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ohixy rpf oe alwR o - lrwprx xfril`

mi` obree orlwihx oe oe`
b b b
eiazkn xgan - lwpxt xfril`
eilr eazkpy mixn`n hwle
2
lrwprxt xfril`
ohixy rpf oet alwR o
mi` obree orlwihx oe oe`
xtexb awri y"r oxwd xtexb awri y"r ycwdd
2011 milyexi
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lwpxt xfril`
eiazkn xgan
eilr eazkpy mixn`n hwle
xtexb awri y"r oxwd xtexb awri y"r ycwdd
2011 milyexi
4
Eliezer Frenkel
A Selection of His Publications
and of Articles About Him

zexeny zeiekfd lk
a"zqn 978-965-553-010-0 ISBN
l`xyia qtcp
Printed in Israel
a milyexi ,ze`xev qetc
5
hl`dpi`
: x rhk ry e w p i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dncwd 11
liih xrhyxr
ohtixy qlrwprxt xfril` oet alwR o
. . . . . . . . . "mrla`xR ryicii ic" jea mev hx`eexit 21
. . . . . . . . . . yicii oet htpewev obree rb`xt xrc ev 29
rib`l`hp` xrc ev hx`eek`p ` mewna - ocp`x
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "bpehkic ryicii rp" 48
. . aia`lY oi` lwia dnly x"c hin qreny xrhxicx`wrx ` 52
. . . . . . . . . . . . . rit`xb`ilaiabx`apiihy ` ev 81
lyn qbx`apiihy xfril` oi` l"fg oe` `xwn oet mixewn ic ev 84
ev bpeva qwilia obree zexrd - bx`apiihymebxY
. . . . . . . . . . . . . orbpevrfxrai` qbxapiihy 97
. . . . . . . . . . . . xrkia ic oi` oarl xrfcpe` obree 102
y oyiprnex ma ohl`hyrb ryicii rkrlhr obree xrax
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ep`ree`c`q li`kin 105
. . xrR`xb awri oet "xrcil rprailwrb" ra`bqie` xrc hin 114
. . . . . . . . . lwia dnly oet "dipnex zecdi" jea mev 117
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . oeyny 123
6
liih xrhiieev
lrwprx xfril` obree orlwihx
: i f rb x ` x `c e h . . . . . . . . . . . . xrp`ifiee xrc 133
: o c q a c geMn - xi` mex` oe` xebitxeh`xrhil ` obree
. . . . . . . . . . hh`a of oe` lrwprxt xfril` 137
: l wi a d nl y . . . . . . . . . . . . lrwprxt xfril` 148
: j `p `x b o p g e i obree qlrwprx xfril`
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "mrla`xR ryicii ic" 152
: yhi e e `a i i l l e ` R - dxeab oe` rail oet rcprbrl `
. . . . . . . . . "oeyny" rnr`R qlrwprxt xfril` 158
: x rc i i a mi i g xrbp`n wivi` rib`l`hp` ryihr`R ic oe`
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . q`i oet 161
: x `d `l `q . . . . lrwprxt xfril` 't`xR hin qreny ` 167
7
mipiipr okez
: x rhk ry e w p i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dncwd 179
oey`x wlg
lwpxt xfril` iazkn xgan
. . . . . . . . . . . . "zicedid dirad" xtql xacgzt 187
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . yiciid ly dcizr zl`yl 192
rp" dibelezp`l xaczixg` mewna - miiley zexrd
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "bpehkic ryicii 207
. . . . . . . . . aia`lza lwia dnly mr zhlwen dgiy 211
. . . . . . . . . . . bx`apiihy ly ditxbeilaial zexrd 234
. . bx`apiihy xfril` ly eilyna l"fgne `xwnd on zexewn 237
einebxzl wil`ia ly eqgi lr zexrd - bx`apiihymebxz
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eixiyl bx`apiihy ly 248
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mixtqay epiig lr 252
ipnexd xteqd ly ezxivia micedi ly zeienc
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ep`iaecq li`kin 255
. . . . . xtexb awri ly "mixgap mixiy" xtqd z`ved mr 262
. . . . . . . . . lwia dnly ly "dipnex zecdi" xtqd mr 265
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . oeyny 269
8
ipy wlg
lwpxt xfril` zece` lr mixn`n hwl
: i f b x ` x e c e h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dfegd 281
: o c q a c zece` lr - eaiaqe zextqd mlerdn zenc lr
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ezernyne lwpxt xfril` 284
: l wi a d nl y . . . . . . . . . . . . . lwpxt xfril` 293
: j p x b o p g e i . . "zicedid dirad" lwpxt '` ly extq lr 296
: ' ui a e a i l l e `t dn`etd - dxeabe dad` zece` lr dcb`
. . . . . . . . . . . . . lwpxt xfril` ly "oeyny" 301
: x rc i i a mi i g ly dibelezp`de xbp`n wivi`
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . q`in yicii zxiy 304
: x d e l e q `x . . . . . . . . lwpxt xfril` 'text mr oei 309
9
yici

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xrhkry ewpi
dncwd
oi` cp`txrR`xb mrc jxec oarbrbqiex` hxree jea rwihvi` q`c
yicii mrpet l`ehwrlrhpi` o` ,lrwprxt xfril` oet wprcp`
hiiwhbx`fx`t oarl up`b of ofieerbqiex` h`d q`ee ,hay oyiprnex
.xehlewyicii xrc oet jynd mrc oe` l`xUimr oet lxeb mrc iabl
ohiel ,yirxard oi` q yicii oi` q hk`xarb oxree ohqwrh rl`
.cp`t mrpet qriv`wilaeR ic x`t orneprbp` RivpixR owik`xRyiieev
,ohtixy qlrwprxt xfril` oet aiilwR` o` ,ox` hnrp cp`a xrc
ohin ,1945 hpif qra`bqie` rprciiyx`t oi` orpiyxrc orprf q`ee
ohqwrh ic .hlree xrwihqb of hin qxrpriil ic orprw`a ev liv
rpiilw hin cp`a mrpi` hwexcrbxrai` oxree lrwprxt .` oet
riv`nx`tpi` ryit`xb`ilaia rwicnihxR .ozerhoewiY oe` miiepiy
ocri oet lhih mev dxrd ` oi` oarbrbp` hxree xewn mrc iabl
ipa qlrwprxt .` oet orbpev`yR` rkrlhr ornew jpxrc .hqwrh
.mi` obree xec
h rkrlhr orpirb orn orw liihR oyici mrpe seq ma
.qrixb
x`t mrpi` 1938 oi` hprw`a jif ji` a`d lrwprxt xfril` hin -
xrwilcprv obievrb jif h`d ht`ycpxt xrfcpe` ,q`i owicdngln
fxwxehlew oyicii mrpet mrx xrc oi` hrax`rbhin oa`d xin .ox`i
awri mrpet bpehl`eex`t xrc oi` xrhrRy oe` q`i oi` "uxR .l .i"
obree bpelcp`dR` rvxew rwicxrhee ic .l`xUi oi` cp`txrR`xb
ji` a`d bree oyixrtry qlrwprxt xfril` sie` qrivp`hqhRied ic
oi` orpiyxrc fi` if oe` ,2007 oi` dxihR of j`p oaixyrbp otie`
lreey .2008 ,343342 'nep ,(wx`ieip)

xrhkry ewpi
12
mrpiilw mrpi` 1920 x`i oi` ox`eerb oxiearb fi` lrwprxt xfril`
ocii ic oet j`xRyciixhRied ic .riprnex ,q`i oarl ielrc`R lhrhy
h`d xr .yicii oreerb fi` ,llka ree`cl`n oi` jie` iee ,ohx`c
oreerb fi` qee ,ohh ma oe` xcg oi` iyx hin yneg hpxrlrb
ic h`d leywl oe oqlw xi hwicprx h`d xr oree .cnln
.q`i oiiw obievrbxrai` jif dgRyn
jif oad qee ,ocii 40,000 oe hhy oreerb hlnrc fi` q`i
oe` ofxwxehxrhil ,oley ryicii hin ,yici oi` harlrbqie`
oiiw obievrbxrai` jif h`d xrbpn wivi` ...ohrhieeihwhxRq
fi` xrRxb awri xrhkic xrc oe` ,1915 oi` dgRyn of hin q`i
orprf rciia .hrhiqxreeipe` xrq`i mrpi` ixei oet hprcehq oreerb
yicii iieev ic h`d q`i xra` qxrhprv rxrqrxb oi` wree` iif
xrbpn iee ief .iif hin hxivl`hy h`d oe` hwprcrb heb ohr`R
- jxRy xrcp o sie` oaxy oaiedrbp oad qee ,xrRxb oe`
oaxy oaiedrbp lrwprx xrbpei xrc h`d - yhc l mrc oi`
iif oet rkrlhr hkrlhptrx`t oe` yiprnex sie` wxree ryix`xrhil
x mler xrc f orphyx jib xra h`d xr .ox`i xr30 seq
oi` qie` jif oarl qee oci ozn` xrc oi` orprf haxy xr ornree
.yicii
xryicii oe` yicii oet xrxrl ` ox`eerb lrwprxt fi` 1940 oi`
hyip fi` q`i oi` zeid .q`i oi` ley"hx`" xrc oi` xeh`xrhil
h`d ,jxRy xryici xrc x`t xrkiapxrl oiiw ornew`a ev oreerb
hxiwilaeR qr oe` jeapxrl obii` o hlrhyrbiepev lrwprx
ornp mrc xrhpe` jxRy xrfcpe` xr h`d hlaxry otie` .
riprnex oi` fi` hv xrpri oi` lee ,"1938 ryxee" :hpkiivx
jiynn h`d lrwprxt .jea yici oarbevqiex ohax oreerb
j`p jie` yicii oet hiarb otie` hiiwihrh ryib`b`crR of oreerb
oxrl rwihkiee oarbrbqiex` h`d oe` dnglnhlree xrhiieev xrc
.ol`ixrh`n
h`d 1941 ipei ohq29 mrc qi oi` m`xb`t oqiexb mrc zrya
oe oxrieh ic oree ,hlnrc .qp jxec hreerhxrb jif lrwprxt
dnc wd
13
qie` mi` a jif hd ,oqlyrb oreerb jp orprf l`xUiux` -
riprnex oe xp hyip ocii ic ornrpqiex :melg hxifilhqixw
xrhee qee ,hx o sie` oxixraix iif oe` rRxii` upb oe xp
dpicn ryicii ocpixb lf rn Eee ,rRxii` xrprhlyx`t xrc oet
cla oe` oxidngln ic zra .jxRy rlrivi ic iee yici hin
melg owif`c mrc okrlwxieex`t ev icM hraxrb xr hd jpxrc
xrc oe xrxi mrc ,obxrapiihy .p .i x"c hin ocpeax jif hd oe`
lrwprxt jie` hd ,bxrapiihy iee .rwixrn oi` "rbilcp`lxt"
hd oe` rpihqrl`R oi` xrax ic hin ohiiwixreey ic orfrbqiex
xrc oxeerb fi` xr .oci x rixhixrh xrcp o hkefrb x`txrc
q`ee ,riprnex oi` "rbilcp`lxt" xrc oe xhrxwrqlxrprb
htrdln`f ic 1947 xranrhRrq oi` oarbrbqiex` h`d cp`lxt oi`
xra ,oxifilrx ev oarbrbp` hyip mi` jif hd melg mrc .q`i
."melg of iee qiexb ief fi` yhprn xrc" f obf brn rn
prnfev lrwprxt hd ,19441941 ox`i ic oi` ,dngln xrc zra -
ic iif x`t hwrlRhp` oe` hlrbpei ryicii wilcprv hbprxarb
rhvrl ic oi` ox`eerb ot`yrb fi` q`ee ,xehxrhil ryicii rkx
h`d ,riprnex oi` hwicprx`t jif hd dngln ic oree .x`i hxrcped
fxwxehlew oyicii" mrc q`i oi` iif hin mrpii` oi` hrcpixbrb xr
h`d 1945 oi` .wrh`ilaia rkx ` hb`nx`t h`d q`ee ,"uxR .l .i
oe rib`l`hp` o hlrhyrbiepev ,xrp`R .i hin orn`fev ,lrwprxt
qiex hd "fxwxehlew xryicii" xrc qee ,rifr`R xryici xrc
lhih ohin q`i oi` oarbrb bpehkic ryicii rp oe dncwd hin ,
ryiphl hin oxeerb hwexcrbR` fi` jea qc .xrR`xb awri
oi` `vnipa oreerb hyip hlnrc orprf zeize` ryici lee ,zeize`
.q`i
w ox`trb lrwprxt fi` x`i rwialrf q`c jif oe` hyrxwea oii
oe` xrhkry ikcxn obllit ic hin ,oxrR`xb awri hin hpbrba
oi` .qxraxy ryici rwihxc rl hin oe` xrbpipib miig
oci xrc mex oqreny iix hxitrbkxec jie` xr hd hyrxwea
hwiliiha jif oa`d meifRniq mrc oi` .meif`Rniq oin iee ,rbxt
xrhkry ewpi
14
dnc wd
15
,eqif .l.i hqipeiv xrc :riprnex oe ohiiwkrlprfxrR rwibpxhyxr
ryiprnex ic ,qeieelt .i x"c ,wxrc qwilrt xraxy xrc
,oihwlb lb ,epreecq lkin ,ifrbx xceh qxraxy
eivrxwel xrhqipinoxrqie` xrc ,fxb rxhrR xrinrxR xrc
xrc hd meif`Rniq mrc oe oqreny ic .rxrcp oe` epwyxh`R
oi` oe` yiprnex oi` oarbrbqiex "fxwehlew xryicii" xrq`i
:lhih mrc xrhpe` yifiivpxt mrlaxR ryicii ic jea mrc oi` .
mrpet htpewev xrc obree zebUd rpf hlrhyrbx` lrwprx hd
xrai` hxree jea mev "hx`eexit" qlrwprxt .`) .wl`t oyici -
(.cp`a owihvi` mrpi` hwexcrb
lrwprxt h`d jxRy xryici xrc obree orwpcrb rpf
oe hpewev obree rbx xrc ev" :iiqr obpl oi` hxinefrx
ic oi` hwexcrbR ,"yici xrkialn`f xrhyrx`wea xrc) 1947 oi`
rwialrf q`c .(cp`a owihvi` mrpi` hwexcrbxrai` hxree hqwrh
,q`i oi` zeize` ryici orpirb hprwrb oiey h`d rn oree ,x`i
hlrhyrbiepev ,xrpR wgvi xraxy ohin ornfev ,xr h`d
wivpp oe rxrqrxb jq ln q`c ,riblhp o xrciee
lhih owialrf ohin oarbrbqiex if oe` ohr`R bpehkic ryicii rp ,
:ohxc hqwrh qlrwprx .`) .xrbpn wivi` oe dncwd hin
owihvi` mrpi` hwexcrbxrai` hxree ,"hx`eek`p ` mewna - ocp`x"
*(.cp`a
oe wrhilaia rvpb of hwiyrbxrai` lrwprx h`d 1961 oi`
jif oe` oreerb dler h`d ,l`xUi oiiw xrkia rxrcp oe` ryici
mrpi` hxhwc sie` oaixyx jif h`d xr .oelwy` oi` hvrfa
oaxy ev dpeeM xrc hin milyexi oi` hrhiqxreeipe` oyrxard
hrax rwifc ic .ot`y qbxapiihy xfril` obree hraxxhwc
bx`apiihy xrc ev bxha oiif xra ,hwicprx hyip xr h`d
bxapiihy ev" hrax of .xrwihkiee xb fi` bpeyx`t
* ox`eerb oarbrbqiex` fi` rib`l`hp` xrwif`c xrc oet rb`ltie` rhixc ic
.2009 oi` cp`txrR`xb mrc jxec milyexi oi`
xrhkry ewpi
16
ox fi` "rixbilaia qbxapiihy oe cp`a mrpi` milyn lY ,
,obx`apiihy obree oriiqr iieev orpiyxrc orprf 1972 oi` ;1969 aia
mrpi` xrpii` xehxrhil xryicii xrc oe bpeyx xrc x qwpR
rqrxR oe` oi` xrxrcp xrc oe` (wxieip) hiiw rprclb ic ic) .
(.cp`a owihvi` mrpi` hwexcrbxrai` oxree ohqwrh xc
x`t x`pinrqqxrxrl xryicii xrwx`ieip xrc h`d 1965 oi` -
ard oe` xryicii oe oqxew hin oxievp lrwprx xfril` ohra -
.xeh`xrhil xryrx
oi` orlwia dnly hin jrlprfxrR hprwa jif xr h`d 1964 seq
o mi` hin oxievkxec icM hiidpbrlrb ic hveprbqie` oe` aia`lY
.xehlew oe` xeh`xrhil xryicii xrc obree qreny ohpqrxrhpi`
oi` ox`eerb hwexcrbR` fi` qreny xrwifc xrc hiiw rprcl`b ic
lY oi` lwia dnly hin qreny xrhxicx`wrx " lhih oxrhpe`
(.cp`a owihvi` mrpi` hwexcrbxrai` hxree hqwrh xrc) ."aia`
oi` orpiyxrc fi` 1967 oi` jealaei lwia dnly hrax of
li`kin xraxy oyiprnex ma ohl`hyrb ryicii rkrlhr obree"
owihvi` mrpi` hwexcrbxrai` hxree hqwrh xrc) ."ep`ree`c`q
(.cp`a
of oi` hf`lrbxrai` h`d xrR`xb awri hr`R xrhyrx`wea xrc
sie` rifr`R of oarbqiex` l`f lrwpxt xfril` f` dywa ic d`eev
ic x`t odb`c jif l`f oe` ,bpevrfxrai` xryirxard o hin yicii
liv mrc hin .riprnex oet oreerb dler oa`d qee qxraxy ryicii
` ocpixb ev sie` obrnx`t of oet htlrd ` hf`lrbxrai` xr h`d
."cp`txrR`xb awri"
jea q`c oarbrbqiex` lrwprxt h`d 1975 oi` ,xrR`xb awri
xrcil rprailwrb xrc obree hqwrh of) **.yirxard oe` yicii sie`
qxrR`xb hiel (.cp`a owihvi` mrpi` hwexcrbxrai` hxree rabqie`
** qxrR`xb wri oet rb`ltie` rp ` xrcil rprailwrb oi` orpiyxrc fi`
` oe` oiihyxriet oae`x 't`xR oet xitpx` o` hin 2010 oi` milyexi
.h`lalbiRy .` oet hx`eek`p
dnc wd
17
xrR`xb mrpet x`i 15 jyna hliihrbqie` lrwprxt h`d ,dywa
oiiw ornewrb orprf q`ee qxraxy ryicii qrinrxR rkrlxri cp`t
jea q`c hxiwilaeR jie` xr h`d 1976 oi` .riprnex oet l`xUi awri
xb hv of oe` xrR` iieev .yirxard oe` yicii sie` ohqwrh hin ,
qlwia dnly oarbrbqiex` mev sYey ` oreerb xr fi` xrhrRy x`i
jea riprnex :bpevrfxrai` xryirxard ` oi` dipnex zecdi .
oi` orpiyxrc fi` 1995 oi` hiiw rprcl`b ic qlrwprxt xfril`
xrc q`ee ,"oeyny" ,1953 oi` q`i oi` oaixyrbp` ,rnr`R rbp`l
oi` yirxard sie` hkrlhptrx`t oe` hvrfrbxrai` h`d oiil` hr`R
(.cp`a owihvi` mrpi` hwexcrbxrai` oxree ohqwrh ic) 1991
jea q`c hxiwilaeR cp`txrR`xb xrc h`d 2006 x`i oi` awri
orfrb mi` h`d xec of iee xrR`xb q`ee ,(oelwy`-milyexi)
oet dxihR xrc j`p x`i wivxrt ic ev hxihw`crx h`d lrwprxt
.xrR`xb awri
mrc ,wihxt ox`eerb xhtip fi` lrwprxt xfril` x`qrt`xR
oet oinlrzia oi` ox`eerb hwicxr`a fi` oe` 2007 xranrvrc ohq28
orpieee q`ee ,xrhk`h ` oe` oef ` hf`lrbxrai` h`d xr .oelwy`
.l`xUi oi` rciia
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19
liih xrhyxr
alwR o
ohtixy qlrwprxt xfril` oet
20
21
jea mev hx`eexit
"mrla`xR ryicii ic"
*

brn rn lbx` ryicii ic ok liepw ` ev rb`x q`ee ,oRepw hin le
f rp a xrwicprhy oi` ,mrcr rl` oi` jif oriv ,bpebree
ie` ohk`c jif orw qr .orbpehkix ovp`b oi` fi`'q f` wila ohyxr o
o` ;q``k owif`c mrc oi` xcq ` qrRr orprwxrc ev jrlbrnne`
ie`paei` fiela orw mrla`xR xrc oi` wilapx xrkib ,xrwi
,liepw mrpi` oRepw xeriy ` o` ic ailev gen qxrwewp` mrc oyinrv
xrc hin .xyidlkU mev oe` wib`l xrc ev dxiYq oi` orprf q`ee
r dpeek xrhqra R ev qr jxec hwihenhp` jib orn hxree oiihyx`
bpeprcx`ne` xrqiexb xrc ic oe .mrcr
oe` myex ohyxr mrc xrhpe` hyip jif hib q`ee xrc xra`
ihx` ,oipr mrpi` jif h lb`a ii b hin wicph ic obie` rwihq mrcr
f iee liepw mrpe ii oi` jie` x`p miex mrpi` x`p hyip jif oriv
v xrc k jif hree ,h R hwrRq` xryih``k xrhyxr xrc h` f` o
xraii` mrc x`p jiiy fi` orfxrc ev bpixb fi` mi` xrhpe` ;j`l
daiq ic" ,daiqhpexb ic "zeaiq ic oe xryib`lne` xrc oe
ipwx R .bpe
rhkiyrb xrc oi` xrwicepinacigi ` fi` daiqhpexb rwif`c ic
dyhprn xrc oe ii rwif`c ic .h hyip orn sx`c bpelrhyhqr
wexcqie` o` iee ornrpp` d oe c fi`'q .hiiwicxr ` j ` f` ,hw`
rb h`d q`ee ,wl` f oi` oarl wiex ` hxi cp`l o oe apb ii xrn
jea mrpet hvrfrbxrai` * Problema evreiasca ,q`i (mrla`xR ryicii ic)
'ff ,1945 .IV-I
lrwprxt xfril`
22
ee oe` l` iif h`d xr q`ee qphx`bp ii frb o ii xrc ox`eerb fi` ,h
oaxw xrwilieene` pxrc oe` oyiprryrb rwiczeixfk` oe xrc j
clrdhRied pry oe rnrh ` ,qrwip`xk ryix`hqid rkrlc x`
n`R ,ohrl x ryixrvrd x` ii .ozwelgn oe` c
frb zn` mrc ` rkrlhpiieerbne` rqieerb jif oa`d hb ii `ypb oh
c mrpe owif jif wl hp R p hwrl harlrb wiex h`d qr oree j
ic xrhpe` apb ii oe` oyiprwpra ic ,ohqbp` ic ,oyiprkef ic .xrn
lb`a oa`d q`ee zenelg ii f h ewY xrc oi` uprhqiqwr o orn h`d d
` eev ic jyna q`ee ,jea ` oi` hln`frbp ii rn q`ee xi hpfieh
l ii rn oe` qr hpri ihx` mi` oi` jif h eev qr hcpiax` ii x`b
ee l xrc x`p iee ,qriqprnic rh ii q`c h`d melg qawri oi` xrh
oa`d zenelg oe` orexne` ,oyiprwpra rwif`c ic .o`hrb l`n `
xbxrc ii hixh ic oi` jiid xrhqrxb xrc ev hk jif h`d q`ee mrc oe
dbxcn xrc ev oaiedxrc ul` oklid q`ee hixh ,oaxw ohqkrd mrpe
j`p R ...rhkiyrbhlree xrc oi`
b'q ii x` hyip h ornrx ic oi` o owihvi` mrc oe oe` hx`eexi
liv xrc hyip fi`'q jea owihvi` mrpe ee rl`x ic olrhyevhqr q
d'q yrb oa R hli xrc oi` oyiprryrb oe` ocp`hyne` rprciiyx`
hyhp` ii bpe hnihy`a oe` hnihy`a h`d q`ee "daiqhpexb" xrc oe
d avn xrfcpe` j`p ul` h ev hp qxrwix`hqid mrc fi`'q .b
ie` ra`b R yev ee ieprb ov mrc oi` hliRyrb h`d rl`x xrq
oaxeg oyihil`R h`d q`ee mfip`b`hp` xrc dkeln xrc oe
d q`ee ic hlrhyrbpbrwhp` a oa xh ic hk ` iee xrrxard rhl
f oa`d q`ee rpri ,miveaiw rwiczepky rl` ev jrlpr ueaiw ii
a xh dkeln `" ,"mi`iapipa" iee hk zwelgn qc d"c ,"mipdM oe
ee ic oyieev d q iel xrc oi` harlrbqie` jif oa v xrwi ic oe` h
ee d q jif oa .hiiwiaii` xrc hin ocpeax
ic oe` oRepw ic f` ,jif hk`c fcpe` mrcr d mrpe liepw owihp
orprf R `veilre eb oaxeg mrpe ne` ,` R wibprd f oe .zeaiq rp
"daiqhpexb" ic liepw mrpi` oRepw rl` ic oe xrfcpe` oe
oe` uprhqiqwr e a bpelwieehp` xryix`hqid xrfcpe` o hiihy
"mrla`xR ryicii ic" jea mev hx`eexit
23
mrpi` w hyip oa`d xin q`ee hw` ii l obii` o ee ,cp oarl xin q
xRyrv ii oe` h ic oyieev hlb`eex` mehrne` orprf ,xrwlr
dxrcpin ii hpexb xrwif`c xrc .h fi` x`hw` a ,xrwiiihy R hwpe
q`h`lR oi` iee ic zrya ,rrci` ic rit`q`li a mrx` jif h
l`n ` brn oe` ,yin`pic fi` ,xcqM hp mrprclib ,owicpvprlb ` o
ly ii k oyihrnin mrc sie` hwewrb hyip xra` .xr x xrhw mrpe
owicpqiexc q R la ,hwr eerpi` xrc ha ii ev icM .ohiarbne` wip
ie` ,ohqwihkiee mrc ,h`xh ohyxr mrc olrhy bxrc ev bree o ii ic o
rinrkl` f oe` liepw mrpe of`l jif xin ofen oRepw rp jxec oxi
owif`c mrc R qiex` x`lw hbpixc q`ee ,zn` ol`q`l`w oe` ohey oe
.zelb oi` uprhqiqwr xrvp`b xrfcpe`
a rxrcp` `hqid rl`nx`p ` hk`nrbkxec oa`d q`ee ,xrwlr -
` mfi`br xrlrecieeicpi` xrc hxree ,bpelwieehp` ryix ilbrbp -
xwmfi`br mrpi` hxrc f ovp`b mrc oe nrb mfi`br) wl` ii hp
xa mrpi` ii ee mex` ief` .(orpif oh hqw qiex oliee mrpe pi` oe -
x`p xcqM hbx`f xrxrcri q`ee ,oyhprn rlrecieeic jif x`
l` ii ` ,o hy q`ee xehwexhq rhlwieex` rwihyxr ic xraix` hb
ni` R .oqle
a hy xra` fcpe` ii jxca or M oqrxrhpi` ic ll pi` mrpe -
Y ic oi` cii olrecieeic x`y ` oi` zeve p`w o ic hin hwil
oqrxrhpi` ,eeihwrl`w mrpe hwewrb hyip .ofree ol`p`iv`p mrpe
ewY mey oiiw oi` fi` ocii oiiw q`ee jif orbpelrb hyip d le -
cigi xrcri h`d ,harl xr Eee cp`l mrpi` oxiliniq` ev wicprhy
M lbrb xcq ii lb oe` ha ii c hree mi` f` j`p ul` ha .orbpilrb `i q
`x`R ,ob`f orn brn bpexifixrhw`x`k rhp`w`a 'qwx`n wicpxif`x
ryicii q`c f` fi` wl` f zngn okilbx` lbp`n o ev rifr`w oe
`hx`w w`f ` xbxrc oa`d q`ee ,orn`xb`R ic ...l ii ohqkrd mrc hk
v xrfcpe` oi` dhigy xrkrlxrciey xrc hin hwpeR xrc orprf ,h
h`hlefrx xryib`xh ee ,zerh mrc h` oe d qr q oe` oxiearb oa
yx R zegex rfiia ic hiix .uprhqiqwr xrl`nx`pne` xrfcpe` oe
v rwiexne` q`ee orbpep`Ry ,oh xrc` qrivel`eerx ev oxi
lrwprxt xfril`
24
orprf zengln x rhkiyrb xrc oi` o rl` oe avn xrc .xrwlr
rl`nx`p ic oe fi` xrwlr mrc ev okilbx` ` oe bqe ii q`ee ,xr
b ii oe` ox`eh`xh ic sie` llMjxca mex` h oree fiela iif hf`lx`
bxraix` fen xr ii a ,q`b ic o wicpqily mi` fi`'q oree oiil M c i
c .o`h ev q
avn xrc oyicii mrpe xra` fi` wl` mrc ev okilbx` ` oe
bqe ii xh lxeb xrc q`ee xr q`y mrc ovip ev xcqM mi` ha ii jif ,
a c obree bp`xcrb xrc Eee ohx ;xrhqrxb xrc fi` qpb`ee ic oe
lw fi`'q ,x ehiq xrc oi` f `xhq`h`w ic orprf riv qr
` ne nx` ohilrb xin oa`d qphvrl .jrlc ` oe ii xrp ic oe
`xhq`h`w rhqwihela rhkiyrb xrc oi` qr xrfcpe` oe bqe ii xr
ee ,rhqwihela ic oreerb fi` if :'x`eh`xh' ` o` wl` ie` l q`y o ii
eev oiey jif oryhR`h xin Eee ii rbkxec hyip orprf x`i hpfieh ox`
hin oh`cl`q vx qxrhqp`n rxrcp` oe` orwp`h x`p oqwia rwih
q`y xrc .oin mrc oe ii ul` hxree hx` oe` xrle ic x` bqe ii qxr
miew oiey fi` .o`x`

orprf xrai` hvi` oarl xin q`ee ohprn`n ic q`ee hx`q mrpe
f ii la ` iee xrn of`l ii ` xeRy ornip`p` ,mrprhq`nrb ,ok mrpi` eli
ux`d lb ,ohqpwexh mrpe orprf q`c :oyhprn ohqwihlibk
n x` jif ovixw q`ee ohprn ux`d qprnree .dnyp xrc oi` sih o
w oiey hree ,hip hvi` hwihela ii ie` hyip l`n o ...oarl
xrc oi` f` ,jif hk`c xin rivel`eer dyhprn xrc oe ii q`ee ,h
w oreerb hyip i`cee` fi` ii q`c f` oryrb hyip j`p fi` ,rilici` o
hela rprq`bx` ief` oe ee ief` owreexrc l`f rwicleyne` li ii wip
la l`f ,dhxg `xhy`ane` hrnM oa oiiw orbprxa hyip l`f oe` h
mrp`ahlree mrpi` iepiy owiczeynn jif oa`d q`ee ic oe
hreerh`xrb a .qp ` jxec mepdib oe v ic fi` fcpe` l ee ic oe q
ornrp ic yh`k orprw h`d rn q`ee ,oxrb`l ic oe oi` hlcp`eex`
"mrla`xR ryicii ic" jea mev hx`eexit
25
hieh owixa` b ,ocii orp`ilin x` x a rxrfcpe` oi` ;rhvrprxb
x`R ` fiela mex` oareey zegen iv rhlRrpx` orneprb ,oxr oe
v xrpri iv xrc iv rwif`c ic .bpeh ee ev fcpe` oxix`a oxr ii ,wip
ee ` oi` dhigy xrkrlwrxy xrc obree hqEeexrc jif oa`d xin l
` h`xcrb h`d uprhqiqwr xrprbii` xrfcpe` sie` oree hprn`n
;dpMq rqiexb d ux`d xrfcpe` xrc h owihela hprwrb hyip x x`
ee ` ,zepaxw rh hyip eli ` rxrfcpe` x` ii fi` q`c .xrcixa rprb
x xrc ii w q`ee ,zn` xrp ii y o ii hyip mi` orprw xrhxree rp
.olrhyx`
prn ic xy`a ev geMa oreerb fi` q`ee ,j`xRy rkrlyh ic oa
rif`eepi` hxree ,qrivicrRqwr q`lih` oe` ox`ax`a ic oe x` -
xi` oi` hnehy ` oe` ricrb`xh xrwif`c xrc hin hqrnx` ic eli
` fi` avn xrwif`c xrc .wihkrnp` `c orprf oeeih`lxrReq
xryib`xh q`ee ,fcpe` x` x rxrfcpe` oe ii oailwrbev orn h`d or
- hel`qa` hk`xh`a - xryib`xh j`p oe` ,zepaxw ic q`ee ic x`
f oe ii hk`xh`a ,ozn` xrc oi` .xrcxrn ic qiex` orprf oriix rxr
,oyhprn iee oe` ocii iee ,zepaxw rhlR`h ocii xin orprf ,hel`qa`
q oxrdrb xin zeid ueaiw mrc q ,rhrbxdrbqie` ic oe xrc
dyhprn ii q`ee h eerbqiex` orprf xi` oe .migvex ic oqw
orn hxrd obreehqrc oe ohqcpin mrc hyip urbxr oe R ,hqrh`x
ee qr iee b oi` oreerb hl p ovp nx l ` f ee ,wl` q orbpif brl
jif oe` xrcilhqpew ihx a mrpi` o h h w mrc oe brh oyix
ni` R xr f ,eeih l p xrcp` o` hyip ol f q`ee ,wl` rhiprb rp
ee oh`cl`q ii x`eeoliew orlcp`d ev iee oq orwp`h oe` oh`nx`d ,xr
,oyhprn rf`lvey x`p - l`n jq ` orfrb oiey orn h`d qpief` -
l rhl` ,h q`ee ,h`cl`q xrwialrf xrc .xrcpiwbief oe` oriex
c hreerp`yrb jrlhpiieerb h`d oarl q `ee`a mrpe oree `peU ohp
R`lwrv zepngx o` h`d ,oarbrbxrhpe` jif h`d xrc mrc h
iee orpic ev hRrlyrbwree` xr h`d rn`n ic oe` rlrRrw qcpiwbief
f ` oi` s`hyiex ii .wixa`
rb hyip jif hyip urbxr oa`d'q ol`f q`ee oyhprn oiiw orpe
lrwprxt xfril`
26
xrc hin oe` yf`xew mrc hin oh`hliexb rwif`c ic ohk`xh`a
weeihwria` ii l` q`ee h ii xrc orprw o ev oxi hyx` ii f o ii .ceqi xr
m`xhy okxec hy`xxrai` q`ee ,rl` ic oa`d oyiprryrb ic oe
xb oreerb orprf ii x` oiey oe` fcpe` sie` oreerlivp` h hlrhyrbp
hy ii f oi` xrp ii f sie` oreerliv orneprb jif ,qrwh`b`x rxr ii rxr
hyip .'oc`xrn`w' rwicxrx w wicpli ii xrc`a o qrRr yipr
ie` pg ,oxrlwev f orpr ii ,xrhxree rqif hin fcpe` ev hvi` jif
`a ev wicpeeExR p xriif owihqr oh`xw`nrc iee rivif`R rlieeiv r
axrc wicphl`d ,ohqiq`xihp` ic hiidpbrlrb xrxrhrRy ` sie`
wpil ii h f oe ii rxr wicprhy`ane` ic oe` xrbpi ii h f oe ii xr
...oqieerb
ocliy orbp`drbqie` orn h`d oarl xrfcpe` xrai` o o
dpi` hy`a ricrb`xh rhqrxb ic x`p ,hl ii ocliy ic q`ee mrc oi` h
l` xin q`ee ii ,qie` orbprd o d oe` hl`dpi` xrn hyip ob`nx` oa
b h ev wipiiee x .hiiwkrlwxiee xrc hin o
f oi` Eee urbxr hb`f rhrb `xb`ia`hie` o q`c f` ri
ee ,fi` qr iee ief` fi` oarl rkrlyhprn jif orpxrl oyhprn l
ie` .sn`w ok`p hyxr ribrh`xhqr jnq o orrf xin q`ee mrc oe
qr iee ief` fi` oarl ryicii q`c f` orprwxrp` xin ofen fcpe` mex`
ee ,fi` w hyip jif orpxrl ocii l ii ` ribrh`xhqr o .sn`w ok`p eli
c xrc qie` xrwif d xi h ev hyip h ne` xrfcpe` hin o ev hiiwir
d ,oq hiiwk`eey rwicpxix p ,dnyp xryicii xrc oe mrc hin x
n lbp rwiq`R oe ie` sie` qrprhp oexMf mrc ohidev oe
bx oi` jie` oyiprryrb rprbp v h .oyiprxrwxrai` oe
xrc oi` vbpilix oh p xrfcpe` oe iv p d uprhqiqwr xrl h
pewev xrfcpe` owilaxrc heeExRrb bidpn xrhqrxb xrfcpe` h oe
jiid xrc d rxrfcpe` .eap xd oe rwihp oiey jif ornrp qxrxi
sie` oxrhrlw ev in ic hyip xrbiip xriif oe` okiid rklrf
`a hxree llqily okxec orrfxrc iif q`ee mrc hin hwicix .j
xrc d x rb ji` a orpe wihiip x rwihvi` q`c oarbevqiex
xryicii xrc hrncieerb ,jea R rxi` oe` mrla`x rprciiyx
"mrla`xR ryicii ic" jea mev hx`eexit
27
a rkrlbrn nziy`xa mrc oi` ,ociiy b" oree ,hprn b qh hq
ee ic xrai` hareey "oxrq p'q oe a qr ; mi` oi` jif owiliih
ee oyhprn a q xh ohpnrlr ic ohk xrc oe x xrc hin mrla
ie` x ee hiiwihki q xrc orw oiil ceqi mev oxi ic oe q`c ;ohw
ee ,oyhprn orprf ev hpieeerbev orprf obie` rxriif q ic oxieexrqa
hlree ee okiid ic oe r q rhiixa ` sie` orpr R qxr R oe ,eeihwr
ee qr xrklree iee hip orprf q`ee ozn` rwialax qiex oqw
f`xb" ` q`ee ,xrkrc oe ii qr fi` ,qiex` fi` qr xrc "hpwixhx`
(6 ,hkw milidY) .
liv xrc a mrc obree jea owihvi` mrpe ciiy xryicii xrc oe
R jie` iee ,mrlax xrc oe R l xrhxip ovrprxb ic xrqie` rhrwp
ee riprnex oe bxrc sx`c q iee orpic ev fi` ,riqewqic ic ovp oin
xhqr eebree xryibrh lrd l`f q`ee ,xrf axrai` o bp`l mrc oh
xa xrc sie` lcpieewew"j`llqily" mrprneprbp` ii eap xd xrxrh
...eeihwrRqxrR
1945 xranree`p ,hyrx`wea
28
29
xrc ev x pewev obree rb h i oe yic
*
) o eep sx x` xrxrqrxb (hrax
ic x pewev obree rb h i oe hiixa hx`Ry yic xcb mrc xraix
p .wihqieebpil oe i hin wixev j d ox oa h wihkix xriif xic
a ,hwxrn ic f x pewev obree rb h i oe fi` yic o bx xryip
liih ,xrhiixa xrc oe xrwihlibcpr oe` xrpiinrbl x ee" rb E oid
."?xin oriib
jldn xrc i ic oe a oe` ox fcpe` oaib oyiprryrb rhvrl ic hx
hpr mrc ee xr E brb orprf xin oid ,orbp xhrb ,xrwihkix xrc ob
eerb ox xhy mrc oe m i oreerb orprf rq .rhkiyrb xrc oe ox oe
ie` ,ila oe oe` bpelwieehp x oe xrk bpebeevx` xrc x`
i xrklree obree ,j`xRy ic .j`xRy xryic R d ux h frbp oi` hb
1908 ee rq" f hl li w hk d ev oreerb yin ohl obree rcrx
ee j`xRy fi` q oe` bpei ief ief i ic iee mrx rklree ,"ryic
nx` hb xrhil ee xeh " q x` hyip aie` ,hxrcped laex
iew ,xrwipiiee h ` xi` o iif hlrhy oe` wxree rxi` rl x oi` o
xy oqiexb hip oii` d ,"wp xc hin hkiixbxrc h i wiq y x R xrhr
d ev xrai` oa v rkrlbrh wivxr " .orbpeh x` "hxrcped laex
ee a hip 1937 oi` oiey orn hl M ` oreerb ge p iewev o xi` eli
rkrlbrh R ,rqrx R rkrlhpkreeiieev ,rkrlhpkree ic oiey `hiy
pxeyfyceg oe` sie` ol ohiarb rl y okrlyhprn oe rklree ,o
* hwexcrbxrai` oe xrkialn`f xrhyrx`wea ) oarbrbqiex " mrpe ax p c
i oe xy ryic oe` xra R 'ff ,1947 ,hyrx`wea ,("riprnex oi` ohqivilae
.143129
lrwprxt xfril`
30
d ie` jif oa b xrc ev oaiedrb a x M v xrwice l :orf) 450 oe
,lifn ongp xrc M ge i oe yic ieip , aie` .(4 'f ,1939 ,wx
d lrxehlew i ic oa pxryhn) ox cr uiee R (fix hlrhyrbx
d ,dilr rwicklndjxc jif oa lb xra vk lrb wih y hf R oxi
mipniq a ic f bx iex eb xriib d ` drb oa a mrc h ee E fhq o
q xrc oe M ee dp xc q iif h oe f rl .oh v oe v ev h d h h
xrc xrpri xrc a "yihdcerq" mrc oe `pn mrc hwxrn Y lw
e ee oiqx hvixwrbqie` oreerb fi` q xrc .mi` x` M ge yhprn oe -
okrl hiiwhiprb ic oe` oqrbx` p orf ev gen okrlyhprn mrpe x
sie` ief iee li orw xr l hprx` ,oxr brl aqie` xra ic" oh
obree mixn`n rkrlhr sie` "rifiee rprciiyx` nl p mei oe` ok
eh fi` oipr xrc oe` jrlhrla ief mex R rb R eerb hxh fia ox
sie` " xrwicprnew iq ."d
i ic xrhil ryic ee rhpefrb ic ,xeh ohin oi` hiiwicrk oe
a oe` dyecw U c oreerb fi` dkld ic xrklree a ,gixmin brh q -
d ,hiexa rkrl h R jrlrn ev oaiedrbp w mrc oxilx` hp hw
ohin qparl xrc hin ,oarl owinex R x nrla wih qprnree ic oe
d if wexcqie` a h c x f h p ic .o i zexec r xy ryic ,xra
qprnree d xriibx f ev harxhyrb oa " o xrc oi` lnrcr
n wihy xrqiexb d ,"rixrh oa w mrc oxielx` hp ic hin hw x`
d iif rklree yrb oa i xrc oi` .o xrhil xryic fi` xeh ul
xrxrn R l eerb u ox oe` "mfikifpi`" x` x` M mipindl olenx
ee ohin jif ohb q .oarl owinex
fi`'q f ev oreerb xrbpixb i`cee c" o q xrc oi` lnrcr
n wihy xrqiexb rixrh " w ic oe va oe` qwqp M ,qrweerl`ixz
ia oe` xrwqixa rxriif hin oiey eli y xrl R a xrcii` ,bxravi
hy ic yih lw sie` xrhxivprxr xrhxrcilbrv ohkiy oe` oq
a p .bpexrwlr a .hxrpinrb mrc jxec hip hxree hb xrc x
p nx rl a oi` hip jif owihiip rklree ,xrwlr ee E rwipifhq p -
ie` icka orbpebprxhy dev b xriif ohl orprw ,meiw owihq rpief
f zevign o eli ry ,yixr a hyip xra m c qrklree wl sx
yicii oet htpewev obree rb`xt xrc ev
31
- p ok Y wexcqie` oyicenl - pbkxec jif orpr oyieev xrprwexh
xh ic R .obrx qp

