclid z` exirdy
erbxp zegexd mxa .ely ziwexynd zewixya sewnd xhey
xtexb xy`k heyt `l` ,zipevig zeaxrzd dfi` lya `l
z` aefrl oeekzn `edy jka rixzn did) eilbx lr mw did
.(mewnd
xte xb awri ze ce ` ze pe xkf
153

oerna "xxebzd"y cigid hpcehqd ip` iziid dxeaga

zpn lr enewnn mw did xtexb xy`k ok lr ,mihpcehqd
cvl cin xaer iziid ,(ewiqtdl :xzei oekp) axrd z` xebql
mieeln eid mixg`d ."xley" oernl qpkpe aegxd ly ipyd
jiynn did xtexby eil`n xexa .ezial cr xxeynd z`
.ely belepena jxcd jxe`l
eafr dxeagd iyp` lk :jetd xac dxw cg` dlil
oiay dlila df did .xxeynd mr ical izx`yp mieqn rbxae
zxgnl dhiqxaipe`a micenil il eid `l .oey`x meil zay
.dziad ekxca xxeynd z` deeily df ip` iziid ok lre
eli`k ,mle` ,lecb did `l dcFe d'vxin aegxl cr wgxnd
ze`hnq jxc xegq ,xegq ax onf epkld ,epipia epnkqd
.xxeynd zxicl eprbdy cr dpekyd
ick `l) xtexb gzt - !dxeaga owzy ikd dz` -
jpi` hrnk dz` - .(il `ingdl ick `l mb j` ,ia sefpl
?cibdl dn jl oi` zn`a m`d .jitn dlin `iven
rinydl ick `le jze` renyl ick jil` `a ip` -
ip` ,wzey ip`yk :oeirxd ia xwpn zeax mipy dfn !jl
!xacn ip`yk xy`n zeiehy zegt xne` ip`y geha
lk xacn ,myd jexa ,ip`y il xnel jpevxa m`d -
...daxd jk
!xtexb awri dz` -
e wxi n qe i xn
154
d`ex ip` !rxd oir ila ,azek dz` ,z`f znerl -
...jxtqa mb iztctce ,mipereaye mipezir oenda jny z`
!iyilyd xtqd -
?iyilyd xtqd xak jliba -
iyingd xtqd mbe ,iriaxd clep df rbxa ,jzricil -
!dpkda
elit` ,al miy j` ...!wegv `l ,zyexg zia ynn -
jxca ,qtceny dn !zetterzn milind ,daxd xacn ip`y
lkk :xne` iziid ,jzprha ynzydl m` !x`yp llk
zegt mlera zvtdy xzei geha didz jk ,zegt aezkzy
!zeiehy
dpet jpd .daxd xacne hrn azek dz` ,oekp df -
unew xear jpnfn icn xzei fafan dz` .mvnevn ldwl
!miyp`
d`vezd jk ,zegt mqxtn xwirae azek dz`y lkk -
ip`y mii`fextd mixeaicd .xzei zizernyn `id ziteqd
,milibxz dyrnl od mixg` iptle jiptl oeayg `ll xftn
xi`ydl zpn lr ,ize` sivny dn lkn xxgzydl oeiqip
zwiecn ze`hazdl ize` ynyiy zivnzd z` invrl
?icedi dz` ,il xen` ,ab` ...dxiya
dl`y efi` - ...rcei ixd dz` !?ef `id
wx icedi dz` recn ,ok m` ?icedi jpd zn`a -
?miyrna `le milina
xte xb awri ze ce ` ze pe xkf
155
!?xnelk -
x`tzzy ick jka ic ,icedi zclep m`y ayeg dz` -
`ly dnl ,i`pezir dz` m` ?jk lr opewzy e` jzecdia
xteq didz `ly dnl ,xteq dz` m` ?icedi i`pezir didz
cg` mdipia yi m`d ,zr iazk daxda mqxtn dz` ?icedi
?icedi `edy
.`l miizpia -
icedil ?df "miizpia" jynii cer onf dnke ?miizpia -
,mi`pezir ,mixteq ,minid ixac iazek miyexc dipnex
ayeg dz` .deedae xara eplv` micedid iig z` ex`ziy
ewlzqi micedid ?mlerd iagxa gvpl cecpl epecip micedidy
s` xaky d`ex jpi` m`d - mipeyd zenewnd on dbxcda
epidy da dtewzd z` givpi in ?epze` dvex `l cg`
?jxr dfi` dl yi z`f lkay dl` zenewna
mipiiprny mi`yep lr xzee`y ayeg jpi` ixd -
...ize`
xixbq ini epil` miaxwzny zpgad m` !ok `weec -
aegxl xefgl - xzei jl gep jk ile` e` - jxev zybxde
szeyk `l` ,cala cvd on opeaznk `l z`f dyr ,icedid
od m` mb ,zwac oday zepeynd zertezd lr xze !lirt
lr akrzd !oda lthl mixg`l oze ,jze` zepiiprn
- sqep cg` hr wifi `l df megza ,zicedid "zeihefw`"d
xzeiy dnk azk xeza meyxz f` ,azk dz` !xirv hr
e wxi n qe i xn
156
ornl `l mze` dlbz ,dipnexa micedid zeclezn mirbx
mdy ipyyeg ,zxg` .agxd xeaivd ornl `l` mignend
!dxdna egkyii
myexl iziyrp :gepn cer iz`vn `l dlild eze`n
!dipnexa micedid iig zexew

xiyrd xard zgvpdl xy`a xtexb ly dwenrd ezb`c

z` yixed `edy dcaera iehia icil d`a dipnex icedi ly
z` miwiprn dpnny oxw - df xar xwg ornl eped zivgn
.(oelwy`n lwpxt xfril` 'text ly ezeyxa) eny lr qxtd
ixg` awr oiicre zn`d mlera xak did xtexb awri
mrhn izikf ,dipnexa cer izeida ,1981a jk .iizeielirt
dipyd mrta ."xtexb awri qxt"a l`xyia "xtexb oxw"
.l`xyia xak izxxebzdyk ,2002 zpya df qxt il wpred
!ipya cg` dwfega mikexk eid ilxebe elxeb
uiaewyxd efi` :zipnexn mbxz
157
xyiilt `xfr
xtexb awri ly ezencl
*
did ie`x ,xtqde gexd yi` ,xxeynd xtexb awri lr
izla ,zil`peivapew izla zg` dlin meid xnel dqppy
izla ,zil`peivpapew izlay myk ,ztpekne dycg ,dlibx
z`f dyrp ji` mle`e .ezeiyi` dzid ztpekne dycg ,dlibx
ly zeilpad zexbqnd lv` jk lk milbxend ,epgp`
zeaexw jk lk mizrl mivn`znde ,dxet`d zeineineid
.laewnde heytd z` mb `hale xicbdl `eeyl
dxeva oiit`l did ozipy dnecnk xtexb awri z`
s` ,efy itl ,dxet`hnd jxca ,dxiyd oeyla xzei znled
,xe`izl ozip izlad z` x`zl dgeka oi` `id s`y it lr
lr s`e .fnxa ezelrdl ick ,zeaexw mizrl ,da yi oiicr
itl ,zeheyt milina axrd eilr xacl ip` dvex ,ok it
itl ,zehyta ea xaeciy sicrn did `ed s`y il dncpy
ytzp izlade abypd mi`xp jk lk il`qwecxt ote`ay
.milqleqn izla oeyl iqetcl zelw xzia miprp
* .1971 ,"xtexb qxt" ly dpey`xd dwelga mixac
xyi i lt `xf r
158
mixxeynd .xtexb awri z` exikd miyp` ce`n hrn
mi`xp mdyk mb ,md mireci izlae miccea mlerl miizin`d
migep - xtexb awri lv` ,oaenk ,avnd did jke - jtidl
hrn .miinnre mihxaexhqw` ,mz` zrca miaxern ,zeixal
cinz eid elib ipa .xtexb awri z` zn`a exikd miyp`
on yelz eze`xl mdl did dyw :icn xzei exec ipa
on yelz oky lk `le ely jk lk dxfend ditxbeiad
df ebiqde zeleabd ealhvd myi` .mnvr ly ditxbeiad
mc` ipa xzei cixtny xac jl oi` mizrl .zenil`a df z`
i` aey xzei mixirvd mr .cia ci cgia dkildd xy`n
mipyd zexyr ly dipnexa swid ly dwif miiwl did xyt`
iaiqphpi` xtexb awri did miiyi`d eirbna .zepexg`d
qgiil dhpy znfbend zeaiyga mizrl siirn ,blten
.zeiqqae` ipin ,dpwf zrl ,elv` ektdy minieqn zepeirxl
`nv ."sria" zxegyzd ipa z` yaekd qetihd did `l `ed
- xxeyn lkn xzei s` ile`e ,xxeyn lkk - divwipenew
zeplaqa gthle hw`ha eizekild lklkl rci cinz `l
zecicad ly ye`iid zwevna .exvepy mixyw zepiznae
j` xtexb awri likyd ,eini aex iexy did day ,zib`xhd
oekpy daehd zxkd rty cra xevrl - cinz `le - iyewa
k lr ritydl did dryl wx ele ,eze` le`bl ze`py in l
.envr mr eziieed ztezn ,dlw
mipya xtexb awri l` zn`a miaexw eidy dl` z`
xte xb awri ly e ze ncl
159
ozipy dnecnk ,zepexg`d mipyd zexyra ile`e ,zepexg`d
zeidl izikfy dybxdd wxe ,zg` ci ly zerav` lr xetql
eilr xacle `eal meid ipz`ian ,dl` mihrn mr dpnp
xac jl oi`y ,dwegx daihwtqxt jezn ,al ieliba ,zepka
wd caln zn`d cv lr jl dpwipriy .zizin`d dax

awri ly ezxiy z` jixrdl i`kf ip`y ayeg ipi`