i ic xrhil ryic hyip fi` xeh x R rb on iee ol` ,lnid mrpe
p eerb oxiearb fi` if x x rxi` hin cxr xrfcpe` sie` ox ,oyiprlbp
w oe` oyiprkef n d rklree o xi` sie` oa iex .mzeg xriif hbiilrb
ehmeie zay ueg d ,deewin oe` yxcnzia , xrc h vx` xrwih
i rb c hxi c oe` .ley xrc uegn jie` oarl ee q ,oarl rwicrk
xrc ic orbpex` oe d oarl mrc h hpicrb oa hy ql s oklree oe
d'q jif oa hqixwqiex n xrc hxifil ixrh ic oe` l R x nrla wih
i xrc oe xrhil xryic q rxi` zra xeh rn hy mrc .oaiidp s
rb frb xin orpi ic oi` hln lb oe` xrcilqwl .jrlhxreek jq
lb ic oe orprf jrlhxreek R h" rhey yyh R ee "okex q x` -
d xrprwlieee rprciiy drb iif oa rbxrai` h l r oi` hvp ix
h rb xin .yh orpi lb xra vk lb jie` wih ee jrlhxreek q
dpi` xriif hin orprf h ic xzeq hl yyh R oe` okex rklree oe
'q jif hli xrcqparl xrwihy orprf iif f liih .bpex` iif oe
ozelgzd ic wexcqie` mev orbprxa oe a qifixw ofribilrx xriif
a y ic lynl iee ,xr R x "midl`l exn`" ric - k" xy yh ev
ee xrc rwq ic iv ,"hp R f rq oree" :jrlhxree ryih lrd l b o h
ee ,ohra f milidY" ,"oyhprn orbpecrbev orn hl f l o x ,d`e
ee iewrb qr orn hl xrc oi` h R ."wiih
c rn sx hip i`cee ,orbpixcqiex c f i q oreerb fi` oarl ryic
lewrq x xrc .hxifix c , ,deewin ic oe` yxcnzia q hip eli
f wicpr d ,ul oa xra yn sih ul R c oreerb ri oarl q mrpe
oe` cigi mrpe M .ll
xrc U `pe mrpe R ixh kx ,exne` xrwiaii` xrc ,xrbiihy ol
ee ` hd q lhin ic jie` oqiarbp ,xrqrly oe` hpree rkrlxrhl
d lrd xrhiieev xrc oi` h h i oh19 mrpe a jif hxrcpedx ofiee
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f hbrnrb oreerb p o c" x lreev q "rh xrc p eli c" x q
i rhixc c ,"yic lelr hip fi` q p orbprxaevqiex .orbpelrhy r
a fi` j`xRy ic p nx rl ,xrwlr R c iee hwpe l q ee cp E rn
oe` oxiearb hxree R hwpe oxrhlr ic iee ief o R ix ee ,ix q
lxrc p .breeciiy oe` dxiga oiiw hip hf i xin x d oc mrc oa
zekf owixriexh " oe x mrc oi` oe` ,"oliee or R ,hx R oi` iee hwpe
hnew ,mipipr reeihwriaeq sih rl Y mcew cin xrai` ic" x -
v pxrc hyxr oe` "bpeb orn haiid j ic okef o ohprnebx
f rklree a if ol n" ocpixb rb rx wixhrn ."
oegvp xrc rxard oe oi` y R " oiiw hip fi` rpihqrl Y "dl`yewi
ee f q l hip jif l `ylrfrb xrcri .oxrlwxrc of rkrlh bpeprcx
p hip fi` wexcqie` xrc x q ic oe iv rl ee oyiprhlrdx` q
d xhrbqie` if oa p ,ob jie` x ee oyhprn ic oe d q jif oa
hlrhyrbp` xrc oe` .bpepyxrc xi` x` lrfrb rcri fi` x` -
y rkrlh bpeprcx c oiin ji`) lhramecq b q pbl hip x (i
ev jif fen rq oklree ev R ee hprnrlr xrp xrcri oq oi` jif liee q
hnew rq aie` .oxrcilbp` mi` x v xrqiexb E ee E qw p oe r
orw ,ohprnrlr exl oe`) ornewx c hnew h q rw (x ic f
p f rprnewrbev r mrc oha ol p mrxe c oe` zedn xriif j q
a lhramecq hnew rp .xehwrhikx
yicii oet htpewev obree rb`xt xrc ev
41
ic d rklree ,ohwrhikx lbiv ohyxr mrc hbiilrb oa mrpe
iux` U i owicl`x ey hxrcped oreerb orprf , R x ard rwihprv -
rx rci` xriif .ohq l xryib oreerb fi` oin`nip b x R .xrhey
i hin dllw xrfiia xrc ev fia wixev xrhpfiehx d zelb oe c oa
i hpieeerb rb ,oc c hrax i rxard hcrxrb oe` ,oc f .y jif iif ol
wixev c ,oxrwne` xrd ,orpieee ocrx xrciee ,cxr ic ohrax
rxard ev okef oe` y c oqrbx` rfiia q .yiprwiyp
c h hqid rwicpyxrd ic oreerb fi` q ix f xe` ic a ri
rxrfcpe` .mipeiv ee ,ohprnrlr rprhixyrbx ee q oreerb ohl
v ic oi` oreerb brh rpri oi` orprf ,of ev owzn if zlekia ryihqix
Y oe` ;xiaiq oi` oe` zeqi oreerb orprf rklree ic eli orprf ,x
rx ev oreerb orprw ev jif icka hnihyrb yihqil oxiqrxrhpi`x`
hin " rpief hp ."zenelg ryihq
fi` obie` rxrfcpe` x` xrc ornewrbx R x ee qrv d q h
xarb ,evxrc hk xrc f hp` ee ,melg xryihq rkrlhr q
d xrniexh f ,zecigia hnelgrb oa c oxree l hiexa rkrlbrh q
ex mrpe exoe`oipn oipa xrfcpe` oe d rq .wl jif h
,ofieerbqiex d xrniexh ic f yrb xrqra oa R mrc hxi R qle oe
,hv xrc d iif `weec f drb oa ic obree yeg owihkix mrc h
ee orbpepyxrc d q drb jif oa x oi` ohl o hip oe` iif mex
rx "rxrhkip" ic l R d rklree xrwihil sie` hwprxwrb oa
d fix lhp ee wprxw ic ,hiiwif a q jxca hiilb M rx" ic ll l
R ."qrifiee ryihil
c hip fi`'q c lR q jif u R ic sie` olhyev rl reeihwria
d rklree ohprnrlr rx ic hkrlbrnxrc hip oa bpexifil xrc oe
f if oree .rifiee xryihqipeivxe` oreerb jif l ee ,okrlwxieex` hl
qmeyila ,if n ,w zepeayg rqieerb oreerb lh ;mipeivxe` ic oe
,lynl ,oree xi ilin spi i o ee oc jyn oi` ohl i rkrlhr oe x
oreerb iux` oiiw ornewrbpx U ee ,l`x xrkif lhramecq xriif hl
rb oreerb R l p ,hv l ma x fbp mrhix orn i xrc oe dilr xryic
iux` oi` U fi` l`x f lyrbqie` ixnbl oreerb hiiwkrlbrn .oq
lrwprxt xfril`
42
nrh ma R i xrc oe ` xryic eep bpexrcp ic oe rwicdnglnx`
i p xrcri q iee q fi` ox eevrb dler xr E evev jif oreerb orbp R oq
rwicpyxrd ic ev a rlrivi ee wexc xrc .orbpebpic hip hl
a c x f h `weec o .xryifi ia xrc oe l oe` rib oqiiee wifi
,xin f o aeeihw hbiil hprnrlr xrkrlbree siex Y f cin o
ane` mrc sie` mzeg hy okrlbree c oe` .s sie` jie` wihlib fi` q
q mrc iv l R ee ic .hiarb oyihil ee oqiiee q E ,oiib oliee iif oid
rly R n ic .rwixrai` ic jie` hin jif hin o orprf rklree ,oq
i rhvrl ic ox eerb oqiehyrbqiex ox wr rxriif oe p ryin
R d ,qrivif oiiw oqixrb jif oa R r myl hip rpihqrl R qr
xhqa p ,oliv rhw oaixhrb x rb ev oliee oeeihwriaeq mrpe orpi
,uey oe` .hlwinmewn aexf iee f l xrai` rqiexb ic" :hb -
hiidxrn rwicpbree n rp ic oe eep`oq d xrxrcp hip h
drb orpif oi` p' ic h iv p q' ic hip jie` iee 'miid rl iv ,'miid rl
hkef if jif x` ' R oe` ."miid 'rkrlprfxr n ic h a ,rq xrklree
f ic bx xn" mrpe M d "ipgexd f xrwpil xrc oi` hwrhyrb h R d`
ane` ev oreerb fi` rklree oe` orbprxa orprw ev icka wicphh
rklree ee ,orpexrcpr fi` hip'q sie` jif hl e` rl oi` iee) mip
rbev oreerb (lynl rwixrn R a ryihqieebpil ic ev hq orbpebpic
l mrpe cp eli xrh mrc o oe` x ee mxg mrc o fi` q
iex eerb hbiilrb i sie` ox ee xrc .yic cp d mfil p h hyip x
lrbev ,hf f hv ic f .dwiypadzin ic orbprxa l
rxard mey oiiw zra xraxy xry - eli ee ic oe q nx` ob
qk`xRy xrc oi` zelgp rwiaii` rxr i oe yic - d hip h
ie` c oaiedrb ee j`xRy xrc sie` of ev zekf cnln lew q fi` q
n ic oreerb l M il rb rxriif oe d ,oli oa oriliyf ,ciyf rxcp
cpra d , n jixp il ,o o eehkie ,xrbp a ixp oe` qiax rxrcp
y xriif hwixcrbqie` xraxy x o R x obrw hqrh oe` mxg mrc h
w xrc" rklree ,sixbp ev qrxbp ,"xehlew owiciihx` R ,1935 fix
d yrb wihkix xriif h R zevign ic xrai` ,hxi ,ok`xRy oe ql o
b okrlyhprn mrc obrw sixbp .llka hq
yicii oet htpewev obree rb`xt xrc ev
43
d ief lrbqie` jif h oe`oii` ,ok`xRy iieev" rilici` ic hf
xrhil rwivpii` ."xeh

oe` p cpiv wihy xrc j R w" dyx x wixev jif xin olree "ze
xrc ev oxrwne` x pewev obree rb h i oe .yic
l oyihqipeiv oi` oree hv xrc oi` ev orn harxhy xrb
ee melg oqiexb mrc oarl oi` okrlwxieex` xrfcpe` q d wl h
i eerb xrhpfiehx d of a hnrx ailev oe` ,ux hxrp liv mrc h
hin oziel mrc orn ee ,hela mrprbii` i xin oreh q zra ohqiyic
iee ?mrc jif xin olrhy ief n mrc x obx xrfcpe` oe oe` ,wl
ee q x` R l ev xin oarxhy u x ic oi` ornrpx` orn oe h
n mrc d olree xin aie` ?obx hpr mrc oa ic jie` xr x olree ,ob
d jie` `lina xin hpr mrc oa xrc ev xr x pewev obree rb h oe
i .yic
d dnglnhlree xrhvrl xrc ev fia exl ohqiyicii ic oa
n xrc xrhpe` hxiyx oxfty l`xyil d"awd mdl dyr dwcv" :o
lien okxec ."zene`d oia qrlrirl hcrx eklen dnly oe oe` qiex
:hb`f
c qr l oiiw hip xrpiiw sx ,cp
ee oiiw obii` oe` ornrx R .lwpiee ohnievrb
i ic d ohqiyic drb oa d ic rbepa h U " zeb lxrh` oe` "cp
p" iv p a rkrlqrd ic "l v a ic rklree ,bpe ixb d o jif oa
rn ic jxec oreerb mydpew U eeb oe` mi hcl oh ee rpri oe d q oa
drb iif rxriif sie` hvixwrbqie` h nrc oe` .orp d rn oree hl h
a iif i sie` hpbrb il ryic R d ,o nrb iif orn h hk "`adjexa"
lb ee iif j drb oreerb ohl rpri sie` iee yhh mrprbii` mrc h
.orp
c oree ,cpiv d oarl q h M e dwcv" mrc oi` oreerb xwirax
d ,"d"awd mdl dyr bpexrcilbrv xriif h orneprbp rprciiyx`
lrwprxt xfril`
44
.mileblb oqixrv oriihy liih R l`mip R p ohin mip iv p fiela ol
oe` R hpexb rb xin oklree x` .jif orpi o liih xrcp ielhp h
i mrpe ` hkef oe` ye .dpgn xryihqipeiv xrc oi` hlwinmewn
a ,rxrcp w hx if xrehxehlew rp - q R ivr c xryi ox oe
rxrfcpe` xrclr - d rklree hip oa ee x` ee owrxy ev jif q q
ee ,of hip xrn oiey hree "hiiwiaii`" oiiw d iif l n oiiw oa hip l
drb h ee rpief zepeayg rh - ee orxy oe` ."`xed" xrh
rxh'q ee ,ic oarl jif h p yiprkef xriif q j Y iif hbprxa oewi
nevkxec k o doni`vei jie` ,zebxcn xc rl M ee ,ll orxy q
ehdn" " f oe` ob ,dxeUa ic o i xrc f hyxr hree ipryf xryic
d cpiv exb mrc oa hlree xrc sie` owew ev zekf oqi xrc oe
a jiidbx ilin oe .zepaxw orp
i oi` ` hyxrd oarl oyic zegendlealia xrwicprhyle oe
sx`c'q q`ee q`c f` ,j`f oii` x`p x`lw fi`'q oklree orw ornewx`
jynd xrheyR ` of hip xrn oiey fen rn f` x`p ,ohkrp mrpe
.oaiidp` hip x`b xrn oiey xrc` qrp qrRr oaiidp`
fnx ` rb mrc oe rb li ixyyceg xrc oi` xin orpi h i ryic
xehlew xrnep xrc . r 1946 hqebie` oe xn`n ` hin sie` jif hp oe
x x"c oxifip`bx` jif xin`l" xrld`n l` i ox` xehlew oyic
ie` bpebvxrai` of qie` xagn xrc hwixc lwihx` mrc oi` ."iea
iepev hiiwihiip xrc xrai` exev i ` o oe` ,qrxbp`wxehlew oyic
x`c`a ohl`ee rklree jie` of h - bpepiin of hiel - ie` ic qra`b
xrc .qrxbp`w oin `f` oe xrpii` fi` xrld`n x"c q`ee hw` oe
ief` ,zecigia hip hpee`c q`ee oyhprn ic ob`xh orbpepiin rpf f`
`enM ` ,xrhw`x`k olrivi mi` xrai` jif ol`f xin f` hpicx`
.olrhyR` xrhiixa
xrc rkrlphiieerb ic oarl ,hl`dhp` lwihx` q`ee ,ob`lyx`
h`d rn Y ,oqrxbp`wxehlew mipindlM ic a h`drb orpif oi` cin
ixyyceg iee ` ,qxrh`rh ,oh ev hiiwihiip ic ,oeeikx rhiixa ` oxi
ie` q`ee ohwpeR iieev jie` ,hiiwihrhqbpexrlw xrhpe` orpicx`
,rxrp`ivel`eerx hwrxic orprf rklree oe` oxree ev ok`xhyrb
yicii oet htpewev obree rb`xt xrc ev
45
wicprnew yei ` oe y`x rpii` ."sewi`" oyip`wixrn` mrpe oe
hb`f xrld`n x"c q`ee bpepiin ic fi` orbpelrhy rxrp`ivel`eerx ic
bpic`a ` fi` riv`xhprvp`w rlrix`hixrh ic" f` ,qiex` x`
i mrc oxrkifx` jynd mrc oe` meiw ol`p`iv`p oyic xrc oe
i ."xehlew xryic
bpelrhy rp x`b ic ,rp ic fi` lrhyp` xrhiieev xrc oe`
rbepa ornrp sx`c qrxbp`w xrc f` hl`d xrld`n x"c q`ee
rxard cenil xrc" .y rxard oe y - xrld`n x"c haxy - oe
r olrxehlew xrfcpe` la oe` x i owicpr ixrhprv oyic ey sx`c ,
rbp` ohehihqpi` oe` oleylhin rpief` oi` oxree hxi oe
ic hprwxrp` xrld`n x"c f` ,hqiid q`c ."bpecliaqwl`
rxard j`xRy ic ql` j`xRy ry xrc q`ee ohv xc rl` oe
rxard .orw xriec xrkrlyhprn " j`xRy ic iee y xrfcpe` oe
r olrxehlew oe` x la oe i owicpr ixrhprv oyic ey " - oa`d `c
hb`frbqiex` hlea xin r xrc f pewev ic oe` hx`eepbrw ic ,x h
qiex` oiil` oqw`ee la" hx`ee mrpe i owicpr ."xrhprv oyic mrpe
orbprxa xin q`ee ,h`hiv ohiieev qiex` hqw`ee ,xrld`n x"c mrpe
i f` wexcp` xrc o`Ry ` a fi` yic fi` jxbipiw on" :ob`f oe
hip ."hlree xrfic oe

xrhya owicl`eeb ` ob`xhev orw qrxbp`w `f` f` ohl`d xin
xrc ev hprx` bpexr xrc oe pewev obree rb`x h i oe rq .yic
x`c hin bxra uiRy rl` ,xecdilecb rl` ornrpliihp` mi` oi` o
i ic rklree qxehlew ryic i mrc x`p hip hxrkx`a h`d rxr oyic
x`c iif .llka okrlyhprn mrc x`p ,hqb ic owrc oe` ornew o
gzd ic ,orlqwree rxriif oi` orneprb jif sie` oa`d iif q`ee oze
i mrc iabl wxree .lxeb oyic
xrc f` ,oaixyrb yhiee`x jln h`d x`i rkrlhr hin wixev
fi` mfil`ix`hixrh rrci` ic iee" wihkix ief` mi` x` bexw ` oe
oqiexb mrc h`d xrld`n x"c ."xacin xrc oi` xrq`ee ,hqpicx`
lrwprxt xfril`
46
iex` h`d xr q`ee ie` hbiilrb yih o mrc qrxbp`w ohp`lRrb mrpe
`l" f` xn`n mrprbii` mrc oi` hb`f oiil` xr ."xrq`ee bexw"
bexw" xrc f` ,orf orn sx`c cpiv` ."dyrnd `l` xwird `ed yxcnd
ilra ic f` x`p ,riv`hprn`px` rheyR ` oala hip l`f "xrq`ee
rw`h ol`f qrxbp`wd .orwpixh mi` oe
xr ,x`i rkrlhr hin wixev jie` prn`fev xrfix`R mrc h`d ,x`
h`drb iwqpiyhyrl l`f qrxbp`w xrc f` ,ob`lyrbx` ornewx`
ee oi` zeaiq ic sie` olrhyevR` jif wihkiee cpiv` hip fi`'q .ryx
mrc ok`n ev oreerb riRyn hl`nrc mi` oa`d q`ee hpd .b`lyx`
c ryx`ee `weec fi` mrc orw q`ee u`lR rwivpii`oe`oii` q`
prn`fev q`ee hip h`y'q .oewiY owihkix mrc oarb x` rwipii` x`
xb`rb hree ,u`lR xrcp` o` iee jldn xrxrhee ` of ryx`ee yi
rci` jif xrhpid of`l oe` ok`nevkxec oa`d qrxbp`w xrc hree y
x jldn mrc `xb`rb ic f` ief` ,mizerh rwiczexec oe ryi
oe` ryx`ee oyieev .rwicphc`ane` ovp`b oi` qie` orrf qrwrxhy
fi` hwpeR oxrcp` oklree q xrwiczeki` xrwicl`eeb ` o`x`
ex okxec q`ee ,qrxbp`w xrc h` .welig ie` x"c q`ee qra`b
mi` haxy xrld`n ohin ok`n ev mely liv mrc h`d ,x`
hqalrf hh`a q`ee "xrq`ee lbixw" q`c x`p h`d ,`eewqeh`hq
rb hiidxrcpila of`l ev hip jif oevx oe` dxiga oxree hxi mrpe
prn`fev xrc sx`c mrc obree oe` .m`xhy x` ,ryx`ee oi` ornewx`
xrndlzeM ohiieev ma i ic oyieev ,hx`c .rhkiyrb xrfcpe` oe
woq`n xin olree ,mix xrcri .breeqie` xrc of orw'q xrklree oli
w oi` orneprbhin jif hin h`d zn ceq mrc x i xrc oe xryic
i ic lee ,rb`x ryic xrcri q`ee q`c fi` rb`x h`d iif oe
rb oe` hk`xhrb ` hli .hieh ohin mipRl`mipR qrbx rpri oi
xr orw ,jrlbrn llka fi` qp `f` aie` oe` :hx`c x`p ornewx`
i rl`p`iv`p ic f` a x`p o` oreh jq ` q`ee ,qrwq`n ryic
oxree oe` xrnipR ic ev oRrlwev jif ol`f ,ohiidpbrlrb rkrlxr
` wihy ` oxree ,zn` xrc hl`ee ryx`ee oi` x`p .igdonx
rb qrxbp`w xeg ic sie` dinxi :oif owihkix of orpe .ze
yicii oet htpewev obree rb`xt xrc ev
47
ndmy xrwivpii`oe`oii` xrc fi` "xrq`ee bexw" xrc q`ee yxe
x fi` ocpy ol`f ,oxrxh oi` hiifrb" oa`d q`ee ic f` ,ok`n ev ie
."bp`frb hin
ic aie` rb`x pd hxree q`ee ,"rR`xii`z`ivi" oe hlrhyrb h
ex mrpe exoe`oipn oipa xrfcpe` oe rb hyip hree ,wl` orpi
orn`x ic oi` prn`fev mrpe jif hree rn oe` oewiY owihkix mrc x`
rv xrhee ox` oqixrbR` hrax` ic oxi mrpe rpf oe` wl`
p hyip fi` ,obx`f 60 xrc` 5040 hin xrhrRy f` ,ob`f ev ze`i
miyxei ic olree x`i oa`d qrxbp`w owihvi` mrpe o` jif x`
zeixg` iepiev :riqin rle wxree rhqra ic oalwqie` ,jif ornrp oe
ie` ovixwqie` j`pxrc oe` oex` o` oi` of xcqn iif ,j`xRy xrfcpe` s
qei mi` ."dfn izenvr z` mzilrde mkz` midl` cwti cwt" :d`eev q
hw 1946 xra
dxrd rivw`crx xrc oe xrkialn`f xrhyrx`wea :hqwrh mrc ev
iiqr owif`c mrc owexc xin" xfril` oe rl` hin hip mbd ,lrwprx
qie` rpf ."miMqn xin orprf oxi
48
ocp`x
*

mewna) eek`p rib`l`hp` xrc ev hx

p" ("bpehkic ryicii r
rb yneg oi` exrbp` h`d mc` f` xin orpi q`ee q`c ornrp hin o
orfrb h`d xr c .jif mex a xr .xrhkic xrc jie` heh q y h
f hip xra ornrp rp p ,hied xrlrd xrc oe orbpilw heh xr x
mrpi` ee mrpraixrbR` ohl f hx p`frx rkrlcprne` yihin o ;qp
nxrc mi` oi` heh xr orp uevip hkilxe` mrc oe f oe ohyxr o
.b`h

ee qrcri d hx f jif h xra` fi` if .qp`p`frx ryihin o
ic oi` hnievx` xrkrlbrhb`h xrc rklree hin orbpelrhyx`
.oreerb biqn if h`d jiexarb xra oe ,zeize` oe` qpkiiv rl
xcq mrc ohkiel`a q`ee hwpra ,hiiwkrlbrhb`h xrc oe qiex
c :ryihin q`c oewiY ` j`p hkil q xrhkic xrc .ziy`xa oe
c fi`'q .oaiehyR` x`p sx ee `caer o hip l`n oiiw jif hwicpr q
wixev iegn fi` xrhkic xrcri rklree oe` mrprbii` sie` oaiidp
.oeayg

* hwexcrbxrai` rib`l`hp` xrc oe p i r bpehkic ryic , i" b`lx` xryic
i ,"uxR .l .i riprnex oe fxwxehlew .311310 'ff ,1947 ,q
"bpehkic ryicii rp" rib`l`hp` xrc ev hx`eek`p ` mewna - ocp`x
49
f hxrbprl hx`ee q`c a ic q`ee ,q`c fi`'q - oh`y o bpebree
crb mrpe ic orprf'q .jif j`p hf`l lew ev hkiixbxrc rklree wp
ozra hx`ee xriif hkefrb oa`d q`ee xrcliaR` rhwreexrc qel
crb mrpe zekf oi` harl bpehkic ic .wp .qph`y ic h` oe

` R fi` xrcil xrai` yexi o rifr`R ic .cxeqa liih rpri fi` mrpe
azM mrc orf :`xnin ic hyxrd oxrieh qprnree xrai` ,hx`ee zekln
d ic orf hip oe` fi`'q Eee .hp mrc geM mey oiiw orw hp`d ic o`x`
oe` .oyieeR` hip wrl ovrprxb ic ev ,oid f hip oe oe` o ,oxree oe
`a ,xrhxree ic Eee rhx d xrc oe xrprbii` ev jif oaiidxrc ,hp
hip jxcdxen mey oiiw orw ,dxiga .oxi

rb hyip fi` qxreeipe` xryihr`R xrc hnrxe .qrc`p`n oe
a orp`nevR` q`ee jq ` h`drb hl`ee diryi jie` oe` owil`ia
rb hyip x`b jif hl`ee lrc`lw cec xrfcpe` oree ,jrlniid hli
f ohra ornewrb hl`ee ocpxree wiaii` mrpi` x`p .cenilxkU o
xriec nr xrkrlyhprn xrc oe orprf ,hiiwkrlcpi ivrRq o`x` -
bkxec ` o` orprkiiv q`ee qrbx ryi fi` ief` .bp icM ,o`x`
nxrc ev sie` oe` ,rwlix rbx ` oe` xrlc`a rbx ` ,rxrhprp ic orp
mrc eek qel jie` jif hril ,oxrRl`d rbx ` oe` wieeiil rbx
rcri oe` .xrbp`n rbx v rhxieexrqp`w wlg ` fi` qrbrx ic oe h
drbR` rbx ic - sie` ohl .ohiiwiaii` rl

l oiey orprf xin bp eerbxraix ewYiwvrpil ic oqw d zepngx oe
i fi` q`ee ul` ev i oe` c y rxrfcpe` .yic i oqiexb mev ozek oyic
lrwprxt xfril`
50
hxcqrb oxree cil rxrfcpe` oxihwic q`ee millM rprbii` ic oe
y cil oqiexb mev ozek q oe xrhkic ` .j`xRy xrxrcp` xrklree
f :ovrnr ev hxrdrb xr ;xfnn oiiw hip xra` fi` o f ,wl` v o h
` xriif oe` - ociia ev h iif ocrx xrhkic mrpe iee qiex .weaic

lxeb xrc mrpe fi` xrhkic ryici ic oxrdrb qr oklree ev wl`
qp xrc :s`hyiex oyihr`R hin oc`lrbp` f oe ,xriec oe` oarl o
f h`b o xrai` oe` hbif`a h`d xrklree ,hlrvrbxacin xrc oe -
xrhrb ic harlrb iee ornrp ,qrciiarb rpxrpiihy reeiq`n ic oe
hk`nrb oa`d dinxi oe` qenr ,cec oe` le`y rhb`frbev q`c orpM oe
cp`l .wil`aniq xryixrhkic oe
rklree zn`a oe` x` jif oi` hip h`d xrhkichlree xrqiexb x p -
ee ic hR`frb gixxrphxrbp ?icboir oe

i xrc ev x`p sYey oiiw hip xra` fi` xrhkic xryic mrc h
xrc oe` .lxeb oyihr`R jrlwilb n hip ,wieeiil hip orw x` ,xrbp
xb hip owixcqie` rc l oaielb qipiee rc crx
iee ji` rf xecl xecn wiaii` oe` x xwp j
n ornela hin hvpxw`a oe` hxic`lR` .xrcil rp
xrc hip dlilg q`c oe` hip ohl`ee jrlwipii` qdiryi q`ee x`
ee ,owilaxrcp`ee ic h`drb ai` orprw q orlRrp ic xr ic oe
zeycgmipR ic orf miwgxn ee ic oe .qpbx`n rh

hiiwkrlaxrhyne` ic f fi` xrhkic mrpe o .wl`
q`c axr xrwivpii`oe`oii` xrc fi` wl` f oe .oarlxrai` o
"bpehkic ryicii rp" rib`l`hp` xrc ev hx`eek`p ` mewna - ocp`x
51
xrc oe` s`ly xrc fi` x` ,xriec sie` cyeg jif orprf q`ee ,ic oe
oreerb oaixhx` ny`w"lnr ip` inl" ic oe xrc oree fia ief` .ox
ox`v xrc xrklree ev ,R`h fcpe` h`d hx`ee hvrl qwil`ia oe
x`eerbR`x` fi` okilbx` f iee xrkrlwrxy oe` xrwic`xen - o o
xrkrlwrxy jie` oe` h`xcrb oe` hpx`eerb fcpe` h`d ox`v xrc oe
dllw .dgkeYlra mrpe
obil qr f fcpe` x` .oax`y rp

rb h`d cinlY xrc :hbrx
- ,iax ,xi` hrf q`ee dippg iax oe` ?rbx xrhvrl xrc oi` cpiv
d oeicxY oa hprrb mi` h hxr ic ohin oe :orn`l
xrc oi` oareey zeize` ic zra orprxa ohrnx`R ic rf ji` -
el .oh
zeize` oe` miex oe ,rip`Ry oe oe` olieR oe rxrfcpe` ,rhil oe
ee zeize` rcperp .ohrnx`R rprbii` sie` - oewiY ` sie` ohx

mrprbii` x`p obixw orn orw hrnx` ic oe hry`R orn rklree i
rprbii` sie` oiil obrn hree ohrnx`R rpri sie` x`p .xrclr
x`ee`a orn hree zexecdlMseqcr f` xrhkic xrc oaielb hin o
f ornela ceq mrc hbpif`a q`ee ,cil o oe` xriec oe hpbei oe mrpe
ohl`xe` f jif brn q`ee wl` ic hin o R .ec sie` ocin`xi
52
hin qreny xrhxicx`wrx `
aia`lY oi` lwia dnly x"c
*