z` miccen eitly dcind dpw edn llk rcei ipi` .xtexb
ip` la` .mpiinl yi oday zewlgnd od dne mixxeynd
zeiyi`d z` xtexb awria izybty jka oihelgl geha
izikfy dl` lkn xzeia ziheitde dtid ,zakxend ,zwzxnd
ifend xxeynd wtq ila did xtexb awri .icern yebtl
zeiyi`" `exwl mibdepy dn did `l `ed .izxkdy xzeia
`l `ed .lhean ,ohw jnvr zyg gxkda `l ecvl ."dwfg
,mihwicet` zepeirx gqpl daxd `l ,zexdvda xacl bdp
z` cinz xikd `l `ed .dkeapd zeyep`d ikxca mixexnz
i`y ink envr d`x `le xerxrl zpzip dpi`y zg`d zn`d
dcin xtexb awria ea dzid ,jtdl .mlerl drhiy xyt`
zepyiia efi` ,zihpze` ,dxedh ,dninz deepr ly dkexa
ztpeknde dwcd divpbilhpi`d mr cia ci - ez`iady ,dkf
.envr l` llek ,lkd l` zepwtqa qgiizdl - ely
xyi i lt `xf r
160
jk lk il`qwecxt ote`a - d`xwp `ide ,ef zeninz
,oaenk ,da did ,drnw zipelnb zipevig drtedl sxhvdl -
lkn xzei .eircei z` miyxdy `ed `l la` ,cgein mqw
zil`ehwlhpi`d zelirtd xtexb awria d`iltd xg` xac
eaxwa dniiwn didy ,zihaexw`d ,xne` iziid ,zxxgqnd
mlerle ,zewqtd `la ,ze`l `la ,dliaen mE`Ehtxt dfi`k
xtexb awri .dnvere gzn ly ,ce`n ddeab ,dcig` dnxa
`l elv` .icern izybty xzeia lirtd gend wtq ila did
avna eze` "yetzl" liaya "dryd z` oeekl" jxev did
lkae dry lka .il`ehwlhpi`d "xyekd `elna" e` aeh gex
,d`xyd ieex ,xzink jexc ,xre qqez e`ven ziid mewn
migeqipa wixane ,lwyn zecak zenilaexta oeira rewy
ytez did `ed .miipebqq ,mitpekn ,mixidfn ,miinrtcg
pneina zeirad z` lwyn ieeiy odl wiprn dide ,on` ly ze
,oze` xzet did `lyk mb zeife`ehxie zexcbda dipenxde
.oxztl aiig envr d`x `ly itl
dlrnle zil`ehwlhpi`d dnverd on dlrnl ,mxa
awri ly ezeiyi` dniyxd ,ievn izlad geqipd xyekn
xne` ip` .ipgexd enler ly zeiheitd zeiedna xtexb
df sexiva lelkl ipevxy itl ,"zeiheit zeiedn" dpeeka
lv` llk jxca zeievn opi`y zepekz ly ipebaxe agx mleq
dwixan dzid `l xtexb awri ly ezaiyg .oigend ilra
- dirav ,miixepin eid dililv ,iynk zipthl `l` dcltk
xte xb awri ly e ze ncl
161
.mgl ztk znyeane dng dzedn lke ,lxeew`d irav
mr - !xicp xac - bfnzd ely mevrd izebdd l`ivphetd
,drepv dad` ly ,dad` ly mevr zegt `l l`ivphet
izlae .zipywr ,zib`xh ,dninz ,zipyiia ,zil`hpnihpq
.zixhqcg ,zwcven izla ,xnelk ,zwcev
dtitka xecl elikyd ji` rcei ecal minya ayeid
zeaygpd ,el`d zeiednd izy xtexb awri ly eznypa zg`
ea excy `id dcaer la` .eketide xac ,oicae ,llk jxca
dipenxda ,mely ly meiweca `l` cer `le ,zg` dtitka
xqegl xarn .dxiy ziieex ,xened ziieex ,zixil ,dxi`n
zexepikd exy xveide xrd hwlhpi`d ly xirqnd rbexd
libx izlad h`ecd ly zi`ltd dipenxdde ,xtexb awria
.eircei lr minqw dklidy `id did dfd
dnk ,izn aeyg `l ,xtexb awri z` rney didy in
`nfeb `la xikn ip` .didyn xiyr eiptln `vei did ,okide
htyn la` ,dnew xeriy ilra gex iyp`e mixxeyn ze`n
mdn cg` lr ,ile` ,`l` oeghiaa eze` xnel leki ipi` df
.cala
xtexb awria inrtcge libx izla zn`a didy dn
edexikiyk ,mi`ad zexecd .miizpy iptl mlrpy il dncp
zn`a did in mlerl ercii `l ,eiazk it lr xzeid lkl
zeiwpr zeienk .yi`d ,l`ehwlhpi`d ,xxeynd xtexb awri
:epztewz ly ipqxdd leana erwzyp iep ibeqe mikxr ly
xyi i lt `xf r
162
.micea`d eivtg zniyx z` oiwzdl iyewa j` witqn epxec
z` qpkl xtexb awri ly exkf gilvd z`f lka m` la`
exe`y oin`dl ep` mi`yxy xyt` ,dfd mewnl axrd eplek
micrexy xyt` ,epizenyp iwnrna ,myi` .wixl xi`d `l
.ml`py exepik ixzin ,cinzk i`yga ,oiicr
163
oiaex oae`x
zegkyp izla mipy
*
yi ,xtexb ly exkf z` milrn xy`k ik ,xacd irah
s`e jenqa epiig eldpzd zeax mipy .yiciia z`f zeyrl
.yicii caln zxg` dtya exag l` yi` epxaic `l mrt
xfen il d`xp ik ,didz yiciia xtexb lr ef izgiy mb okl
.zxg` dtya eilr ggeyl
axwa me`zt dxxerzd 1916-1914 oiay dtewza
zty ,yicii zextq itlk zepiiprzdd dipnexa xrepd
rcei ippi` ef zepiiprzd dclep cvik .yicii zxiy ,yiciid
.ahid il zexekf elld mipyd mle` ,oeixehqid ippi` ik
z` dpey`xd mrta izybt f`n mipya zexyr exar
,ze`wqxeal zyexg ziaa ciwt f` iziid .q`ia xtexb awri
izilib ,dxwna .ux`d iagxa dceard ipiipra rqep iziide
mz` zelal xyt`y ,micedi mixirv zxeag dpyi q`ia ik
.mrh ly mixac mditn renyle yiciia ggeyl ,minirpa
.eqif aiil mdxa`e xtexb awri eid dxeaga mihlead
* .1969 ,xtexb awri ly ziyilyd dxkf`a mixac
o i ae x o ae `x
164
daxda f` dpey did `l xtexb awri ly eipt xzqlw
dnlev efy s` lr ,xiwd lr dt dielzd dpenzay dfn
ed`xn ,milblbr ex`ype eid eipt .miray oa did `ed xy`k
elek `ede ,cexe exer rav ,zelegk eipir ,cng mlr d`xnk
ik zrcd lr zelrdl did dyw .mixerp gex `lne qqez
.ax laq laq `ede ,laeq df yi`
yeal did `ed xtexb awri z` dpey`xl izybt xy`k
lr ,zecdi lr iz` ggeyl lgd cine ipnexd `avd icna
dl`y izayg dtewz dze`a .cltpfex qixen lr ,zextq
izxkd `l izxiira .iaiaq cg` s` mipiiprn `ly mixac
dlbzp me`zt .dl`k mi`yep lr ez` ggeyl izlekiy yi`
f` .my qeqzl lgdy dnxac ,q`ia icedid fkxnd il
mr ,oncl`e mixt` mr ,uiaepiax ihen mr izrceezd
.mcewn cer izxkd xlt mdxa` z` .oncixt edizzn
zextq lr ,zecdid ipiipr lr xacl ad` xtexb awri
zrd azk clep f`e hkil .zecdid ornl wa`idl lgdy ,
a hkil xn`n ,xtexb awri ly ycg xiy `exwl zleki
.oncixt edizzn ly e` ,uiaepiax ihen ly ihqivilaet
.o'vihl`t epxirl xewial `eal xtexb z` izpnfd mrt
jk qpkpyn .xcedn did ed`xn ,`avd icna yeal `edyk
:e`ltzd miyp`de dnedn dnw ,dpyd y`xa zqpkd zial
mdl izxtiq ip`e !yicii xacn s` `ede lnqax icna icedi
`weec df hxt .yiciia mixiy azekd xxeyn epd gxe`d ik
ze gkyp i zla mi py
165
eid `l o'vihl`ta epiyp` ik ,mdilr cgein myex dyr `l
.dxiy ipiipra milecb mi`iwa
ipia wx `l ,1916a lgd epipia dxywp dng zecici
awri .zcge`nd dxeagd lk oial ipia mb `l` ,xtexb oial
etxhvd diaxqan e`a aexwny iwqpyehea awrie bxapxhy
.epl dxf dzidy dycg dnip diqexn mz` e`iade ,epil`
mlerd zngln inia epilr exary zeywd mipyd ik dnec
iiga mirewy epiidy meyn zelw xzia exare etlg dpey`xd
zeitivae zeipkza ,ztzeynd epzceara miweqr ,dveawd
.xzei aeh cizrl
ip`e mixiy uaew `ivedl f` opekzd xtexb awri
dagqp dipnex mle` .xtql mixei`e mihehxy oikdl izlgzd
exari dpy mixyr hrnke dnglnd zleaxrnl `id mb f`
.uaewd zrted cr
,qpqpxd ini z` eegy lfn ixa miyp` mze` oia iziid
on zepexkf milrn xy`k .dipnexa zicedid digzd ini z`
zeclez lr e` dipnex zecdi lr mixacn xy`k ,mdd minid
ztewz" z` xikfdl miaiig ,dipnexa micedid hkil mipya ."