hxree 1964 xranrvrc oet "eerxR" htixyyceg xryifiivp`xt xrc oi`
yicii ohin xrcprRq .q xraxy oyilbpr mrpet qreny ` hk`xarb
xr iee ief` qreny mrc xrai` hib xrcprRq .yh`wel .b s`q`lit oyix`bped
rbep q`ee oe` ovih`p oiiw orneprb hip h`d xr :oexMf oi` oailarb mi` fi`
hrbxdxrc hl`ee q`c f` rciia iif ohl`d ,sie` hnrp Riih xrc zra oqreny
.qreny mrc
a`d'k oe` xrnivlrh`d mrc oi` oiil` lwia dnly x"c ot`xhrb a`d'k
xrc .eeixa oe` orbpehv ,xrkia let lyih otie` Riih on hlrhyrbxrcip`
iext ic jie` ornewrb fi` xrhrRy .oiil` jif oet iee oaiedrbp` h`d qreny
h`d mrvelR .qreny xrfcpe` oi` hwiliih`a jif oe` h`hy oet lwia `hri
if h`d ,enyl ief` ocrx xin oe` hk`nx`t fi` Riih xrc f` hwxrn`a if
."oreerb oiey j`c fi` qreny xrc oe` hip hiib Riih xrc" :obixyrbqie`
ornew`a oa`d xrnipR rxrfcpe` oe` bp`b oi` Riih mrc hf`lrb a`d'k
hnrp oe` j`c hxrd Riih xrc ,hiiwipiilw ` :orfqie` olrivit` o` hrnM
xeviw ,orpif oheb xrwipiiee jie` oe` ohqra xi` oi` `xeaivc`zni` ,sie`
.ohl x`t jif ofee xin oree rl` qie` orrf xin iee ief` ,xeaicd
yh`wel oe` xrcprRq f` ji` oiin ,qreny mrc wicprpriilxrai` ,cpiv`
xr x`p qreny mrc hip hrbxdxrc Riih xrc ,hkrxrb hip j`c orprf
rn hip hf`lxrc q`ee xney oin ` iee hiihy xr ,hiiwiclhinne` ic hxrhy
,`teb fcpe` oi` jie` xcqM hip jif hpitrb x`p ."ea`h" fi`'q q`ee oxixp` l`f
?xney xrc h` ,jif hin oiil` orprf xin oree elit`
oi` zeknq geMn of hree j` ev rb`xt rhyxr on :lrwprxt
.oarl oyicii owihvhpd
* i` oet hwexcrbxra hiiw rprcl`b ic .9679 'ff ,1966 ,54
aia`lY oi` lwia dnly x"c hin qreny xrhxicx`wrx `
53
oarl oyicii oi` hrhix`hie` o` o`x`t fi`'q iv hpiin xi` :lwia
?b`h ev hpd
xrl`iv`q oiiw oet hip dwipi hiv q`ee ,hrhix`hie` o` .`i :.t
fi`'q iee ,dbxcn xrwihqb xrprbii` of oet x`p ,rikx`xrid
,ornkilrmely mi` oarl hip o`nxrc ji` .uxR ,lynl ,oreerb
xrwihqb oet hxR oi` ,xin hk`c ,orprf ,zebef oiey aie` mrx`ee
.x`R ` xrkib mrd cg` oe` uxR hrhix`hie`
h`drb h`d iwqee`lhiyf jie` .mrd cg` jie` oe` uxR ,`i :.a
xra` ,ohl`drbqie` iwqee`lhiyf fi` yirci` ;hrhix`hie` rqiexb
obree oaxy ev oe` oiwqee`lhiyf orpriil ev ornewrbqie` fi` xin
...mi`
jea xr` oi` mi` obree iiqr xr` oi` heb jif o`nxrc'k :.t
jifnex` oe` jifpi` oi` jie` oe` xec on oet xraxy .
cp`a ohiieev on oi` ,cpiv` jie` :.a xec on oet xraxy ,
liih oqiexb mev fi` iiqr xrc .oiwqee`lhiyf obree iiqr o` ji` a`d
x"c) .yirxard sie` bpevrfxrai` qiwqee`lhiyf ev dncwd xrc obree
,iwqaelhi'f .g miazk 'text z`n siwn `ean mr ,iax awri zixar ,
of hx`c xrhpe` jxhy ji` (.1961 ,milret zixtq ,xld`n l`tx
j`p hrbxdxrc ,ab` ,h`d oiil` xr q`ee ,hrhix`hie` rwicwtqila
mrc hwiciihx`t h`d xr oree ,dxihR of axr ,oarl of zra
xi` jif h`d rivel`eerx ic f` dprh xrc hin cp`lqex oi` miyfrx
hwihyiprv h`d rix`hqid ic iee j`c orrf xin oe` ,l`x`n rprbii`
xra` .qrivif`R ryib`l`rci` qiwqee`lhiyf hk`nrb hyip ev oe`
xraxy xrqiexb ` x`t q`ee !hb`nx`t h`d xr yicii ` x`t q`ee
hxR mrc oi` !ot`yrb h`d xr lihq ` x`t q`ee oe` ,oreerb fi` xr
.mrd cg` q`ee ralrf q`c oreerb xr fi`
cg` fi` hpd oe` ohl`drbqie` jie` yirci` j`c fi` mrd cg`
,bp`bev xrkrlhlree ev of ."`h`xbo`p `p`qxrR" wihy ` mrd
oqiexb ` a - hqiiee xi` iee - fi` ,meiwdoevx oet rfrhxwir of
oe` ,x`t mi` otx`ee jq ` oe` leqR qxrwihixw oe` qxraxy liih
rixrhqin ic hxivitilRniq lit ev h`d xr f` ,hkrx hin xyt`
lrwprxt xfril`
54
fi` xr .meiwdoevx ev hxivecrx if h`d xr q`ee ,hinxrc mehpcii
rwicpqiexc q`c xra` ,orpree`c "dpai" oi` orbp`brb rw`h
` hin o` wipiiee xriif jif xrw orpree`c rn .litrb ofribilrx ozn` o
x`p xrpree`c ` oreerb fi` xr .orpree`c hip oe` fribilrx of o`w
.h`hy oet ohl`drb h`d xr lee x`txrc
` ofievp`xt ic a oreerb fi` q`x`n lx`y ,licadl ,iee ief` :.t
."`hr'c o`frx x`R" wil`h`w
a ."`hr'c o`frx x`R" :hwxrn`a wihkix xriif h`d xi` ,`i :.a
oa`d orn o`w ."meiw'c o`frx x`R" oqiidrb qr h`d ornrd cg`
rk`Rr hk`nrb h`d xr xra` ,b`l`rci` mrc mrd cg` ev zeprh
fen rn iee ief` oaxy ev oaiedrbp` h`d xr .oepbq oyirxard oi`
,micinlY rpf jeY oi` orprf xrpbrw rpf rl` .mi` j`p oaxy
.ohqilihq rheb orprf iif aie` ,yirxard oheb ` oaxy iif aie`
o` oreerb fi` iwqee`lhiyf .oiwqee`lhiyf hin fi` ralrf q`c
liee ji` xra` ,uxR .l .i jie` oe` oreerb fi` mrd cg` ,hrhix`hie`
oyicii oi` wipiiee ,qie` hfee ,j`p fi` oiil` hrhix`hie` ic :ob`f
oiin'k ,hk`n rwihqb ,hk`n iee j`f oin `f` oreerb fi`'q .oarl
hlrhy rn x`p hip q`ee ,ax ` oarl oyicii oi` oreerb l`n ` fi`'q
.hpwqRrb - oreerb fi` b`f of q`ee ax ` x`p ,sie` mi` x`t jif
awri xrhkic xrc ,xag on hliivxrc l`n ` xin h`d'q
oqw` rhvlrRrbR`" ic oet xrpii` ,rciif ` xrpf f` ,bxrapxrhy
zayaxr ornewevp` rc`n ` hk`nrb jif h`d ,cil of oet "mixgeq
xc ox`tevpx` ief` oe` miwqr rpf oet hrRy xriif o`wRil oiiw
l`n oii` rciif xrc jif h`d .ox` zayzlaw oi` hepin xit fia
hcrxrb mi` hin h`d ,ax ohin deewin oi` ot`xhrb ixt xrc oi` zay
ec ,xrayxrd" :hb`frb ax xrc mi` h`d ,oiibqiex` hl`eerb oe`
ec ,dvwen hqia ec lee" "?ax xrp`wRil ,q`ee x`t" ."!`c hqala
,orfp` iee xrn h`drb h`d ax `f` "!zay ovp`b ` `c oala hqree
oe` .hk`n ryihw`t hxree q`ee hrhix`hie` ,hk`n h`drb h`d xr
xrfcpe` oet oarl owihqb oi` ,oarl oi` hk`n ryihw`t ic h`
q`ee ,xec oi` xrwivpii` xrc ,hk`c xin ,wil`ia h`drb h`d wl`t
aia`lY oi` lwia dnly x"c hin qreny xrhxicx`wrx `
55
rpf hb`frb h`d xr oree ,obiearb jif h`d rn .hk`n h`drb h`d
,mrd cg` hip jie` ,qxraxy ic oet xrpiiw .xrcilox`voe`xrv
of x`t ,jixcn owihqb of x`t ohl`drb h`d wil`ia ornree
hk`n ic h` oe` ,wil`ia iee hk`n `f` oreerb hip fi` xrpiiw ,xrxrl
hrhix`hie` ryil`x`n ,h`drb xin oa`d ohrhix`hie` .fcpe` hlrt
ryil`x`n `f` hb`nx`t h`d xr .wieeiil jie` h`drb h`d
ohl`drb h`d xr Eee ,milyexi oi` qepiM mrc a f` ,hrhix`hie`
mi` oe` hlrhyrbtie` rl` jif oa`d ,rcrx rprx`eerb hnix`a of
sie` jif olrhytie` q`c iee hwpeR fi` q`c xra` ,ceaM oarbrbR`
mrc iee mi` orn h`d hxrdrb x`p ,jxec hiib q`ee ax ox`t qit ic
.ax
,wil`ia .hk`n ic oreerb hip fi`'q ;ax mrc iee mi` hxrd rn ,`i
jif orn h`d ,"mkci xvewa aey mkizi`x" oaixyrb h`d xr oree
ht`xhy iv ?fcpe` xr ht`xhy iv ?xr hpiin ornree" !ow`xyrb
lhpree oic ` o`x`t fi`'q .hk`n h`drb h`d wil`ia "?mrpri xr
wivtet hvi` hxree'q ,j`c hqiiee xi` .hrhix`hie` oe` hk`n oyieev
d`piwuxR lqia ` hin ji` hk`xh l`n jq ` .dxihR qrvxR j`p x`i
` :xrbrlx`t ` hb`frb xin h`d ohkrp hyxr .mkilrmely obree
` oe` owexcR` orp`w qr sx`c rn ,oaxyp` orp`w orn sx`c jea
oa`d orn sx`c j`pxrc hyxr oe` - otiewx`t orp`w orn sx`c jea
.lfn lqia `
oe` "lfn" q`c oreerb fi` rkexree`fhlree ic f` jrlbrn .:t
jie` oreerb dkef mkilrmely h`d rkexree`fhlree xrc oet zekfa
oi` bdpin xrc fi` ief` f` j`c hqiiee xi` .ohlrvrb rxrfcpe` oi`
.rweerlixq`w
h`d mkilrmely .mkilrmely obrwhp` rw`h q`c b`f ji` :.a
xr ,htiewx`t heb h`d oe` hwexcrbR` heb h`d ,oaixyrbp` heb
,xraxy xrqiexb xrfcpe` rw`h fi` xr .lfn wicl`eeb h`drb h`d
x`t d`piw ` qrRr ji` a`d cinY xra` ,xrlhqpiw xrwil`npii` o`
qrRr hxree uxR .mezi ox`t odprh j`c fen xrvrnr ,ovxR
a hlcp`d`a hxrcped ox`eerb fi`'q oree ,1952 oi` .mezi ` iee fcpe`
lrwprxt xfril`
56
hxrcped qnkilrmely a iee rkexree`f ic oreerb hip fi` ,uxR x`i
.x`i
,qifixw mrc hin oe` rkexree`fhlree xrc hin zeky oi` :.t
olree j` ji` hl`ee ,q`b xryicii xrfcpe` sie` oqifixw ic xrc`
` geMn b`lyx`t qryhiee`x jln obree hk`xh xi` q`ee ,obrxt
yh`k xrc` ,qrxbp`w ` a qxraxy ryicii oyieev qrenykxec
q`ee obree ,obx`n obree ,rxrtqxehlew xryicii xrc obree ,azka
?hip orc
oet qrxbp`w ` h`drb orpif oi` h`d aelworR xryicii xrc :.a
,rrci` xrc ev dhep hip oia ,hb`frb zn` mrc ,ji` .qxraxy ic
jif hree xi` .oxrpin j`p x`p ,oxrn hip o`w q`c f` hl`d ji` lee
hin qr o`w oxrpin ?oxrpin q`c o`w q`ee hin :hkrx hin obrxt
.dkxrn xrfcpe` oi` sih oxrlwevpx` jif heb hip fi` qr lee ,mrc
dk`ln oc eh ,s`y xrlhqpiw ec oe` xraxy ec ."xenbl jilr `l"
orbpif" iee ralrf q`c hip fi` q`c .zepwqn ic oi` hip jic laixb oe`
q`ee obrxt hip oe` dk`ln of o`h sx`c xrcri ."hbpif lbiet xrc iee
,xraxy oe` xrlhqpiw mrc x`t hip hq`R q`c .xrhee of hree
rcrxryh oiiw `hip fi`'q .yitlree rah of hiel fi` q`ee
qxraxy .qxraxy oet cp`ax`t oiiw hip elit` rf'k ,qxraxy
,owxhy ev oiil` jif a ocq Eee hip oa`d iif ,owxhy hip orp`w
hip hl`f xi` .hip orn o`w q`c oe` ,yixrtry of ev oxrdtie`
,xrwixhprv`br o` fi` xraxy xrc lee ,x`txrc fi`'q f` orpiin
fi` yhprn xrwihqb xrcri iee xra` ,yixhprv`br rw`h fi` xr
.drpkd hin let hv xralrf xrc oi` xr
oreerb fi`'q iee oxrprlw oiiw hip oet liRya ` oarb j` lree'k
ic ,hkrx hin ,me` jif hxrw qr ornree ev ,ee`lq`xa oet ongp 'x
rl` xrai` xraix` urbxr liee rn .xec xrfcpe` oet yiprhk`xh
zexiwg rl` xrai` oe` orn`xb`xR rl` xrai` oe` qrib`l`rci`
oi` oa`d l`f q`ee ,oklrf` cliahlree ` j`p jif hwpra'q oe` elit`
q`ee ,ciixtqparl ic i` oe` oeghah`b mrc i` ,zewac ic i` jif
,mylra mrpet lwipii`xe` xrf`lewxraeh xrc h` hb`nx`t h`d'q
aia`lY oi` lwia dnly x"c hin qreny xrhxicx`wrx `
57
'x xrwif`c xrc .x`i 39 fiela cxr xrfcpe` sie` harlrb h`d q`ee
ltiee hv xralrf xrc oi` oe` xrwixhprv`br o` oreerb fi` ongp
crx ji`" - hf oii` oet !ohtixy rpf oi` xi` h`d drpkd rwihqb
oe` ."oyrlqie` hip l`n oiiw jif hree xrt liew on ,zexec ic ev
oaif" rpf oi` drpkd rwihqb ic - hf xrxrcp` xrc oet
."xrlhra
urbxr fi` xraxy xrcri :oeirx ohyxr mev me` jif xin oxrw
oyieev s`y ` xr fi` xrn`h .s`y oiiw hip l`n oiiw ,sl`ee ` Eee
xryicigi ` of fen xraxy ` .xraxy oiiw hip xr fi` s`y
xrh`f ` ,xrwiex ` .yhprn xrwiexne` o` fi` xraxy ` ,yhprn
.hl`nrb hip x`b fi` xraxy
f` oiin'k .xraxy oyicii mrc hyip hlrt ,ji` aiilb ,exne` :.t
,yirxard xrc` yicii oi` ot`y q`ee rpri q ,qxraxyocii llka
ryicii - hip iv wipifhqEee`a - ox` orprapb q`ee rpri elit` iv
mrc exne` xrn hin jie` orp` ,j`xRy xryiieb ` oi` hiiwiceerxiRy
fi` yicii .yxrcp` qrRr j`p oiin'k xra` .obrl`w rxriif iee obx`n
oMeqn fi` yicii ,rR`xii`gxfin oi` hela oi` orbp`brbR` yib`xh
jie` xyt` ,ohk`xh qrRr sx`c rn f` hip xi` hpiin fi` ,wp`xw
?qreny oin `f` hin oaiidp` sx`c rn f` oe` ,qrRr o`h
."?o`h orn sx`c q`ee" meif`Rniq oin ` sx`c rn ,hpiin xi` :.a
.jif x`t rb`xt ic h` hxrthprx`t xraxy xrcri f` j` ji` b`f
jxec obx`fx`t q`c o`w rn ?xi` hbrxt jynd mrc obx`fx`t obree
rwixrai` ul` ,wxree rheb orbprxaqiex` :dvr xrwivpii`oe`oii`
hvi` fia orbp`brb oxielx`t hip fi`'q .obx`f`a rhkiyrb ic hree
orbp`brb hip fi`'q .wicxriecrb oe` wihkiee wihqb fi` q`ee hipx`b
oe` oiib oxielx`t hipx`b o`w qr .yin`x` oi` hipx`b ceai`l
sie` ovrfxrai` ev ob`i jif sx`c rn f` ,hip ji` hl`d x`txrc
` yirxard hip qiiee'k .oala l`f rn icM ,zepeyl rxrcp` sie` xrc
hv ` oi` oarl xin :lit ief` x`p qiiee'k ,obx`n of hree'q q`ee
oe` fcpe` x`t lnid xrc hxrw`ltrv oy rpee`cl`eeb ` ,driwy oet
l`f lnid xrc f` ,jrlbrn hip q`c fi` yinq`w ,jrlbrn hip fi`'q
lrwprxt xfril`
58
htx`c`a jif hl`ee'q .obx`n oiiw of hip l`f'q oe` ovrf jif
- orf x`p sx`c rn .mrhqiq ryin`p`xhq` rvp`b ic oxrwxrai`
owew orp`w l`f rn f` - orn`p mrprbii` on oi` i`cee` q`c crx'k
rq f` .bp`bxrhpe`oef owif`c mrc oxrcpEee`a oe` obie` rx`lw hin
?yicii oarl hree'q bp`l iee .xrkif fi` q`c rk`Rr o` xrhpe` hiib
xrhxrcped j`p oarl hree yicii f` qiiee ji` ,hip jif dxiwg ji` -
orprf'q oe` qrk`Rrxehlew jq ` orbp`brbxrhpe` orprf qr .ox`i
liih ` orprf xin .oailax`t ul` fi` rhl` q`c xra` ,rp ornewrb
xrai` ,cenlY oxrai` ,jpY mrpet ocii q`ee ,hiiwyixrtry xrc oet
xrfcpe` f` orf otx`c xin .dfdmeidcr ot`yrb oa`d mixtqxqen ic
f` `eeip mrc sie` oiihy l`f ,qxrwiq`lw ic j`p jie` ,xeh`xrhil
.rxrfcpe` mixtq rhl` rpri iee oxrcpEee`a orp`w if l`f rn
,cxtq oi` rk`Rr rprcl`b ic otex xin q`ee q`c f` ,hip hqrbx`t
oaixyrb oa`d oe` miplha dxUr oqrfrb orprf'q ?oreerb q`c fi` q`ee
yia`x` oi` oreerb orprf "qxrlrqhqra" ic oe` xrcil ryirxard
R` rklree hip qiiee'k .yia`x` hpriilrb h`d wl`t q`c oe` -
orn h`d xyt` ,xrcil rpf x`t h`drb h`d ield dcedi qxrnrp
x`txrc xyt` ,oaixyrbxrai` l`n spit xrc` l`n xc lMdjq iif
rk`Rr rprcl`b ic xra` ,ofxb lit ev oet ox`eerb hidx`t iif orprf
` `c fi` hpd f` hl`d ji` .ot`yrb if oa`d miplha dxUr ic -
,dcixi oi` lqia ` oiey if fi` xyt` .o`qc`d ma rk`Rr rprcl`b
hipx`b hin orp`w q`ee ,qxraxy rqiexb hpd jie` oa`d xin x`p
jie` ,rklrf` `c orprf'q .xeh`xrhil ryip`wixrn` ic ornryx`t
xrc x`p hip oreerb fi` wieeiil f` ohl`d q`ee ,iif oyieev oia ji`
xrhqrxb xrc jie` x`p ,xec of oet xrhkic xryicii xrhqrxb
xrhkic xrxrqrxb oiiw .riv`xrprb of oet xrhkic xryip`wixrn`
hip fi` yicii sie` wieeiil oreerb fi`'q iee rwixrn` oi` yilbpr sie`
q`c xra` ,hqEee`a wipiiee ,iif a hp`w`a wipiiee fi` xr .o`x`t
dfipb oi` oala o`w qr .bree ` ob`lykxec jif fen hkr fi` q`ee
hp`nxrc xin h`d xi` .sie` hnew qr xra` ,ox`i ltiee hip qiiee'k
h`d eeraorq .l`cprhq orn`p mrc qreny owihkrp xrfcpe` zra
aia`lY oi` lwia dnly x"c hin qreny xrhxicx`wrx `
59
jie` oe` hrhix`hie` o` oreerb fi` eeraorq .oaixyrb hip mi` obree
sie` ol`cprhq obeeyx`t ev ofiee`a h`d xr .hv of oi` hk`n `
hree xi` q`ee qiiee'k .siex` j`c fi` l`cprhq xra` .x`i hxrcped
!xin hip ,jxwp`xt fi`'q :ob`f
oet rib`l`hp` xrc ev hx`eek`p on oi` hxihiv a`d'k :.t
iee ji` rf ,xecl xecn ,wiaii` oe`" :fxrt ` qipiee bpehkic xryicii
fi` ."xrcil rpn ornela hin hvpxw`a oe` hxic`lR` jxwp`xt
?fxrt `f` orpibx`t jif brn xrhkicyicii ` f` xi` hpiin
q`c wl`t ryicii q`c jie` ovp`xw`a hree wiaii` ,`i :.a
yicii rwiczn` q`c ovp`xw`a qr hree wiaii` .cilyicii rwiczn`
oeyl yicii ` oi` ,oaixyrb of hip l`f'q oeyl ` x`t q`ee oi` cil
hiiweeihiqprq ic `c fi`'q aie` ;j`xRy xrcnrxt ` oi` elit` oe`
` ,orpd ,lynl xi` h`d h` .cii xrc ox` qr hnrp ,ryicii ic
xr fi` ,hiiweeihiqprq ryicii ` h`drb h`d xr xra` ,cneyn cii
xr .jrlhrhy ryivil`b rhqprlw ic fia sx`clrqic oet orbp`bxrc
.hiiweeihiqprq ryicii oe` ryixrhkic oe` `eeip h`drb h`d
rxr` oi` hen jq ` hwrhy'q .yihqinihR` xriif hprf xi` :.t
.meiw jie` i`eeld ,xrhxree
hp`w xi` .dxixaoi`a oet hen xrc fi`'q ,ob`f j` lree'k :.a
x`b x`h rn .cpif ` fi` ohk`xh yxrcp` ,ohk`xh yxrcp` hip
olree xin f` oqiiee xin iee hwpeR fi`'q .ohk`xh hip yxrcp`
xra` ,oax`hy obil l`n ` hree seb on f` elit` ,obreehqrc oet
hip oiey hree mrc j`p f` ob`f hip ji` x`h ,cxr hin hwrcrbev
.hipx`b of
ic orprf oiq`x oet ohv ic oi` f` urbxr hb`f in`w xral` :.t
hp`l`h h`d xr iv :reeihwriaeq sih oreerb xraxy mrc oet zewtq
zewtq ic h` ueg fi` ,in`w hb`f ,b`h ev hpd xra` .hip xrc`
oet oe` xraxy oet ra`btie` xrc obree wtq xrqiexb xrc o`x`t
xi` hrf ief` iee ,obrxt j` hl`eerb jif hl`ee'q .xeh`xrhil xrc
?hxta oyicii mrpet oe` xraxy mrpet ra`btie` rwif`c ic
o` oet rl`x ic iee lMmcew ji` rf xarxy mrpet rl`x ic :.a
lrwprxt xfril`
60
,rix`hqid ic .hv of oet xrwix`hqid ohqwipiieerpi` ,otih ,ozn`
` j`c if hala ,ohw`t rxi` hin of hip l`f if jrlhpixb iee
oh19 ofia oa`d ocii xin :xi` h`d oniq ` .rix`hqid rwicpqiexc
`ix`hqid rwihkix oiiw ,rix`hqid oiiw h`drb hip hxrcpedx`i
urbxr qr a`d'k oe` mrc obree hk`xhrb l`n jq ` a`d'k .rit`xb
xin oe` ornewrb fi` xrwix`hqid ` xrpii` oe` ,hk`xarbqiex` Eee
ji` a`d ,rhkiyrb oiiw oaixyrb hip oa`d xin .zwcv :hb`frb
q`ee .oh`h mev jrlpr oreerb fi` oef xryicii xrcri lee ,hb`frb
rwicrarl ic oreerb fi` `teb oef xrc ?oliivxrc ev `c fi` ryf
h`d oef xrc ,hxitrb ief` jif h`d rh`h xrc :oh`h mrpet rhkiyrb
rh`h xrc .xralrf xrc oreerb fi` orfqie` xrc .hxitrb ief` jif
rbp`l ` h`drb jie` h`d oef xrc ,cx`a rbp`l ` h`drb h`d
hidrbR` h`d rh`h xrc .oilitY hbiilrb ,hpee`crb h`d ,cx`a
?oliivxrc ev `c fi` q`ee .hidrbR` h`d oef xrc oe` zeevin b"ixz
h`d hiiwkrlpr ic oree ,riv`Rivp`nr xrc j`p ,hl`nrc hyxr
oreerb fi`'q .rix`hqid ic ornewrbtie` fi` hl`nrc ,hxrdrbtie`
.rwicpqiexc q`c hliivxrc orn h`d ul` xra` .oliivxrc ev q`ee
q`c ,hv xrc oet oe` oyhprn ic oet j`f rhqwipiieerpi` rn`q ic
ht`y xr .xraxy xrc hliivxrc q`c .xrlhqpiw xrc hliivxrc
.hv ` hxrRxrwx`t hxree hl`hyrb xrc oi` oe` hl`hyrb `
rvp`b ic bp`frb of oi` xin orpitrb ,hbpif xrhkic ` aie` oe`
xrc xrhpe` hlitrb oyhprn oa`d ief` .hv of oet hiiweeihiqprq
fcpe` hliivxrc xraxy xrc .dnyp xrc oet sih xrc oi` ,hied
q`ee orwp`crb rwicniyeg ic obree ,zenelg ic ,oxrb`a ic obree
qnkilrmely iee oqw`eerb hv of oet oyhprn ic a orprf
.xrniia ic sie` oyhrliew
xrc fi` q`c ,xraxy xrc .xraxy mrpet ra`btie` ic fi` q`c
mrc o` ,xrhkic mrc o` .xrxrfcpe` xrwix`hqid xryihprhie`
xrc oet rhkiyrb oiiw `hip fi` hqiiiqr mrc o` oe` xrliivxrc
hl`d x`txrc .rhkiyrb oa`d fen hiidyhprn ic oe` ,hiidyhprn
ornewrbtie` fi` bpeliivxrc rhyxr ic oe` cil ryhxr q`c f` ,ji`
aia`lY oi` lwia dnly x"c hin qreny xrhxicx`wrx `
61
qrRr hlitrb jif h`d yhprn xrc oree .xrb`a owif`c mrc oet
hl`eerb xr h`d ,xar of obree oliivxrc hl`eerb xr h`d ,xrtx
m`hy orp`ee oet ,"?ji` oia" xrc fi` xree :rhkiyrb of oliivxrc
oi` oe` .rib`l`rprb wx`hy ief` jin hR`kx`t x`txrc oe` ?ji`
rhkiyrb rwif`c ic ail a`d'k .rit`xb`ia ic ail ji` a`d rhkiyrb
xrc oet rit`xb`ia ` ,hv xrc oet rit`xb`ia ` fi` q`ee
ul` j`p urxb fi` hxR mrc oi` f` ,hl`d ji` oe` hiiwkrlprfxrR
.xrwix`hqid xrhqrxb xrfcpe`
xr` obree oe` hv xrfcpe` oet rhkiyrb xrc obree rb`xt ` :.t
f` ,hb`frb l`n ` xin h`d ocq ac x`qr`xR .rwixrn` cp`lpieee
otie` jq ` xi` hiea ,rwixrn` oi` ocii oet htpewev ic jiiy q`ee
uprhqiqwr`w xryix`hqid xrc oet hl`d xi` f` qiiee ji` .a`x
hree xi` hk`xh q`ee ,oqiee olree ji` hl`ee .milyexi oe` dpai oet
oet hiiwyip`hleniq xrc oet ohin oi` obx`n yhprn oyicii ohin of
mrpet rl`x ic axrc fi` q`ee oe` ,ht`ylrfrb xrpxrc`n xrc
?a`x
obree rb`xt xrlrivrRq xr` sie` olrhyR` jif liee ji` :.a
xryiprnex ` .ohl`hyrb oi` ohk`xh ev ail a`d ji` .a`x
xhrlra ` ,xraxy hala xrn`h f` ,hb`frb l`n ` xin h`d ,hqi
mi` o`w otlrdqiex` f` xr qiiee ,o`n`x ` fi` Eee urbxr owrhy xr
.hl`hyrb rp ` ,hl`hyrb ` ot`y`a xr fen ,hl`hyrb ` x`p
ji` rf ,jea mrpet hl`hyrb oiiw qiex` hip hqw`ee'q f` ,xin a
oet rix`brh`w xrc oi` rhkiyrb jie` hk`xh ji` .jea q`c hip
xrc oet qxrxit rxrfcpe` oreerb qr orprf xree .ohl`hyrb
hree xi` .h`w`eec` xrc oreerb fi` bidpn xrfcpe` ?o` riv`Rivp`nr
oreerb fi` mehrne` ,zelidw rl` ,qrcpiinrbxehlew rl` ornrp
oarl oyicii oi` xebithRied ic fi` rwixrn` oi` .h`w`eec` o` y`xa
.a`x xrc
h`d riv`Rivp`nr xrc j`p :mrc obree hxip`frx l`n ` a`d ji`
h`d oarl'q ,xrwihil`p` o` oa`d htx`c`a oarl ryicii q`c
fia .oqrxrhpi` rlrivrRq sie` ol`tevxrcp`pet jif oaiedrbp`
lrwprxt xfril`
62
fi`'q .oqrxrhpi` rlrivrRq oiiw h`drb hip xin oa`d hl`nrc
oreerb orprf'q ,l`xUizqpM rhxrvp`Rx`t ` ,l`xUizqpM oreerb
oree .oipa oii` ot`yrb oa`d mrpii` oi` rl` xra` ,zebxcn rqieerb
qrRexb rlrp`iqrt`xR sie` ol`tevxrcp`pet jif oaiedrbp` oa`d xin
mrc hwiyrbev rhkiyrb ic fcpe` h`d ,oqrxrhpi`oq`lw oe`
hip leexrc xin oa`d rwixrn` oi` .h`w`eec` mrc ,xrwihil`p`
h`d'q .orrci` rl` htiew q`ee ,mewilaeR ` oa`d xin ,wl`t oiiw
jif sx`c'q rklree oet ,ohkiy orprf q`c ,hiiwvp`b oiiw hip j`p
q`c oe` hiiwvp`b ` j`c fi` wl`t ` ,wl`t ` orlwieeqie` hyxr
.ohprnb`xt orprf
xrbiihy oet hnrxetrb hxree hiiwvp`b ic f` hip xi` hpiin :.t
hip rwixrn` xryicii xrc oi` orprf q`ee ,minxeb mipindlM oet oe`
?orf ev
ji` a`d ,xrbiihy xrc `hip fi`'q lee x`txrc rw`h :.a
,xrwihrhpiq ` ,xrxit ` oa`d orn sx`c rwixrn` oi` f` hk`xhrb
hiiwiczetYeya xriif oxifihrhpiq ,oyhprn ic oalwtiepev l`f q`ee
oa`d rl` :hiiwiczetYeya ` oreerb fi` hx`c .`hip j`p fi` q`ee
.ley oi` orbp`brb orprf rl` ,yicii hcrxrb
?oreerb hx`c fi` q`ee ,oqiexc mrpet dxifb ic ,oqiexc xrc oe` :.t
.dxifb xrc j`p hip i`cee` wpra ji`
` hqia :hp`nxrc xcqM h`d q`ee oqiexc xrwif`c xrc rw`h :.a
mi` orn hp`nxrc `c oe` ,hin xrfcpe` oi` hiiwvp`b ` hqia ,cii
jeza zecar mrc mrd cg` hR`hrbp` wihkix h`d `c .xrwipiiee
hip l`n oiiw j`p fi`'q ,xrp`wixrn` xrxt ` ji` oia ief` .zexg
xryicii xrvp`b xrc oi` rwixrn` iee cp`l xt `f` oreerb
hxihqrx` h`d rn f` orbpehv ic oi` oriil'k oree xra` .rhkiyrb
xrhiv ` qrRr xin hib ,yicii orbpilw'q ornrp qrnree ,qxrlbeny
,dfl df miaxr oet litrb reeihif`R q`c x`p hip fi`'q .ux`d oi`
exn`i dnl" `xen a`d'k f` ,zelb oi` oia'k f` litrb q`c fi`'q
rwif`c q`c hip ji` a`d l`xUi oi` `c ?ob`f orn hree q`ee ."miiebd
hl`nrc ,cigi ` ala ji` oree "!xr h`d ,o`hrb xr h`d" .litrb
aia`lY oi` lwia dnly x"c hin qreny xrhxicx`wrx `
63
q`c .xrp`wixrn` rwixrai` ic oet yxrcp` oia ji` f` ji` lit
ic hin qr fi` ief` .xrpril`hi` ic jie` ,ab` ,olit rprbii`
.ohiidxrcpin
a`d'k .oegha jq ` mi` oi` a`d ji` .a`x mev me` jin xrw'k
xrc oet hwiyrbev yhprn xrc fi` xr .ra`btie` o` mi` x`t
mrpet xrtq`nh` xrc hin harl h`w`eec` xrc .rhkiyrb
oet cp`hyev oi` oyhprn mrc hrf xr ,ogvp ` fi` xr ,l`fhkixrb
mrc hrf a`x xrc .yhprn qxiab mrc llka fi` xr oe` zepgvp
oi` jie` oe` zela` a ,hiiwpk`xarb of oet ohprn`n oi` oyhprn
.obiia ynn jif hf`l yhprn xrc oree hl`nrc ,ciixt oet ohprn`n
xrc h`d mrc ueg ."oeia` oinil cenri" llMjxca fi` a`x xrc
bpewxiee oin `f` ,xrwicpqiexc ` fi` xr oree elit` ,l`ehixob`b`piq
ht`y if .hip hliihrv dlitY .hip hliihrv xr ,siepev hnrp xr q`ee
ji` hl`ee ,fi` aeyii oyip`wixrn` mrc hlrt qr q`ee oe` .xeaiv `
oi` hqb xrc fi` hiiwnihpi` o` .hiiwnihpi` rwicxeaiv ,hb`frb
`fx`t rwiyrxqiexb ic o`x`t orprf rwixrn` oi` .zelb ,orbpeln
mipipn oet hiiwnihpi` ic .mipipn oet hiiwnihpih` ic hlrt'q xra`
xin xrklree hin ,xehlewlhrhy xrfcpe` oet ceq xrc oreerb fi`
xehlewlhrhy xrfcpe` oet ceqi xrc .xrai` hkrx hin jif ornrp
hbrlt rn iee ,xrc` cii xrnrx` xrc oe` ycewilM xrc oreerb fi`
.cii xrpiinrb xrc ,zenewn rxrfcpe` oi` otex mi`
xin ev brlt ,oxwg ` oe` sixg ` cii ` ,oerny 'x xrhrt on
f` ob`f xin oe` ,fiexatie` hin ,oreerb fi` xrbiihy of iee ,odprh
hip ,jif xin ohl`ee ,mixiab oet wl`t ` of dlilg ol`f ocii xin oree
hlrhyrbtie` jif hl`ee xiab xrcri .ol`trbxrcp`pet ,hk`crb `c
,rw`h hpiin q`c oe` .ipiq bx`a mrprbii` of sied oi` jif a
geM ohin ."l`xUil `zeipr d`i" `xnin xrc hin `xnb ic ,mYqdon
llM ` oailarb l`xUi fi` cii ornrx` mrpet oe` ycewilM oet
hin mipipn xeriy ` o` a axrc oe` ipiq bx`a oii` a oe` l`xUi
daiqn xrc a hb`frb q`c jxr o` a`d ji` .ze`gqep iilxrlM
fi` mixag rxrcp` oe` orpcq ac xag on oe` ,`iUpdzia oi`
lrwprxt xfril`
64
ji` .a`x ox`t o` jif mrp ji` q`ee rpc`n xriif ornewrbqie`
hl`eerb a`d'k q`ee hk`nrb x`lw beprb hip mYqdon a`d
.ob`f
q`ee oyhprn `c orprf'q .obx`n obree rb`xt xrc ev cpiv` oe`
obx`n of hree'q q`ee mrc obree hltiieevx`t orprf oe` orltiieev
yicii ` oala hree'q iv ?xrhpe` hip xin oriib iv :rwixrn` oi`
olrhy jif l`f rn f` orpiin oqw`c`hx` ic .rwixrn` oi` wl`t
xrc f` orprwiilt` hip lree'k .bp`bxrhpe` fi` - hip aie` ,orpree`c
hip qiiee'k .meiw oet rivwpet rwicl`eeb ` jif oi` h`d zc xryicii
oi` yhprn oyicii mrpet qeh`hq xrc orfqie` hree'q ief` iee
rifiee lit ief` hip b`nx`t'k .obx`n xrai` xrc` obx`n rwixrn`
,dnlydpen`a qiiee'k x`p ,j` x`t ol`nqie` orp`w mi` l`f'k f`
oi` yhprn xryicii ` oala hree'q f` ,ob`f ief` o`w rn aie`
f` ,rwixrn` oi` bpehtrd`a ryicii ` oala hree'q f` ;rwixrn`
o`w'q .zeixg` q`c ob`xh olree q`ee ,oyhprn ryicii of olree'q
olree iif ,ol`tR` dnMednM orlee ocii o`ilin qwrf ic oet f` of
q`ee rpri hkrxrb orprf hxR mrc oi` .ler mrc ob`xh ev oxrdtie`
orprf'q .riv`liniq` iee xrkrlxrtrb jq ` fi` riv`xbrhpi` f` ob`f
hwiciixRrb oa`d q`ee ,oriihx`R ryicii rR`xii` oi` oreerb
` `c xra` fi`'q ,o`x`t hip qpief` fi` rwixrn` oi` .riv`liniq`
mrc oi` ,xehlew xrc oi` oiibpx` o` ,riv`xbrhpi` ryihw`t
.oiibtie` oe` ,R`hvlrny
fi`'q ,cp`l yihil`p`n oiiw hip xra` R`hvlrny ` fi` rwixrn`
rprciiyx`t lit ief` o`x`t orprf'q .ribilrx oii` x`p `hip
.ocii jie` ,rwixrn` ,ob`xhx`t orw if f` ,qriv`pin`prc rfribilrx
hiiwyicii ic ?orc q`ee x`p .cii ` oala ev hip mrpiiw hxrhy if
hip heh q`ee cii ` ,ley oi` hip hiib q`ee cii ` .xrprlw ul` hxree
uiieey xrc oi` xrkib hx`t q`ee cii ` ,dwcv ryicii oiiw ,dwcv oiiw
mey oiiw hip h`d oe` oqixrbR` `lina hxree ,l`xUi oiiw iee
hree rn aie` .hip jif hcny xr yh`k cii qie` hxree xr .hw`hp`w
hree xr ,m`hyR` oyicii oet fi` xr f` ob`f xr hree ,obrxt mi`
aia`lY oi` lwia dnly x"c hin qreny xrhxicx`wrx `
65
rwiczepcgR `f` rwixrn` oi` `hip fi`'q .orprwiil hip q`c
oet fi` ipenl` ,m`hyR` oyipril`hi` oet fi` ipelR .bpeprwiilx`t
o` xra` ,m`hyR` oyicii oet fi` ,cii xrc ,xr oe` ,oyih`wq
hip h`d rn .riv`liniq` iee xrkrlxrtrb fi` q`c oe` .xrp`wixrn`
fi` `teb oarl q`c x`p ,orn`xb`xR ryix`h`liniq` mey oiiw
xryicii xrc orfqie` hree'q ief` iee hip ji` qiiee fi` .riv`liniq`
xra` ,ol`tR` ,hb`frb iee ,hree liih xrqiexb ` f` of o`w .yhprn
mrc ob`xh hree q`ee herin ` oala hree'q ,oala hree herin `
.zeixg` oet oe` hiiwyicii oet ler
oyip`wixrn` otie` zerRyd ipin iilxriieev h`d l`xUizpicn
i` Eee urbxr .drRyd reeih`brp ` ,hb`frb ji` hl`ee ,ziy`x .ocii o
q`ee dgRyn xrc ev litrb ` o`x`t fi` mrpii` ocri oet dnyp xrc
ryxrpid sie` hiihy uprhqiqwr xi` q`ee ,hbx`fx`t hip fi`
cl`a iee xra` ,zeixg` ic ob`xh orn fen dgRyn `f` x`t .jrlqit
oreerb hip fi`'q bp`l iee .yxrcp` qrRr fi` ,hbx`fx`t oiey fi` if
ic ob`xhrb cii xrp`wixrn` xrhxixbrhpi` xrc h`d ,dpicn oiiw
ev xree j`c h`d ,dpicn ` `c oiey fi`'q f` cpiv` xra` .bx`f
xrpril`hi` ic iee hwpeR hbx`fx`t j`c fi` mehpcii q`c .odb`c
jif oet otx`eeR`x` wipiieerpi` oiey orn brn fi` ,hbx`fx`t orprf
l`xUizpicn ;drRyd reeihif`R ` jie` o`x`t xra` fi`'q .ler mrc
o` fi` l`xUi oe` ,ul`hy oarbrb ocii xrp`wixrn` mrc h`d
q`ee ic x`t elit` oe` xrai` oxrlw q`ee ocii ic x`t x`Ryp`
jie` .xrp`wixrn` rl`nx`p x`t jif ohl`d oe` xrai` hip oxrlw
oet q`n rqieerb ` oarbrb oe` rviilR ic hklbrbqie` qr h`d iif
xrp`wixrn` ic oyieev herin ` `c jie` fi`'q oe` .hiiwxrkifhqalrf
herin `f` sie` oe` zeixg` oet ler mrc rw`h hb`xh q`ee ,ocii
oxrhrla hree xi` aie` .wl`t ryicii q`c ohl`drb cinY jif h`d
dne`dmeiw xrc f` orf xi` hree ,wl`t xrfcpe` oet rhkiyrb ic
hdb`crb oa`d q`ee ic ,hiidxrcpin xrc sie` orp`hyrb xcqM fi`
oreerb fi` liih xrqiexb xrc .ltd ` oreerb orprf dne`dmeiw obree
ic xraix` ot`lrb fi` rn .hxiliniq` oreerb fi` oe` wihlibklb
lrwprxt xfril`
66
cinY h`d oqiexc xrc .oarl oyicii mrpet qrk`Rr rl` oi` ohielR
oreerb iif orprf l`n ` .oreerb cinY orprf micneyn ,hw`lrb
xrc oi` hxixbrhpi` jif oa`d q`ee ,ohqixbrhpi` l`n ` ,micneyn
.oxehlew rl` oi` oe` xehlew xryip`Ry xrc` xryia`x`
.jipira lw xacd `di l`e ,dwcv jq ` `c fi` rwixrn` oi`
j`c orprf qriv`fip`bx`dwcv rfiel ic h` .siepev hl`d dwcv
`zni` oet litrb ` ocii a ht`y dwcv oe` .ocii oet qriv`fip`bx`
oet ceqi xrc oe` aiidp` xrc fi` `xeaivc`zni` oe` .`xeaivc
fi` litrb rwif`c q`c Eee ,rwixrn` oi` hyxwirxrc ,oarldlidw
q`ee hprv`xR xrqieerb ` `c jie` fi` qr .o`x`t wipiiee ev yexita
oet liih xrpiilw ` fiela hnew`a i`cee` .oley ryicii oi` hpxrl
q`ee ic a xra` ,bpeivxrc ryicii ` hpbei xryip`wixrn` xrc
hk`l rn :deevinxa ic `c j`p fi` qr .qr hala ,`i ornew`a
oreerb deevinxa fi` fcpe` a .ok`l ev q`ee oet rw`h fi`'q ,oetxrc
.hiiwyicii oet seq xrc l`n jq ` qr fi` `c ,hiiwyicii oet aiidp` o`
f` ief` fi` hinrb rkrlyhprn q`c .oetxrc hala qrRr xra`
j`c hala qr .oxeRy xrai` hf`l rip`nrxrv rwil`npii` rcri
hala'q .ol`txrcp`pet hip hf`l q`ee ,oarl oyicii oi` qrRr
o` h`d herin xrc .wl`t ` hala herin xrc oe` ,herin `
mi` hx`c'q oe` jepig oet ornrla`xR h`d herin xrc ,qrxrhpi`
,ote` of sie` xrcri ,qrb`xt ryihqineiw rxrfcpe` x`t R`w xrc
,ryix`hqid ic ,bpep`nxrc ic .litrbzetYeya ` oa`d rl` xra`
xrc h` qie` jib x`b hpix xree`picp`wq ic a .qie` hip jif hRree
.olitrbdgRyn ailev `nYqn ,xrwipiiee xrpril`hi` ic a ,oexMf
.litrbdgRyn owicl`eeb ` oa`d ocii ic iee hwpeR ,xrpril`hi` ic
x`p mi` oliee xin oe` cii oin xrcp` o` ev hpieeerb xin orprf i`cee`
cx`a ` o` ax ` fi` j` x`t oe` xin x`t .hl`hyrb xrfcpe` oi`
ax ` hin hlree ` oi` oqw`eerbtie` orprf xin lee ,ax oiiw hip
xrfcpe` iRlr x`p ohk`xh xin lee ul` q`c .cx`a ` hb`xh q`ee
oa`d xin oe` ,fcpe` oi` orpieee q`ee ohl`hyrb ic iRlr x`p ,rifiee
,ohl`hyrb rxrcp` jie` of orp`w qr f` orf ev rif`hp`t ic hip
aia`lY oi` lwia dnly x"c hin qreny xrhxicx`wrx `
67
xrnipt rxrcp` oa`d xin ,mipR xrcp` o` jie` oa`d orp`w xin f`
.jie`
oet hip ,lhiR`w xrcpef`a ` x`b ev jxcdzvitw ` cpiv` oe` :.t
obree ,hiiwihvi` xrhprp`nxrR oet x`p ,hiiwihvi` xrwictMiY
xrc iee hpkrxx`t hkrx hin hxree xi` .bx`apiihy xfril`
x`apiihy oet `zcpyxR oi` hip j`p xrciil fi` wxree of - ob
oe` oarl of jie` ,hkrlhptrx`t ovp`b oi` hip hee ,ovp`b
j` ji` liee fi` - hp`w`a wipiiee xriif orprf hiiwkrlprfxrR
ornewrbqie` j` fi` .obx`apiihy obree lqia ` hliivxrc :ohra
ev hk`xarb c`xb mi` h`d'q q`ee obree mi` hin l`n ` oqreny ev
?lyn oet xrp`yf mrprhlrf mrc
c`xb q`ee x`t mrc obree hcrxrb hip xin oa`d hwrxic :.a
x`t ob`f orp`w hip j` hree xrtry mey oiiw f` aiilb'k oe` milyn
.xrxrcp` oiiw ev hip oe` mrx`t xrc ev c`xb ornewrb fi` xr q`ee
xrpii` oreerb fi` bx`apiihy xfril` .mipipr ryip`bx` orprf q`c
iieev x`p rf ji` .hprwrb a`d ji` q`ee ocii rhqhlvx`eex`t ic oet
orprw q`ee ,xeh`xrhil xryirxard oe` xryicii xrc oi` oyhprn
hx`ee .oilhiiv oxd` oe` bx`apiihy xfril` :zepeyl rciia heb ief`
xrc oi` ox` sih ief` xra` ,rxrcp` a jie` `c fi` hiiwyixrtry
hip xrpiiw ,jif hk`c ,fi` zepeyl iieev rxrfcpe` oet zewnr rn`q
fi` xr aie` ,oaxy aie` ,obx`apiihy x`t f` oiin'k .iif ueg`
` ev ,mrx`t ` ev orbp`brb oe` `xnb xrc oet orbp`brbwree`
q`ee .lyn xrc x`p of hp`wrb xyt` qr h`d ,xrp`yf oyix`xrhil
oa`d iif aie` ,oaixyrb minkg rxrfcpe` ,milecb rxrfcpe` oa`d
milyn ,xrcil m"ialn xrc oaixyrb h`d'q .milyn jie` ?oaixyrb
ohin obvxrai` orp`w q`c ,"lyna eit z` gzti" xrc ;xrcil
dcb` xrc oet ceqi xrc fi` sixb`ahx`ee hin h`hyp` cliahx`ee
q`c f` aiilb'k .ornewp` evxrc l`n oii` hip fen dkld elit` oe`
oreerb fi` xr q`ee mrc ueg ,lyn mev obx`apiihy hxitrb h`d
xrwicl`eeb ` oi` hwrhyrb h`d dnkg of .mkg xrwiczn` xrc
xeriy ` o` ,minY xrwiczn` xrc oreerb fi` xr ,zeninY
lrwprxt xfril`
68
rn oree hl`nrc iee xrbilw of orn o`w oree oe` .cnrxthlree
hin yix`p jic hk`n oiil` hlree ic ?hlree xrc oet R` jif hcpree
xrc oet o`hqie` jif hqiid dnkg .zeipR rxi` hin ,miwqr rxi`
x`p owew hip ,"ore`y" otexrbp` h`d xriedprR`y q`ee q`c .hlree
ul` j`p fi` qr oe` mkg xrqiexb ` oreerb fi` bx`apiihy ."ore`y"
.lyn xrc iee xrp`yf xrxrbilw oiiw `hip
rhqxreey ic oet rpii` fi` bpeyx`txeh`xrhil xrc oi` :.t
hip xrc` `i h`d xrlhqpiw xrc iv ,olrhyevhqrt ornrla`xR
mrc hpriilrb hip xrc` `i h`d xr iv oe` wxree qieerb ` hprwrb
a`d bx`apiihy iext xrc hin qreny ` oet .xraxy mrpri xrc`
rprhlrf q`c obx`apiihy ev orbp`bxrc fi`'q f` ,hqEeexrc jif ji`
hl`nrc h`d xr f` ,hb`frb xin h`d if .rlikcxn 'x oet milyn jea
xrpaec mrpet milyn ic .oqixrv milyn rprbii` rpf oet liih `
hin hqrenyrb l`n ` xr h`d .hprwrb xrkif bx`apiihy h`d cibn
?cibn xrpaec obree j`
xrpii` fi`'q .qp ` xin x`t fi` orlikcxn 'x hin dUrn ic :.a
wxree oe` qxraxy x`t obx`apiihy a ok`xaqie`zelrRzd ic oet
jiiy q`ee xra` .milyn rpf oe` xr iee dnewxeriy oxrprlw ` oet
xr .hcrxrb l`n jq ` xin hin bx`apiihy h`d ,cibn xrpaec mrc
milyn ic oet oliivxrcxrai` brlt xr .h`drb ail xriif mi` h`d
,lyn ` oi` hp`nxrc jif bp`l hip `c a`d ji` .cibn xrpaec mrpet
wprcrb'k - cibn xrpaec mya obx`apiihy oet hxrdrb a`d'k q`ee
.hip f` oiin'k ,lyn xrwif`c xrc ornd`lt a `c fi`'q iv hip
ilreR xrc ev obx`apiihy ohrax`t l`n ` h`d rn f` wprcrb'k
x`t fi`'q .iif x`t ocrx l`f xr ,uiee`pxryh oi` hpbei xryihqipeiv
:ief` jxr o` oaiedrbp` h`d xr oe` daiaq rcnrxt ` oreerb mi`
` fi` mfil`iv`q .mfil`iv`q fi` qr q`ee oliivxrc j` lree'k
ul` .ol`eew ic ev ornewev orp`w l`f xrcri ,xehlew oet rb`xt
xr h`d ,`c .`teb liv xrc hip oe` lhin fiela fi` xehlew ueg`
j` lree'k x`p ,oreerb ycgn hip x`b i`cee` ji` a`d ,hb`frb
` .yecig xrzn` o` fi` q`ee ,cibn xrpaec mrpet lyn ` oliivxrc
aia`lY oi` lwia dnly x"c hin qreny xrhxicx`wrx `
69
h`d ,lhrhy xrcp` o` oi` ox`t hl`eerb l`n ` h`d ,xiab ` ,cii
b`ee ` orbpecrb xr rqiexb ic oet hv ic ,oriq` oreerb fi`'q .o
xrbiif ` ,mydornl ,f` dlbrlra mrc hb`frbp` xr h`d ,qrh`la
fen fi` ,xreey fi` bree xrc oe` ,qiex` xin ox`t ixt xrc oi` xit
xrn of hip ox`h ob`ee otie` oe` cxrt qwrf oet o`Ryrb ` of q`c
okxec qiex` hwew ziadlra xrc ,ixt up`b .oyhprn iieev iee
,`c fi` ob`ee xrc oe` `c fi` dlbrlra xrc - xr hrf ,xrhvprt
oiey ovif ob`ee otie` oe` cxrt iieev x`p orprf hp`Ryrbp` fiela
fi` q`ee ,yhhq :dlbrlra otie` xiab xrc hxy .oyhprn qwrf
lra xrc oe` rciia iif oyieev ciixxrai` o` ornewrb fi`'q ?q`c
welig xrc fi` q`c rw`h ,dyn 'x ,hrf xi` :hb`frb mi` h`d dlbr
xin .mixiab j` oe` zelbrlra fcpe` oyieev ,j` oe` fcpe` oyieev
xi` oe` oyhprn xrn q`ee oe` cxrt xrwipiiee q`ee oa`d otx`c
lyn xrc .oyhprn xrwipiiee q`ee oe` cxrt xrn q`ee oa`d htx`c
.hk`nrb x`lw ul` hpbei xrc x`t h`d
xrhnihyrb yihqiniqrR xriif ` oreerb fi` bx`apiihy xfril`
ryihqiniqrR rpf hin hlree xrc sie` hwewrb h`d xr .yhprn
yhprn lqia ` fi` d`etx rwivpii` ic f` ,haiilbrb h`d xr ,olixa -
hxfg hiiwhplr xrkrlyhprn oet eeih`n xrc .hrhix`cil`q rkrl
.obx`apiihy a xrai` xcqM jif
oarl x`i wivtet oe` iieev rpf oet wivxrt h`d bx`apiihy :.t
oiiw hprwrb hip h`d xr f` hip xi` hl`d ;lhrhy ` oi` hk`xax`t
?lhrhy mrpet q`c ueg oarl oet mrx`t xrcp`
riv`fil`rci` ic ,lhrhy mrpet hlew mrc h`drb hip h`d xr :a
oet h`drb hip elit` h`d xr ,hkrxrb hprf xi` .lhrhy mrpet
qr h`d xr .lhrhy mrpet q`c iee oarl xrcp` o` orprw ev orp`ee
rqiexb ic obree q`xcx`t hin ocrx brlt xr ,h`drb ail hip xra`
.lhrhy oi` oarl obree llka oe` qrh`la
h`d dnglnhlree xrhyxr xrc x`t j`p f` ,jif hk`c :.t
.bpet`y qbx`apiihy oet cp`a ` oarbevqiex` drca h`drb wil`ia
hx`c ot`xhrb jif h`d xr ,qrc` oi` oreerb fi` xr .wihkix :.a
lrwprxt xfril`
70
hin oaixyrbkxec jie` h`drb l`n ` jif h`d xr .owil`ia hin
,ornrla`xR ryit`q`lit obree oreerb fi`'q ,xrpfielw sqei x"c
.wxree ryit`q`lit oi` oreerb oiirn jq ` xriif h`d bx`apiihy
oe` wil`ia x`t milyn rpf oet hpriilrb xr h`d qrc` oi` j`pxrc
oarbrb oe` ciixt x`t orixyrbqie` yf` h`d wil`ia .iwvipax
x`t q`ee ,iwvipax ,hxrd xi`" :ipw xrc sie` R`lw ` oiwvipax
awri xrhkic xrc hliivxrc xin h`d q`c) "?fi` q`c wifn `
orpyxrc hree'q f` hqrenyrbR` oreerb fi`'q oe` (.bxrapxrhy
fi` mrc j`p hv rvxew ` xra` .milyn cp`a ` "dixen" oi`
.owil`ia hxrhrbx`t ynn h`d bx`apiihy .dngln ic ok`xarbqie`
xrai` rkrlhr ,yicii sie` hvrfrbxrai` wil`ia up`b h`d xr -
xehlew ic q`ee jealn`f mrc oi` hwexcrb oreerb orprf orbpevrf
.1921 x`i oi` oarbrbqiex` h`d uiee`pxryh oi` riv`xrcrt
?daiyi ` oi` hpxrlrb bx`apiihy h`d :.t
hpxrlrb h`d xr ,daiyi ` oi` hpxrlrb hip h`d bx`apiihy :.a
.o`wRil oi` oiic oreerb fi` q`ee ,cii xra`x`qra ` ,oiic rlrq`i a
.ob`f xcqM bx`apiihy xin brlt ief` ,oe`b ` oreerb fi` rlrq`i 'x
q`ee ,hen jq ` hin cii ` oe` sixg xrwicl`eeb ` ,mleroe`b `
fi` xr .mitiwY oe` miqpxR ic ob`fevpx` h`drb `xen hip h`d
q`c geM mrc h`drb h`d xr oe` gen xrtx`y ` ,bpilviee ` oreerb
xr f` hlreRrb jif a h`d xr - ob`f brlt xr iee - lee o`h ev
.dtqed oiiw hip sx`c
oii` f` ,hliivxrc bx`apiihy xin h`d hiiwiviee qrlrq`i 'x obree
orneprbp` jif fielw oi` rlrq`i 'x h`d b`hink`p zay ` oi` l`n
ev .ox` oiia oi` fia qxrxitldw ic hb`frbpx` oe` "jnr" x`t
mi` hnew ,orpree`c orbp`brb fi` oiic xrc oree ,wihpef ,qpbx`n
:xrcpy jexa obrwhp`
ev dign ` oreerb ,hcrxrb ohkrp h`d xi` .iax ,obx`nheb -
.yacn wezn ,oxrd
e hip hqia ,xrklrf` ec oe` xrpief` ec - hb`xh cxr ic q`ee hxre
!jic
aia`lY oi` lwia dnly x"c hin qreny xrhxicx`wrx `
71
???hwicpifrb ji` a`d q`ee -
xrc ,xic hlrtrb'q f` mrx`ee !hwicpifrb x`b oiey hq`d - -
.rxrcp` qr liivxrc ?xin qr ehqliiv
qbx`apiihy sie` hwrxic hwxieerb hip h`d xrpaec xrc Eee hx`c
'x xrwiczetixg xrc oreerb drRyd oet xrlhinx`t xrc fi` ,lyn
.oiic rlrq`i
bpeiv`a of oreerb fi` q`ee :bx`apiihydyxR xrc ev jie` :.t
?xeh`xrhilhlree xrc oet lyn oet qxrhqn rqiexb ic ev
mi` oi` h`d xr .oee`lixw oet ohl`drb xriif h`d bx`apiihy :.a
`l oet ohl`drb jie` h`d xr .xrhqnk`xRy oqiexb mrc orfrb
xrlrpibix` oreerb (hkrx hin oe`) obie` rpf oi` fi` q`ee ,orhp`t
of oe` R`fr ovx`d mev oreerb hip mi` fi` obrw`c .oee`lixw oet
hnievrb yiRr o` fi` lyn qbx`apiihy .l`x`nqparl ryihw`xR
okxec hrhprRrb jrlhpiieerb j`c fi` lyn .cil ` xrc` rldUrn
lkUdxqen mrc ornrpwree` orn o`w obx`apiihy a .lMUdxqen
oiiw hip fi` lyn qbx`apihy .rldUrn ` xrc` cil ` hala'q oe`
` x`t jif hlrhyx`t oe` apb ` fi` oky on :oky on sie` wew
.mrp`ahlree fi`'q ,hlree xrc sie` wew ` fi`'q .wicv
?obx`apiihy oet eeixa qrRr xi` h`d :.t
q`ee ,eeixa wivp`eev jxr o` oet lwrR ` hidrbtie` a`d ji` :.a
oi` hyrx`wea oiiw uiee`pxryh oet oaixyrb xin ev h`d bx`apiihy
xrc .lif`xazelb oet xrwne` ok`p oarl of oet x`i iieev rhvrl ic
ohqiee mrpri x`t ok`ee iieev jxr o` oaixyrb fi` eeixa xrhvrl
o` j`p fi` bx`apiihy xfril` oree ,1932 ux`n ohq28 oet b`hx`t
bpelvelR l`hiRy oyicii xrviee`pxryh oi` riv`xrR`qwicprR`
.oax`hyrb
j`p lwrR ohidrbtie` mrc oi` jif orpitrb `teb eeixa ic ueg`
xrlrhyhtixy oyiprnexyicii mev ofxrt oi` orbpencieexrkia iieev
ev oe` ep`rx`f`l eax`a rinrc`w` xryiprnex xrc oet cilbhin oe`
oi` eeExR ` jie` oe` ,cx`aq`xb uxrd x`h`hivrx ohqEee`a mrc
f` ,hk`c xin .milyn cp`a mrc ev dncwd ` x`t ohp`ix`ee iieev
lrwprxt xfril`
72
o` hin hwexcrbR` a`d ji` q`ee ,zexrd rpn hin eeixa lwrR q`c
mrpet xrkialn`f rwix`ial`d ic oet mrpii` oi` wixev x`i orv jxr
xrwx`ieip xrtnrw xryici` q`ee ocri ornew uep ev xriif olree ,
fi` q`ee q`c .oarl oe` wxree qbx`apiihy oxicehy olree hree
oi` xrpn hrax` xrpri oi` ox`eerb hwexcrbxrai` xryici`
xrtnrw ji` q`ee ,ok`f iieev xra` .oxfgevxrai` jiiy hip j`c fi`
ji` hee iee sie` ,orp`nxrc `c ji` liee ,hpkiivx`t hip hx`c a`d
.wipiieepqie` sie` iif wprcrb
oreerb hieh of x`t ok`ee qwrfsrpit hin fi` bx`apiihy oree
on oaxyevp` oreerb fxfn xriif jin xr h`d ,hyrx`wea oi`
orv oaixyrbp` hyxr jea q`c a`d ji`) "ocii hin h`hy `"
htrd ` htiewrb xin x`t h`d xr .(wx`ieip oi` xrhrRy x`i
jif hpriil q`ee ,xin ev bpep`n ` oaixyrbp` h`la ohyxr otie` oe`
:ief`
!lwia !lwia
,lwixhy ` hin ocpia jif hf`l if hv ic oree
lhra oc oet lqit ` ev ev if o`d ` iee ji` cpia
:jied oriixw ,oriixw l`f if if xreey`a oe`
,lhrhy oc oet oRih ic l`n oe` R`x` jixw -
!lhrla oc jeayicii oi` ox` axy
jie` fcpe` hin hRrly oe` rx`R sie` hilt if hv ic x`p
...jiex hin if ehqaxhx`t evxrc oe`
xfril` oc
xrwx`hy ` oreerb hl`nrc oia'k f` ,qie` hb`f dxey xrhvrl ic
...xrxrkiix
oi` xitpx` ohp`lRrb ` qbx`apiihy jie` ji` liee orp`nxrc oe`
- jeamilyn of ev ofxrt
:ohwd lxrfiil ilynn
,mrpiilw mrc lxrfiil oet milyn ic orprf q`c
mrpii` oi` oiil` jif hin oh`y oi` harl xr q`ee
aia`lY oi` lwia dnly x"c hin qreny xrhxicx`wrx `
73
xrai` hx`c oiil` jif hin hqreny oe`
,xeaivikxv obree oe` jif obree
- melg oi` l`n ` ,x`ee oi` l`n `
oi` xrai` orn hib oqreny ic oe` .milyn
hp`nxrc l`n oii` hip oqreny rxrfcpe` oet jyna h`d xi` :.t
q`c oe` hvx`i xrhqwivtet of qie` hl`t gqR crendleg .ovxR
ocrx ev hbreexrc jif - hqiiee xi` iee - h`d rn .orlMdjq ev htex
.rifieerxuxR ` obree
` oa`d orw rn .hx`ee wiciil ` fi` rifieerxuxR ic ,`i :.a
elit` o`w rn ,qrvxR bpeliivxrc xrpri xrc` xrc obree bpepiin
oiiw hip yixrlhqpiw fi` oiax xree`xinrp ohin dUrn ic f` ,ob`f
qrcri if hR`kx`t jin ,`i f` hl`d xrpii` ji` .bpeliivxrc rheb
wiczenily fi` if f` xin jif hk`c'q oe` if oriil'k l`n ltiee l`n
oiiw hip j`p wihixwxeh`xrhil j`c fi` seqlMseq .oaixyrbp`
q`c .ht`ypqiee oiiw hip hRied xrai` fi` if .ht`ypqiee reeihif`R
hxree zepian ic oe` w`nyrb xrprbii` xrc ul` j`p fi` meixrhixw
rn q`ee ovxR sie` ob`f o`w rn .ovrfrb oiiw sie` hiearbtie` hip
xrc oreerb hip fi` xr f` ob`f hip o`w xrpiiw xra` ,liee
oreerb q`c fi` xr .hv xrp xrfcpe` oet xraxy xrhqwihkiee
xryicii xrc sie` hinrb of hbiilrbwree` h`d xr q`ee ,hinxrc
,oreerb wicvn h`d xr ,hinrb ryiwgvi iel q`c ,xeh`xrhil
xeh`xrhil xryicii xrc oet ripil ryivxR ic .cii mrc hwihkrx`a
ic orpiipx`t ev oe` yhprn oyicii mrc owihkrx`a ev oreerb fi`
cl`a iee mrx`ee ,hlree ryiieb ic orieaxrai` olree ev ,hlree ryiieb
xra` ,heb of fcpe` hree ,oxree hiearbxrai` hree hlree ryieb ic
ryirxard ic .wihkix fi` qr oe` heb qr fi` oarl xrfcpe` jiiy q`ee
ic owihkrx`a :bree xrcp` o` x`b sie` orbp`brb fi` xeh`xrhil
xeh`xrhil xryirxard xrc oi` ripil ic .jif orpiipx`t oe` hlree
xin f` ,orieaxrai` jif sx`c ,wl`t ryicii q`c ,xin f` oreerb fi`
.wicley orprf xin ,wicley orprf xrwlrt ic hip ;heb hip orprf
lrwprxt xfril`
74
xeh`xrhilqp`qrprx rvp`b ic jie` oe` oxrprxa xrbiihy ` hnrp
wicvn h`d xeh`xrhil ryicii ic :zinvr dnybd oet ryirxard ic
q`ee xrc fi` uxR .ht`xhyrb yi`iap h`d ryirxard ic ,oreerb
xryicii xrc oet bree mrc ofieerb ,ripilhkix ic oarbrb h`d
o` hip jif haiid'q f` ,ofieerb h`d xr :qrRr j`p oe` .xeh`xrhil
sx`c ul` f` ,hb`frb h`d xr .`xa ziy`xa oet x`p ,orlrcprn oet
orn sx`c ul` f` hpd hb`f rn iee ,yicii sie` ovrfxrai` orn
,ohv rl` ,ornrpxraix` orn sx`c ul` .yirxard sie` ovrfxrai`
q`ee" iiqr ohnix`a of oi` ofieerb q`c h`d xr iee ,orlwpiee rl`
px` orn sx`c ocliyh`x jie` ."?xeh`xrhil xryicii xrc hlrt -
rl` xrai` xeh`xrhil ryicii ic oxrhiixaqie` yih`nrh ,ornrp
.cxr xrc oet orlwpiee rl` oe` ohv
h`d xr xra` ,xraxy xrqiexb x`b ` oreerb fi` mkilrmely
xr ,ok`nk`p hip orn o`w ornkilrmely .oreerb riRyn hip mrpiiw
q`ee xrhyxr xrc fi` uxR ,oaxy hpxrlrbqie` hip mrpiiw h`d
:otexrb oe` q`b ohin oi` rix`h`x`a`l ic hlrhyrbwree` h`d
lM heeExRrbqie` h`d xr !j` hpxrl hnew ,jrlxrcpiw ,hnew
`xrhil ryicii ic oxifil`qxreeipe` heeExRrb h`d ,ornx`t mipind
.hiiwyilrivpiee`xR xrbpr oet oxitqiex` if ,ornx`t oarb xi` ,xeh
`xrhil xryicii xrc oet ohp`fix`d ic hxrhiixarbqie` h`d uxR
hp`wrb h`d q`ee ,xrwihp`n`x`rp xrc oreerb jie` fi` xr ,xeh
oet l`f rn ,d`pd mi` oet oa`d l`f rn f` ief` ocii ` olrhywree`
a`d ji` .hxifil`rci` h`d uxR f` hb`f rn .zelrRzd obixw mi`
xrc rrci` ic j`c fi` seqlMseq ,riv`fil`rci` x`t `xen oiiw hip
yhprn xrhxifil`rci` xrc .lth j`c fi` rwixrai`'q oe` yhprn
hip h`d jpY xrc .hiibx`t xrhxifil`rci`hip xrc oe` hala
.oxrlrt rl` hin oarbrb mi` h`d xr ,yhprn mrc hxifil`rci`
.jie` oxrlrt ic hxifil`rci` oa`d iif ?ocii ic o`hrb oa`d q`ee
orprf xin ,hlree xrfcpe` oi` ox`eerb hleer`a zn`a fi` uxR
xr f` ovxR sie` hb`frb h`d rn , ovxR iRlM miyxei rx`awp`cne`
xrc lnid ` oarb xra` ,h`b ` o` lnid ` oarbrb fcpe` h`d
aia`lY oi` lwia dnly x"c hin qreny xrhxicx`wrx `
75
y fi` xeh`xrhil ic ev hk`xh'k oree .j`f rqiexb ` oiil` oie
dtxU ` x`t jif ji` lrhy ,xeh`xrhil xryicii xrc oet qxrwiq`lw
hb`xh rn ,qrkrara ic hin jif ob`xh ,otiel ocii :lhrhy oi`
hveRrbev ` hin ,olixa oi` cii ` jxec hiib h` oe` ,xrq`ee
i`cee` ,ep :hb`f oe` R` jif hlrhy xr .mipR fiia ` hin ,rlrcxra
rn oe` hkil hin orn hiib mrciea otie` oe` bpr ief` harl rn f`
fen'q f` ,jif hiihyx`t ,hip x`h rn q`ee oe` brn rn q`ee hip qiiee
xrc .xrnexw xrc rwyit hxree rn oe` qxrlhra hxree rn ,orprxa
orprf wila of oe` mipR of ;mkilrmely ornewrb fi` xrhiieev
` siqen fi` oe` heb of hree'q ,myddvxi m` ,ocii :hb`f xr ,clin
wr hip fi`'q ,orprxa j`p hree'q oe` hprxarb oiey h`d'q :lhxree
` hin cii ` jif hfee`a qr .xrhixc xrc mrvelR oe` .hlree
,ley ic oe` ,hprxa'q ,ocii :hxy oe` ev siel ` hib xr ,rpixrlrR
ic oreerh`x ox` htiel xr !orpif oi` hip orn h`d zexeYxtq ic
hprbilrhpi` xrkrlhlree xrc xr ,uxR oreerb fi` q`c .zexeYxtq
,lwra oi` Ripw ` ovxR hib rn .zexeYxtq ic oreerh`x ot`lrb fi`
hk`p a" oet rpri iee xrqra orprf ohl`hyrb ryihqil`rx ic f`
hqrbx`t rn xra` ,"hiiw rprcl`b ic" oet oe` "wx`n ohl` otie`
xrqra xin orp`w ,lbilt oarbrb fcpe` h`d xr ;hqrnx`t mrc
hip j`c oa`d xin xra` ,xrqra rxrcp` orp`w xyt` ,orilt
.hilt rn ief` iee hqEeerb
bpexrt x`i hxrcped ic oe` ?x`awp`cne` ief` orn fi` q`ee x`t
obree ciix ic j`c fi`'q oe` .liw xriif ,liw ot`lrbR` fi` ovxR oet
mrc h` .qp`qrprx mev bree ` ofieerb fcpe` h`d q`ee ,ocii `
oi` orwpehrbp` mi` h`d ,`peU xrc ok`xarv h`d qp`qrprx
` fi` giyn xrpri x`p ?giyn xryl`t ` uxR x`txrc fi` ,hela
q`ee giyn xrc hip xra` ,hqpxr hpiinrb hip h`d q`ee xryl`t
hfiexarbtie` h`d q`ee ,dpen` o` oarbrb h`d q`ee ,haiilbrb h`d
.xrhinrb
hR`kx`t hxree xec xrbpei xrc elit` f` ,of siqen liee ji` :.t
.zegily ` hin ocii ic oet ,ocii rwicaehmeizay qrvxR oet
lrwprxt xfril`
76
iieev x`i ` hin .xfril` ,hp`nxrc xin h`d xi` q`ee heb :.a
bpehv xryirxard ` oi` orpriil ev ornewrbqie` xin fi` wixev
xrcpiwley ic oyieev hxitrbkxec h`d rn q`ee ,rhrwp` o` obree
."?ohqhpr`p mev fcpe` fi` xrwiq`lw ic oet xrklree" :l`xUi oi`
j`p oe` hk`lrb ,mkilrmely a hk`lrb i`cee` oa`d xrcpiw ic
.orp`hyx`t hip hRied xrai` iif oa`d rlrcprn .oqrbx`t mrc
ic yh`k ,iax xree`xinrp xrc qrvxR xrcpiw ic h`d hR`kx`t
ic `c hx`c fi`'q xra` .cnrxt ief` iif x`t j`c fi` hl`hyrb
hp`wrb h`d q`ee oarl q`c ,oarl oyicii mrpet riv`fil`rci`
xrc ,h`b hin jif hqrnx`t q`ee cii xrc `c hx`c fi`'q ,oxip`Rni`
xrc oi` o`h ev q`ee qrRr h`d ,hlree ` of owzn liee q`ee cii
elit` hxip`Rni` h`d uxR .zegily ` hin ornewrb fi` xr ,hlree
dyecw xra` ,dxeab hxip`Rni` rxa`q mrc .rlrxa`q mrpiilw mrc
j`p yiprtxrc`a ` fi` h`b oi` dpen` ic .oyhprn ocri hxip`Rni`
orwpet ic oc`levqie` bp`xc ` fi` qr ,hiiwxrkrd j`p ,hiiwiliid
.jif oi` h`d rn q`ee dyecw
xrqra xrc` heb ` oet q`n xrc hin ohqrn hip ovxR x`h rn
` oarbrb h`d q`ee xraxy ` hip orn hqrn ief` .dxegq lwihy
xrpn oi` l`n ` ji` a`d - uxR .oaxy of hin bpehkixqparl
hip iee hrnM xrhlr xrc sie` hvi` a`d oe` hb`frb iiqrhpbei `
qxrwihixw q`ee h`xrhil oiiw hip fi` - oxfgevxrai` qr `xen
ox` hl`t q`ee ,q`xrd xrwihqb ` fi` xr .ov`yR` mi` otx`c
.hxivitix`lb hxree oe` rhkiyrb xrc oi`
,ohtixyhv ryicii rwihkiee xc ic obree obrxt j` liee'k :.t
oaiidp` xin ol`f .hlree owr rprciiyx`t xc oi` qiex` oriib q`ee
- reewq`n oi` :gxfin oet cp`lniid yihree`q - l`xUi oi` , ic
hiiw rprcl`b - mil xarn oe` , htpewev ic hl`eerb xi` hl`ee q`ee .
?iif obree ob`f
jiiy q`ee :.a htpewev ic iee xacarbep lwihy ` j`c ji` oia ,
c`ixrRvp`lb xrc f` ,ob`f fiela o`w'k .ox`hw`crx ic oet xrpii`
oet htpewev ic hl`nrc fi`'q .xryipiqril xrc oreerb ul` j`p fi`
aia`lY oi` lwia dnly x"c hin qreny xrhxicx`wrx `
77
xrc oet qxraxy oet fxw oqiexb ` orivevev hiiwkrlbrn ` oreerb
ic oreerb fi`'q .xrhprvhlree ` oxree ev oe` hlree xryicii xrvp`b
,hlree xrvp`b xrc oi` oe` rwixrn` oi` ,olieR oi` dxeY ly dipqk`
fi` hl`nrc .xrhprv xryihree`qyicii ` oreerb jie` fi` qr oe`
htpewev ic oree ,xrhrRy .htixyhv rl`xhprv rqiexb ` oreerb
h`drb if h`d ,xrixt q`ee hiiwkrlbrn ic h`drb hip oiey h`d if
,oqrbx`t hip xra` sx`c rn .rxrqra i` oe` ohv rxrxreey i`
ryicii rhqhlr ic fi` if f` oe` x`i 73 hl` fi` htpewev ic f`
oi` jie` ief` ,oyhprn ` oet oarl oi` iee .hlree xrc oi` htixyhv
o`x`t orprf ,oyhprn oet ot`yrb fi` q`ee htixyhv ` oet oarl
oet dtewY rwihvi` ic f` ,ot`d liee ji` .zeilr oe` zecixi ic
htpewev rhqra ic oet jiid xrc sie` of ev orx`hq jif hree
.zetewY
jiiy q`ee cp`lniid yihree`q fi` hf oii` oet f` ,ob`f ji` o`w
ox`eerb ohiarb hip fi`'q lee x`txrc ,bpeyiehp` o` l`pxeyf xrc
xin q`ee ,hiiwnrx`ee rpri h` ,hiiwnrx`ee oiiw `hip fi`'q .ripil ic
ryicii ic xrai` cx`noil`hq mrc j`p .j`xa ok`p hx`eexrc oa`d
f` ohx`eexrc hp`wrb orn h`d xehlew xryicii xrc oe` qxraxy
` oxree hree yicii f` ,yicii ev oriv`a yxrcp` jif hree rn
oe` hprd ic sie` hip qr hb`xh rn ,yicii hip hlkrw rn .lwipifin
cp`lniid yihree`q oiiw ox`eerb hip leexrc fi` ryicii hv
o`w j`f oii` xra` .yicii sie` htixyhv ` ul` j`p fi`'q ,htixy
,qxraxy rwihkiee o`x`t hx`c orprf qr f` - orprwiil hip orn
rprbii` hin ,dxivi oet ol`eew rprbii` hin ohp`l`h rwihtrxw
.orbperf
oexg` oexg` cpiv` oe` hiiw rprcl`b ic . hiiw rprcl`b ic ` fi`
o` qr fi` yirci` .yixrlhqpiw i` ,yirci` i` ehtie` xrqiexb
jif a h`d ,"Yixar wx" oet bpehqrt ic ,zexcYqd ic q`ee ehtie`
h`d q`ee gwiR mrc cii mrc ,l"f w`vpixRy sqei wp`c ` ,hlreRrb
.ohxree ryicii ev bpeiv`a rtih ` oe` bie` jrlyhprn ot ` h`drb
.ocq ac mrc ev otl`drbhin eeihw` h`d ,qiiee ji` hee iee sie`
lrwprxt xfril`
78
wp`crb ` ocq ac oet hxrdrb ji` a`d `iUp ma daiqn xrc a
o` xr h`d hpd f` ,hb`frb h`d ocq :olrtrb xriif xin fi` q`ee
yicii f` hpiinrb xr h`d l`n ` .l`n ` iee yicii ev bpelrhy xrcp`
ic f` ,xr haiilb cpiv` xra` ,yirxard sie` ovrfxrai` orn sx`c
j`p oa`d iif ;zegily xriif o`hrbR` hip j`p oa`d qxraxy ryicii
hreerh`xrbR` hip ul` xrc oi` oxree hreerh`xrbR` sx`c q`ee
aiidp` ma hb`frb j` qr a`d ji` iee xrc` ,ox` xeh`xrhil
jif oet rix`hqid ic oaixyrb hip j`p oa`d iif ,qreny xrfcpe` oet
oliivxrc hip qr o`w rn q`ee ul` q`c ,qrh`h rxriif oet ,oiil`
` x`p ,yeal ` x`p hip j`c fi` j`xRy lee ,yicii oi` x`p iee
,j`xRy ` x`p hip j`c fi` yicii .mrpii` oi` hl`dpi` oe` mrx`t
xrqiexb ` qr fi` i`cee` .rvp`b ` riv`filieeiv ` j`c fi` yicii
sie` htixyhv `f` qiex` hib zexcYqd ic q`ee ehtie` xryirci`
qxraxy ryicii rl` x`t dipqk` o` fi` q`ee htixyhv ` ,yicii
oyieev bpexrhprpxrc ` ht`y q`ee oe` hlree xrc x`b oet
xraxy xryicii xrc iee hwpeR .qxraxy ryicii oe` ryirxard
jie` f` ,wexcp` mrc ji` a`d ,yirxard sie` ovrfxrai` jif liee
hvrfrbxrai` oxree ev qrxrhpi` h`d xraxy xryirxard xrc
o` f` ,wexcp` mrc a`d'k oe` ;yicii sie` hiiw rprcl`b ic hl`ee
.ol`trbp` hip elit` xyt` iif hl`ee'q ,ief` oreerb hip xyt` qr
wicprrf ,qxraxy ic h` hiiw rprcl`b ic xrc oet `eeip mrc ,
oe` ,i`cM fi`'q f` orfxrc oa`d ,qxraxy ic oet oe` htixyhv
` x`t jie` q`c okrx'k oet ehtie` owihkiee .hiiw rprcl`b ic xrc
ic .zenM of hin i` zeki` of hin i` ceaM qiex` htex l`pxeyf
oiiw hip fi`'q ,oqiexc rn`q oet elit` oiey zeaiyg h`d htixyhv
ief` jif h`d'q q`ee ,wilb ` i`cee` fi`'q oe` .jea ` fi`'q x`p ,htrd
xrc ev ornEeeyrbev fi` q`ee ,rpliee oet hr`R xrc f` ot`xhrb
.ohtrd`a xi` hin hp`wrb yip`bx` ief` jif h`d ,"cxr xrwihqb"
` evxrc oe` ,hr`R xriwhkiee xriif ` ,hr`R ` fi` xreerwveq
bpepyxrc rht` oiiw hip fi`'q q`ee ,zrcdaeyii ` hin yhprn
xrhkic ` .oyhprn ev bpeiv`a oi` hw`h oet yhprn ` ,ohr`R a
aia`lY oi` lwia dnly x"c hin qreny xrhxicx`wrx `
79
jie` f` ,hk`c xin .x`hw`crx xrcil`q ,xrheb ` jie` fi` q`ee
rheb oreerb orprf oiihyh`lb ,x`i rbp`l ev mi` oe` ,l"f wieeiil
xrc a orprf iif xra` ,ox`hw`crx htpewev hin oreerb xcqM
of xrai` oiil` xrpii` xreerwveq hvif `c .mrpii` oi` rxrcp`
.otlidrb rheb cinY oe` ,otlidrb rpf hin l`pxeyf rprcl`b ic
hiiw oi` yicii oet dkxrn xrhxrqrax`t xrc oet wexcqie` o` fi`
fen rn .`ilY `da `d fi` qr .dkxrn ic hxrqrax`t if oe` l`xUi
oe` yirxard x`p hcrx rn Eee ,rpeaixh ` sie` oiibqiex` hip hpd
ic f` ,hfee`a q`c .yicii ocrx hree rn q`ee owicleyhp` jif
rpii` ,xrhqreey iieev iee oxag ev jif xrciee oaiedrbp` oa`d ok`xRy
hip xrn oiey jif sx`c rpii` oe` iif oriihy xrxrcp` xrc oarl
.arl ji` i`nl ,xihqiqwr ji` i`nl xrxrcp` xrc x`t owicleyhp`
oe` owexcp` obree rb`xt rkrlcnx`tne` ic cpiv` oe` :.t
.jef`a mrpet oyiprarlxrai`
oii` x`p ul` j`p a`d'k ,owexcp` oiiw hip j`p a`d'k :.a
.oryrb fi` q`ee qp mrc oet zelrRzd `ln ul` j`p oia'k ,wexcp`
ryicii ` `c fi`'q f` ,qp mrc ev orpieeerbev hip heyR jif o`w'k
mrc oet ,hrax` oet obeev rl` oi` oh`xhx`t orprf ocii Eee dpicn
` ,miwwegnzia ` `c fi`'q f` ,ohqkrd mrc fia ohqwixrcip
mrc oet hxrdrb l`n ` qr a`d'k .ht`yxrRxrw ryixrarbvrfrb
ev hxrdrbtie` oa`d xin f` ,hwprcrbx`t qr oe` xfy onlf `iUp
oet wl`t ` ox`eerb oprprf xin oe` qrivel`frx oet wl`t ` of
ornrpp` h`hyp` ovrfrb ht`y q`ee ht`ylrfrb ` ,ovrfrb
`c fi` q`ee ul` f` ,bpearlxrai` rwicl`eeb ` fi`'q .qrivel`frx
xree ,dpicn :`teb j`f xrc h` x`t .hprd ryicii oet hk`nrb fi`
xrpee`cl`eeb `f` hip xin x`t fi` oiil` dpicn .lrRzp xrwipiiee ji`
xra` .qrRr ev lhin ` iee xrn hip j`c qr fi` seqlMseq ,oipr
hpfieh iieev oet dwqtd ` j`p ocii jxec lhin mrc h` oet s`y`a xrc
mrc ev xin a hnrp q`ee ,qpief` qrRr xin x`t ul` j`p fi` x`i
rn iee ,owexcp` oaxy llka o`w rn iee jin hyecig'q oe` .mrh`
,xin hlrtrb q`c :jrlwihy jie` orlaixcrv qp owif`c mrc o`w
lrwprxt xfril`
80
iihy ji` oklree x`t qp ` fi`'q f` x`p qiiee'k .xin hlrtrb upri
,dxeY `vY oeivn oet qp xrpri ornew j`p sx`c'q .ceaMdz`xii oi`
xrhprv ` oxree rw`h hree l`xUi f` oryrb hree qp xrc aie` oe`
xrvp`b xrc xrai` bpel`xhyqie` ic olit hree rn oe` dxeY oet
xrcpEee ` fi`'q f` ,ob`f orp`w orn hree hl`nrc ,hlree xryicii
.mi`penyg rhyxr ic oet brh ic oi` qp xrc iee xrwipiiee hip
1965 x`ep`i
81
rit`xb`ilaiabx`apiihy ` ev
*