zexxerzde dipnexa miicedid miigd zegztzd dlgd dl`
.zine`ld drcezd
xxeyn xeza xtexb ly ezkxrda weqrl izexyt`a oi`
ce`n izad` xtexb z` .zextqd ixwan mr dpnp ippi` ik
did xtexb .meid cr eixiy z` ade` ce`n ip`e iyi` ote`a
o i ae x o ae `x
166
zexitql zelrzdl egeka didy ,dlrne enkyn yi`
eze` z` ia dxxer dtlray xtexb z` renyl .zepeilrd
`iane ytpd z` mngn did wil`ia .wil`ia ia xxery ybx
.xtexb mb ezaiaq lr rityd jke gexd zelrzdl
ige clep `ed ik ,ce`n miyw eid xtxb awri ly eiig
dxiyl dcrepy ux` dzid `l dipnex .dipnexa eini aex
zextq mr mixyw dniiw `l dipnexa yicii zextqe ,yiciia
ly dizeleabl xarn reci did `l xtexb .mlera yicii
.dipnex
izcciizd ,mixyrd zepya zixad zevx`l izrbd xy`k
.d ,oifiix mdxa` mixxeynd mre my yicii ixteq mr
z` izxkfd .mixg`e jaxie` mixt` ,qliiluplb ,wieeiil
ivge xac eilr rci `l mdn cg` s` mle` ,xtexb ly eny
micedi miaeyii mr mixyw epl eid `l ,xen`k ,ik ,xac
dipnexa dcnr ezqixr mby xg` xxeyn .mlera mixg`
q z` `ivede elfn el wgiy ,hyxweaa oey`xd eixiy xt
dlbzpy ,xbp`n wivi` df did .oiletl xare dipnexn `vie
s` xzep did ,dipnexa x`yp did el .oileta xic` xxeynk
eixiy s` lr ziciid dxiyd mlera reci izla hrnk `ed
lra mr dxw dfy itk ,dlecbd ezepn` s` lre mixcdpd
.bx`apiihy xfril` lecbd milynd
mr mixywd xcrd :dipnex zecdi ly dpeq` did df
yicii zextq mler .dpicnd zeleabl uegny icedid mlerd
ze gkyp i zla mi py
167
.ezxiht ixg` mipy bx`apiihy xfril` z` dlib hkil
j` ,epxear aeyg ciwtz e`liny mipiipr eid yicii zextqe
micedid miiga drcd ilra lv` `l ,mixg` micedi lv` `l
.dipnexa

xtexb mr cgi iziliay zelilde minid ahid il mixekf

.oziieedk ox`zl ,oxqnl dywy zeax zecefit`e
`ltpd exiyae xtexba cinz ip` xkfp zegilq zelila
xwe meyb dlila eicgi epliih ,1918a ,mrt .'zegilq'
epkynd epgp`e ,dlila cg` ,zevg .hyxwea zeaegxa
me`zt rztl .`c lre `d lr ipyl cg` xtqle ggeyl
xtexb .yxcn zia dfi`n mirwead dlitz ipebip eprny
dlild ?df `ed dlil dfi` rcei dz`" :xn`e zekal ligzd
yxcnd zia eze` z` ytgl ep`viy xkef ip` ."zegilq lil
eid .eze` ep`vny cr epaaezqd .zegilq mixne` eay
lila ;dti z`f mre gle xw my did ,micedi oiipnk mewna
,epzian oexkf ayna epybxd dxfd hyxweaa zegilq
.epzeclin
ixerp zepexkf oia exnzypy dl`k miax mirbx eid
cgeind iheitd epexyk lr ,eizeybx lr ,xtexb zxaga
.zaaln zihpnex drtezl xac lk jetdl
zpicn ly xixbyk 1948a dipnexl iz`a xy`k
o i ae x o ae `x
168
xdniy f` ea izxvtd .xtexb mr aey izybtp ,l`xyi
.l`xyil ribdl lkeiy jkl b`cpe lczyp epgp`e lkd aefrie
rqe lkd fex`" :el izxn` dzre ,ezti`y cinzn dzid z`f
miigde `ixa ixnbl did `l xak xtexb ."xzei zekgl ila
mwlg ,eicici .xara enk miig mze` eid `l xak dipnexa
`ed mle` .exhtp mixg` miax ,onfn dipnex z` eafr
i` yiciia dxiyny xaq eixerp inin cer .ely lr ywrzd
meiw i`pz dligz envrl xevil eilr ,ok lr .zeigl xyt`
ip` .dxiya weqri jk xg`e xiivk .jtdl weica xeaq iziid
,izepn`a oen` epzp `l miyp`d .avn eze`a ip` s` iziid
.dqpxt xewnl mb jetdl leki xeiv ik il gihad `l yi`
izhlgde ,xg` edynn qpxtzdl oken iziid `l ip` mle`
dligzy orh xtexb .izleki itl dig` !df edf :cinzle zg`
aezkl ayii jk xg`e zilklk dpigan envr qqal b`ci `ed
`l mrt s` dyrnl ik ,eala dnqxk ef db`c .mixiy
lr rityd df lk .ozi` itqk qiqa envrl gihadl gilvd
.daehl `le ,zizextqd ezxivi
did xak xtexb ,zeax mipy xeark ux`l ribd xy`k
ziy`x ik ezrca wifgd oiicr `ed ,z`f mr cgi .ilk xay
okn xg`l lkeiy ick ,miixnegd eipiipr z` xcql eilr
.xe`l m`ivedle eiazk z` seq`l
miicedid miiga mnewne zeizextqd eizexivi ,eixiy lr
xfril`e xlt mdxa` dxzi ze`iwaa mixac erinyi dipnexa