cp`a mev hx`eek`p of oi` haxy bxrapxrhy awri mil`yrn I ,
rbx`w ox` hnrp q`ee ,jea owif`c mrc j`p" :1932 ,uiee`pxryh
oe` lihq ,hl`dpi` xriif hiel rprciiyx`t ,milyn wivtet hxrcped
oarbqiex` oe` orprcx` mev hwxrnrbp` orprf ,c`ixrRqbpet`y
x`t qrqriRxrh`rh ,jrldUrn ,milyn :ohtixy cpra op rlet
oe` eeixa ,ohrax` ryib`b`crR ,xrcilxrcpiw ,oiilw oe` qiexb
.(296 'f ,hx`c) "okrxRyrb
x`t hwp`c xr Eee ,hrhin`wbx`apiihy mrc ev eeixa of oi`
jea ohwiyrbev mrc mil`yrn I `ln ,wil`ia .p .g R` jif htex ,
hpxt mrprax`hyx`t oet milyn rl`iprb ic" sie` ,zelrRzd
xrcpef`a of h`d lyn xrcri" - - "l"f bx`apiihy xfril` mrpn
hree q`ee ,wxreexrhqn qiexb ` fi` q`c .seyiM xrcpef`a of ,og
* qriv`nx`tpi` ryit`xb`ilaia ic ox` hxit hqwrh xrwicxrhee xrc
:cp`a mrpi` hk`xarb oxree q`ee ,lrwprxt .` jxec hlrhyrbprn`fev
,bx`apiihy xfril` milyn 'ff ,1969 ,aia`lY ,"uxR .l .i" b`lx`t ,
yicii rwif`c ic" :dxrd ` oi` ohx`c hxrlwxrc lrwprxt .` .325323
hin rit`xb`ilaiabx`apiihy xrwiclleM ` oet orneprb fi` rit`xb`ilaia
` oet wlg ` fi` rklree ,orbpeliihR` ryhc oe` ryiprnex ,ryirxard
qbx`aiihy xfril` oet hrhil`pibix` ic oe` mixewn ic' :hrax`h`x`hw`c
,milyexi oi` hrhiqxreeipe` oyirxard mrc oi` ev hiixb'k q`ee ,'lyn
.ocq ac 't`xR oet dkxcd xrc xrhpe`
,hwexcrb jif hd bxapiihy xfril` Eee ,ohixyhv oe` olpxeyf jq
eeExR xryixbilaia xrhyxr xrwifc xrc h .`vnpa hyip oiey orprf
xrai` oxeerb oaixyrb fi`'q qee ,mrc oe oe` bpey qbxapiihy oe
."zenily oe hee xxrc fi` ,mi`
lrwprxt xfril`
82
) "zexecixecl xeh`xrhil xrfcpe` orpy`a xrhrla ryix`xrhil
.(478 'f ,1933 ,30
:oeafr oyix`xrhil obree orp`nxrc ev jie` oif oi` h`d wil`ia
xrcri oxree hkrlhptrx`t hree qr fia orex hyip hl`f xi`"
oxree hxrpinrb hyip x`h qr .dyexiorR qbx`apiihy oet rlrhpiR
ryixrcpiw ic ,rpf jrldUrn ic :ohvrl ofia ,ul` .ze` oii` oiiw
xrc oi` ornewqiex` ofen orbpevrfxrai` rpf elit` oe` ,jrlrcil
.(hx`c) "oiib oxielx`t hyipx`b x`h qr .hiiwkrlhptr
xfril` oet dxihR xrc j`p x`i wiqxc oe` qwrf ,dfdmeidcr
` fiela "ohtixy cpra op" ic h` oet orpiyxrc orprf ,bx`apiihy
cp`a jrlrqn wilb ic" rqriRxrcpiw ic ,1936 ,uiee`pxryh , -
,"rkrl hiiw rprcl`b ic cp`a xrhiieev ` ,1950 ,5 milyn II lY ,
.`l eze xrcil qwil`ia oet orbpehkicxrai` rhliivrb ,1956 ,aia`
oaixyrbp` fi` q`ee ,hx`eek`p of oi` ,h`d bxrapxrhy awri
oi` fiela hpkrxrbqie` ,obx`apiihy ev ht`yail oe` ceaMz`xii hin
ic h` oet okeY mrc hexhexta wicpxifivrxR hyip ,okixhy rhiixa
`vnipa oreerb hyip orprf mixewn rxrcp` oiiw ."ohtixy cpra op"
dpnl` ic h`d ,minrh rprciiyx`t ailev .ox`i rl` ic jyna
oe` of ev xcqn ofiee`a hyip ,d"r bx`apiihy dwax ,xagn mrpet
jq ` hin h`d if q`ee ,oeafr oyix`xrhil mrc orprkiivevtie`
a`d brh rkrlhr hin wixw ;hidrbR` oe` hreerh`xrb ytpzxiqn
ev oe` oeafr mrc owewevxrai` hiiwkrlbrn ic ornew`a hyxr ji`
.`vnipa hx`c fi`'q q`ee orprkiivx`t
obree ,qreny ` zra ,hliivxrc xin h`d lwia dnly x"c
oet orbpevrfxrai` rpf obree oe` owil`ia ev olitrb qbx`apiihy
up`b h`d xr .owil`ia hxrhbrbx`t ynn h`d bx`apiihy" :mi`
orprf orbpevrfxrai` rkrlhr .yicii sie` hvrfrbxrai` wil`ia
oi` riv`xrcrtxehlew ic q`ee ,jealn`f mrc oi` hwexcrb oreerb
`" ,lrwprxt xfril`) "1921 x`i oi` oarbrbqiex` h`d uiee`pxryh
,"aia`lY oi` lwia dnly x"c hin qreny xrhxicx`wrx ic
hiiw rprcl`b .(90 'f ,1966 ,54
rit`xb`ilaiabx`apiihy ` ev
83
ev eeixa ` mrpf oi` mihxR rkrlhr hib `teb bx`apiihy xfril`
obree ,1923 ipei ohq21 mrc uiee`pxryh oi` oaixyrb ,wil`ia .p .g
oiey ji` a`d mixiy rxr` oet jq `" :orbpevrfxrai` rpf
,'xdf' ,'lil icnb' ,'mr ixiy' ,'uiw ixiy' ,'sxeg ixiy' :hvrfrbxrai`
.(aia`lY ,"wil`ia zia" oeikx`) "j`p oe`
rhkrlhptrx`t ic oet od hk`xarb hxree rit`xb`ilaia xrc oi`
op lMdjq ,oeafr oi` ot`xhrb a`d'k q`ee od ,orbpevrfxrai`
hyip `vnipa hyip orprf'q rklree oyieev ,xrcil rhvrfrbxrai`
oe` zeki` oi` ,xrc rbepa oicd `ede ,"lil icnb" hyip ,uiw ixiy
."xdf" rnr`R xrqiexb ,zenM
hwexcrb 19251920 ox`i ic oi` h`d bx`apiihy xfril`
xryihqipeivilreR xrc oi` qrnrh rl`w`l sie` orp`hrilrt
bpehv hiidxt ic ;"mc`oa" mip`ceerqR oxrhpe` ,uiee`pxryh ,
mi` haxy oe` o`hrilrt ohin bpehv ic owil`ia hwiy bx`apiihy
fi` q`ee ,'mc`oa' xrwicpif xrc" :eeixa ohp`nxrc xrixt mrc oi`
."ji` oia q`c ,hrnzgrb mi` xrhpe`
bx`apiihy xfril` oet dxihR xrc j`p x`i wilcprv xit hrnM
of oet ,zenM oi` ote`lka ,liih xrhqrxb xrc j`p jif hpitrb
xrc oet rR`n xrc sie` "`hipb`wpi` `xrh" ` ,ociazM oi` dxivi
` oe` dlbpay bx`apiihy ` o`x`t fi`'q ;xeh`xrhil xryicii
ic dxivi xryilxrhqie` of siqen fi` q`c oe` ,xYqpay bx`apiihy
.rip`tniq xrhwicprx`thyip oin ` oet up`p`frx
h"kyz elqM ,oelwy`
84
l"fg oe` `xwn oet mixewn ic ev
lyn qbx`apiihy xfril` oi`
*