ze gkyp i zla mi py
169
lr izepexkfn zvwn o`k xtql izivx wx ip` .lwpxt
mipyd oia .ixear mb zavrn dzidy dtewz lr ,xtexb
izybxd .dipnexa icedi qpqpx ygxzd ok` 1922e 1916
,zecdid ornl wa`idl okeny cigid ippi`y mini mze`a
dl` oian miax ,eppea`cl .mixg` miax iaiaq mpyiy
.xtqn izn epxzep ep`e ,cg`cg` ,mlerd on ewlzqd
ep` :zeyrl epicia yiy cigid xacd z` miyer ep` eiykr
...mpexkf z` milrn
elhi ux`a epz` mi`vnpd dipnex i`veiy dvex iziid
awri ly eixiy z` seq`l :dyecwd dniynd z` mnvr lr
.eciva ixar mebxze iciid mxewna ,xe`l m`ivedle xtexb
eznyp ,zi`lir dnyp ly dxkfl cinz xpk xi`i df xtq
*.xtexb awri ly
:xtexb awri ixiy ly uaew * xrcil rprailwrb - mixgap mixiy ,
.1975a rited ,lwpxt xfril` ly ezkixra
170
hlalbity xcpqkl`
ezeiyi`l mieew - xtexb awri
*
ezenca cala cg` otl qgiiz` oldl zexetqd milina
cg` ib`xh haid lr wx akrz`e xtexb awri ly ziheitd
dpitd da dtwzydy ,zpiiprnd ,miptd zax ezeiyi` ly
xexiaa mixiihvn dizeawrye yiciid mler ly zipnexd
.dipnexa zicedid zeaxzd zecleza
hpbilhpi` xeza ;mei ly exgy `ed yicii xvei xeza"
zecdi ly dnei - zipgex zeiyi`k ;mei ly enex - icedi
k dpyid dipnex ".elek l
d`nd ly miyelyd zepya ,hhxy dl` milina
dnly mkgd i`vilbd zextqd xwane i`qnd ,zncewd
eizeniyx uaewl qpeky xn`na ,lwia jifnex oe` jifpi`
mr xtexb awri xxeynd ly epweic z` ,[iaiaqne ikeza]
eixiy xtq zrted oiihy oe ohy oi` ly dlva]
.[davn
d`xe dwcl dipnexl `a ,mbztd xne`y itk ,lwia
* .2004 x`epia 18 ,xtexb awri ly exkfl ycwend axra mixac
e ze i yi `l mi e e w - xte xb awri
171
iiga ,icedid mlera ygxznd lka oigad `ed ,dqxt wgxn
.hra mikyend ly zepitae dxagd
zxiihvn lwia ly dqna zexey yely oze` jezn
,meid dze` mibiyn ep`y itk xtexb ly ezeiyi` zivnz
ly rwx lr driten `idy itk ,ezen ixg` mipy zexyr
.mlerd zengln izy oiay dtewza dipnexa yiciid ibeg
iciid xveid ly aevr haid lr mixacn ep`e zeid
dazkp zizextqd ezyexi lky xxeynd ly ,xtexb awri
zipnexd ziciid dxivid okid xikfdl epzaegn ,yiciia
dze` ,yicii zextq ly zillkd dtnd lr znwenn dziid
dxzepe dziid icedid mrd ly cexitde xefitd oibay zextq
.zinler zextq ,zilqxaipe` zextq oin
oei`x jezn zecr lr df oiipra jnzqdl mileki ep`
dpey`xd mrta dyxeel e`ea lbxl xbp`n wivi` mr
zrd azka ritedy ,1929a xrhrla ryixxrhil `eana .
dfa oileta yicii i`xewl azkd dpt xxeynd mr dgiyl
.xbp`n wgvi dipnexn yicii xxeyn ribd dyxeel" :oeyld
zextq ly dipnex z`f zexnl mle` ,oileta zlaeb dipnex
zextq ly dwixn` xy`n xzei epz`n dwegx yicii
".yicii
zeaxz ly lecbd ipletd fkxna dxxy z`fk dyegz
dze`a ik xekfl yiy s` ,dipnexa yicii zextq iabl yicii
mixeyw eid ,miyelyd zepy zligz ,mixyrd zepy seq ,zr
hlalbi ty xcpqkl`
172
enk zekexa zeienc ,xbp`n caln yiciia zxvei daiaql
dyn ,lwia dnly ,bxapxhy awri ,bx`apiihy xril`
mzxiviy ,mdipia xzeia mihlead z` wx xikfdl m` ,onhl`
zicedid zeaxzd ly lfxa o`v iqkpl i`ceea zkiiy
.dzellka
dpeyn avn ly oaxew dax dcina did xtexb awri
,xtexb .zeihilete zeixehqid zeketdz zeawra gztzdy
dxivi ly "xgyd" z` bvii ,ahid oiad lwiay itk
dnfbd hrn `la xkfeny xgy ,dipnexa yiciia zizextq
ztewz"k hkil jynae iptl xvw onfl gxte dlry xgy ,"
.dpey`xd mlerd zngln
ly eznfeia ,q`i ,daeclen zxiaa rited 1914 zpya
mya zr azk ,xtexb awri hkil caln etzzyd ea ,[xe`]
edizzne uiaepiax ihen ,iwqp`yehea awri mixteqd ,xtexb
,xirvd xiivd xii` zrd azk z`y xikfdl oiiprn .oncixt
.oiaex oae`x ,mqxtzdl did cizry
zrd azke miizpy lkd jqa dkynp "dtewz" dze`
zrd azk ly zepeiliba .minrt rax` lkd jqa ritedl dkf
evted xakye zncew dtewza azky mixiy xtexb mqxt
.daeclena micedid iaeyiia dt lra