,dligzkln ,oreerb fi` l"fg xn`n ` oet xrc` weqR ` oet rivwpet ic
owihkrx`a oet oif oi` ,zeknq oet hxta ,jie` meidcr j`p fi` oe`
jif hvep`a ,rxrhprp ic orp`nxrc ev icM ,ief` .bpelrhy rqieerb `
rqiexb ic ofee`a ev icM l"fg ixn`n rkrlhr hin wil`ia .p .g
wl`t xrfcpe` oet oarl oi` ornrpx`t sx`c orpxrl'q q`ee zeaiyg
,wil`ia p"g) ,zextq ixac mrc oi` jie` oe` .(149 'f ,c"kyz ,`"z
of owihkrx`a ev icM l"fg ixn`n rty ` iperny cec hvep`a oif
,iperny cec) hrax` xrc ev oe` xrhrax` mev bp`bev ,okecd lrn
.(37 'f ,f"iyz ,`"z
orprf oziasl` ryit`xb mipindlM ic hin zeky mey oiiw o`
sie` ,oziasl` rhw`xhqa` ,ob`f ev ief` ,l`v rqiexb x`b ` o`x`t
rwicxYqip rklrf` ;oexMfxehlew owiczetYeya ` oet reep`w xrc
mey oiiw o` rklree ,hqb okrlyhprn mrpet mifnx oe` qpkiiv
,orbpearlxrai` rkrlyhprn xrai` oaib oe` sie` ohl`d "ze`zxev"
.rwicxeaiva od ,ryicigi od
,hx`ee ` fi` ,jif oyieev yiniid orprf rklree ,elit` oyhprn iieev
qriv`iv`q` iif oi` hp`nxrc oe` iif hb`f ,fnx ` mYq iv wpEee `
wpEee ,hx`ee mrc hin hip - yihp`nrq - o` hipx`b jif oxrdrb q`ee
,ol`aniq ox`eerb orprf fnx xrc iv wpEee xrc ,hx`ee'q .fnx xrc`
.hqb oet ziasl` o` oet zeize` ipin rklrf` d"c ,qpkiiv
* oet hwexcrbxrai` oe` xeh`xrhil xryicii xrc oet bpeyx`t xrc x`t qwpR
rqrxR .224214 'ff ,1972 wx`ieip ,
lyn qbx`apiihy xfril` oi` l"fg oe` `xwn oet mixewn ic ev
85
xrpieeep` oet ,oyhprn ryiniid mYq oet oziasl` o`x`t orprf'q
xrwihqb xrqieerb ` oet ,wl`t up`b ` oet ,hpbrb ` ,h`hy ` oet
:dtewY xrprarbrb ` oet oe` daiaq
,hrhy ,xrtxrc rhee oet wixev sie` ornew xin
,xrkrlocxr rtih oe` oxrb`l ,qxrwpea ,xrclree oet
,mixaw ryixt orp`ilin qwrf ic oet miyxei ic
."xrkrd j`p hyip aie`" oc oet ,cil oc oet miyxei ic
("q`b`p`lbrv" ,ox`w lgx)
oet ziasl` mev hxrdrb cil qpx`w lgx oet rt`xhq rwif`c ic
xrprarbrb ` oet oe` daiaq xrqieerb ` oet ,wl`t ` oet hqb
.dtewY
oet ziasl` ox`t reep`w ` iee hvep`a xehlew ryirR`xii` ic
xehlew xryirxard xrhl` xrc oet orbp`lwxrciee rtih ic hqb
.dwipi hiv if rklree oet ,oxehlew ryiph`l oe` ryikixb ic oet oe`
h`d (18931850) o`q`R`n rc ib xraxy xryifiivp`xt xrc
mi` jif h`d hx`ee q`c ."ht`yail" o`n`x ` mrpf otexp` hl`eerb
,ox`eerb hxifil`p`a oe` hveprbR` ev oiey fi` hk`crbqie` xra`
otexrbp` o`n`x mrc xr h`d Fort comme la mort iee wx`hy)
"ht`yail" qr jif hpriil hqb oet ziasl` oi` oe` ,(hieh xrc
- (6 ,g mixiyd xiy) "dad` zeenk dfr" oet reep`w xrc sie`
oet orbpevrfxrai` rl`) "ht`yail ic fi` hieh xrc iee wx`hy"
xrc hin zeky mey oiiw o` - (y`edi mebxY oet orprf `xwn
.xrhxree rprarbrb ic oet wihp`nrq
hr`R oyifiivp`xt oqiexb mrc oet cil ` oi` xin orrf rprbii` q`c
:(18671821) xrlc`a lx`y
Ange plein de bonheur, de joie et de lumires,
David mourant aurait demande la sant
Aux manations de ton corps enchant!
(Reversibilit, Les Fleurs du Mal)
lrwprxt xfril`
86
:yhh orxt on oi`
,hkil oe` wilb ,dgniU`ln j`ln
okef o`hrb zeig h`d dqiqb of oi` cec
.seb owicteyiM oc oet l`xhyqie` ma
,`) '` mikln xtq oet lhiR`w ohyxr mrc oet reep`w xrc sie`
ev oe` orpriil ev ziasl` xrhw`xhqa` xrc fcpe` htlrd (1
f` x`p ,j`ln ` ev mYq hip jif hcpree xrhkic xrc f` ,oiihyx`t
.oyhprn mrc oet dtewYhpbei ic oqie` `c fi` xr
,"`wt`w oet qxreeipe` xrc" ,"clrdiwqeeri`hq`c" iee owexcqie`
o`x`t orprf'q oe` ziasl` ohw`xhqa` mrc h` ev jie` oxrdrb
.xeriy ` o` rklrf`
" :cil of oi` hb`f wil`ia :"orpiiee xin jif hqelb
qrx`nk rwihpd ic oet xkf ` x`t oe`
."zexdp lr" xrp ` oalax`t j` hree
) mixiy (1 'f ,1922 ,oilxra ,
my laa zexdp lr" :flw milidY lhiR`w q`c `c fi` reep`w ic
oqrfrb xin orprf hx`c ,laa oet okh ic a" - "epika mb ,epayi
."hpiieerb oe`
h`d xr Eee ,rib`l`hp` of otexrbp` h`d xrvlrn oeyny
iieev ic h` hin ,rifr`R ryicii yirxard sie` orbpefrbxrai`
` o`x`t oiey fi` `c oe` (f"kyz ,milyexi) "zexdp lr" :xrhxree
oe` ;fxrt qwil`ia i` ,flw milidY lhiR`w q`c i` :reep`w rhlR`h
qiex` htex rifr`R xryicii oet rib`l`hp` o` x`t orn`p xrc h`
xehlew xrc j`p ul` ,orbp`lwxrciee rhpr`p oe` rhee mipindlM
bp`lwR` ic hiel oe` xrpriil mrprarbrb mrc oet dbxcn
.zedn of et ohiiwkrlbrn
reep`w ic oe` "ornrp qexzi h`d xr" :hb`f lhxree ryicii q`c
h`d ornrp oaif - (exzi 't ,`zlikn) "exzil eid zeny dray" fi`
.h`drb exzi
lyn qbx`apiihy xfril` oi` l"fg oe` `xwn oet mixewn ic ev
87
wipiieepqie` hqiiee u`w ic Eee ,lyn qbx`apiihy oet hlree xrc oi`
,"hped ic oe` u`w ic") "xyidaw" mrc i` ,"dpi`xedpi`v" ic i`
mil`yrn I weqR mrc oet rivwpet ic fi` ,(63 'f ,1935 ,hyrx`wea ,
hxta x`p ,bpelrhy rqieerb ` ovihy oet hip l"fg xn`n mrc oet oe`
.wqrh`xb oyixrtihy oin ` oet rxrtq`nh` o` ot`y ev
mrc oyieev bEeeif mrpc`n mrc oet jif hnew`a wqrh`xb xrc
obree riv`ehiq ic oe` l"fg xn`n xrc` weqR ol`xw`q ,mrpraiedrb
hq`R'q .ovep`a iif heh `teb lynn xrc` oieyx`Rlyn xrc xrklree
xrprclib ` iee" - (22 ,`i ilyn) "xifg s`a adf mfp" ` iee jif
hq`R qr" :lhxree oyicii oi` iee oe` ,"xifg ` oet f`p otie` bpixf`p
".jrlbpixie` xifg ` iee ,xic
oet wqrh`xb oin `f` o`x`t oiey fi` lhxree oyicii oi`
lhxree q`c hvep`a bx`apiihy ."lad hip fi` orw" :ohq`xhp`w
hyip fi` ,xrcexa ,orw" :hx`ee oii` oet a`bev ohin ,b`l`ic ` oi`
) "lad mil`yrn I xrc ev hq`R sexqie` xrprarbrbev xrc ;(124 'f ,
oe` oiw hin zeky oi` hvep`a ,oe` b`l`ic mrpet j`xRyqreny
.qp`eip ` j`p "xrcexa" hx`ee'q ev `c hib ,lad
:zexaicdzxUr ic oet reep`w xrc sie` oe`
xrwic ` hiihy xifg ` rhrx`w xrlet xrai`
,xMip ,hlk` xr oe`
- z` caM :weqR mrpet xriif hl`d xr
!qrxt mrc hl`d jrlxrd
- oekix`i ornl
!ogiyn harlxrc rn ,orn harl oqr zekf oi` lee
) mil`yrn I (224 'f ,
hin `c jif hnew`a hq`xhp`w xrc oe` weqR ohin qebtiepev xrc
xrc oyieev hiiwkrlprbp`lw xrc oet slid xrc z` xrc oi` "qr")
mrpet eeih`xrRni` xrc ,"qr" xrc oe` (j`xRyqie` xryifpMy`
:h`arb ohxrt otie` fnxn fi` ,"oekix`i ornl" xrc oe` ."oqr" axree
hl`d" - (12 ,k zeny) "jini oekix`i ornl jn` z`e jia` z` cak"
lrwprxt xfril`
88
jif ol`f brh rpc icM ,xrhen oc oe` xrh`t oc ceaM oi`
yxcn" xrwqrh`xb oin `f` ,licadl ,jif hnew`a'q oe` - "oxrbprl
."xifg
xrwiliid ` oreerb ocii zexec rl` x`t fi` dlrnlyoiczia xrc
x`t jif hnew "dlrnlyoiczia ox`t" lyn oi` xra` ,hl`hyp`
mrc oi` oe` q`arl`a mrprfreerb xi` hin ew ` oc`l mi`
z` oicd aewi" xrc yiwqrh`xb R` hbpilw hqwrhp`w mrprarbrb
xrc" :liee ew ic ;bx`a mrc oxrkrl l`f oic xrc - (av 'ai) "xdd
"owl`eevx`eey mrc oef oet xrpxrd ic iee bxra oxrkrl l`f zn`
) mil`yrn I "ureilra xrc" lyn mrc oi` ief` jie` oe` .(27 'f ,
:Eee
ornewrbtiepev jif rwiceaMa fn mipipn orv
.onefneoken orn hvif oxrd ev oe`
xra` ,j`xRyqreny xrc oi` uep`a xrxrleR`R ` fi` "onefneoken"
l`v ic :qreep`w rkrlhr sie` wqrh`xb xrc jif hnew`a `c `weec
` hin orpree`c" oi` rciia orp`nxrc mipipn hx`ee q`c oe` orv
`v xrxrcp` o` h`hyp` "mipipn orv" b`f xrc c`xb ;"oipn l
,hinxrc jie` wqrh`xb oe` l`xw`q oyieev liRy mrc hwx`hyx`t
hx`eef`lqie` oe` "orv" hx`eeaiidp` q`c obrw` hlrhy'q q`ee
welig mrc oiil` j`p hliRy q`c oe` ,xc hpiin q`ee ,"onefn"
:oipn a oe` "elyn eplk`y jexa" :onefn a oyhpra gqep oyieev
."elyn eplk`y epiwel` jexa"
:fien xrc oet hb`frb hxree lyn mrc oi` jie`
xrvxrd ic hwx`hy :izvr ,jrlxrcixa ,oMlr
- xrvxrw j` hk`n owr ic oe`
) mil`yrn I (36 'f ,
hqrt" - (30 ,a mixac) "eaal z` un`e" hin xrai` jif htex q`ee
(7 ,eh mixac) "jaal z` un`z `l" hin oe` - "ux`d of hk`nrb
orpif oi` hiib uep`a xrc Eee ,"ux`d oc ok`n hx`d hip ehql`f" -
lyn qbx`apiihy xfril` oi` l"fg oe` `xwn oet mixewn ic ev
89
oet hw` owiczeixfk` mrc sie` ev ief` hiixb q`ee oe` zeixfk` oet
.owr ic ow`dR` jif
oe` orbpep`nxrc xrpriil ma sie` hwree q`ee hqwrh `
hf oii` oet :rivw`rx rhlR`h ` qiex` mi` a htex ,qrib`l`p`
oet oe` ,ohp`w`a ohl` o` hin jif orprbrb`a'q ,litrb yiniid `
qrRr axrc `c fi` j`c f` ,bpey`xxrai` o` hf xrxrcp` xrc
hiep rwicxcqM j`c xra` ,rwicdxiYq ic oxrthprx`t heh q`c .p
hv xrprbii` xrc oi` hlit q`ee ,hwrlrhpi` okrlyhprn mrc oet
ha hipx`b ,oyih`hq mrc oet hiiwiex xrc j`p yiprtxrc`a ` i`
oe` hyxec oin ` i` ,oefzldw ` xrhpe` hlree ` oet hip jif
.oxree ev hy`xxrai` yiprtxrc`a
fi` hqwrh xrc Eee olrhy jq ` obx`apiihy a o`x`t orprf'q
i` ,yiniid i` fi` oe` l"fg oe` `xwn oet reep`w xrc sie` hiearb
:xrklree ,"b`hhqax`d xrc" oi` lynl iee ,xrpriil ox`t p
:ordry rpf mi` hliiv xr q`ee xrbiif otie` fbexa fi`
- hley hyip j`c dkxa ic fi` ohliivrb oi`
) mil`yrn I (128 'f ,
dkxad oi`" :l"fg xn`n mrc oexMf oi` siex` jlb hbprxa q`c oe`
,g ziprz) "iepnd xaca `le cecnd xaca `le lewyd xaca `l dievn
oi` hip ,j`f xrprbieeerb oiiw oi` hip dkxa oiiw `hip fi`'q - (a"r
reep`w ic ;j`f xrhliivrb oiiw oi` hip oe` j`f xrprhq`nrb oiiw
"oird on ienqd xaca `l` dievn dkxa oi`" ohin jie` zeky ` h`d
.hip hrf bie` q`c q`ee j`f ` oi` x`p o`x`t fi` dkxa ic - (hx`c)
oiiw oarb hip orn o`w hip hrf rn q`ee j`f ic q`ee fi` mrh xrc
`l` dievn dkxa oi`" :owiczepky mrc oet hlea fi`'q iee ,rxdoir
` oi` x`p o`x`t fi` dkxa ic - (hx`c) "ea zhley oird oi`y xaca
x`t hxrthprx`t q`c oe` ;hley hip fi` bie` q`c xrklree sie` j`f
a o` hiib q`ee "hley" axree mrc obx`apiihy a oa`d xin q`ee
xrc hip mex` ief` fi` "hrliewrbR`" m`xb mrc oe` ,rxdoir o`
.`weec axree owif`c mrc oet mrh xrwivpii`
lrwprxt xfril`
90
:otp`xa xrc hb`f "lxrvlrf q`c" lyn oi`
,mixvn oi` hriledrv jif otbd ixR `xea xrc oree
,oef ic mi` hrw`ilyfrbqie` ,dwyn ox`eerb mi xrc fi`
.jrlbiv ic iee hrRehrb ,hvp`hrb bxra ic oe`
) mil`yrn I (106 'f ,
:milidY lhiR`w mrpet liih ohyxr mrc orp`nxrc jlb heh q`ee
oet qiex` fi` l`xUi f`" - (1 ,ciw milidY) "mixvnn l`xyi z`va"
zerab mili`k ecwx mixdd ;xeg`l aeqi ocxid qpie d`x mid" - "mixvn
xrc ,ot`lhp` fi` oe` orfxrc h`d mi xrc" - (3 ,hx`c) "o`v ipak
iee orbpexRyrbR` orprf bxra ic ;xrhpid` oh`xhrbR` h`d ocxi
."s`y rbpei iee okiid ic ,qxrciee
oet hip oe` "mili`" oet hip urfxrai` xrc hip fi` "jrlbiv"
,lld oet xrhprw`a fi` q`ee ,weqR xrcp` o` oet hiib x`p ,"o`v"
milidY) "lbr enk mciwxie" :qhk`pevwihxt qr hb`f rn lee
."al`w ` iee orbpixRy hk`nrb iif h`d xr oe`" - (6 ,hk
iixcx`t owicdpeyn mrc oet jif hnew`a wqrh`xb xryin`w xrc
.otp`xa oxeMiy mrpet oexMf oi` yintiepev oe`
xn`n ` zexey xit oi` o`x`t fi` "j`c xrfbexa xrc" lyn oi`
` hliRy q`ee ,'a l`eny oi` weqR ` hin sexxrai` o` ,l"fg oi` ox
:yf`ni`milidY `
;dxfdcear fi` ,j`c xin oqiiee ,qrM
.dxv ` rlrfd qdnly 'x oet lkrc ohin xra`
,f`p of oet yf` jiex ` hiib'q ,fiia
.orniew mrpet
) mil`yrn I (127 'f ,
"dxf dcear caer eli`k qrekd lk" mrc ev hxrdrb dxey rhyxr ic
ryicii q`c q`ee ,(117 'r ,'b xcg n"daa qtcpy mlerl yxcn)
."dxfdcear oet xrbxr fi` qrM" :hyhhx`t xt jif h`d lhxree
orbp`brbtie` fi` jiex `" - (9 ,ak ,'a l`eny) "eRra oyr dlr"
lyn qbx`apiihy xfril` oi` l"fg oe` `xwn oet mixewn ic ev
91
miweqt ic oi` hpiin q`ee ,"s`" ."f`p of oi` ox`v jie` hh`a ,
:yf`ni`milidY ` sie` jie` fnxn orprf lyn oi` zexey ic oe` ;f`p
."?ox`v oc hprxa [q`ee x`t]" - (1 ,cr milidY) "jt` oyri gvpl"
sih orprf q`ee mifnx oe` ornrp hin ht` jif hvep`a bx`apiihy
fi` "oenxg" lyn mrc oi` .wl`t xrfcpe` oet oexMf oi` ow`arbp`
ryiniid j`c oe` rhee hwree oiil` orn`p xrc h` elit`
`ed oe`iy xd cre oepx` lgp zty lr xy` xrexrn" :orbp`lwR`
oe` oepx` l`h brxa ma q`ee xrexr oet" - (48 ,c mixac) "oenxg
"oeiv ixxd lr cxeiy oenxg lhk" ;"oenxg fi` q`c ,oe`iy bx`a ofia
bxra ic sie` hxrcip q`ee iehoenxg xrc iee ief`" - (3 ,blw milidY)
hp`nxrc hxree q`ee xadxey obree hliivxrc lyn q`c ."oeiv oet
:(e ,g mi`lk) dpyn xrc oi`
.of`xb ic bxra hpfieh oet xadxey xrc leexrc hqr
) milyn II (49 'f ,1956 ,aia`lY ,
"sl` ixxda zenda" oet reep`w xrc sie` x`p hip fi` dxey ic
rw`h oe` jie` x`p ,"bxra hpfieh sie` zenda ic" - (10 ,p milidY)
idef ,`ealcizrl jlk`nl iz`xay ,il yi zg` d`ixa" :sie` xwira
ipinlk dl milcbn mixd sl`e ,mixd sl` lr dveax `ide ,zenda
` - (ak x"wie ;` 'qed x"wiqt) "zlke` `ide lk`n ipinlke miayr
`y`a if a`d'k q`ee ,ji` a`d yiprtry`a ofRy ev jic sie` ot
oe` ,bxra hpfieh sie` hbil if oe` ,zenda fi` q`c ,`ealcizrl
mipindlM oe` of`xb mipindlM xi` x`t oqw`ee oreh bxra hpfieh
.milk`n
:jrlxrb`i ic ,jrlxrtiel ic xadxey xrc hwiy l`n oii`
,mfb ,liqg ,wli ,dax`
.mi` f`xb q`c orp`ntiepev bxra ic oet
) milyn II (49 'f ,
,dax`d lk` mfbd xzi" :mrc hqwrhxrhpe` o` iee xin oa`d `c oe`
q`ee" - (4 ,` l`ei) "liqgd lk` wlid xzie ,wlid lk` dax`d xzie
lrwprxt xfril`
92
oe` ,wixryiid xrc oqrbrbtie` h`d mrx`ee mrc oet oailarb fi`
xrc oqrbrbtie` h`d wixryiid mrc oet oailarb fi` q`ee
h`d xrqrxtf`xb mrc oet oailarb fi` q`ee oe` ,xrqrxtf`xb
."lixb xrc oqrbrbtie`
"okh olree orwqrilR" dxey ral`d ic ,"lwR q`c" lyn oi`
) milyn II milidY) "sk e`gni zexdp" mrc jlb hp`nxrc (95 'f ,
ev i`cM fi`'q oe` - "hprd ic oR`lw ol`f okh ic" - (8 ,gv
.yhh oi` axree oyiee`lq ` hin uep`a mrc `c owxrn`a
ic h` hin jif hwicprx`t "f`p ic oe` rliiyh`tf`p ic" lyn q`c
:zexey
?ornew hree giyn oree ,of hree q`ee
,ornehy ` hbrxt ,ocpila ` hbrxt
,rwil`t ic ,rwivrxw ic hbrxt
,rwil`w ohqiee ocri` hbrxt
- jiy rhl` ,xrcpiliv mrc ,lnxhy q`c hbrxt
!jif ,lgen hf ,hbrxt
:Ry ` o`hrb bp`l wicv ` hqifne` hip
."axrc of hip l`f ji` oe` ornew xr l`f"
) mil`yrn I (173 'f ,
"dipingi` `le izii" :ornew qgiyn obree l"fg xn`n ` hp`nxrc q`ee
.orf hip mi` l`f ji` ia` [giyn] ornew xr l`f - (a ,gv 'dpq)
ocri sie` zelikx mixifg iieev oaxh "mih`arl`a" lyn oi`
oet qiex` hyxr iif oriib ,hpid ic ev o` ornew iif oree oe` ,mrpii`
:lee ,milM ic
!elit` iif olia dpal xrc obrw
?lnid obrw dRveg -
) mil`yrn I (208 'f ,
'dpq) "ipdn `iny elit` dRveg" :l"fg xn`n mrpet reep`w xrc sie`
Rveg - (` ,dw .lnid obrw elit` uep ev hnew d
lyn qbx`apiihy xfril` oi` l"fg oe` `xwn oet mixewn ic ev
93
) "sx`eelien xrc oe` xrlc` xrc" lyn q`c mil`yrn I (177 'f ,
xetv ,dn rcei `ede bdep xeng ,dnly" :l"fg xn`n mrc oi` hp`nxrc
dnly oe` hrvwrla lfii` o` - (h ,` x"ydy) "dn rcei `ede uiivn
.liee xr q`ee hqiiee dnly oe` hryhieev lbiit ` ,liee xr q`ee hqiiee
,hlree ` iif x`t jif hptr" :dxey ic fi` ,lyn mrprbii` mrc oi`
"zlkz eleky zilh" ohin xrai` jif htex ,"xrcpEee eleMy hlree `
.zlkY ovp`b oi` fi` q`ee zilh ` - ('e ,oixcdpq ,inlyexi)
xrxt ,xryixrtihy oin ` o`x`t fi` "ryx xrc" lyn oi`
iiee - (`"q zekxa) "ixvin il ie`e ,ixvein il ie`" mrpet yhhx`t
:xvi mrprbii` on oet xin fi` iiee oe` r"yax mrpet xin fi`
lnid xrc ht`xhy zexiar x`t
.cxr ic ht`xhy zeevin x`t oe`
) mil`yrn I (21 'f ,
ht` ief` mrc obree "oyw`l oe` dxeY oyieev" hrax` of oi` ,ocq ac
hk`n bx`apiihy xfril`" iee hfee ,"oyw`lzxeY" b`f ohvep`a
ic oe` dxeY ic ,ohprp`Rn`w rciia Eee ,lyn ` lhxree xrfcpe`
) orn`fev yixrliRy jif oqib ,oyw`l milyn II :(60 'f ,
oiey hw`xa xrqrn q`c `y
:oyw`lzxeY
.wqeR xrhvrl xrc iee ,`knqxa ` iee hcpy
!wfeg hip hk`n ?q`ee oarl q`c ,hb`f
.wqer mi` oi` ji` ,oyw`l lhrla ` fi`'q
` fi` oe` 'dxeY ow`xa' lienqwl`t q`c h`d 'oyw`l ow`xa' hiel
hpiin 'jezg' iee hwpeR xra` ,wqeR ocpy qr hpiin ief` , orprwqR
hqiid 'wqt' yxey xrc xrhee ;'oicdjezig' :hiib oeyl q`c oe`
lhrla mrc xrhpe` oet oe` (zeni `le diyix wiqR) ow`dR` wihpexb
c) "lyn ` oet og ` h` ,`xnb lhrla q`c `c hxihrw`w oyw`l
,ocq zenkg oet dnkg ic .(185 'nr ,1967 ,`"z ,
sx`c rn ,`i" :xrc "hxihrw`w" "ureilra xrc" lyn oi` ief`
lrwprxt xfril`
94
) ".lkiiny ` oeh ryx mrc mil`yrn I :l"fg xn`n mrc hin (37 'f ,
of oi` qwet ox`t obiip jic eh - (eh 'bn) dil cibq dipcira `lrz
dxey rhvrl ic oe` .orprtpg :"lkiiny ` oeh" ,`c hpiin ,ab` .hv
ic oe` ,xrh`w - xrh`w xrc hala" :lyn mrprbii` mrc oet
xnpe exer iyew jetdid" ohin oxihrw`w heh "!oiiv - rpf jrlcpiiv
` oe` hied of oha iyeM ` orw" - (23 ,bi dinxi) "eizexeaxag
."?owrlt rpf hxrRnrl
oi` mil`yrn I fi`'q Eee ,242227 'ff ,"zeize`" lwiv ` o`x`t fi`
iaxc `zia `tl` yxcn" mrc oet drRyd ryixrt`y ` wihprw
oe` hk`xh`a ze` xrcri hxree "r"xc a"` yxcn" oi` ."`aiwr
sewf sl` ly ey`x dn iptn" :dxev xryit`xb of hiel hpkiiv`a
zn`e ,zn`k aygp `edy iptn ,mc` ipak milbx izy el yie cnere
jif hl`d oe` hiihy q`ee x`t - "miilbx el oi` xwye ,miilbx el yi
xr lee ?yhprn ` iee qit iieev h`d xr oe` '` oet uiRy xrc jlb
xwy xrc oe` qit h`d zn` xrc oe` zn` hx`ee mev zeky ` h`d
iptn ,'a itlk eipt 'be ,'b itlk eipt dn iptn ,zia" .qit oiiw hip h`d
mipR ohin 'a hiihy q`ee x`t - "lkl oigezt eizlcy zial dnec 'ay
oxih qprnree aehy ` ev okilbrb fi` 'a lee ?'a ev 'b oe` 'b ev
xrcri hxifixrhw`x`k hxree ief` oe` .mrpii` ocri x`t ot` oriihy
.ziasl` mrpet ze`
.g ev ceaMdz`xii qiexb hin obiev`a jif h`d bx`apiihy xfril`
oe` xrcil rpf oet l`v ` yicii sie` hvrfrbxrai` h`d ,wil`ia .p
oiiw hip hrnM fi`'q .ox`i oet jyna oaixyrbkxec mi` hin jif h`d
Eee ,(qwEeek`p) ,"gitq" hpriilrb eYrya h`d bx`apiihy f` ,wtq
sl` o` hxree "gitq" oi` .ox`ixrcpiw rpf obree hliivxrc wil`ia
,wil`ia p"g) "miilc befe lq`" o` hin hklbx`t mixetiq ,`"z ,
.jrlcprw x`R ` hin lqin`x`w ` - (gix 'ff ,1956
zeige zenda zenca :mipt dnka od s` il e`xp zeize`d x`y zxev"
iz`vn `l dry itly ,mzq zepeyn zeixak e` ,milke mibce zetere
dyely lra oetity oin df ixd - o"iyd .dfd mlera `nbec oiicr odl
dciqg ef ixd - c"nld ;miy`x "zg` lbx lr zcnere x`eev zhyet
lyn qbx`apiihy xfril` oi` l"fg oe` `xwn oet mixewn ic ev
95
"mecxw zpiga - z"lcd ...sbn df ixd l"nibd" .(hixgix 'ff ,hx`c)
xrhpe` orfrb iif ji` a`d zeize` rwixrai` ic jie` - (hix 'f ,hx`c)
mYq oe` milM oe` yit zeter ,zeig ,zenda :zexev rprciiyx`t
oiiw orpetrb hip j`p leexrc a`d'k rklree x`t zeixa rpc`n
'l ;Rrw xc hin bp`lypx`d oin ` iee 'y .hlree xrc sie` `nbec
oii` sie` hiihy oe` fcl`d mrc qie` hwrxhy q`ee lyea oin ` iee
.w`d ` iee 'c ... leeihy ` iee 'b ;qet
mrpet ."zeize`" lwiv mrpet milyn iieev oet zenbec `c bprxa'k
:'b lyn
?lnid oi` jif hwicpifx`t l`n` xree ,xi` hqiiee
!lnib
,lqitrxdxvi rwiceepg q`c j`c fi` if
- lqia ` oeh ev sihy ` xi` jif hqelbx`t ,ep
.jnq ic qiehy ` oeh
"!jin`l orlww" ,if hb`f ,"ltiix q`c h`"
) mil`yrn I (227 'f ,
:"cei ly evew" lyn mrpet oe`
,lqit ohin hrbixc lnib ic oe`
?lqia ` hxrdrb" .ltl` q`c haxh
!lyny q`c h`" ,if hxy ,"jif hRehy
lqin`x`w ` - j`p qpief` orfrb hip
"!jrlrcprw iieev hin
) mil`yrn I (238 'f ,
iee yf`ni` xrc fi` xrhee .ltl` o` ox`eerb fi` sl` mrc oet
.owil`ia a
jrlrcprx oet yix ic oe`
.zlc xrc hin dxey oii` oi` mrpii` oi` oiihy hip liee
"?zelc xrc h`" ,if hxy ,"evxrd` xr hnew iee"
lrwprxt xfril`
96
"yix" ic f` ief` ,hiiwnrx` rciia oqiid "zelc" od ,"yix" od
"zlc" xrc oet zepky ic o` hip xi` hiihy'q oe` "jif hf`la" rklree
.jrlcprx hx`ee oet "yix" ` x`p of fen
."x`d" oarl oiihyp` hip liee wicv rbp`l ic oe`
!x`txrc" ?oree x`t ,q`ee x`t ,yhhq
"!ux`d oiiw hip j`c h`d xr lee !ryx ` fi` xr lee
oe` rlrqit mrc bpr ,lqit q`c hRrly lee`eecnl q`c oe`
- mi` l`ny
."mely" oi` ?Eee
"!qhx`ee ,hip hRrly !jrlrn`R !j` hin h`b"
,hxree `x`q ,mely `x`q"
cxreey xrc a orn hpitrb oiy of f`
mrlw oi` rlr'mn of oe`
!mnjnq ma x`b
dnwp oi` otrxh qr hprw xi` oe`
dngln oi` elit` oe`
."(hxriilyrb hx`c yxrcp` lqia ` yh`k)
hxriieerv ,hk`trv ,jif hf`larv oiy ic oe`
,wicpi` mrpet xriiee xrc iee
:wicpif fi` sew ic - sew xrc oet jif hwex
!xwy mrpet xyM lqitxifg q`c fi`'q
) mil`yrn I (238 'f ,
a"` yxcn oi` ziasl` mrc oet rc`litrc xrkrlxrt xrc j`p
ryixrliRy oin ` obx`apiihy a zeize` lwiv oi` x`t hnew "r"xc
,'a l`eny) "epiptl ewgyie mixrpd `p enewi" gqep hrnM rc`litrc
x`t o`h sihy ` oe` oiihytie` rbpei ic hyx`w` ol`f" - (14 ,a
."fcpe`
97
bx`apiihymebxY
bpeiv`a qwil`ia obree zexrd
orbpevrfxrai` qbx`apiihy ev *
qbx`apiihy xfril` oet fil`p`j`xRy ` oarb ev hip `c eeExR ji`
hrax`jlbx`t oiiw hip jie` oe` oyhhx`twil`ia of oi` jxc
heeExRrb oa`d q`ee ,dnewxeriy oet qxrhkic rprciiyx`t ic oyieev
obx`apiihy x`t ,x`i wivraif rhvrl ic oi` yicii sie` owil`ia oarb
qwil`ia obree okixhyreep`w otx`eep` fiela liee'k ;mi` j`p oe`
rpf oet hk`nrb h`d bx`apiihy q`ee orbpevrfxrai` ic ev bpeiv`a
xra` ,xrwicnevniva ` x`b fi` l`ixrh`n xrwickiiy xrc .xrcil
owipiiee mrc h` oet elit` o`w rn f` ji` aiilb ,siexrc hwewrb hip
ic f` ,owxrn`a ev i`cM fi` lMmcew .clia lwihy ` ornew`a
* oi` orpiyxrc fi` hqwrh xrvxew xrc h` hiiw rprcl`b ic 'ff ,1972 ,76 ,
xrxt qbx`apiihy oi` wil`ia ongpmiig oet xrcil oaif hiilb`a xr .2422
.l`n rhyxr q`c hkrlhptrx`t ohx`c h`d lrwprxt .` q`ee bpevrfxrai`
jif oyrl oe` jif ocpiv qr" ,("mixixtv") "jrlcpbx`nheb" :orprf xrcil ic
lr") "zleRn ` ux`d xr` bp`l oiey" ,("miake mivivn miakek") "oxrhy
"zeceq hin hRy oeihanqhk`p" ,("?ji`") "?ehqia Eee" ,("mnyy mkaal
xrhpiee ic oet" ,("lilicnb") "jrlheRilil" ,("zeceq hlet dnncd mi") -
xrai` ic" :xr hxrlwxrc lRrw mev dxrd ` oi` .("sxegd ixiyn") "xrcil -
jif hpitrb q`ee oeafrbx`apiihy mrc oet ox`eerb orneprb orprf orbpevrf
xrai` mi` h`d dgRyn ic Eee ,milyexi oet wrh`ilaia ol`p`iv`p mrpi` -
x`hwrxic mrc ,acp ikcxn x"c mrc daehl `c o`nxrc'k .dpYna oarbrb
xrc mrc x`t ,wrh`ilaia xrc oet liihR`ociazM oe` eeikx` mrc oet -
xrai` qbx`apiihy oet ohqwrh ic oxit`xb`h`t ev oe` okef ev yipraiel -
."orbpevrf
lrwprxt xfril`
98
oiiw j`p ,zercdlkl orprf hwexcrbR` `c oxree q`ee orbpevrfxrai`
oi` hip oe` ohtixyhv oi` hip ,ox`eerb hkrlhptrx`t hip l`n
qbx`apiihy xfril` ev ,hvi` hyxr hwexcrb oxree iif .xrkia
.hvx`i ohqwivxrt