.xtexb awri lv` izxivid alyd miizqd mvra jka
,ipyd alya .izernyn jynd did `l izxivid "xgy"l
pi`d ezeiyi` dyabzd ,"icedid hpbilhpi`"d ly df -
e ze i yi `l mi e e w - xte xb awri
173
xzei aeh dze` oiit` `l yi`e ,xtexb ly zil`ehwlh
.lirl zxkfend dqna lwia dnlyn
dxey lky zeaxz ixvei ly beq eze`l jiiy xtexb"
ynd wnere rtyd ixeg`n wgxd zx`yp mdly daezk -
mzxivi ly mirlqd zkxrn lkn .mz`xyd ly zeiern
mail z` mikyen mpi`y ,mixext wx hrd xxetn divpheta
dl` ik ,izextqd aepqd z` minngn mpi`e zextq ipian ly
dieagd ybxde daygnd zenlya mipigan mpi` dl` mbe
".fexgde dlind ly zeix`hpnbxtd zgz
`ed xy`k ,xtexb ly dgiy lka .wtq `ll wcv lwia
zexve` zece` ,miztxv e` mipnxb mixxeyn zece` xaic
eizepeirxa syik ynn `ed ,zicedi dixehqide yicii zeaxz
on did `le zcgein dna lkl wwfp `l `ed .miwixand
zeaicpa sziyy dgiy yi` did `ed .mipend ipta min`epd
ly zephw zeveawe micigi mb rteyd ezaygn mxfa
,hyxweaa icedid raexa aegxa ixwn ybtn zra mirney
e` mialn zqpk ziaa dxkf`a ,hyx`w`e e` hycec aegxa
axwa ,dipnexa xfbn lka miciqg eid xtexbl .iaxd ziaa
micedid lv`e micxgd lv` ,mihqil`iveqd axwa ,mipeivd
xaicyk od ,opbeqnd ipgexd egiy z` ead` mlek .mipeligd
ly ziqiqrd ziaeclend zipnexa xaicyk od ,yiciia
.oliidin ezxiir
ly mixvd zeleaba dxzep ely zeixletetd mle`
hlalbi ty xcpqkl`
174
drya .divfiaextni` ly ,zepeirx gezit ly ,dgiyd
ici lr sgqp ,dnicw crve jld yicii zextq mlery
,xrqe qqz ,ycgzde dpzyd ,zitexi`d zepn`d ly minxfd
texb xzep oze` ,zeihpnexzeiblhqepd eizen` zlca x
ely mixiyd uaewa givpd oiihy oe ohy oi` `l `ed .
,mxfd mr mexfl ,lbeqn did `l ile` e` ,envrl dyxd
yiciid ixvei xec ly dniypd zxver dtepzl sxhvdl
xtexb .uxt l"il xwirae mipewiqlwl jyndk dlerd
`ed eay mlerl ,mrt ly iyxeyd ,rebxd mlerl rbrbzd
ev' exiyn dl`d zexeyd ,lynl ,micirn jk lre ,lcb
:'xg
ovila ic oe` ,hiiwxlw of lnid xrc hd oxielx
cla oxree ev mrxehy mrc hin oryxhq iif
...xR
jp hxc mrpii` oi` ,xg on ,hpwrb xin ohlee
ovif
,ovipyx jif jrlhh oe` oliivxrc jif zeiUrn oe`
oe` iela oxeerb hxc p'q oe hlee lnid xrc
...xlw
minii`ne / wgyd f`n cai` ezlkz gevgv z`"
my ayil cer eplki ,ixag el / ;miwxad xrql sxhvdl
miwgyd eay f` / ,zgpa slb miegn ,xtq zeiyrn / ,cgi
[qehiin edil` :zixar] ".mikfmilegk zeidl
e ze i yi `l mi e e w - xte xb awri
175
1934 zpya qtcpy mixiy uaewa efk zih`et dnip
mixxeyn zexivil d`eeyda mfipexkp` zpigaa wtq ila did
z` f` dhlw xak yicii zextq ixdy ,xtexb ly epnf ipa
wieeiil ly mzxivin cakp wlge oxtld aiildyn ly ezxiy
ly dgepipd ziaeclend egex it lr oiicr ig xtexb .xbp`ne
dqna lwia azeky itk ,"dpyid dipnex ly icedid ueaiwd"
leele e` ,cexa ixnfe oc`tcleb elit` .lirl dxkfedy
jnr axwa ce`n miix`letet eidy ,up`xwpx` x'fx`af
zepit"l rbrbzd `ed .xtexb lr erityd `l dipnexa
oa yihxa oe`il ly mixiyd uaew `xwpy itk ,"zehwyd
.xtexb ly dl` enk ziblhqep dnip ilra eid eixiyy evx`
xy`k ,1939a eixiy z` xe`l `ivedl gilvd yihxa ,ab`
xak dipnexa icedid aeyiid oryp mdilry micenrd
.zehhenzd sq lr eccepzd
ollbay zeaiqd z` ytgl yiy envr z` rpky xtexb
lgy iepiya yicii zextq mlera hren cdl wx dzkf ezxivi
dipnex ,recik ,xy`k dpey`xd mlerd zngln meiq mr
l dktd dpyid Romnia Mare ighy .[dlecbd dipnex]
mr cgi dpicnl egteq dipaliqp`xhe diaewea ,diaxqa
ii iazek mixteq mr cgi ,mixef` mze`a eigy micedid ,yic
yicii zextq fkxn miwdl ,dglvd `ll ab` jxc ,eqipy
dlecbd ,yicii ixteq zveaw jeza xzeia mihlead .dipnexa
eid migteqnd mixef`d on dipnexl dtqeezdy ,icnl
hlalbi ty xcpqkl`
176
mqxetnd yleynde xbp`n wivi` i`viaepx'vd xxeynd