(aia`lY oi` "wil`ia zia" oet x`hwrxic xrc) clrtxrbpe` .n
orbpevrfxrai` ic oet swid obree hrax` o` oi` hpkrxrbqie` h`d
fi` wil`ia f` ,wxree qwil`ia oet ox`eerb hk`nrb orprf q`ee
,cltxbpe` .n) ok`xRy wivp`eev oe` qwrf oi` ox`eerb hvrfrbxrai`
,"zexg` zepeyla wil`ia" mifpb .(195 'f ,d"kyz aia`lz ,a iee
x`p oeayg oi` orneprbpx` xr h`d ,o` hx`c hib clrxrbpe`
rpri hip llM oe` mrx`tkea oi` qiex` orprf q`ee orbpevrfxrai`
rprciiyx`t oi` ox`eerb hwexcrb orprf q`ee orbpevrfxrai`
.zeipqk` ryix`xrhil
`ilnR rwiceaMa x`b ` hrax` of oi` hbprxa clrtxrbpe`
rklree oet ,yicii sie` owil`ia hvrfrbxrai` oa`d q`ee ohr`R
,oiqril .` ,aiil ip`n :ornrp rkrlhr fiela orp`nxrc `c lree'k
fi` rixrhixw ic zeid .xe`ipy onlf oe` ux`eey .i .i ,orfiix mdxa`
oxree ,mrx`tkea oi` qiex` orprf q`ee orbpevrfxrai` oet x`p oreerb
oe` uxR .l .i hip qxrvrfxrai` qwil`ia oyieev hp`nxrc hip
rkrlhr qbx`apiihy xfril` orprf h` .bx`apiihy xfril` hip
,"cilqwl`t" :wil`ia ongpmiig oet orbpevrfxrai` rhwexcrb
riprnexqiexb x`t j`p`nl` xryicii ic" ;1 'f ,1923 ,uiee`pxryh ,
,"dxeUa ic hiidxt ,"x`i`w" ;28.4.1923 ,uiee`pxryh , ,j`ee ic
,"hk`px`t" ;4 'f ,1934 ,1211 ,hyrx`wea ,xrhrla ryix`xrhil
,"xrxh ic" ,"orbp`frb q`akeMxa oet" ;196 'f ,1934 ,13 ,ryx`ee
hiiw rprcl`b ic rpc xrhpe` jin mrp" ;8382 'ff ,1949 ,2
,"lhrhy oi` hip oe` h`hy oi` hip" ,"lbilt ipwtil zlidw xtq)
.207 'f ,1963 `"z ,(oexkf
rbpei ov`yR` oi` wivx`dhiixa ,reciM ,oreerb fi` wil`ia
bx`apiihymebxY
99
rxrcp` oyieev .ip`y - orbpevrfxrai` rbep q`ee xra` ,qxrhkic
oree ofieerbqiex` h`d xr q`ee olieexrciee xrc zecr mrc obree hb`f
eYrya fi` rklree ,"dbxdd xir" rnr`R of hvrfrbxrai` h`d uxR
oe` ."aexinp `Un" orn`p oxrhpe` ,minrhxefprv zngn ,qiex`
l`f oiil` wil`ia f` oreerb mxeb h`d hiiwpcixtevne` ic h` c`xb
ev eeixa ` oi` haxy xr iee ,yicii sie` ovrfxrai` rnr`R ic
gley ip`e ,zicedi 'aexinp `Un' z` iznbxz" :1906 x`i oi` inroa
) "jkl il mxb uxt ly rxd enebxz .zg` zxaeg dfa jl p"g zexb`
wil`ia hvrfrbxrai` a`d'k" :yhh ,(17 'f ,2 .a ,d"vxz ,`"z ,
rhkrly ic ;xey`xa ` xic wiy'k oe` yicii sie` 'aexinp `Un'
."oreerb mxeb q`c h`d ovxR oet bpevrfxrai`
oet bpevrfxrai` ic hwexcrbR` bx`apiihy xfril` h`d 1923 oi`
oe` "cilqwl`t" orn`p oxrhpe` "daeh oa` inl" cil qwil`ia
ic f` hfee`a q`c oe` ,"bpevrfxrai` rhxifix`hie`" oarbrbp`
mi` owil`ia a eYrya ohrarb h`d uxR q`ee yipraielxrc
oet owil`ia ev eeixa qrvxR orf) ornew`a hip if oe` ovrfevxrai`
oi` 1906 x`i zqpM `i bx`apiihy h`d ,(3231 'ff ,h"vxz ,`"z ,4 ,
.ornew`a
oi` oe` oaxykxec jif bx`apiihy oe` wil`ia obrlt ox`i rpri oi`
v eeixa ` qbx`apiihy mrc hxih`c ,uiee`pxryh oet ,owil`ia e
j` wiy ji` ,wil`ia xrxrh" :mi` xr haxy ,1923 n ohq21
rlrkiadUrn on `c yneg hpxrlrb oa`d jrlrbiit ic ief` iee oe`
jie` ic hiidxt xr` oet bpevrfxrai` o` orpitrb hree xi` Eee ,
hvrfrbxrai` oiey ji` a`d mixiy rxr` oet jq ` .'aia`d zxeUa'
ji` ,(j`p oe` 'xdf' ,'lil icnb' ,'mr ixiy' ,'uiw ixiy' ,'sxeg ixiy')
oaxy qrl` ji` lree mrc j`p ,ovrfxrai` ok`f rwipii` j`p lree
.(`"z ,"wil`ia zia" eeikx`) "owiy j` oe`
obx`apiihy ev owil`ia oet eeixa ic q`ee oxriec`a ev wx`hy fi`'q
bx`apiihywil`ia ` oreerb fi`'q f` ;orbp`brb oxielx`t orprf
xfril` q`ee eeixa ` oet jie` jif xin oqieexrc uprcp`Rqrx`w
lrwprxt xfril`
100
oyirxard mrc ,xiroa oe` cinlY of ev oaixyrb h`d bx`apiihy
wil`ia" :1926 oi` jxra ,o`nhiex rhp xrbrlx`tyicii oe` xrxrl
enk - xin xr haxy - 'qepiM zr' !l`xUiux` oiiw jin htex
"zg` dxeag eyri mipvawd lk :i"yx yexit ,cgi epvawe :xn`py
) xrkialn`f xrhyrx`wea .(116 'f ,1947 hyrx`wea ,
xrwif`c xrc oet orn`x ic oi` f` ,of ev xryn jif fi`'q
rpf rl` owil`ia hwiyrbxrai` bx`apiihy h`d uprcp`Rqrx`w
oaie` mrc oi` hb`frbev h`drb mi` h`d xr iee ,orbpevrfxrai`
lree ji`" :haxy xr Eee ,1923 n ohq21 mrc oet eeixa ohp`nxrc
oe` oaxy qrl` ji` lree mrc j`p ,ovrfxrai` ok`f rwipii` j`p
qbx`apiihy ev bpeiv`a rnrx`ee qwil`ia f` ief` ."owiy j`
ic hin hw`hp`w ohwrxic mrc oet `veilreR ` fi` orbpevrfxrai`
.ohqwrh
a`d'k iee ,o` bx`apiihy hib orbpevrfxrai` rkrlhr a aie`
ma xra` hxree ,"bpevrfxrai` rhxifix`hie`" ,hp`nxrc xrixt
ohin jlbx`t ` oe` ."yicii oi` xt" oarbrbp` orbpevrfxrai` aex
xra` hfee'q .owihrhy`a jlb rw`h qr hree xewn oyirxard
oi` xt" hvrfrbxrai` mi` h`d bx`apiihy iee ote` xrc f` ,qie`
`ia hwicixt`a h`d "yicii .owil
,rifr`R oet hxta ,xrvrfxrai` ohiprb ocri x`t ,orneprb jeY oi`
oaixyrbp` oreerb hl`ee `teb hr`R xrc ief` iee ,dl`y ic hiihy
,j`xRy xrprarbrb xrc oi` dligYkln qr haxy xr oree cil q`c
xrc q`ee ,daeyY ic fi` bpevrfxrai` xrc oet gqep xrc oe`
,"xrthpr" qbx`apiihy .dl`y xrwif`c xrc sie` hib xrvrfxrai`
.owil`ia a oreerb og `Uep h`d ,xewn mrc iRlM hiidxt ic mbd
Eee ,uiee`pxryh oi` "hrhin`wbx`apiihy" mrc ev eeixa of oi`
jea ohwiyrbev mrc x`t hwp`c xr milyn orpif oi` wil`ia h`d ,
xi`" :orbpevrfxrai` ic ekezae oeafr qbx`apiihy obree orp`nxrc ev
rlrhpiR xrcri oxree hkrlhptrx`t hree qr fia orex hyip hl`f
oii` oiiw oxree hxrpinrb hyip x`h qr .dyexiorR qbx`apiihy oet
bx`apiihymebxY
101
,jrlrcil ryixrcpiw ic ,rpf jrldUrn ic :ohvrl ofia ,ul` .ze`
xrc oi` ornewqiex` ofen orbpevrfxrai` rpf elit` oe`
) ."oiib oxielx`t hyipx`b x`h qr .hiiwkrlhptr ryix`xrhil
xrhrla .(478 'f ,1933 ,40 ,
hvrfrbxrai` bx`apiihy h`d ,iwqee`kipxryh oet cil oii` ueg
xrai` rwif`c ic oet oa`d orpif oi` q`c oe` ,owil`ia oet x`p -
rnrx`ee x`b oe` qrxrhpi` qwil`ia oet oniq ` j`p fi` orbpevrf
.xrcil rpf oet bx`apiihymebxY mev bpeiv`a
102
xrkia ic oi` oarl xrfcpe` obree
*
xra` j`xRy xrcnrxt ` oi` oaixyrb orprf q`ee wxree jie`
rbev oe` hiiwxhrb ` R` hid q`ee cii ` fi` xagn xriif -
oaxy of oet rivprhpi` ic oe` ,wl`t oyicii mev hiiwcpea
eeihwrl`w oyicii ` x`t hnihy`a ,mvra ,fi` oe` ryicii ` fi`
.xeh`xrhil xrfcpe` ev yexia oxrdrb -
ocq ac
,xar mrc hxiexhqp`wrx rklree rhkiyrb xrc hin hf a hf
ohprnew`c oet ceqi otie` oyhprn ic oet ukreh q`c oe` oarl q`c
ic hyx`t q`ee ht`ypqiee ic ,mipindlMn zecrziab oe`
ovp`b xi` oe` ht`ylrfrb xrkrlyhprn xrc oet bpelwieehp`
oin xrcp` o` hin o`x`t fi` ,zeaiyg xrqiexb xi` hin qwrlRn`w
rlihaeq oe` rx`alhinne` q`c zernyn oe` hiiwyihprhie`
mrpet orR xrc qr hbpilrb'q iee ief` oarl mrpet oarbxrai`
.xrliivxrc
oxrai` obiia jif heh xrwix`hqid xrc iee hwpeR xraxy xrc
rpf hin ,fcpe` hbp`lxrc oe` dtewY oe` daiaq of ,yhprn
,ociixt rpf ,oyhprn mrpet hp`fix`d mrc ,orlhin rkrlprfxrR
rwihqb ryilxrhqie` oin `f` .bpearxhy of oe` mixeqi
.rit`xb`ic`x
iee xraxy h`drb oa`d mehpcii ryilieR q`c oe` ryiqex q`c
orp`nxrc ev icM ,y` mely ,uxR .l .i ,mkilrmely ,rlrcprn
* q`ee ,xey`xa xrwik`xRyiieev xrc oet hwexcrbxrai` hxree hqwrh xrc
ic oet bpeliihx`t xrc x`t hiixbrbev h`d cp`txrR`xb awri xrc
.2221 'ff ,1975 oi` qrinrxRxrR`xb
xrkia ic oi` oarl xrfcpe` obree
103
ic bpet`y xriif oi` R` orlbiRy rklree ,mipey`x ic fiela
o`nyixt cec .oxrdrb iif oklree ev ocii hay mrc oet hiiwyitivrRq
` jxec oree f` ,oaxegxrlhid ox`t hv jq ` ,hb`frb h`d
oi` oarl yicii oet xeRy rcri ocpEeeyx`t hl`ee rt`xhq`h`w
hp`wrb qr orn hl`ee ,rR`xii`gxfin ic oi` fia oxiexhqp`wrx
.xrkia qrlrcprn jxec mihxR rhqprlw
oa`d ev oreerb dkef hyip oa`d ,ocii ryiprnex hay xrc ,xin
mely xrc` rlrcprn iee mrh` oyiRr ohiixa oin `f` oet qxraxy
.yiprnex oi` ot`yrb aexl qxraxy rxrfcpe` oa`d dflueg .y`
iee ,ab` ,ox`eerb hyx`trbqie` hyip j`p fi` rklree rnrh ` fi`'q
x`t ,riprnex oi` ocii oet rhkiyrb xrc oet ohwrRq` rxrcp` jq `
mixrezedn` rklrf` oi` ox`eerb oxiearb orprf rklree ,ocii q`ee
hyip hcrxrb h`d rn Eee ,ied`x`c xrc` o`y`h`a ,q`i iee l`xUia
oaixyrb j`c oa`d ,ryx`ee oi` xrc` qrc` oi` iee yicii xrwipiiee
oryrb fi`'q iee yirxard xrc` yicii oi` hyip oe` yiprnex sie`
,rklree mehpcii oyilieR oe` oyiqex mrc oet qxraxy aex ohin
oa`d ,m`hy xriif oet oeyl owicrarl oi` ot`yrb oa`d iif zngn
oyixrt`y oe` owicrarl ,owicxcqM ` ohl`devp` oreerb dkef
.wl`t xriif hin hw`hp`w
of oe` hay oyiprnexyicii xrfcpe` oet s`hy xrkrlyhprn xrc
oet iee ralrf ic oreerb orprf bpexrcilbrv xryin`p`wrl`iv`q
of jie` oreerb fi` ralrf ic oe` mehpcii oyilieR oe` oyiqex mrc
mficiqg :oqp`eip oe` ohwrRq` rprbii` ic hin hrnM ,wih`nrla`xR
oiiw riv`xbinr ,mfihinrqihp` ,mfil`iv`q oe` mfipeiv ,dlMUd oe`
.xrhee oe` xrhee ief` oe` rwixrn`
yiprnex oi` ot`yrb oa`d rklree qxraxy ryicii ic oyieev
dxivi xriif oi` oa`d rklree rkrlhr orpetrb j`c jif oa`d
`xwin mrc oet ohwrRq` oarbrbxrai` wicrarl oe` x`alhinne`
:hay xrfcpe` oet q`nq`w`xw`n oe` sxEeeqie` o` oet hiidcpiw ic
,exrbelrw o`i oet hyrx`w`ee `rl`w ,ulrR wgvi oet `hrb
hxrcpedx`i xrhqwivp`eev ,x`c`pra ixe` oet x`i hpfieh iieev hf
lrwprxt xfril`
104
,o`ihq`arq li`kin oet mq xrc rklrf` j`p dnecke o`ix`c linr oet
oet oyhprn x`t hp`nxrc xrkia ` ic oet lhih xrcri .orp`n`x
oarl ornihpi` mrc oet ,xar oyiniid ohpr`p ` oet `kr o` xec on
.fcpe` oet mrpii` ocri oet
fcpe` hxrhy hprn`n xryit`xb`ia`hie` xrc h` f` jrlbrn
`wqrxt oin ` x`t jif hin olrhy xrkia ` ic f` orfevp` c`xb
.ocii ryiprnex hay mrc oet
`x rwif`c ic f` ohx`eexrc ev fi`'q l`n ` olree orp`n
,oarl obree oliivxrc olree oe` yirxard sie` oxree hvrfrbxrai`
hay" ohp`w`a wipiiee ief` mrc oet orbpeprt`d oe` ocl ,oarxhy
.a ,eqif .l .` oet orbpeliivxrc rkrlhr jie` f` i`cee` ."riprnex
yirxard sie` oxree hk`xarb htx`crb jie` ohl`ee `cel .i oe` sqei
` xrc oet riqprnic ic otihx`t oe` oxrkx`a mex` ief` oe`
.zecrziab xryix`hqidyix`xrhil
hay mrc h`drb ail ief` h`d xrklree ,l"f xrt`xb awri
xrqiexb xrc ev ornew ol`f xin f` hl`eerb h`d ,ocii ryiprnex
,l`xUi oi` x`t hnew rklree ,wl`t xrfcpe` oet yiprbrb`amihay
xrprbii` oet eeixaqegii mrc hin ,zea`zekf mrprbii` xrfcpe` hin
` oet riviehpi` xrlihaeq xrc hin ,xrR`xb awri .hiiwyitivrRq
oet zeaiyg ryix`hqid oe` rl`p`iv`p ic orp`hyx`t h`d ,hr`R
d`eev of oi` .yiprnex sie` ot`yrb oa`d ocii q`ee xeh`xrhil xrc
bpeln`f xryib`l`hp` o` oet oarbqiex` q`c orfrbx`t xrR`xb h`d
rklree orbpet`y rpri sie` R`xh ohin ,xeh`xrhil xrwif`c xrc oet
.oarl ryicii ryixrbiihy q`c R` orlbiRy
rletxil`w ic oe` o`cp`l jexa ,qrxRiv oinipa olree mex` ief`
oet ohl`hyrb hyrx`w`ee `rl`w sie` ovx`d mrpet ocrxR`x` jif
xrfcpe` obree jrlwipii` oe` xrcpiw rxrfcpe` oliivxrc oe` yirxard
.ohp`w rhee rpri oi` oarl
105
ma ohl`hyrb ryicii rkrlhr obree
ep`ree`c`q li`kin xraxy oyiprnex
*

,xraxy oqiexb ` xeh`xrhilhlree xrc oi` orpitrb ev ohlrf fi`'q
xrwif`c xrc fi` l`n ` .clrd oyicii ` jie` oa`d hip l`f xrklree
,dxivi of oet wrd ` oi` urbxr otx`eex`t ,xrhxiviwq miew ` clrd
oi` q`ee mrc oet i`cee` jif hnrp'q .o`x`t fi` hl`hyrb q`c xra`
` cii xrc jif hin hbprxa '`pe`t' xrkrlyhprn xrc oet ohin
` `i lqia ` cii xrc fi` bie` oyiieb ohin orfrb ;jixhy oyitivrRq
oiey fi` oiil` q`c oe` ,hip lqia ` j`c oe` rxrcp` rl` iee yhprn
[...] .oqp`eip x`t l`eew `
` qrRr o` xraxy oqiexb ` orpitrb ev ohlrf fi`'q iee hwpeR
oyiieb `f` orpitrb ev fi` ohlrf ief` jie` ,ot`y of oi` clrd oyicii
oarl ev hiiwkrlbrn reeihwria` o` h`drb h`d q`ee xraxy
.orprwxrc orprw iif oe` oarlqie` iif hin yiniid jif ,ocii oyieev
rhw`xhqa` oet dxeqn ryexita ` h`d hlree rkrlhqixw ic
;rilrbp`eer xrc oet j`p qegii xriif oriv q`ee ,ohl`hyrb ryicii
rbp`l ic jyna hk`nrb oa`d "cii xrwiaii` xrc" od ,q`a`x`a od
rhliivrb ueg .rxrix`w ryix`xrhil rwicpvprlb ` xrhxrcpedx`i
rhw`xhqa` xeh`xrhilhlree xrc oi` o`x`t orprf llMdonmi`vei
rvx`eey ` ocii owiaii` mrc ev hRrlw rn ;ohl`hyrb ryicii
,(ee`lx`n .w oet) "`hl`n oet cii xrc" oqiid xr hree ,rwq`n
* :jea mrpet hwexcrbxrai` dnly zxhr - jealaei lwia dnly hxihw`crx ,
.213204 'ff ,1967 wx`ieip ,"zepYn" b`lx`t ,o`nwx`hy dyn oet
lrwprxt xfril`
106
ev hRrlw rivw`xhqa` xrprbii` xrc oe` ;aiigeleM oet l`aniq
oet l`aniq xrc hxree "mkg xrc ozp" oe` rwq`n rlrd ` bpiqrl
.i`MfeleM
ree ohlrf h`d ,hp`nxrc xrixt iee elit` ,xraxy xryiieb ` o
orprw ev yiniid hiiwkrlbrn ` h`drb ,oliee ohqra of a
qprwic oe` (18501799) w`fl`a iee qxraxy ,axrn oi` .ocii
,riv`Rivp`nrocii xrc j`p ox`i harlrb oa`d rklree ,(18701812)
orprw ev mihpi` ofiee`a hip oa`d ,axrn oet qxraxy j`p oe`
oet mi`pY ic sie` lg i`cee` fi` q`c oe` ;oclrd ryicii rxriif
ief` oe` iexhevne` ,hiiwcnrxt ,riv`l`fi` xrkrlyhprn xrqiexb
oi` miieb oe` ocii hliihrv oa`d rklree ,q`d oe` wrxy l`n lit
.ohlree rhee iieev sie` rR`xii`gxfin
"cii xrwiaii` xrc" ox` hnew xeh`xrhil xryiprnex xrc oi`
,(18901821) ixcp`qwrl` rliq`ee ."rwq`n xrvx`eey" xrc hin
` ab` ,xeh`xrhil xryiprnex xrc oet xrbiilhpexb ic oet xrpii`
hxrcliyrb h`d ,bxeh`n`xc oe` xrhkic xrf`lhela oe` xrk`eey
sxEeeqie` o` iee ,sx`c q`c hnqx`t q`ee x`nyhrxw ` iee cii mrc
wpet ` iee ,xeviwa ,hprxewp`w mrc orprbxd ev hiixb fi` q`ee
.mepdib mrpet
ryiprnex ot`xhrb jif oa`d hxrcpedx`i oh19 mrpet seq oi` oiey
oxrcp` mrc oet avn orxwixR mrc hlitrb oa`d rklree ,qxraxy
rl`iyfc`x`w .l .i xrwiq`lw xrqiexb xryiprnex xrc h`d ief` .cv
`aiil Eee ,"lw`t`kq`R" bpeliivxrc ic oaixyrbp` (19121852)
hxree ,miieb hin sx`c mrc oi` cii xrwivpii`oii` xrc ,l`aif
l`aniq oin ` iee ,wexcqie` owihkix qlwia dnly hiel ,hxrcliyrb
xrxrcp` o` h`d hv xrfcpe` ev xrhprp .wrxy xrkrlyhprn oet
xrc ` oi` ,(19441885) ep`rxarx eieeil ,xraxy xryiprnex -
oet l`aniq oin ` hxrcliyrb "xihxrfrc ,lexhy wivi`" bpeliiv
.hiiwhlvx`eerbqie` xrkrlyhprn
.dnglnhlree xrhyxr xrc oet ox`i ic oi` x`t hnew rivw` ic
oiib ev xrplrf ` hlrt`a oe` hnrp ,q`eex`t ` qrRr o` ,xivit` o`
ep`ree`c`q .n xraxy oyiprnex ma ohl`hyrb ryicii rkrlhr obree
107
hx`c mi` oe` cl`ee ohpr`p oi` lexhy wivi` h`cl`q oyicii ohin
xrc .`peU mev oxihxrfrc hl`eerb h`d xr f` uexiY oxrhpe` ,oqiy
hip mi` x`t fi` wivi` ,xiroa ` qwivi` wilrtev xra` fi` xrplrf
zepngx h`d xrplrf xrc .xrhp`w`a xrhl` o` x`p ,ciyf ` mYq
xr hliivxrc hx`c x`p ,cl`ee oi` wree` mi` hxit xr ,owivi` sie`
ev ozn` xrc sie` rw`h mi` hdvr oe` lrt`a qxivit` obree mi`
f`l oe` me` jif hxrw xrplrf xrc .`peU mev otielhp` oiil` owivi` h
mrc x`t oe` ,o`x`t hip xrn oiey fi` wixev sie` bree oiiw ,jif hin
,ryifit hip oe` rwihqb hip ,zegeM oiiw hip wivi` h`d bree oxrcp`
ohplr mrc oet cl`ee mrc oi` miea ` sie` sie` jif hbprd xr oe`
.cp`lqnrpiiw
xraxy xrc ,xebit rhw`xhqa` o` jie` fi` lexhy wivi`
xr f` of xryn jif sx`c rn oe` mi` obree hipx`b fcpe` hliivxrc
.clrd of obree wipiiee xriif jie` hqiiee `teb
ryicii ic oet zeaiyg ic hqw`ee ohb`frb oaie` mrc oet hkil oi`
rprhlrf ic h`drb h`d xrklree ,xraxy oyiieb ` oet ohl`hyrb
oarlqie` jif oe` oarl ev ,o` hiidcpiw xrhqixt of oet ,hiidpbrlrb
.ocii oyieev
ep`ree`c`q li`kin xraxy xryiprnex xrqiexb xrc
,o`wy`R lhrhy oyicii mrc oi` ox`eerb oxiearb fi` (19611880)
mev .sied oyiiax ` hin lhrhy ` oreerb fi` o`wy`R .q`i oarl
rl` oet ocii ox`t obrlt ,rfb xrpiyfix xrc oet ,oiax xrp`wy`R
orbprxa obrlt xrtxrc rwiczepky ic oet miieb jie` oe` ,cp`l owr
oe` ze`etx olreRqie` iif x`t l`f 'oia`x' xrc f` ohra oe` oeicR
.zereyi
h`d ,oreerb hip xrphxrbxrcpiw oiiw j`p orprf ox`i rpri oi`
xcg oi` "lvrbiiy" rpiilw q`c hwiyrb ,h`w`eec` o` ,xrh`t xrc
of oi` (.xrR`xb awri xrhkic mrpet bpeliihhin rklrcpin)
hcrx "zepexkf rhyxr rpn" rviwq xryit`xb`ia`hie`
obree ,lhiilw mrx` xi` obree ,dxU dpky xriif obree ep`ree`c`q
obree ,lhrhy mrpet ocii ic haxy`a xr ,xag ohqra of ,oxrfiil
lrwprxt xfril`
108
b`h ocri ofen iif f` hb`frb h`drb h`d xrvrnr" rklree
hqpicx`t ` orbprxa iif l`f rklree ,rrci` rl`iprb ` ohk`xhqie`
."xrvxb wiqxc oe` spit oet
ail xriif h`d ,lbpiixcg rprfreerb q`c ,ep`ree`c`q li`kin
xr) .yiprnex sie` ovrfevxrai` mi` hnelgrb oe` jpY mrc h`drb
jrlhiR`w rkrlhr okrlhptrx`t oe` ovrfevxrai` ofiee`a h`d
xra` liee'k (.xrprwyirxard ` oet slidhin xrc hin milidY
rklree hin ,ocii rhyxr ic q`ee hw`t mrc oet zeaiyg ic orp`h`a
oi` ohl`hyrb ryicii oiiw oreerb hip orprf ,ot`xhrbp` jif h`d xr
ryix`xrhil oiiw hip jie` oe` ribilrx oet jeapxrl okrlhqixw mrc
,ocii rwicrarl rwiczeynn x`p ,"cii owiaii`" mrc oet ohp`ix`ee
fi` xr rklree hin ,ocii rprqw`eexrc oe` ox`i rpf oi` xrcpiw
orxt ` hkrlbrnxrc mi` x`t h`d q`c .yiniid oe` hpr`p oreerb
.oarl xriif sie` wew
sie` qie` jif hiixRy ep`ree`c`q li`kin oet bpet`y ic
wl`t oyiprnex mrc oet oarl q`c R` hlbiRy oe` xrkia xrwilcprv
hiixa oiiw oreerb hip fi` xr .orneprb l`hp`fix`d oe` l`wihxree
xrc rqiexb ic oet xrpii` xrkib x`p ,hqip`n`x xrwicnrh` -
,ohv x`t obrlt rklree rpri oet dgRyn xrc oet ,qxrliiv
oe` oyhprn jrlcrx jif mex` orln`ftiepev ,gxfin oi` wxrn ic sie`
.dUrndxeRiq mrc oet seyiM ohin oxraiev iif
x`p ,ohl`hyrb ryicii xin orprbrb`a rpf xrkia rxrxrn oi`
orprf rklree ,orbpeliivxrc xc sie` olrhyR` hvi` jif lree'k
.reep`w ` fiela fi` daiaq rwinex` ic oe` ryicii qiekxec
bpeliivxrc ic .clrd mrc oet orn`p otie` fi` "ex`c`f w`qi`"
fi` hl`hyrb ic .o`wy`R ,lhrhyhxearb of oi` rw`h x`t hnew
mrc oyieev oyiprbrb`a rwilrtev ,rprqixrbR` :oqiexc oet orfrb
hin cii ` fi` xrtiewx`trc`f xrc wivi` .ow`qi` oe` xrliivxrc
xrnef ,ht`p xr htiewx`t xrhpiee .zekxa wipiiee oe` zek`ln jq `
iieev ic ev .rc`f xryrlt hin rlrbree rprbii` q`c xr hRrly
hprd ic sie` hb`xh q`ee ,xrtlra ` j`p xr fi` zeqpxRhRied
ep`ree`c`q .n xraxy oyiprnex ma ohl`hyrb ryicii rkrlhr obree
109
lqia ` oala ev mi` jif hqelb hl`nrc oe` ,ox` xcg oi` xrcpiw
o` jie` fi` xr .cnln mrpet dxeY hx`ee ` xrie` ohin oR`k ev
` oR`kevpx` icM ,wx`n otie` xrheR oe` zeter oet xrtiewtie`
.geeix lwihy
xr ,obree rprciiyx`t sie` mi` hin jif hprbrb`a xrliivxrc xrc
oiibqiex` hbrlt xr oree ,ox`ixrcpiw rpf oet j`p mi` hwprcrb
rn oe` mixagley mivwy rxrcp` hin mrpii` oi` ley xrc oet
mi` oe` xrpiihy otx`eek`p rlrbree ohin owivi` wiheneheb hbrlt
,q`ee lcilqwl`R ryiprnex q`c ,dpeeM rhkrly oiiw o` ,orxyk`p
:xrhxree ic jif orn`xb ,yiprnex sie`
Hai jidane, barba ta
Face dracu badana.
cx`a oc oet ,ciyf ec iid
.hyx`a ` leeh xrc jif hk`n
oiiw hip fi` wivi` ,o`x`t hip orprf qriv`ehiq ryih`n`xc oiiw
jif hlbp`x q`ee ,yhprn xrwicrarl ` x`p ,qrRr o` oet l`aniq
xrnef oe` xrhpiee hRrly q`ee ,hiexa lwihy ox`t oarl ohin xreey
fen wivi` [...] .lcxrt ` otiew ev jif hnelg oe` rlrbree q`c oiil`
xr .rhxrieR xrc a qrRr orbpicevR` icM ze`vnd oi` jx of
xrc f` ,ohiarb jif oa`d ohv ic f` ,xrliivxrc ox`t jif hb`lw
oiey fi` ,wivi` ,xr f` oe` mipRzefr o` ox`eerb jie` oiey fi` xrieR
mrc obree fcpe` hb`f xrliivxrc xrc oe` .ox`eerb hl` lqia `
.obie` rhniexhx`t qwivi` oet qiex` hcrx q`ee ,xriexh okrlyhprn
jif icM xrvxb x`R ` ox`RyevR` owivi` hbpilrb seqlMseq
,dxibR ` sie` miew xra` hwrlw hlrb lqia q`c ,lcxrt ` otiew ev
hqiiee oe` qr hpiiee`a wivi` oe` .wree` cl`a rw`h hl`t cxrt q`c
mi` oe` ob`ee ma hp`Ryrbp` oala ofen einilM oiey hree xr f`
.oRrly oiil`
xrc oet xrclia xrc` ,lwp`i" hqiid bpeliivxrc ryicii xrcp` o`
lrwprxt xfril`
110
ocii ` obree `c hliivxrc xraxy xrc ."rivil`b oi` dngln
oee mrc htiewx`t oe` dngln xrc zra oee hin hlcp`d xrklree
.miccv rciia oet oh`cl`q ic
ornewqiex` hfenrb cii xrc hl`ee o`la`y mrprneprbp` mrc hiel
rbpei rpf oet j`p ,xra` hwprcrb ep`ree`c`q .xebit reeih`brp `
ev icM ze`vnd rl`iprb b`h ocri oa`d fen" cii ` f` ,zepexkf
ief` hxree lwp`i ."xrvxb wiqxc oe` spit ic orpicx`t
oi` rih`Rniq elit` oe` yiprcprhyx`t hwree xr f` hxrcliyrb
htnrw oh`cl`q ic oet ohp`xt iieev ic oarl ;xrpriil mrpet ux`d
xryicii xrxreey xrc oet hp`xt mrc ,hp`xt ohixc ` sie` lwp`i
:orlwp`i obree hwixcrbqie` jif h`d `teb ep`ree`c`q iee .dqpxR
mrpet oh`cl`q ic hip oe` clrd ozn` mrc iee x`t ji` lrhy mi`"
q`c o` jif hlrhy q`ee ,hp`xtqparl otie` clrd ` fi` xr ;hp`xt
."xrcpiw rpf x`t hiexa lwihy ` orpicx`t ev icM rbx rcri oarl
,zeki` oi` od ep`ree`c`q .n oet bpeliivxrc ryicii rhqrxb ic
oi` x`t hnew bpeliivxrc ic ."qip`q dig" fi` zenM oi` od
hxearb of oet qxrqrxb ` lqia ` ,lhrhy yicii ` ,oryhihl`t
h`d lhrhy mrc h` oi` .o`wy`R ev hpr`p fi` oe` lhrhy
.rif`pnib xrc oi` hpxrlrb ep`ree`c`q
oyicii ovp`b mrc oet o`t otie` orfrb fi` qip`q dig oet xebit ic
xrhpe` harl'q Eee jrlqrb rnexw ic ,jrlqrb ryicii ic" oet ,mex`
jif hcrx ,zexv ic xrhpe` obiearbp` ,wl`t mrx` rpcia ` oef xrc
."h`b of ev jif hwea oe` o`bx`yf of
zay oe` aehmei oyicii mrc ,j`ee ryicii ic hl`n xraxy xrc
xrc ,hkil hyhpra rn ,jif hl`dx`t'q iee jlb oarl rvp`b'q oree"
oet j`ee ` j`p .yih ohwrcrb oiix ` a dlitY of o` haiid o`n
h`d ,lien oi` oqia ` yiprl` oi` oR`k oet ,zeb`c oe` yiprb`i
."yiilt oe` yit ,yhrliew oqr ev wl`t of oliet`a h`b
rail ` oxit hree ,qip`q aiil oe` dwax oet xrhk`h ic ,qip`q dig
ol`hx`eew ryiieb ic" f` hqiiee xrklree ,ep`ree`c`q .urbiiy ` hin
iee xrhee j`p xyt` ,q`bxrhpe` xryicii xrc oet hee orprf
ep`ree`c`q .n xraxy oyiprnex ma ohl`hyrb ryicii rkrlhr obree
111
xrcixa iieev qdig xrklree ev rwixrn` rhee rpri h` ,"rwixrn`
hip o`w rail oin `f` f` hqiiee ,owilb okef qet ev wree` jif of`l
.hied xrlrd xrc oet ornew
,sx`c ` oi` x`i x`R ` sie` xrai` jif oriv oxrhlr ic hin dig
leexrc ,dig oe` ,rnyhrxw ` oi` xrtiewx`t ` hxree xrh`t xi`
ail h`d ,rlrciin oiilw ` j`p qrqwiy oe` mivwy ic iee owew ev
.up`h okrliixt ` oi` wihpef jif oriixc
xrc oe` oryhihl`t oiiw wixw dgRyn ic hnew x`i x`R ` j`p
,oqw`eerbqie` oiey fi` dig .fiedhk`ly oi` xrcpiy ` hxree xrh`t
rxi` oi` lqwiy ` hin jif hxag if .ciendlM ` hrnM oiey fi` if
hlrtrb jif h`d xrhen qprnree ,dnezi ` ,zepkya hpieee q`ee ox`i
hxiqrxrhpi` oe` oR`xh oxrhia mrc ail h`d xrh`t xi` ;bp`l oet
.xi` hin hip jif
dig :jrlciin iieev ic oet ht`ycpxt ic `c hxrcliy ep`ree`c`q
`vix`ceh fi` ,orpriil hip o`w oe` ley oiiw oi` hpxrlrb hip h`d
;qrail rqiexb obree jrlkia rwilia oet xi` x`t hpriil rqwiy ic
xrc oi` heeExR oe` zeiUrn ic oet rhteyiMx`t ` miid` hiib dig
hin hryrb ul` q`c f` ,obie` rhk`nx`t hin ornelg miid xrnrx`
ief` iee odig hliivxrc oe` ohailrb ` hnew`a `vix`ceh oree .xi`
rhpriilrb ic oet jynd oin ` odig x`t q`c fi` ,iif oyieev fi`'q
rhxag xi` q`ee ul` q`c f` hnelg oe` miid` hiib if ,orp`n`x
xi` hin rw`h x`p o`vix`ceh hin hip oryrb fi` xi` hliivxrc
fi` ,ohailrb xi` hin jif hpbrb`a rhxag xi` Eee hqiiee dig .`teb
rxi` hin orf jie` l`f if icM lwpiee ` oi` hpr`p jif if hl`d`a
.obie` rprbii`
xi` obree hx`ee qrcri hbpily if iee xra` hwxrn`a rhxag xi`
iieev ic oe` ,hkefxrtii` oe` iexhevne` hin let hxree if ,ohailrb
.jif oyieev xrai` oqx jrlciin
of obree eeixa ornip`p` o` hnew`a xrh`t qrqwiy xrc
hb`f `vix`ceh ,if hwipR oe` xr hb`ly hqifne` .cpif qxrhk`h
.xrhailrb xi` fi`'q xree qie` hip mi`
lrwprxt xfril`
112
rail xrc o` jif had'q oe` o`n`x q`vix`ceh jif hwicpr `c
Eee hqiiee dig .x`ee xrc sie` oiey l`n q`c ,odig oet o`n`x
hiib if ,o`trhy ,ohailrb xi` hin orprbrb`a jif hbrlt `vix`ceh
oe` ,hqEeexrc jif h`d xrh`t q`vix`ceh f` mi` hliivxrc oe` oid`
x`t .orf mi` ornew orprw hip xrn oiey hree `vix`ceh f`
hip fi` ,oriext sie` oian ohiprb mrc ,o`n otx mrc ,orp`trhy
.mi` ev hqelb lciin q`c f` ,orprwxrc ev xreey
dee`Ylra ` ,"xrqiEyf" oin ` iee orp`trhy hl`n ep`ree`c`q
oet beprbxrai` iee q oiey h`d xr .hlrb ev oe` oriext ev
ep`ree`c`q .xrxrcp` o` sie` oha ev if ocixtev fi` oe` o`vix`ceh
oyicii mrc oet bpek`eetie`rail ic hiiwhx`v jq ` hin hl`n
xi` ueg o`x`t hipx`b oiey fi` hlree xrc oi` ornree x`t ,lciin
ic xraxy xrc hxrcliy yiprcprhyx`t jq ` hin .ht`yail
oe` wicrarl .xrhen qdig ,odwax oet bx`f oe` dyea ic ,wrxy
oe` oheb hin oeeExR rklree ,qrhpky ic jie` ol`nrb oxree letxil`w
f` ;seq oheb oiiw oa`d hip o`w q`c f` ,dig orprx`ee ev ofiia hin
,o`vix`ceh otx`eerbwree` h`d xrklree ,o`trhy ,ornrl` ueg
hala dig .otx`eewree` i`cee` oe` i`cee` ,rwyicii ic ,if xr hree
xrhxree ic ev od ,oiieerb oe` xqen qxrhen xrc ev od ,aieh xra`
qrRr hnew q`ee ,xrait oe` hyx`c ` hin .oriext ryipky ic oet
mrc wree` ovp`b oi` jif if hwpry ,hiiwharlrbqie`hyip zexec oet
hip elit` if heeExR xrhee of hree'q q`ee mrc obree oe` .cpiv`
.hip jie` oiil` hk`xh oe` orp`trhy hin oqreny
oxrlw ev o` haiid ,ornrl` mrc obree hip hqiiee q`ee ,rh`h xrc
rnrx` q`c xrai` hliiv oe` wp`xy oet qiex` hnrp ,zilkY obree
hipx`b obree xra` liee dig .l`n ` xrciee oe` l`n ` j`p ocp lqia
.oxrd
q`ee ,wicrb`xh fi` dig ,xrhilin oi` orpic ox`t sx`c o`trhy
elit` jif liee oe` wree` hx`t xr .orp`trhy hip xriif hlrtrb'q
.l`fw`ee otie` odig hin orprbrfrb hip
xrh`t mrc l`f rn f` xrhen xrc hdvr rprcii rxrhlr o`
ep`ree`c`q .n xraxy oyiprnex ma ohl`hyrb ryicii rkrlhr obree
113
` oiax ma ohra l`f xr ,o`wy`R oiiw brh x`R ` sie` owiywree`
oet odig orxt`a oeeExR if hree mrc zra oe` ,odig x`t beeif oheb
,o`wy`R oet me` jif hxrw xrh`t xrc oree .ht`yxrbp`eey xi`
dig oiey hbil ev hl`w o` oiey haiid xrRxrw xi` oe` dqiqb oi`
.oxree
hp`Ry q`ee ,xgeqoee xrc lwp`i ,xrtiewx`trc`f xrc wivi`
oxrhlr rxi` ,qip`q dig ,oriiyp`xhdngln ic xrai` hxgqin oe`
,wih`fwr mYq hip oep`ree`c`q a orprf ,daiaq rvp`b xriif oe`
,exne` oyicii obree xrlhqpiw oqiexb ` oet ozecrziab rhkr x`p
.hlree xrcnrxt ` oet ohin oi` xriexh oe` lbp`x oyicii
114
"xrcil rprailwrb" ra`bqie` xrc hin
xrR`xb awri oet
*

xrcil cp`a mev hx`eek`p oi` oiihy ` oet oh`y oi` ,hyrx`wea ,
q`ee xrcil aex xrc" :"mkilrmely" b`lx`t xrc haxy ,1934
;(93 'f) "bixw ox`t j`p ox`eerb oaixyrb orprf cp`a oi` ox` ornew
hxR mrc oi` .bixwhlree xrhyxr xrc hpiinrb i`cee` `c hxree'q
dyn xrehxehlew oe` hqivilaeR mrc oet zecr ic ev j`p ornew
oi` ,oreerb orprf rciia ,oiaex oae`x xrl`n mrc oet oe` qw`l
.xrR`xb awri hin micici rhpr`p ,zetewY rprciiyx`t
awri xrhkic oyicii ohin ht`yhp`w`a on" :lwihx` of oi`
hin orbp`brb xr fi` 1910 x`i oi` f` qw`l dyn haxy "xrR`xb
f` oe` ,q`i oi` hpieeerb oiey h`d xrklree ,oxrR`xb okef`a xag `
lhqrwyih mrpet orneprbqiex`" xrR`xb h`d jef`a mrc oet jyna
rixrq ` orpriil oaiedrbp` oe` ,oaixy`a hkicrb ,htrd rwic x`b `
orprf q`c .b`h ev hpd j`p iif wprcrbx`t ji` rklree xrcil
,'xag ` ev' ,'wicprnewniid`' ,'rc`prxrq' ,'zinley' xrcil ic oreerb
,qw`l dyn) "'ornelapbx`n' ,'zegilq' xrcrt ryihqix`enrn
ovixRy .(59 'f ,1973 ,hyrx`wea ,
,oxrR`xb j`p hpee`wprcrb ` sie` ,hliivxrc h`d oiaex oae`x
hiixbrb xrR`xb awri jif h`d dnglnhlree xrhyxr xrc axr f`
oaiedrbp` h`drb h`d ,oiaex ,xr f` oe` xrcil cp`a ` oarbevqiex`
.xrcil rkrlhr ev orbpeprkiiv ok`n ev
* oet hwexcrbxrai` xtexb awri - hv of oe` xrR`xb awri , ,epnfe ezeiyi`
ly zizextqd dcreed"e ,aia`lz ,"l`xyia dipnex iler zecg`zd" z`veda
.179177 'ff ,1978 ,oelwy` ,"xtexb oeafr
xrR`xb awri oet "xrcil rprailwrb" ra`bqie` xrc hin
115
dnglnhlree xryhxr xrc oi` owiliih`a o` jif haiid riprnex
ic of dpdn hl`eerb h`d xrR`xb oree x`i mrc oi` c`xb ,1916 oi`
ief` ,xrcil cp`a ` hin xrpriil xrcil cp`a xrhp`lRrb xrc f`
.x`i 44 hl` oiey fi` xrR`xb awri oree ,1934 oi` qiex` hyxr hiib
oe` xrcpixb xrc ,o`nhiex rhp haxy hx`eek`p mrpet meiq ma
xrcil cp`a xrhiieev `" :f` ,b`lx`tmkilrmely mrpet xrhl
.(hx`c) "aexwa orpyxrc hree xagn oalrf oet
orpiyxrc fi`'q oree ,1934 oi` ,eYrya f` lkU otie` jif hbiil'q
cp`a xrc oiihy ` oet oh`y oi` h`drb xrR`xb awri rw`h h`d
hxree'q iee ,xrcil bpeln`f rhiieev ` oarbevqiex` ,aexwa ,drca
q`ee x`t oxrlwxrc hyip jif hf`l yxrcp` ;hx`eek`p oi` hb`frb
cp`a oi` orneprbpx` hyip h`d xr oiihy ` oet oh`y oi` l`v `
xree .oxree ev orneprbpx` ohrarb heyR jif oa`d q`ee xrcil
h`d hgey ikcxn q`ee ,rit`xb`ilaia xrc oi` wew ` heh'q
oe` cl`b" cil q`c f` ,xrbiihy ` ,orf o`w ,hlrhyrbtiepev
oi` j`p hwexcrb oreerb fi` "xralif hkil ,e"rxzd"rxz ,1 cp`a ,
oi` hwexcrb oreerb fi` "miid on" cil q`c f` hkil ,3 cp`a ,
uexiY xrc ;ze`nbec rklrf` orpitrb j`p o`w rn oe` ,e"rxzd"rxz
ohiieev mrc x`t hnihy`a oreerb orprf xrcil rwif`c ic f` ,fi`
."aexwa orpyxrc" htx`c`a h`d xrklree ,xrcil cp`a
hyip ornewrb cp`hy ev hyip q`c fi` zeaiq ipinlM ailev
cp`a xrc .xrhrRy hyip oe` "aexwa" xrcil rprailwrb ,aia`lz ,
fi` ,urfxrai` oyirxard olrl`x`R ` oi` oe` xewn oyicii oi` ,1975
.bpet`y xryihr`R qxrR`xb awri oet bpeln`f rhiieev ` ic hyxr
oet xrcil rl` lleM fi` if oiihy ` oet oh`y oi` alwR` o` oe`
."oeafr mrpet" lRrw oxrhpe` ox` hiib q`ee xrcil
hin qiiee ,cil ` qxrR`xb awri oet ciazM ` orfrb h`d'q xree
,ob`f ev ief` ,oreerb fi` dxey rcri gqepiepiy oet ry ` x`t q`ee
` hkefrb jif h`d zenly j`p melg qxrhkic mrc .hlbpixrbnex`
hx`ee ohiarb ` jxec l`n ` ,ohp`ix`ee rprciiyx`t ic oi` oewiY oin
.xrhxree ic oet xcq oi` iepiy ` jxec l`n ` oe` u`f oe`
lrwprxt xfril`
116
x`hw`crx xrc f` ,d`eev xrc oi` orfrbx`t h`d xrR`xb awri
ohp`ix`ee rprciiyx`t ic oyieev ,olrhyhqrt l`f ra`bqie` xrc oet
awri h`d d`eev xrc oi` jie` oe` .gqep oeeihipitrc ` ,cil ` oet
oe` xrhkic oyicii ` :rxi` xc oet riqin`w ` hxipin`p xrR`xb
,hqiiiqr mrc oe` xryx`txeh`xrhil oe` xrhkic oyirxard `
h`d xc ic oet xrpii` xrcri .ra`bqie` xrc oet x`hw`crx
jif o` ,oiil` oe` oiil` xrcil ic oet ciazM mrc orpriil htx`c`a
oe` of fpeb l`f rn q`ee oqily`a ,iieev rxrcp` ic hin oh`x ev
xrc hiel ,wihiip oreerb fi` cil ` of fpeb ox`t .owexc l`f rn q`ee
beprb fi` cil ` owexc ev icM ,xc rl` oet hiiwinihyp` o` ,d`eev
.of miMqn evxrc l`f xc ic oet xrpii` f` oreerb
xrcil oet dniyx ` ,d`eev xrc ev b`lev ql` ,oreerb j`p fi`'q
ic rklree xrai` xrcil ,`teb xrR`xb awri oet hlrhyrbtiepev
,oevx of hiel ,rklree oe` dhily oiiw h`drb hyip h`d riqin`w
xrcil rl` oreerb lleM fi` dniyx rwif`c ic .jea oi` ornew otx`c
oet oiihy ` oet oh`y oi` .oeafr mrpet xrcil l`v ` j`p oe`
awri :zexrdx`hw`crx ic ev mehRixwqhq`R oin ` iee oe`
ic ,fcpe` oyieev xrhqbpii xrc wtqila oreerb wihqb fi` xrR`xb
riv`nx`t rwihqb ql` ,hxrdrb xr h`d j`c ,riprnex oet rbpei
dpen` xrpraiedrb oet hxrcpedx`i mrc ,hxrcpedx`i ohpvpp mev
awri oi` oreerb fi`'q .hx`ee mrpraixyrb mev ceaMdz`xii oe`
oet qrRr hxta rifr`R ev oe` llka xeh`xrhil ev bpeiv`a qxrR`xb
fi` mi` oi` orbpif o`hrb h`d q`ee hx`ee qrcri oe` ,ycewdzcear
.ygladlitY oin ` oreerb
117
"dipnex zecdi" jea mev
lwia dnly oet
*

lhrhy ` ,iwyhihqi` oi` 1896 oi` ox`eerb oxiearb fi` lwia dnly
eip oi` oax`hyrb fi` xr oe` ,rivil`bgxfin oi` xrhqriipc ma
.1969 oi` wx`i
xivit` o` iee hpicrb lwia h`d dnglnhlree xrhyxr xrc zra
oi` hvrfa jif xr h`d j`pxrc ,iinx` xryikxhqr xrc oi`
ixei hxicehy ohx`c oe` ,rpiee`wea oet h`hyhRied ic ,uiee`pxryh
hin 1922 oi` hwicprx`t xr h`d micenil rpf .hrhiqxreeipe` oi`
.lhihx`hw`c `
htx`ee oe` ,hyrx`wea oi` xrai` jif xr hiv x`i rwialrf q`c
,ohx`c yicii mex` hrax`xehlew xrhbeevx`t xrc oi` ox` jif
of oet xr h`d dqpxR .oh`xrtrx hl`d ,ohtixyhv hxihw`crx
.h`w`eec` o` iee hrax`
oe` riprnex dxixazila lwia hf`lx`t 1939 x`exart oi`
mrprtexrb ief` mrc zra oiey ;oh`hy rhwipii`x`t ic oi` hxixbinr
oh`w`eec` ryiprnex ic oa`d 1938 oi` "m`xb`R mrprwexh"
oyicii oet obrl`w rxriif riqrt`xR xrc oet oRehyevqiex` oq`ly`a
.m`hyR`
ohiiwkrlprfxrR rprrfrbp` rRexb xrc ev hxrdrb lwia dnly
rhqhlea ic ;mehpcii oyiprnex mrc orwp`yrb h`d rivil`b q`ee
* dnly :jea mrpi` orpiyxrc fi` q`ee xewn oyirxard mrpet hvrfrbxrai`
,lwia dipnex zecdi ,aia`lz ,"l`xyia dipnex iler zecg`zd" z`veda ,
.eh-bi 'nr ,1978 ,oelwy` ,"xtexb oeafr ly zizextqd dcreed"e
lrwprxt xfril`
118
mrpi` oiil` lwia jxec hxrcliyrb oxree rRexb xrc oet ohl`hyrb
.jea owihvi`
hl` oet mehpcii q`c x`p hyip jea of oi` hlcp`d`a lwia
qrxrhpi` qiexb hin hk`xh`a xr x`p ,h`brx oet d"c ,riprnex
orn`p ohin hiidpii` xryihil`R`rb xrc oet ghy otie` zelidw rl`
hlree xrhyxr xrc j`p orp`hyhp` fi` q`ee ,riprnexqiexb
a ,ria`x`qra hxiqwrp` riprnex h`d 1918 oi` .dngln oe` rpiee`we
h`d h`brx oi` q`ee bpexrwlrt`a ryicii ic" ;rip`eeliqp`xh
hkiixbxrc h`d zeytp hpfieh wiqxc oe` hxrcped iieev hliivrb
wivkrf oe` hxrcped oaif ovpiee`xR ic oet bpexiqwrp` xrc j`p
,`ial .z) "hpfieh :zelidwd qwpt dipnex , I .(ew 'f ,1969 milyexi ,
iepev fi` zevetY rl` oi` wl`t xrfcpe` oet hay xrcri -
qr hiib l`t mrc oi` xra` ,ohkiy rprciiyx`t oet hlrhyrb
rprciiyx`t oi` rw`h x`p ,hay oii` oet ohkiy oi` fiela hyip
yihw`t oa`d ovpiee`xR rp ic oet ocii ic" .ynn mihay
rlrxehlew oe` ryix`hqid rxrcpef`a jif hin hlrhyrbx`t
` oreerb mehpcii xra`x`qra q`c fi` dngln xrc x`t .ohiidpii`
mrpet liih ` - mehpcii xrpiee`wea q`c ,mehpcii oyiqex mrpet liih
mrc oet liih ` - xrp`eeliqp`xh q`c oe` ,mehpcii oyikxhqr
oa`d zenglnhlree rciia oyieev x`i wivp`eev rR`pw ic .oyixrbpe`
oyinqie` jif ol`f ovpiee`xR xc ic oet ocii ic icM hwrlwrb hyip
.(hxc) "mehpcii oyiprnex mrc hin
ic oi` ocii a ociiyxrhpe` iix .xrcpEee oiiw hyip fi` q`c oe`
mrc oet ,zeaiq rxrcp` oyieev ,jif ornrp ovpiee`xR rqiexb xc
oiiw h`drb hyip oa`d h`brx oi` harlrb oa`d q`ee ic f` hw`t
ocii zrya ,dnglnhlree xrhyxr xrc oet seq ofia hkrxxrbxia
xrhpe` harlrb oa`d q`ee ,rip`eeliqp`xh oe` rpiee`wea oi`
zexec oiey hkrxxrbxia ornew`a oa`d ,ht`yxrd xryikxhqr
q`ee .hprn`lx`R oi` qxriihyx`t rxriif hwiyrb oa`d oe` xrixt
xriif hin orneprbxrai` jif oa`d iif ,ocii xra`x`qra ic jiiy
.mehpcii oyiqex oqiexb mrc hin yiprxrwp`
lwia dnly oet "dipnex zecdi" jea mev
119
mrpet orneprb jif oa`d q`ee ociiyxrhpe` ic sie` hwewrb hyip
ic oyieev ot`yrb jif oa`d hpexbxrhpid olrxehlew oe` oyix`hqid
rwipinlit oe` rwihc`a riprnexqiexb oi` ovpiee`xR rl` oet ocii
rprciiyx`t sie` hrax`rbhin h`d rn oe` orbpeiv`a rkrlprfxrR
rprb`xwrb hyxr ic oxifihrxwp`w ev sn`w mrpi` hxta ,ohiarb
xrc oi` eeihw` oreerb orprf ovpiee`xR rl` oet ocii .hkrxxrbxia
ol`ee rpiinrbl` ic oi` hwiliih`a jif h`d q`ee ,"iihx`R xryicii"
oyiprnex mev qxriihyx`t owiy ev orbpelrb xi` fi`'q oe`
mrc obrw hxitrb orn h`d sn`w xrwiczetYeya ` ;hprn`lx`R
`` oe` mfihinrqihp` owicpqw`ee ul` zerRyd rwihfpbrw .ee"f
ryipky ic oyieev xwira ,hx`c oe` `c wihprw oreerb orprf
jq ` h`drb oa`d q`ee ocii xree`cl`n oe` xra`x`qra
zenglnhlree rciia oyieev x`i wivp`eev ic h` .qwiczetYeya
oe` ,riprnexqiexb oi` hbprxax`t h`d lwia dnly q`ee ic orprf
.jea of oet liih xrhqrxb xrc hrncieerb fi` iif
fi` qr iee ,ohprnew`c sie` hyip jif hvihy jea rwif`c q`c
ev hyip hxicprhrxR qr oe` ,orbpeyx`t ryix`hqid oi` orneprbp`
rwil`n` oet lMdjq oin ` xrkib fi` qr ;oin mrc oet wxree ` of
:oexMif mrpet geM ohin harl`a xrciee oxree q`ee orbpearlxrai`
xrpriil ox`t R lwia dnly hl`n wx`ieip owifix mrpi` wicpvif
wihrh oreerb fi` oe` harlrb h`d xr Eee ,riprnexqiexb oet xrclia
.xrwilcprvx`i iieev jyna
,wihixwxeh`xrhil ,rhkiyrb" :fi` jea mrpet lRrwxrhpe` xrc
xrc oet fi` ox` `c hiib q`ee wihixwxeh`xrhil ic ."zepexkf
iieev ic ;hnyrb mrc hin j`c h`d lwia ,hrhil`eew xrhqra
ic oet drRyd ic zeid siepev jif oqib zepxekf oe` rhkiyrb oliihR`
h`d hx`c oe` `c oe` rhlea x`b ` fi` rhkiyrb xrc sie` zepexkf
.hp`dxraii` ic elit`
mey oiiw hrnM lwia dnly h`d mehpcii xreercl`n mrc hin
iieev ic obree xwir xrc haxy xr oe` ,h`drb hyip hw`hp`w
ht`yail of oe` ux`d of .hyrx`wea oe` uiee`pxryh :hrhy
lrwprxt xfril`
120
ma x`lw hxree qc iee ,mehpcii xra`x`qra mrc xra` oxrdrb
."eerpryrwinkg ic" lhiR`w mrpet aiidp` mrc orpriil
orn hpitrb jea mrpi` q`ee xrcpEee oiiw hyip fi` x`txrc
inkg ic" ,"uiee`pxryhinkg ic" - minkg geMn orlhiR`w xc
inkg" lhiR`w oiiw xra` - "eerpryrw inkg ic" oe` "hyrx`wea
rpfixR`w oiiw oi` hyip dlilg hiib qr .o`x`t hyip fi` "q`i
hyip h`d lwia dnly :rheyR x`b ` fi` daiq ic ,oxipinixwqic
o` oreerb hx`t fi` q`i .q`i oet zepexkf rkrlprfxrR oiiw h`drb
xin olree ,jea mrpi` wlg ` oliihevev xi` icM fi` ,l`xUia mrexir
obree hqwrh ` qxrbp`n wivi` oet hprnb`xt ` orbprxa `c
:q`i oi` orc`tcl`b
oef hin ic xrai` xr hiib hixh rprhq`nrb hin oe` hqpxr"
,qxrbrxh .h`hy xrpiiy ,xrhl` xrc oet oq`b rprq`bx`t
ornrp ,ohiilw rxriif a oriihy q`ee ,qxrnrxw oe` qrp`nxet
xrfd ic oet xrhvprt rprt` ic jxec .orlhid ic mi` x`t R`x`
:cpiw q`c hbieex`t rn`n ` .hbpif rn .orbp`lw mi` ev oriibxrc
` ;'rldxU rn`n oc hbiee jic / ,rldxU on s`ly ,ryf s`ly'
,jic ryf iixc' :h`hyx`ee ` oi` hrneyf jrlciinxrcpy oet x`R
ohin hR`lw olrfrbxrhqey ` ;'lkrliRy oiiw j`c fi`'q / ,lkrlin
orw orpxrl / ,q`b xrc sie` lwihl`y ` hiib' :hnexa oe` lxrnrd
x`h rn q`ee heh oe` / q`Roe`hqeR mex` hiib xr / .hyipx`b xr
.'hyip
ic .xrcil rpf orn hbpif q`c .ocixtev hlkiiny orc`tcl`b
.oixrk`nseyiM xrc oet oe` '`akeMxa' oet ,'wgvizcwr' oet xrcil
oiiw hyip fi` orbpif q`c f` hxiRy yhprnxrh`rh xrhiprb xrc
orn h`d ief` .gqepxrh`rh ` hin hbpif rn x`p ,cil ` orbpif mYq
.'rcxree len`R' ohx`bxrh`rh of oi` mi` a hR`krbtie` qr
ob`xh'q orp`ee oet xrhvprt ic ev siex` xr hwew ht`yail hin
,xrbp`n wivi`) "xrcil ic jif ,rf`xR oi` ohtixy .l .i" b`lx`t
.(73 'f ,1980 aia`lY ,"uxR
ic - "q`iinkg ic" obree hcrxrb hyip `c hxree ,ozn` xrc oi`
lwia dnly oet "dipnex zecdi" jea mev
121
x`p - yiprqrbx`t oet ofiilqie` iif ornew l`f rn j`p ul` ohx`ee
oh19 seq ,ohv qprc`tcl`b oi` q`i oet ocii rheyR ic ,"jnr" obree
aiidp` ohx`c hpbrb`a j`p iif h`d xrbp`n q`ee ,hxrcpedx`i
.hxrcpedx`i ohq20
xrc oreerb fi` q`ee ,lryrd ryedi mdxa` 'x ,iax xrhR` xrc
.l`xUiux` seq - q`i fi` rixh`nrb oi` f` hb`frb h`d ,axh`hy
ic ,ocii rheyR oe` minkg rxi` hin h`hy ic oreerb fi` `f`
orbpebree`a rl`p`iv`p ic ,zexagdwcv oe` q"y ic ,otied ryiax
`eip oe` orbpen`xhy rl` oet xriif q`ee ,ocii reei`p oq`n hin ,oqp
wivi` ,orc`tcl`b mdxa` a dnyp ic hnrx`eexrc h`d orbpif
h`d orbpif rwif`c q`c .hxrdrb q`c oa`d q`ee rl` oe` xrbp`n
x`t xrc ornewrb fi` qr fia obievrb oe` obievrb xrhee jif -
mrc obrw q w`d mrc oaiedrbtie` h`d oe` xrwilihx`t xrprhl`y
.xrbpif mrc obrw q ,cil
xr ,ox`eerb obieeyhp` hip fi` mipebip rpri oet lewza q`c x`p
.cqg oet rbx oi` xrvxrd rxrfcpe` oi` hR`lw oe` sie` harl
e"lyz oeeyg ,oelwy`
122
123
oeyny
hk`p xrc ev oe` xi` ev ,oiihylin mev hcrx *
,zenelg rheb rpn oi` iee
- oailax`t beeif ` wicprhy sie` xin orprf
l`n oiiw h`d q`ee wl`tx`R `
,hb`nx`t hyip hqrp rprbii` oiiw
- hx`pieee of h`d
.m`hy on oet jea owiliid oi`
xrcpiw ob`f mrh` oii` oi`
.qiex` ohx`c oet ornrp xrfcpe`
,hlree ` jif hiixt
,oyhhx`t hyip fcpe` sx`c rn q`ee
...q`ee oe` xree qiiee xrcri
xin oala beeif ` oe`
.rl` zenewn oe` ohv x`t
,hk`p xrc oi` sih ,xrbrlrb of sie`
,o`n xrhx`prbR` xrc ,xr hliih
wihiiee of
,xic hin oe` xin hin
o` jif hxrd oe`
.x`d rpn ol`t'q iee
* oet hwexcrbxrai` hiiw rprcl`b ic .127121 'ff ,1995 ,141
lrwprxt xfril`
124
s`ly oi` aee of hlkiiny'q oe`
.melglciin ohwicprx`thyip mev
,ohqelb ief` jic hbrlt q`ee ,yFbC
,hryfxidrv cliee jif h`d
fiRy of sie` h`d xr oree
oaiedrbtie` iixyrb on
.rciia obie` rpn oe`
!x`p `f`
rpn obie` ic x`p f` hpiinrb
.hb`nx`t jic oa`d
miyeg rpn rl` oree hyxr
,oreerb let xic hin orprf
,obie` ic orfxrc jic oa`d
x`lw hyip axrc oe`
,wiclRrp oe`
xipU mrpet oxrq`ee ic iee
.l`h oi` R`x` oxrcip q`ee
,ux`d on oreerb fi` dig rhtcexrb `
oc hay oet mipwf ic oree
xin mex` oqrfrb c`x ` oi` orprf
,rn`n rvl`hy on oe`
R`w mrc hqxx`t q`ee
,obie` rpn oi` xin owew ev
,rpn rn`n ic ,if
,drpkd hin obiearbR`x` R`w mrc h`d
l`n rhyxr'q h`d if oree
.orfxrc iif oi` jic
jif hbiep rn oe` rpkp fi`'n ief`
y n y e o
125
hay on oi`
.xfb oxreey qlnid mrc x`t
,bp`frb oe` owieR hin ,uprh hin
xrhkrh ic orprbrb`a jin obrlt
:oc hay oet
,ec ,oeyny"
!bp`btie`pef oet dxeab
,oxrq`ee oiiw hyip xrn orpix wxey lgp oi`
.miYyilR ic oet hela q`c x`p
xic j`p orilt lbiitaiex ic
.miYyilR oet mixbR hin iif hqreerc`d ec oe`
,xrxrfcpe` xeaib
aiil xrc jic hlit miwgxn oet
- "bree of oet me` jif hxrw oe`
oc oet xrhkrh ic oa`d ief`
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ciilw on sie` helamiYyilR hin oree
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.otrxh jif htx`crb xin oa`d
lnrw oet bp`lwlwrlb xrcri
.ux`d on oet xrwihy oqixrb h`d
,hk`p rtih oiey oreerb
o`ee`x`w ` oet ov`wxehy oree
.hxrheexrc hfmexc jif oa`d
lrwprxt xfril`
126
feecpiw iee hp`nxrc jin oa`d iif
,lreey otie`
.hkrp ic oi` owewk`p iif brlt'k
oy`lx`t oreerb oiey fi` jrlwrlb oet bp`lw xrc
,hxrkrlrb hk`p ic oa`d ov`wxehy ic fiela oe`
.dig xrhwicpEeex`t ` oi` ofiRy iee
a`en cp`l ocnrxt oi`
hiidcpiw on l`n ` j`p ornewrbwixev fi`
.xin ev oreerb ail fi` oe`
.hqEeerb hyip j`p xic obree a`d'k
xrq`ee oe` bp`frb ,clrt
,elit` b`h oet oy ic oe`
hx`eerb fiela oa`d
.hl`hyrb oc sie`
hbrxtrb h`d q`ee lew oc
hielR ma xrieR xra`en mrc
,o`n oc obree
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hieev oi` miea ` iee
reerb ji` oia ,ozrlzrn iieev ic o
,lbiit oet bp`frb oe` orpia oet meyf hin
ex xrc o` x`p
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.mrpii` oi` of xrfcpe` oet dry ic fi`
obrwhp` jif ornew xin
,hlree owr rhqhee oet
y n y e o
127
,oarl mrc ev d`piw oe` cyg hin
.oharlx`t hf xrpri sie` mrc
,oepx` oi` hk`p rhvrl ic
,ipw rpc sie` R`w on
orbpefrb m`hy oc oet xrcil xin hq`d ec
oreerb xin fi` ail oe`
.lien oc oi` zylR oet oebip xrc
- oepx`
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elit` b`h oet oy ic
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,mipwf ic oyieev ,fxw oi`
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zexiR xra`en ic oet gix mrc lit ji`
qriprnyf rpc oi`
,lew oc oxrie` rpn oi` hbpilw'q oe`
,xrieR mrc hbrxtrb hq`d ec oree
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.o`n oc ,xin obree
clrthk`ly oet
orn`n oc oaixhrb orn h`d
,rhrw`p `
.aiex owicrarl ohin
lrwprxt xfril`
128
xrcilb ryxrcpiw rxi` xrcii` j`p
,hwihvrb jif oa`d
jif hlR`vrb oiey ehq`d
.ux`d xi` xrhpe`
orn`n oc oet zeripv rhcpryrb ic
oh`h oc oet rwicxwtd q`c oe`
qril`eek iee siepev jif oqib
.hela oc oi`
,oid`
,oiil` jif oi` heehrd
,of ev o` aiid'k Eee hx`c
,of ev sie` xrd'k Eee hx`c oe`
,mrpexa ` oi` iee ,oid`
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,orprbrb`a ev jic bree otie`
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qxrhx miYyilR xc orprf
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ohq`nx`t iif hin jif a`d'k
.ornewrba iif oia oe`
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al oc iif sie` ji` a`d
hlwieerb xrvkrhxw iee
.m`lt hin hxrcpilrb m`lt oe`
y n y e o
129
,hwprarb ji` a`d al oc j`p x`p hyip
,ec ,rpn rqiid ec
al ` j`p fiela yhprn ` o`w iv
?of hwprax`t ief`
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hela rwicpif q`c jie`
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ief` jif wicprhy olit
.aee ` oarl
hprd rhrw`p hin
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aee qkrlhi` o`w
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,up`lb xriif oi` jif orp`nxrc
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.xrhiinexh oe` ox`d oet l`yrb oi`
lrwprxt xfril`
130
,b`h xrpri ,xr fi` ornewrb
,ornew hree xr f` hqEeerb bp`l oiey a`d'k iee
ryiniid ic ciixt ic
hRrlwrbev hyip xin ev jif h`d
.xi` j`p hyip jie` wpra'k oe`
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ovx`d oet cpif f`
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1953 hqebie` ,q`i
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liih xrhiieev
lrwprxt xfril` obree orlwihx
132
133
ifrbx` x`ceh
xrp`ifiee xrc
*

orpiyxrc fi` q`ee ,"mrla`xR ryicii ic" lhih ohin jea q`c
oi` q yiprnex oi` q q`i oi` qphvrl vp`x ii mler xrc h`d ,yif
ie` `xR ` ,xagn xrc .obeeylihy rpc`n o` hin orneprb ` x`qr
d ,xrp`ifiee ev hprn`n owihkix mrc oi` hwrlRhp` jif h
c ic orlcp`d`a rqrxR ic q`ee hwewrb hyip ,mrla`xR rwif
hprwrb hyip x`b q`c oa`d ohprbilrhpi` oiil` fi` xr .oiihyx`
q`ee ,ofxw ryicii rqieerb a ,hwihkrx`ane` ,h`d xr x`p ,cii `
.riv`heRrx rhkrly ` ,dpeeM rzn` of oiibxrc ev hyip jif orin`a
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x`ee`a oxree :zepeywr oyi`iap mrpe oi` h`Ry oe` zellw hin o
mrpi` hx` owixrdrb mev dkef of ornrl` j`p hyxr oe` ,aiidp
jea owic d ic oe ii ixy rwil .oh
xfril` x`p fi` xr oree ob`xwrb ail cl`a ji` a`d olrwprx
lreey mrc xraix` a iee hlxhyrb oa`d obie` rpf .fied on oe
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rnrkq rhw`xhqa` ic xr hnrp`a oe pewev j`p oyiprryrb rwih
jif icM bp`b oi` hf`lrb jif oa`d rxriif zeceqi rhyxr ic xrcii`
ev ` ocpiax` ii rwicdxyRne` oe` rxrhkip of .rxrcp` ic hin rp
rb iee j`p fi` uprbilrhpi` oi` orbp` q`c q`ee ,ux`d oyxrcpiw
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oiiw hin hyip jif hiv`a xr f hcn xr ;oyhprn ev bpehk`x` ii
* hvrfrbxrai` axy ` sie` oaixyrbp` ,yiprnex sie` ciazM ` oe
xfril` oi` hidrbR` jif h`d q`ee ,rwpiy`n .oeafr qlrwprx
ifrbx` x`ceh
134
f ii f lee fiela qie` ii dpfreep` xr ii hrf ief` .rifiee of hxrhy h
oi` xcqM oR`lwp` sx`c q`ee yhprn ` `nYqn qie` oxih rhk`nx`
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ie` xrhqwiq`R xrc orprf ,cp`lqie` oi` rxrcp ,lhinxrlw
` ii ie` hrRy ev hxree qr xrc f o ii xrb ic oe rhwipii`x` ,xrwlr
xrc ofree xrl`p`iv`p xrc hcrxrbnex` hxree qr Eee ,mex` ic oe
.dkeln xrwibprdR`ne` o` sie` hkrx xriif oe` xrwlr
ic sie` qrb`x nrw obpei mrpe d q`ee ,xr hl fi`'q f
qa `y ev wihiip hel d ryicii rl`p`iv`p ` o ii oa`d ,m x` -
lrb ii ,wihil`R jiiy q`ee mivx`dmr oh`xrhil ic q ,fcpe` a hb
ryihil`R ic q R hpr ,ohiiwrlprfxr R` orlbiRy q`ee qxr
f xwir xrc ii .orbpelrhy reeiwriaeq oiix xriif xrc` oqieene` xr
wp`c ` fiela wihxree fi` jea q`c dpfreep` qlrwprx ii oiil` xr ,h
lcpieewew'j`llqily' mrprneprbp`bp`l mrc" olrhypbrwhp` orw
xa ic ii ol`p`iv`p mrc wicpxrlwxrc ."eeihwrRqxrReap xd rxrh
mi` oi` hxree mfi`br xrlrecieeicpi` xrc q`ee mrc jxec RivpixR
fxwmfi`br mrpi`" hxrcilbrbp` ovp`b mrc oe mfi`br) "wl`
nrb ii xa mrpi` hp ii xfril` hcpyrv ,(orpif oh lrwprx mrc
l jif oa`d mi` mex` q`ee ,Repwp`icx`b xcrb bp ii zepgn h
`ypqiee " ief` iee oxrlwxrc ev wicpeeExR qxrwprc oe` qxrlh oe
oliee mrc x`p xcqM hbx`f xrxrcri q`ee ,oyhprn rlrecieeicpi` oe
l` jif x` ii areerb ` jif hnew`a ,"o oe q`ee oh`hlefrx rhlwieex`
.zepeeM rhyxr ic xraix` hee obhy
yicii ` fi` miexh of lee ,xryihqipeiv ` fi` lwpieewew of
d ii hk`xh`a oi` hnrp rn oree ,rrci` ryiR`he` ` hrnM - cp`ln
eev f` ii orprf x`i hpfieh qr h`d rn hpif ax` xr .oxielx`
` jif hciiy R ` ic oe xrc q`ee ,mrc hin ohqipeiv rlrivi
y`a ii hbiil xr q`ee c a x` p hyip hiihy ocii ovrf`a oi` x
urbxr ,rix`hixrh xrcp` o` jie` obixw oi` x`p ,l`xUiux` oi`
rw ol`f ocii oidEee ,liewcxr mrc sie` Eee xraix` orp ok`p oxi
xrp`ifiee xrc
135
f xacin oi` oxrcp`ee ii oe`a`d hln`frbp` xriif oe` ohlrvrb rxr
.qheb
r ryicii ic rklrf` ev hxib`rx hiiwkrlhp lxi ii sie` ob
e` rprciiyx` `ylrfrb xrc hiel ,mip wixrdrbp` xrkrlh ii h oe
rbwip`R iv mfinihR` mrc hiel ,rpri iv ic ma li jif ohqrnx`
xrn ic .orbpebpic`a rwihvi` ic hin ` ,rkrlbrnx` f oree eli ii
Y hk`nrbkxec oa`d n ,oxrb`l oe` zeqi ii ohq23 mrc j`p f` orp
w hin or`xc hyip oiey hree [1944] hqebie` ii xrc ,zepMq o oxree x`
ev jif eeihwrRqxrR xrc jxec hwivhp` hyip iif oi` orlcp`eex`
f j`p ohqip`l`w ii bpexrcp`eeqie` xr .riprnex oe
ic `x` ii ,l`xyiux` oipr mrc xrhpe` ovihy oh`hy rhwip
` xra` ii c h`d rn xrc orneprb ohx orn h`d ,ocii ic ofcl`dnex
f ii f ,oq`n ryicii ic .zeendmi oi` orwpixhxrc jif hf`lrb ii oliee
ocri oi` l` hvrf`a l`n ` jif oa`d ocii Eee xrcprl ic of`lx`
hrnM fi` mfihinrqihp` xrc f` orpiin ohilr ic zrya .lee ` sie`
iee ,ocpEeeyx` viehpi` ic .jeRid mrc oq`n ryicii ic oli qri oe
rl` a jrlhpiieerb orprf oq`n ic oiey .rwihkix xrwlr
hcrxrbR` mrpe ,orfqie` hip l`f q`c cxeqa` oe` cliee iee f` hw`
ocii :ohinrqihp` rix`brh`w rp ` ofiee`a hvi` jif h`d qr
rb oa`d ic .ohinrqihp` orpe yx` ii iee orlhin rprc px` ief -
x ic oi` orbpixcev ii or f oe ii lbhin rhyiehp` rxr ii orprf q`ee ,rwia
xrc xb x` ii ob`fR` jif h ohqipiee`y oxree oe` qyicii ul` oe oe
f Eee xrcprl ic ii oe` orrci` rwicpyxrd ic ornrpxrai` ,orpieee
xrhxihprl`h ` h`d ,wixev x`i x`R ` hin ,mex` ief` .orbpelrhy
ryicii ic a q`ee ,xraxy a oe` yiprnex ev xr fi` xrwih`p`
ie` hk`xh`a oa`d xin zra hb`frb xin ,jrlyicii ev xrprnex ic o
rip`eerx`d ic mi brxa oi` xrb`lhpbei ` oi` rkrlhpbei oe
l xin heh'q" :`eeliq ornx`w ii o` hyip ornrp ox`p`ibrl ic q`ee ,c
w ii ."oriix rxriif oi` ocii o
d yicii ` ii hl`ee cp`ln h ` hxrhprx` R :hiiwicpreehiep rhl
q q ,ocii ic oe jif a oa`d q`ee xrcprl ic oe ryicii
ifrbx` x`ceh
136
dxrcpin ii jif hl`ee mrc hin .h l`n oii` hwicprx` l`n rl` x`
eev oyieev bpeiv`a ryihqip`b`hp` ic ii oi` miveaiw rl`p`iv`p
l iix .xrcpr
ie` jnq o ee ,hxree xrkrlprfxrR of oe mev hyip fi` q
`xR xrc fi` ,orprwiilx xfril` x`qr ev hwihkrx`a lrwprx
oxrc` lbhin rpf oe ii f iif rwia jynd mrc ovihyxrhpe` ol oe
x`c`q`an` o` iee zegily qiexb of ocl ic oe of oe oi` wl`
hrhyhRied ic ` oe ii mi` aiegn ,jif hk`c ,orprf rpri oe` ;rR`x
f obx`w hyip oe` ob`fevR` hyip ii oi` olree orbpein`a rpf .slid xr
ocri xrc l` .oegvp ev eli oiin ji` ,h`hlefrx ` qrRr ev oxi
1946 ux`n 26
137
ocq ac
xi` mex` oe` xebitxeh`xrhil ` obree :
hh`a of oe` lrwprxt xfril` geMn
*