.onhl` dyne bxapxhy awri ,bx`apiihy xfril` :o`wtiln
mnvrl epw dxdnae e`a aexwn dfy ,dl` mixteqa
xtexb d`x ,llka yicii zextq mlera ode dipnexa od my
dipnex ly iciid xxeynd ,epnn elfby ,miqneg ,"miyaek"
ditl ,dixe`iz envrl gzit `ed .dxekad z` ,dpyid
`linn dnw dzid dnglnd iptln zeleaba dpyid dipnexa
ztewz" ly efl jyndk yicii zextq hkil oia did `edy "
zekf oi` ,"mixfl" ,miycgd mixteql ,ok m` .dicqiin
hrnk dxeva wace eze` egtiwy yg xtexb .mipey`x
lr eizegiya zeadlzda uaiy dze` ,ef dixe`iza zib`xh
.mler ly enexay mipiipr
,yiciid mlera cg` s` oiipr `l dfd gekieed lk mle`
,d`eyd ixg` ,dipyd mlerd zngln xg`ly mipya xwira
xtexbyk .dzenziae dpaxega `linn dcnr yicii oeylyk
eizeyibta ,ycgn dlrd `ed ,miyyd zepya l`xyil ribd
ze`hibdn d`ey ilevip aexl ,miinewnd mixteqd mr
xbp`ny gikedl dqip `ed .ely dixe`izd z` ,zepgnde
ly e`ea okl .dipnex zecdi z` `hand yi`d llk eppi`
.ie`xd cdl dkf `l ux`l xtexb
wtq ila ekxc zligza ,ezaiaqa did xtexb awri
,ezlkyd ,zil`ehwlhpi`d ezeiyi` mr .zifkxn zenc
mre zipnxbde ziztxvd zeaxza ,dxiyd inegza eze`vnzd
e ze i yi `l mi e e w - xte xb awri
177
dze`l xtexb jiizyd ,ziaeclenzipnexd dtya ezeyxzyd
mdxa` ,lynl ,ekiizyd dil` zipnexzicedid divpbilhpi`
eze` dkiled ,xnel xyt` ,yiciid zfen .exec ipae eqif aiil
mlera epexyk z` zevnl gilvd `l `ed ,xxeynk .lley
envr riad `l ,dxhnl ribd `ly ink xzep `ed ,yiciid
.ely izin`d ixild l`ivphetd s` lr mez cr
did epexyk dplieea e` dyxeea ig eli`y ,xryl ozip
lcb `ed j` .dze`p dxkdl dkef dide mixg` micnn lawn
dn ."eaeh dn"a oiicr dcnr yicii zextq da daiaqa
ztewz" dpeky hkil xg` cine ,wfad zexidna dniizqd "
ly ,dze` dpik xtexby itk ,"dyilt"d dygxzd jk
`l `ed mz`y migteqnd mixef`d on mixteqd ,"miyaek"d
eqn did dyrpy ink ,gtewn envr yg `ed .ccenzdl lb
dixe`iz gzit `ed ef dyegz lr xabzdl ick .leer el
eizelrn .wven ceqi dl did `l i`ceey ,zihqhpt
`ed :el ecnr `l dgiy yi`k enqwe eizepexyk ,zelecbd
xbp`n wivi` `le ,xtexb ,`ed `weecy rpkyl gilvd `l
yicii zextqa oey`xoey`x ,xekad did bxapxhy awri e`
.dipnexa

cwet iziidyk ,1964-1958 mipya xtexb mr iizegiya

zra xzei xge`n mbe ,zeaexw mizrl hyxweaa ezia z`
hlalbi ty xcpqkl`
178
zepywra orhe xfg `ed ,l`xyia o`k zexetqd epzeyibt
dxivid ziy`xa z` ytgl oi` ik ,ely mikex`d mibelepena
ztewz"a ,elv` `l` xbp`n lv` dipnexa ziciid zipxcend
hkil ."
xtexb lr xbp`n ixacn hehiv mr `weec miiql ipevxa
lkk .milyexia xbp`n oeikx`a `vnpd xenb izla xn`na
zepy zligza wxei eipa xn`nd z` azk `ed d`xpd
.dipnex z` afr xtexby iptl ,miyyd
dipnexa zlvlhvne dig yicii zlin ly xkd oniq"
owixil ,xtexb awri epxear `ed - xbp`n azek - dpyid
minyep ely mikxmiilici`d micxew`dy ,frep ,hwy
miixil zeybx ly ocern iehial m`iya mi`ypzn ,mirebrb
...miinzix
dninzzizextqd dveawd jezn gnvy ,xtexb awri
zveaw ,dipnexa dpey`xd hkil epd ,dvgnl zipaaegd
zipxcend zextqd mexh ly dcigid dlyad ziheitd zencd
mibyidl jxca zpiiprn dcefit` jkae xwtdd zpicna
".dipnexa ziciid dwixild ly mipexg`d
[xbpiclqrlq edil` :yiciin mbxz]
179
izy zen`et ly awri xtexb
*
* ,xtexb awri :jezn mixgap mixiy .xvln .y mbxz .1975 ,
180
e l ai aqe i ce di d
181
xte xb awri
182
e l ai aqe i ce di d
183
xte xb awri
184
e l ai aqe i ce di d
185
xte xb awri
186
xze i a mi ywd mi ni a
187
xte xb awri
188
xze i a mi ywd mi ni a
189
xte xb awri
190
xze i a mi ywd mi ni a
191
xte xb awri
192
xze i a mi ywd mi ni a
193
xte xb awri
194
xze i a mi ywd mi ni a
195
xte xb awri
196
xze i a mi ywd mi ni a
197
xte xb awri
198
xze i a mi ywd mi ni a
199
xte xb awri
200