`
icnln lkn" :b`f otie` hlrhyrbt` l`n oii` hyip oiey jin a`d ji`
:hyhhrb jrlhpiieerb hxree q`ee ,"mlekn xzei icinlzne izlkyd
rpn oet oe` ox`eerb wicp`hyx`t ji` oia micnln rpn rl` oet
xrhyxr xrc ,oliih iieev h`d b`f xrc .rl` iif oet iee xrn micinlY
hpiin oe` ,l"fg oet hiib xrxrcp` xrc ,milidY oi` weqR oet hiib
jif h`d ,micnln rpf oet hpxrlrb h`d q`ee xrpii` f` ,orn`fev
` ox`eerb oiil` j`pxrc fi` xr oree xra` ,lkU oax`eexrc iif oet
.micinlY rwicxrhrRy rpf oet hpxrlrb xrn j`p xr h`d ,cnln
lkn" :("oit` `ipnz" ,hiw lhiR`w) weqR oi` ox` hwew rn f` xra`
hx`ee q`c f` ,qiex` jif hlrhy ,"il dgiy jizecr ik izlkyd icnln
lMn :hpiin oe` ,oexzidee`ee ` h`d xrn qxrpxrl`a rpn rl` oet
xrwicprnew xrc jie` hlib ief` oe` .ox`eerb wicp`hyx`t ji` oia
:hpiin q`ee ,"opeaz` mipwfn" :weqR xrn iihyx`t hl rhl` oet
xrc xrhee .oyhhyicii rkrlf`lx`t ic jie` orpiin ief` oe` ji`
df ,mkge" :b`f mrpet hqb oi` fi` "mlekn xzei icinlzne" :b`f
mkg ` oe` :rnyn ,(`"r ,c"i ,dbibg) "eizeax z` mikgnd cinlz
.(mipax) miiax rpf belw hk`n q`ee cinlY ` hpiin
xrprciiy`a on sie` l`hqrcriR `f` oet R`x` brn ji` aie`
qr oia ji` iee ,cnln zxeYa f` ,ob`f ev xin ji` aielxrc ,dbxcn
* ,ocq ac :oet hwexcrbxrai` mex` oe` jeY - yicii t ,2 .a , l`xUi" blx
.5446 'ff ,1989 ,aia`lY ,"jea
ocq ac
138
rpn oet hpxrlrb jq ` ji` a`d ,oarl on oi` l`n rkrlhr oreerb
oet cnln ` of ev ornewrbqie` xin fi` qr oree hxta ,micinlY
txrc oe` rxrhlr ot`xhrb xin jif h`d qr iee ,micinlY rxrprx`
fi`'q oe` .ohrhiqxreeipe` rbid ic oi` xrix`w xrxrhrRy on oi`
.obreexrc oqreny ev ornewqie` j`p xin hree'q oe` ornewrbqie` xin
a
oreerb oiey fi` q`ee ,lrwprxt xfril` 'x jie` xrdrb lhiR`w mrc ev
oi` oxiearb .daiaq of oi` fiela hyip oe` oieyx`R xrhp`w`a `
jif xr h`d ,q`i oi` xwira hpxrlrb ,hree`krb jif oe` ,iel`c`R
ohin ;(xrh`rh ,rn`xc) hqpew oe` xeh`xrhil oi` hwihrh`a ixt
ryib`l`rci` zngn zeticx oet ohilrb riprnex oi` haniyfrx
xra` ,yicii xhrb oreerb xr fi` dqitY of hiel - minrh
oi` .wew oyihqil`ix`hixrhixrhyicii ` orbp`brbk`p o`wiqwrl
xeh`xrhil xryicii xrp xrc oet of o`nley edil` hbprxa (1968)
,yiprnex) oaxy wik`xRyxc of hp`nxrc hxree qr Eee ,jxr
hvrl ev .rit`xb`ilaia rwihiip ic oe` (yicii xwira oe` yifiivp`xt
oi` h`x`hw`c ` sie` hrax`rb h`d xr f` ,hp`nxrc jie` hxree
zexewn obree (hrhiqxreeipe` :of sx`c) wrh`ilaia xrnilyexi xrc
.milyn qbx`apiihy xfril` oet zeixewn oe`
b
bx`apiihy xfril` obree h`x`hw`c of h`d lrwprxt xfril` ,zn`
hk`xarb cp`hy ev xr h`d xra` x`txrc ,hryhpiwrbqie` hyip
bpeyx`tbx`apiihy ic hl`ee iif o` q`ee ,ohrax` rwihxree iieev
jea q`c qiex` fi` qr oree ,qphyxr .lR`hy xi` hkiixbxrc hyip
milyn cpra rciia ox` orprf qr Eee ,(h"kyz ,aia`lY)
h`d ,oiil` bx`apiihy ,xr q`ee milyn ic q ,milyn qbx`apiihy
j`p qiex` hyxr fi` oe` hlrhyrbprn`fev yixralwxrai` x`b
oi` hlqcp`l xra`x`q`a ic q`ee ic q ,xrpf dxihR xrc
xrc oe` - (1940 ,qrx`q`prea) oarbrbqiex` oa`d rpihprbx`
xi` mex` oe` xebitxeh`xrhil ` obree
139
rwivpii` oe` rhyxr ic q`ee ,orpix`c fiela mvra hiihy`a welig
of oi` hiihy`a ,`teb bx`apiihy oet a`bqie` xrviee`pxryh
oyiwrqeeri mrprtexx`t xra` ,mrprtexrb ief` ,ohxifil`xeh`p
oreerb xYeen h`d a`bqie` xrqrx`q`prea ic zrya ,biilqie`
cp`a ohiieev mrc oe` - biilqie``eeii mrprneprbp` mrc zaehl
milyn oarbrbqiex` h`d bx`apiihy dwx zxn ,dpnl` of q`ee ,
,aia`lY) l`xUi oi` xra`x`qra ,"ipwtil i`vei oebx`" okxec
cpra rciia .laiil l`ipc oet dncwd xrvxew ` hin ,(1956 orprf
ic oet a`bqie` xrc oi` ox` milyn h`d lrwprxt xfril` oe` ,
aia rkrlRryqie` rprp`x`t hl`nrc ic hxiwilaeRrb hx`c -
hpif if xr h`d `nYqn oe` ,bx`apiihy xfril` obree rit`xb`il
oe` jynd xi` hxrc`t if oe` ,hxihrlRn`wrb meidcr hl`nrc
.meiq
xfril` obree hrax` of hin o`hrbtie` xr h`d xrn j`p xra`
` oreerb fi` q`ee ,wil`ia .p .g oet xryiciix`t ` iee bx`apiihy
xrc x`t q ofiee`a qr h`d xr iee ,hq`ifehprbx`apiihy xrqiexb
oe` ,azka milyn qbx`apiihy orfrb h`d xr oree ,dngln xrhyxr
xrqrc` of oi` qr hiixb oreerb orprf iwvipa`x .g .i oe` xr
,dxihR qbx`apiihy j`p q ,oarbevqiex` yicii "dixen" b`lx`t
xrcri qbx`apiihy f` micici rpf ev oaixyrb h`d ,wil`ia ,xr oree
.ohidrbR` oxree ev hpicx`t hx`ee
oet xrcil" :riv`wilaeR qlrwprxt ohleaevqie` jif hra `c oe`
:ricehy rxrcpef`a of oe` ,"yicii oi` xt - wil`ia ongp miig
oi` rciia) "bx`apiihymebxY" hiiw rprcl`b ic 'ff ,1972 ,76 ,
.(173
c
,reciM ,oreerb fi` wil`ia" :xin orpriil ricehy xrwif`c xrc oi`
rbep q`ee xra` ,qxrhkic rbpei ov`yR` oi` wivx`dhiixa
xrc zecr mrc obree hb`f rxrcp` oyieev .ip`y - ovrfxrai`
h`d uxR oree ,ofieerbqiex` h`d ,wil`ia ,xr q`ee ,olieexrciee
ocq ac
140
xefprv zngn fi` q`ee ,'dbxdd xira' rnr`R of hvrfrbxrai`
ic `weec oe` ".'aexinp `Un' :orn`p ohin qiex` minrh
rnr`R of oiil` h`d xr f` ,oreerb mxeb h`d hiiwpcixtevne`
x .n) inroa ev eeixa ` oi` haxy xr iee .hyiciix`t (yhieepia
dfa jl gley ip`e ,zicedi 'aexinp `Un' z` iznbxz" :1906 x`i oi`
) "jkl il mxb uxt ly rxd enebxz .zg` zxaeg ,wil`ia p"g zexb`
hvrfrbxrai` a`d ji`" :yhh ,(17 'f ,2 .a ,d"vxz ,aia`lz
rhkrly ic .xey`xa ` xic wiy'k oe` yicii sie` 'aexinp `Un'
."evxrc oreerb mxeb q`c h`d ovxR oet bpevrfxrai`
zra f` ,xrhpe` ,jynd of oi` ,hkxhy lrwprxt xfril`
of`l ev mi` oet jif uxR iabl oreerb miMqn hyip h`d wil`ia
fi` qr oe` oreerb miMqn `i bx`apiihy iabl xr h`d ,ovrfxrai`
,ciil xrfcpe` ev ,jif h`d rklree ,rivprcp`Rqrx`w ` orbp`brbp`
.ohl`dxrc hyip
d
wil`ia .p .g oyieev bpep`Ry xrc sie` oxib`rx hyip `c ji` lree
liee ji` xra` ,"dbxdd xira" ic oyiciix`t obree uxR .l .i oe`
wihpexb oe` sih "dbxdd xira" rnr`R ic h`d uxR f` owxrn`a
mrp`a oyicii of oi` oiihyiea ` ox`eerb fi` if oe` ,harlrbxrai`
hyip hl`ee drRyd qwil`ia o` f` ,orp`nxrc ev beprb oe` ,wew oe`
rn`xc qrvxR .l .i hwrlRhp` hyip jif hl`ee oe` ox`eerb oxiearb
qr h`d wexrny `pg 't`xR oe` ,"wx`n ohl` otie` hk`p a"
jea ohp`leRexwq of oi` ofieerbk`p oe` ofieerbp` jrlxrRny`a
` qr fi` ,xrvrfxrai` mrc uxR obree `iyw ic xrhee .obreexrc
rxrpxrc`n ev fia (zldw) ycewdiazM ic oet zexiyr yRid
x`b fi` uxR obree xeh`xrhil ic yh`k oe` ,orbpepyxrc
;hRryrbqie` hyip hee oipr xrwif`c xrc j`p fi` ,wihl`tkx
xrcpef`a ` oiib ,jrlhpt`d ,hree jeawil`ia on oi` ,mipRlMlr
bx`apiihy xfril` obree wxR ` oiib hree qr iee hwpeR ,obreexrc wxR
.hk`xarbprn`fev if h`d lrwprxt iee ,xrvrfxrai`wil`ia zxeYa
xi` mex` oe` xebitxeh`xrhil ` obree
141
of q`ee ,oeafrbx`piihy mrc wicpwewkxec o`hrb q`c h`d xr oe`
oyirxard oet wrh`ilaia xrc dpYna oarbrbxrai` h`d dgRyn
.milyexi oi` hrhiqxreeipe`
e
of oi` ,`teb lrwprxt xfril` f` ,owxrn`a jif hf`l `c ,jrlbrn
qwrlRn`wok`xRy ohqwipiieerpi` xrfcpe` oi` bpelrhy oe` lrhy
- yirxard oe` yicii oyieev xrc` ,yicii oe` yiirxard oyieev -
lx`R ohxrRk`rbjied mrc oet rRyen ciiyhp` of iabl fi`
xwira ,rit`xb`ia rprbii` of f` jrlbrn oe` ,bx`apiihywil`ia
ic ayeY xrwicprhy`a ` fi` xr Eee ,l`xUiux` oiiw dilr of hpif
xrwihpexb ` xrc oet hxitrb h`d ,oelwy` oi` ox`i rhvrl
R .dnlyd xryihw`t xrwihpexb ` ev hiiwkrlvrfpbrw xrlriRivpix
xrxrwihpexb j`p ` ev hxit `Ykqn rvp`b ic f` ,jrlbrn jie`
hl`ee rit`xb`ia qbx`apiihy oree oreerb hl`ee q`ee :dxryd
oree - dngln xrhyxr xrc x`t ,of hp`wrb hl`ee if iee oreerb
"dixen" xrqrc` xrc oi` oarbrbqiex` ohl`ee iwvipax oe` wil`ia
fi` q`ee ,bx`apiihy .dngln xrc j`p xrc` - jeayicii qbx`apiihy
wree` wihiip xrc` i`cM ohl`drb h`d ,riprnex oi` oreerb hlnrc
xryicii xrc oet xrxitp` xrc hx`c of ev icM ,rwixrn`mexc oiiw
rax`d ot`xhrbp` hx`c h`d xr xra` ,("leymkilrmely") ley
mi` ,lwia dnly hliivxrc qr iee ,oa`d q`ee ,xrpbrw rhx`d oe`
,fi` xr lee ,hlcifrb oe` ,hiiweeiqrxb`xR of wicprlqR ,hlqRrb
iif oe` ;yihqil`p`iv`p oe` x`p`ivw`rx oreerb ,dxaq xriif hiel
iee iif oet fi` bx`apiihy f` ,ob`xhrb hee ief` xrcid xriif oa`d
orneprb oe` riprnex oiiw wixev wree` oe` ,ot`lhp` xrt ` oet
lrwprxt xfril` iee xra` .uiee`pxryh oi` oxitneixh hkrx
oaixyrb ,driqprwixrn` of x`t j`p ,bx`apiihy h`d ,hliivxrc
oe` xrxrlyirxard mrc ,xiroa oe` cinlY ` mrpf ev eeixa ` oi`
:(Rih xrwik`xRyiieev ` xrciee) o`nhiex rhp xrbrlx`tyicii
enM - xin xr haxy - qepM zr !l`xUiux` oiiw jin htex wil`ia"
ocq ac
142
"zg` dxeag eyri mipvawd lk :i"yx yexit .cgi epvawe :xn`py
oi` hwexcrb) xrkialn`f xrhyrx`wea .(116 'f ,1947 ,hyrx`wea ,
bx`apiihy ev wil`ia oet eeixa mvr xrc q`ee ,c`y ` fi` i`cee`
oet eeixa ohiel hbprxa o`nhiex q`ee xra` ,ohl`dxrc hyip jif h`d
rh`c xrhk`xarb xrc hiel oe` ,yihprhie` xrkif fi` bx`apiihy
xrhxree rhk`xarb wil`ia oet orn`p oi` ic f` ornrpevp` hkl fi`
`nYqn fi` rh`c xrhk`xarb xrc hiel oe` ,jrlf`lx`t orprf
oaixyrb j`p fi` oe` ox`eerb hxih`crb xrixt qrRr eeixa qwil`ia
h`d xr ,rnyn .l`xUiux` oi` hvrf`a jif h`d xr xrcii` ox`eerb
ief` .cp`lyhc oi` wicpliiee j`p bx`apiihy hin hxicp`Rqrx`wrb
`linn jie` `nYqn oe` ,wil`ia ,xr f` ornrpevp` hkl fi`
l`f xr bx`apiihy obree`a ev hxrlwrb hx`c j`p oa`d ,iwvipax
oet hqb oi` ohrax` orn`fev iif hin oe` l`xUiux` oiiw ornew
xfril` oree oreerb hl`ee q`ee rw`h jif hbrxt ."qepiM zr"
hl`ee oe` hwri`xR qwil`ia orbp`brbk`p rw`h hl`ee bx`apiihy
q`ee ,qxraxyyicii rbid ic oe` aia`lY oiiw ornewrb hl`nrc
,ob`lx`t ,xrkia ,xrhrla rxriif oarbqiex` id orneprb oa`d
iif q ,xr q oe` riRynlra oeeih`hix`hie` `f` obixwrb ohl`ee
orbprxa jif hf`l evxrc zeix ic oet rpii` ?oq`prb oetxrc ohl`ee
yicii xrbid xrc oi` qxrt`y rhyxr oe` rhvpxr ic oet mrpii` oet
sie` fi` xr iee ,hliivxrc q`ee ,lrbx`y iavawri - xeh`xrhil
- rpliee oi` j`pxrc ,uiee`pxryh oi` mcew oreerb xrd` bree of
oe` oreerb riRyn mi` sie` h`d fxw of oe` bx`apiihy Eee
.hiiwyixrp`iRyicii of ev hpx`Ryrbp`
f
fcpe` h`d lrwprxt xfril` - o`nhiex rhp 'x hprwrb a`d ji` ,`i
oet qxraxyyicii rxrcp` iabl o`hrb qr h`d xr iee ,hcpxt`a
hk`xarb iif h`d xr ;cp`l xrfcpe` hkef`a oa`d rklree ,riprnex
ic oi` q ,hreerliRrb h`d `teb xr rklree ,qrivwrl rpn ev
oli`xa ,milyexi) hxiv`crb a`d ji` rklree oi` ohrhiqxreeipe`
xi` mex` oe` xebitxeh`xrhil ` obree
143
oi` f` ,jif hkec oe` .dnyl o`hrb qr h`d xr oe` ,(aia`lY oe`
.orpEeerb wipiiee hyip rciia xin oa`d oqreny xrfcpe`
of ev bp`bev mvr of hR`kx`t jin h`d ,xrbiihy ` ,ief`
yia`x` x`t x`qrt`xR xrc ,hpxt ` qpn .h`x`hw`c ohp`lRrb
oi` cenilyicii oet xrbprdp` xrnrx`ee ` ,xrpqrlR oihx`n
riqin`wh`x`hw`c xrc oi` xag ` iee h`d ,hrhiqxreeipe` xrfcpe`
iif iee ,milyn rhl` ic orlcp`d`a sx`c xitpx` xrc f` ohl`drb
zra ,dnecke yiqxrR ,yia`x` ,yicpi` oi` jie` ohl`dxrc orprf
mrc h`d lrwprxt h`x`hw`c oyifiivp`xt ohiel hiearb xitpx`
) orh hil`Ri` oet Hippolyte Taine oe` oqiiee rwipiiee q`ee ,(
.lyn oet rnrh xrc sie` oreerb fi` xr f` orwprcrb
g
x`t qrxrhpi` qlrwprxt oet oipr xrc evxrc xrdrb i`cee`
xrwicxrixt xrc oi` xwira ,riprnex x`t fi` q`ee ,yifiivp`xt
hk`xh`a oi` ornew `c .rpiee`p oiiw oreerb hyip ,riprnexhl`
mrla`xRocii obree ohrax` rpraixyrbyifiivpxt qlrwprxt
mixeRiq ryiprnex rpf oe` (1947) `xl`n rxcp` obree ,(1945)
.(1938 ,1937)
q ,ok`f rpraixyrbyicii ic hx`t orprf xrpf xwir xrc xra`
lkiapxrl q`c .rxrhrRy ic q rwicxrixt ic j`xRy xrfcpe`
h`laxry otie` fi` qr iee ,l`brlne` orpiyxrc fi` (1940)
q`ee rib`l`hp` ic fi` hp`w`a xrhiixa ."1938 ryx`ee" :hpkiivrb
,oarbrbqiex` oa`d xrp`R wgvi oe` xr bpehkic ryicii rp m` ,
awri oet dncwd ` hin rivRixwqp`xh xryiph`l oi` hyxr
oe` hxrqrxbx`t ,zeize` ryicii hin xrhrRy oe` ,(1945) xrR`xb
wewkxec ` .(1947) xrbp`n wivi` oet dncwd ` hin ,hxrqrax`t
mixagn rl` hyip f` hfee`a oe` hfee l`ixrh`n ohk`xarb mrpet
oqrcpet ,orbp`bxrc qrib`l`hp` ic ev orprf mixeaig rl` hyip oe`
iif oa`d ol`ixrh`n lit ief` f` ,orpiehy ev hyip jrlbrn hyip fi`
xrpriil rhnihy`a iif x`t ic iabl orprf oe` ,hkiixbxrc hx`t
ocq ac
144
xi` mex` oe` xebitxeh`xrhil ` obree
145
ic jie` oxrdrb oiipryicii mev .yecig xrwicpyixtxrc ` oreerb
(1947 ,hyrx`wea) "yicii oet htpewev obree rb`xt xrc ev" ohrax`
iee xrkiapxrl ic oe` rih`n`hqrxk ic oe` hx`ee ryicii q`c ,q`i)
,(1948 j`xRy ryicii .(1958 ,1957 ,hyrx`wea)
,lrwprxt xfril` ,xr f` ,orp`nxrc ev jin ji` aielxrc ,ab`
rxardx`t id oiey h`d mrprfreerb oe` cpxt of oet hrax` o` hyi
lvprhq oet xraix` hyip fi` q`ee ,o`nley edil` o`hlin`w oyirci`
oeeEkn oreerb ,hb`frb xin h`d xagn xrc iee hiel ,fi` oe` wexc mev
oet xagn mrc a`d ji` .mi` obrw lwihx` oyinrl`R on obrw jie`
o`hlin`w oyirci` mrprfreerb qlrwprxt iee otexrbp` lvprhq
xrbrxhorp`t xriif q`ee ,mfil`ix`hixrh oe` mfiyicii xriif zngn
obree" qlrwprxt j`p rf oe` ,(oif`x mdxa`) xic`oa .` oreerb fi`
oarbevqiex` eeExR of jie` oe` (1948 ,hyrx`wea) "d`eev qxic`oa
htrdln`f ` cp`lxt rciia oa`d mvra .(1947 xranrhRrq ,q`i)
ohlR`h mrc oet hxrheexrc jif ,o`nley q ,lrwprxt q ,cpxt
oe` oqreny rpn obree oliivxrc lree'k oree oe` ,oxriif wew
eip oi` oreerb oia ji` oree xwira ,o`nley edil` hin oyiprbrb`a
.oxree x`lw jif hk`c qr hree ,wx`i
h
,id eini aex oqrfrb fi` lrwprxt f` ,orp`nxrc fiela ji` liee hvi`
fiela wprcrb ji` oe` ;wree` ohlrf x`b fi` oe` cp`l xrfcpe` oi`
x`b ` oe` ,rwixrn` oiiw driqp rxrbprl ` ,fix`R oi` okef`a rpf
of oxiiv`q` jif hf`l qr oklree ev ,riprnex oiiw x`txraix` ovxew
,aia`lY) "zipnexd zextqa zeicedi zeienc" :hrax` ryirxard
.(1970
i
yicii xrc oet xip`iR mev ht`yxhrb of fi` hlea x`b xra`
xrc iee hk`xh`a hkrx hin hxree q`ee ,xrR`xb awri xeh`xrhil
,riprnex xrwicxrixt oi` j`p hx`eeyicii oet oe` x`t xrkrxap`a
ocq ac
146
oe` ,ovpiee`xRrxrwx`hyyicii ic ornewrbev orprf qr xrcii`
iee .zelxeb ic `linn oe` qrivx`R`xR ic hyxrcp`rbxrai` oa`d
oiin mrc obree dxaq xrprbii` on hin ohl`d hyip l`f ji` hee
oyieev" :oqel`R iieev hin o`h ev ,oxrR`xb iabl ,`c oa`d xin f`
lnrfrb oi` ox` jie` fi` q`ee ,"f`ixew oe` mewipe` xrR`xb awri
,epnfe xtexb awri - hv of oe` oet orn`p oi` h`d lrwprxt q`ee
jif hnrpx`t q`ee hrhin`w mrc oe` riprnex oet milerl`xUi ic
fi` ,oarbrbqiex` (e"lyz ,oelwy`) xrR`xb awri oet dyexi xrc hin
ic jie` .f`ixew oet xrwihxree oe` xrqrxb mewipe` xrc ul` j`p
a mex` ehtie` xrc oe` bpenihy oe` xrhkic mrpet hxree oe` hh`
mex` rxrtq`nh` ic oiey .lrwprxt xfril` oet ehtie` o` fi` exkfl
` mex` xrtq`nh` ic ,hliieerb id h`d xr oree ,xrR`xb awri
,"`xhqr`n" otexrb mi` oa`d qxrxrx`t rpf q`ee ,xebit xrwihkrn
.oaxy`a hyip lrwprxt o` jif hf`l
odk aeci` oet rit`xb`p`n ic `c htlrdx`t i`cee` hwle dgkiy
ev icM ,oreerb yicwn xin ,ecqga ,h`d xr q`ee ,(e"lyz ,aia`lY)
fi` orl`din lhrhyoxiearb oyieercl`n of oi` mex` iee oiihyx`t
xrc oi` hyxr mev ,xeh`xrhilyicii rpxrc`n ic ox`eerb oxiearb
of oet xebit xrc oi` xrhrRy oe` xrR`xb awri oet hl`hyrb
x`t iif hk`n xr oe` .(yhixra) yihxra o`rl cpxt oe` xiroa
oe` ocpxt`a jif hf`l xr rklree ,xrp`ivil`b iieev oet miyxei
,xrwqilrxhq ikcxn 'x uiln oe` liMUn xrc`xa mrc :oxix`a`l`w
cec 'x oet oef `) ofg xrprl`din xrc bp`l ox`i oreerb fi` q`ee
oreerb xyt` fi` cec 'x - l`nk`xw ongp 'x oet xag ` ,xrbpifl`ee
xrhkicqwl`t xryfx`af xrc oe` ,(hv of oi` ofg xrhqrxb xrc
on oi` oe` .up`xwprxdr rlreelree otexrb ,a`foinipa 'x
ji` lree (h"q ,c"axn) xrwqilrxhq ikcxn 'x obree rit`xb`p`n
.olrhyR` jif xrh`leRexwq siexrc
awri iee mrc j`p hxta ,oxrR`xb ev hiiwparbrbxrai` qlrwprxt
ornewrb fi` qr oree ;xacmy ` ynn fi` ,ox`eerb xhtp fi` xrR`xb
zeixg` mrx` of sie` lrwprxt h`d ,dxihR of obree drici ic
xi` mex` oe` xebitxeh`xrhil ` obree
147
jif h`d oe` ,of ev xawn `c mi` icM ,xrd` orbprxa mi` hf`lrb
oarbevxrai` dyexi rkx of - d`eev qxrR`xb of miiwn orneprb
htnrwrbqie` d`eev ic h`d xr mex` iee .l`xyil zniiw oxw mrc
ikcxn iee mrc j`p ;dxeabdUrn ` fi` jrlciixc ryih`w`eec` obrw
ic oi` winrl`R xrwicpy ` oi` jif h`d oip`v qrp rhvrl x`t
ipeivr x"c htey ox`t a`d ji` iee mrc j`p oe` ,orneprbp` j`f xrc
xr f` ,oaixyrb oe` hb`frb xin h`d xrR`xb awri f` hxix`lwrc
,if fi` ,d`eev of oet lretl`iven ` iee lrwprxt xfril` hnihy`a
zniiw oxw xrc h`d recike .dpeylkedgexM ox`eerb miewn ,d`eev ic
` ox`eerb hnihy`a fi` xrR`xb awri xkfl oe` ,ornew`a dyexi ic
oet qxraxy ocii x`t qrinrxR jrlxri qie` hliih q`ee cp`t
sie` hb`xh lrwprxt oe` - yiprnex ,yirxard ,yicii - riprnex
.igl dM :oyhpiee fiela mi` olree xin oe` zeagzd q`c jif
f"nyz ,lel`
148
lwia dnly
lrwprxt xfril`
*

jif ji` a`d wixev x`i ` jxr o` hin l`xUi oi` jef`a on zra
iif oet rkrlhr ,cpxt oe` mixag hin orf ev jif hiixtrb wx`hy
hrax`rb oe` hnelgrb orn`fev oa`d xin q`ee ,cpxt rhpr`p x`b
.riprnex oi` rprvq xrlrxehlew oe` xrkrlht`ylrfrb xrc sie`
orprbrb`a ev jif oreerb gnUn xra` jin h`d rxrcp` rl` oet xrn
ornewrbqie` hyip xin fi` mi` hin q`ee o`nxrbpei mrprcf ` hin
xrt`y ` iee q hwrlRhp` jif h`d xr lee ,xrixt orprw`a ev jif
xexar oi` riprnex of`lx`t on j`p hyxr xrehllM ` iee q
.lrwprxt xfril` xega xrq`i xrc oreerb fi` q`c .1939
ht`ylrfrb oe` xeh`xrhil oet hiarb otie` hixh rhyxr rpf -
fi` xr .ox`iewqrp`hp` ic oi` hlrhyrb xr h`d hrax` xrkrl
,jeapxrl ` oet xagn ` oe` xrxrl ` ,xreh xryib`b`brR ` oreerb
ohiiwihrh rpf obree .ohiarb xc ic sie` hpkiivrbqie` jif h`d oe`
,rxrcp` oet hqEeexrc jif ji` a`d xrxrl of oe` oley ic mex`
of oet zeadlzd on .migay rxriif hbx`wrb hyip oa`d q`ee
mrc hin ht`yhp`w`a xrc oet orneprb xra` jif h`d jeapxrl
h`d'q .hwiyrbev q`c xin h`d xagn xrc zngn ,oiil` xewn
mrp ` hin hwrnyrb h`d'q ,aiidp` mrp ` hin mi` oet hf`larb
hin ,riprnex xryicii oet xrcpiwley ic hlrhyrb h`d'q .ziy`xa
hin jif a`d ji` .oiil` jif hin mipRl`mipR ,miaeyii rhl` rxi`
* dnly :jea mrpi` ox` fi` q`ee hqwrh oyirxard mrpet hvrfrbxrai`
,lwia ,dipnex zecdi dcreed"e ,aia`lz ,"l`xyia dipnex iler zecg`zd"
.406405 'nr ,1978 ,oelwy` ,"xtexb oeafr ly zizextqd
lrwprxt xfril`
149
hnelgrb j`c h`d xec on lee ,wx`ieip oi` oreerb dign mrc hin
...oaiidp` ryihprhie` rp rklrf` obree
newrbp` orprf qr oe` ,ree`cl`n oet h`hyhRied ic ,q`i oet or
dncwd ` hin) zeize` yiph`l hin qiex` rpii` ,qrib`l`hp` iieev
,(xrR`xb awri ,riprnex oi` hr`R oyicii mrpxrc`n ohyxr mrc oet
oc`l`a mrpet hx`eexit ` hin) zeize` ryicii hin rhiieev ic oe`
hlrhyrbprn`fev h`d qrib`l`hp` ic .(xrbp`n wivi` xec`aexh
orn`fev ,xrp`R wgvi cpxt xrhl` oe` xecoa on hxihw`crx oe`
oreerb lrwprxt fi` 1947 oi` .lrwprxt xfril` xrq`i mrc hin
rkrlxrcpEee ` zpigaa ynn ,ox`i xrwivp`eev rixt rpf oi`
mrc oi` ,hx`c `weec .riprnex xrprtx`eex`t xrc oi` bpepyxrc
` ,o`nxrbpei ` mrvelR ofiee`a jif h`d ,q`i oyicii oaexg hrnM
hrRni` hin let xrehllM ` oe` yicii oi` hqiiiqr xrwicpvprlb
.eeih`ivipi` oe`
ic oi` iiqr of xrkialn`f xrhyrx`wea hlcp`d`a h`d (1947)
oiil` jif h`d o`nxrbpei xrq`i xrc .oipr okrlht`ylrfrb `
`a ryihqil`ix`hixrh ` riprnex oi` ot`y ev orneprbxrhpe` -
xrvp`b xrc oet cx`bp`ee` xrc oxree hl`frb h`d q`ee ,bpebree
l`n oiiw oiil` ji` a`d mfil`ix`hixrh hin .ht`ylrfrb xryicii
orpif mrc oiihyx`t ev xreey oreerb xin fi`'q oe` hwicpifrb hyip
oet dcililag ic a ohl`drb oiey h`d rn oree mfil`ix`hixrh oet
obpei mrc oet h`drb d`pd ji` a`d obreehqrc oet .l`xUizpicn
oet ."yicii oet htpewev xrc obree rb`xt xrc ev" iiqr qlrwprxt
oaixyrbp` oe` ht`ybpei oet zeadlzd xrc hin hf`larb h`d mi`
oi` hwxrn`a qr a`d ji` iee) hp`d xrxrkif ` hin oreerb xr fi`
ic obree rifprvrx on xrkialn`f .(
hin hpbepb`a hyip hl`nrc jif h`d lrwprxt xfril` xrbpei xrc
llM ma ohl`drb jif h`d xr .mfil`ix`hixrh obree oaxy fiela
reeihw` o` hlrhyrbtie` xr h`d jib up`b :"o`hrb oe` hb`frb"
pi` rwicpxit ic a qrxrhpi` hwreexrc h`d xr .rRexb
ornew`a ji` a`d xrhrRy x`i ` .riprnex oi` ofxw rlrehwrlrh
lwia dnly
150
q`ee oreieexrhpi` rixrq ` hin ,yifiivp`xt sie` jea ` qpf
ryiprnex oe` ohiiwkrlprfxrR ryicii hin hxitrb h`d lrwprxt
oet liv xrc .mfil`ix`hixrh oyici oe rrci` xrc obree qxraxy
qrxrhpi` ohiixa ` owreexrc ev oreerb fi` ra`bqie` xrwif`c xrc
.hwri`xR oyihqil`ix`hixrh mrc x`t
xrcpEee xrq`i xrc" q`ee ,mf`ifehpr hin let xraxy ` fi` "
hiarb otie` ht`ypcl oe` hiiwhpee`d`a rwialrf ic qiex` hfee
sie` oriiqr rpf .yifiivp`xt oe` yiprnex ,yirxard ,yicii oet
xrc fi` q`ee ,ifrbx` x`ceh a ,lynl ,orneprbqie` oa`d yiprnex
.xeh`xrhil xryiprnex xrc oi` ewqrpinr j`p hr`R xrhqrxb
,xecipa rpn oe` rpf oet jq ` rbepa jie` iee ,lrwprxt rbepa
of oi` ofied zenyp ieev" :hx`ee qrhrb ovip ev hwihkrx`a fi`
xrc oi` xrxrl ` lrwprxt xfril` fi` b`h ev hpd ."fcl`d
hib xr ;hvrf`a jif h`d xr Eee ,oelwy` h`hymiYyilt xrprfreerb
oe` mipipr rkrlht`ylrfrb orxa owialrf mrc hin hrnM xrai` jif
.orbpeyx`txeh`xrhil rpf
q`ee ,lrwprxt xfril` hin mipRl`mipR yiprbrb`a rhyxr on
` sie` hrax` oe` ox`i xrwivxrt rixt rpf oi` hvi` fi`
yicii xrc a milyn qbx`apiihy xfril` obree h`x`hw`c
xranrvrc oi` oreerb fi` ,hrhiqxreeipe` xrnilyexi oet rxcrh`w
mrc .lrh`d oi` okef`a ev jin ornewrb fi` xr .aia`lY oi` 1964
` qpcq ac 'R`xR sie` orneprbhin jin xr h`d wihpef owicprnew
ji` .hrhiqxreeipe` xraia`lY oi` xeh`xrhil xryicii oet rivwrl
,xrehllM xrprfreerb oe` xraxy mrc cpxt on hk`xh`a a`d
hvi` h`d dnyp qlrwprxt xfril` oi` f` hk`crb xin jif h`d'q oe`
h`d ceaMz`xii .wrh`ilaia ic oe` yihaxy xrc hp`dxraii` ic
h`d q`ee ,o`n okied oe` ohqrt mrc oet mipR mrpet hl`xhyrb
oe` rhpxrlrb rbpei oet bpeiv`a ryihqixrhw`x`k ic hlbiRyrbR`
yixrtry iif l`f rn ohx`ee q`ee ,ohxree rwihqb ic ev qxraxy
xfril` iee o` rl` iif oreh x`txrc .oyx`tqie` oe` ohrax``a
oi` hyip jif hlcp`d qr xra` ,zeeipr oet wexcqie` o` `c lrwprxt
lrwprxt xfril`
151
oxitkxec sx`c rn q`ee hrax` xrc x`t cgR mrpi` x`p ,zeeipr oiiw
.xi` hin ohqrnx`t ev jif hiiwpq`lyhp` xrc oi` oe`
ic jie` oreerb orprf l`xUi oi` dMepg oet brh rprcl`b ic
hRipwx`t jif h`d q`ee ht`ycpxt xrhpr`p xrc oet brh rprcl`b
.lrwprxt xfril` oe` xin oyieev
` hk`nrb xin lrwprxt h`d x`ep`i oi` b`h ` mrpii` oi`
oe` lrh`d oi` yih on sie` rwxicx`wrx ` hbiilrbwree` ,fixRxeq
ordry rkrlhr hqrenyrb ief` oa`d xin ;xin hin oqreny orneprb
xrwif`c xrc .hxrdrbev jif h`d oiy`n rlihy ic oe` cp`p` j`p
oi` ox`eerb hkrlhptrx`t fi` qreny hiiw rprcl`b ic .1966 ,54
1966
152
j`p`xb opgei
xfril` obree qlrwprx
"mrla`xR ryicii ic"
*

xfril` hpd orpriil ma q orpiyxrc fi` q`ee ,jea qlrwprx
oi` q ,yiprnex oi` jif owrlRhp` ,wixev x`i 34 hin ,yifiivp`x
ohwrRq` rhp`qrxrhpi` iix ` fcpe` x` x`b xrc oe xrhlwieex`
oi` lrehw` j`p ul` oala q`ee ohwrRq` ,mrla`xR xryicii
owif`c mrpi` hwixcrbqie` zerc oe` orbpelrhy ic .brh rxrfcpe`
fi` q`ee ,"meif`Rniq" xrc hin ,1945 oi` riprnex oi` ornewrbx`
bpewiliih`a oe` qxraxy) ohiiwkrlprfxrR rwibp`xhyxr oe
rqieerb ` xhrb R` orlbiRy ,(ryiprnex oe` ryicii ,qxrwihil`R
oe` ryihil`R rqieerb oi` hvi` jie` wihlib fi` q`ee ,bpenihy
jif hnrp bpenihy rwif`c ic .axrn oi` ofxw rlrehwrlrhpi` oe
.oliihcp`hy`a rxi` oe` mrla`xR xrc ev bpeiv`a xrhprl`eeian` o`
bpepiin ic xraxy ohp`w`a mrc oe ryicii ic" f` ,`wxrc` .
`y ev hiiwicpreehiep xrc oi` jrlhpbii` hiihy`a mrla`xR o
orbpebpic`aqparl rl`nx`p oe` hiifrv oarl q`ee ocii ic x`
rxrcp` oyieev hiixRyrv ee ,"xrwlr ev `nYqn hl rb ocix -
nrc q ociihip oe` ocii jq ` hlrhy x`i 31 ,hpd q oe` hl
bpeiihyhp` xrc j`p xrn ,bpelrhy rwialrf ic .l`xUizpicn oe
rb orn orw ,xrwipiiee xrnrpliihp` rxrcp` a jie` orpi mrpe
y`xh`R eivrxwel ,eRel x"c ,`f`xb exhrR ,lynl iee ,meif`Rniq -
.rxrcp` oe` ep`w
* hvrfrbxrai` ixyhv xrc oi` orpiyxrc fi` q`ee ,xewn oyiprnex mrpe h
Secolul 20 wea) .8 'f ,1979 n ,(hyrx
"mrla`xR ryicii ic" qlrwprx .` obree
153
xfril` f ,okxhyxrhpe` sx`c rn xagn xrc ,lrwprx mrpe
xrhiil xrc oe` jea rl` hxifilia`n h`d ,meif`Rniq owif`c mrpe
rlrehwrlrhpi` rpf qxrqrenyhin rpf owxiee`a ev icM ohiiwir
l`f iif jif o rl`rx ic hin ohqrnx` b xrc hin oe` ohw` xrvp
hiiwyib`xh q`ee ,mrla`xR xrc oe h`d lrwprx hin ,hxilenx`
orn orw ief` iee" :ief` jxr o` ,oqp`eip rpiilw oyicii mrc oxrkifx`
oaxw mrc ,wl` qiqwr rl`nx`p ` ,oaxeg oyiv`p owihela mrpe -
pewev xrc oi` uprh f oci icM ,h rxrcp` rl` iee oarl orprw ol
."?xrwlr
fi` meif`Rniq xrc f` ,orwprcrb sx`c rn ,1945 oi` ornewrbx`
xrqiexb ` hyxrdrb h`d'q oree ,dngln xrc j`p hv rvxew `
n x iR`w mrpi` q hiiwhlnehrv xrlrehwrlrhpi` oe` xryil -
wihprw fi` if .gxfin oyihqipen`w mrpi` q ,axrn oyihqil`h
ciix ic oi` jie` xrnrpliihp` aex oe ,meif`Rniq mrpe hyxr rl -
x nrc oi` ohiiwrlprfxrR rwibp hiarb mrc sie` ;riprnex xrwihl
xrc m`pqie` o` orprf .i x"c oe` eqif .l .` ,oiil` xagn .qeiee`l
of oi` haxy lrwprx eexi urbxr hb`f rhrb" :jea mev hx
`xb`ia`hie` of oi` Eee qr iee ief` fi` oarl rkrlyhprn q`c f` ri
ie` .sn`w ok`p hyxr ribrh`xhqr jif orpxrl oyhprn lee ,fi` o
jnq q`c f` orprwxrp` xin ofen ,fcpe` mex` orrf xin q`ee oe
jif orpxrl ocii lee ,fi` qr iee ief` fi` oarl ryicii oiiw hyip
` ribrh`xhqr f` bpebvxrai` qxagn mrc ."sn`w ok`p eli
xrfcpe` "gwl oyix`hqid mrc" orpxrlt` lbeqn hyip fi` wl`
ev ,avn owihl`nrc mrpi` ,mi` hxi wiczepywr oe` oxilenx`
ciiy`a mrc jiiy q`ee bpepiin of oxfgxrai` xryicii xrc oe
cp`lniid ohl` mrpi` bpexixhprvp`w rlrix`hixrh ic :mrla`xR
bpexixhprvp`w ic ,wihvklb ,oe` xrqieerb ` sie` ocii oe
ic q`ee ,rix`hixrh r xrwl mrc oliihev olree hlree xrc oe
ohrbxdrbqie` ' ` iee wl` up`b mi` fi` obreehqrc oe .'bpewihibx`
lw x`p hyip mrc oi` obvevxrai` hkl of hyip hree'q f` ,x
x`p "miieb ic" ,zn` rw`h fi`'q oe` .ocii ic eli j`p x`i 34 f
j`p`xb opgei
154
bpeiihyhp` xrc j`p x`i 31 oe` meif`Rniq mrc ,l`xUizpicn oe
d liih xrhqrxb xrc h xrfcpe` oe hyip wl` mrc orneprbp
`a ciiy .bpexixhprvp`w xrlrix`hixrh oe
sxy h`d ifrbx` x`ceh ocii ic q ,xrprnex ic q hb`frbpx`
mrx xrc oi` xrc f` ,okxhyxrhpe` liee ji`) .meif`Rniq mrpe
h`d xraxy xrqiexb rlrivrRq ofieerbqiex `ycpx oe` h
`yail xfril` ev h r jie` ,lrwprx ixy oe` jrlhp oyieev (.jrlh
bpeiihyhp` ic" :hb`frb ifrbx` h`d rxrcp xrc fi` dpicn ` oe
ciiy`a xrwivpii` mrla`xR xrhqxreey oe` xrhqkrlpR xrc x`
rrci` ic [...] .rhkiyrb xrpxrc`n xrc oi` h`d riv`liniq` oe
q`c .ryicpiw ` of ev ofieerbqie` jif rprhilrb li hin ,wl`
of ,dxez xrhl p ul` hli ry rpf j orw oe` zegeM ryixr
fi` mfihinrqihp` xrc [...] .h`ib`lR oiiw sie` oiibp` hyip
,lee ` sie` ohl`d`a jif orw xr .hw orpiin orn orw l`n
fi` xr f` mrc sie` .qie` xrciee xr hkrxa h` x`p ,ocpEeeyx`
b ohx`eexrc jif orn orw hiarb sie` wipiiee x xrkrlhpixb
."bpexrcpr
f` xrqrenyhin rpf xcqM hp`nxrc lrwprx xrc j`p" eli
`xhq`h`w xrqiexb rwiczeriav ic ,uprl`eeian` ic jif h`d r
bpeiv`a ic oe oyicii mev xrwlr rl`p`iv`p rpf ev oe` wl`
h ev hpd orprf ic oe` ,ohiarb hyip jif orbpearxhy rc b xrzn` x
oarbevev wixrai` fi`'q .oxiwq`nrc fen rn q`ee cp xriif f
jif hin olrhy bpewxiee reeih`brp oe` hiidpfreep` oiw' oin ` x`
ie` 'okiiv oxrhy o `ylrfrb xrwihvhpd xrc oe ".h
q`ryh`w qp`xh `" :biilxi xr ee xrpieeep` ryia`x` oe hl
o q "ciiy`a ` oreerb w ie`paie` hbpilw oi` yicpiw oe` wi
hkil oRipwevp` bpearxhy xrfcpe` oe ic hin orbpeiv`a rkrlcix
ryia`x` .xrwlr
ocii xrxhrb oe` xrhl` xrc ,o`ihw`l`b `l`b ,cpx
lxeb mrc oe` oarl q`c ohk`xh`a ev jif hpywrx` xrfcpe` oe
,"mrla`xR ryib`l`rh `" iee fiela wl` ee ,ab` ,bpelrhy q
"mrla`xR ryicii ic" qlrwprx .` obree
155
rb rn oi` ohiiwkrlrfxrR rkrlhqixw jq ` a hpd jie` hpi
.axrn

ryihil`R rwiceaMa xc ic liihp` ornrp q`ee ,ohiiwkrlprfxrR
eivrxwel oe` eRel r`l`wip x"c ,`f`xb exhrR x"c ,meif`Rniq mrpi`
a ev hiixb hyip orprf ,ep`wy`xh`R xh oe` eeihwria ohk
.mrla`xR ryicii ic yihqil`rx
f `f`xb x"c rb sx`c rn f` hb oe` ciiy`a owiq`R xrcp` ` orpi
ie` hyip cn ryicii oiiw olrhy fi` xr .dpi xrc zngn hbx`fx`
bpelrhy xrkrlcp ,f` hl`d xr .ee"f`` ,mrc ev xra`x` ic oe
rxreey ic sie` hwewrb hyip ohqelx` oyicii mrpe xi`" ,wl`
seq mev h`d R drb ohl q`ee oRivpixR ic hbifrb oa`d'q ,oegvp
."hwiciixR xi`
oala ocii oree oreerb xrqra hl`ee'q f` drca jie` fi` eRel x"c
q ,riprnex oi` q ,iif x` mrc qiex` haiid xr .riprnex x`
b`xha owihkiee .bpelwieehp` qriprnex ev ocii oe
xrc ,lrehwrlrhpi` xrwibp`xhyxr o` ,ep`wy`xh`R eivrxwel -
rnrh ic f` hliiv fi` hrax` xryix`xrhil xrhyxr of oe
of oaxy ev h`drb drca h`d xr f` oe` mkilrmely oreerb
ryicii xrc obree h`x`hw`c xrc .riprnex oi` rb`x orn hl`ee x`
ih ` of l`f oipr mev bp`bev of f` ohx`eexrc jif hprwrb .xrxr
`t jif hlrhy ,oxriec`a mev xrc sie` ep`wy`xh R rivif xrc oe
ee ic ,1945 x`i oi` iihx`R xryihqipen`w wihlib oreerb fi` q x`
mrc oi` rcrx q`win`xb mex` ic oe rhwipii`x` .xrwlr
rxrhq mrc a hala ep`wy`xh`R ih R crb oyi xrfcpe` oi`" :wp
ewY xrpxrc`n ryicii q`c ornrp`a ji` orw d iee x`p wl`
mrx xrlp`iv`p xrc oi` hxixbrhpi` ic oe x xrcprl rprciiy
."oarl ocii Eee
ie` beprb ep`wy`xh`R fi` mfihinrqihp` mrc jiiy q`ee wihkix
j`p`xb opgei
156
hcn xr ;hxihqiqwr xr f` orprwxrp` ev icM qie` xra ih rxr
p` fil olree xin oree" :wicpxrlwxrc mrla`xR xrc oe oxrqrax`
avn oyin`p`wr mrc ih`xw`nrc cp`l q`c olree xin oe` cp`l oe -
hree mfihinrqihp` xrc f` xrkif ji` oia ,oxif seq mev ."ocpieeyx`
ocii ic f` oiin ji`" :xr hb`f oi` fiela oxree hk`xh`a sx`c rb`x
mrx xrc q oe R ivr `ylrfrb ,ryin`p`wr ryi oe` rkrlh
a ryihil`R ic ."hx` xrcp` o` oi` iv riprnex oi` `c orbpebpic
bpecpixb dilroq`n ic oe` l`xUizpicn oe ocii ryiprnex ic oe
a pw ic ofee R hxree r yihqil`rx hyxnelM owif`c mrc oe o
rqieerb oi` meidcr wihlib orprf oqifrh qep`wy`xh`R .bp`bev
.rR`xii`axrn oi` ofiixw "rwpil"

` el xryix l f`lah jif hf ciix ic oi` oli oqiexb mrpe
oe` qrxrhpi` oqieerbqiex` h`d q`ee ,ep`ree`c`q li`kin xraxy
`y rpf oi` q ocii ev rih`Rniq rhrxwp`w oi` q orbpe
hlwieehp` o` orprf ocii" bpepiin of hiel .qriv`ehiq wl` oe
xrhnihy`a ` hyip ,hiidyhprn xrc oxrdrb iif .m`hy ohl` o`
xrbxia rl` orprf xin" f` hbvxrai` fi` ep`ree`c`q ."rix`hixrh
hyip oe` hlree xrc oe mrc jiiy q`ee ."cp`l oqieerb ` oe f` hw`
ie` ep`ree`c`q hk`xh ,cp`l obii` oiiw hyip oa`d ocii ji`" :lew o
ic hlrhyrb oiey jif a`d avn xrwif`c xrc hip fi`'q iv rb`x
p` xrqra jif ocii orprw mi` wp`c ` zngn ,xrwivpib ."orlwieeh
zelrn ryihrhqr ic sie` hwewrb hyip orn orw ,lihq of oe
rb hyip jrlhf 12 ic oi` orpi owivpii` oiiw ciix qep`ree`c`q oe
xraxy mrc cvn eeExR oiiw hyip hrf rn oe` ,wp`crb olrpibix`
ev jif hiiwyib`xh xrvp`b xrc hin ohqrnx` xrc oe R x .mrla
R` hyip orw rn zepeeM rheb ic obrx liihp` ornrp q`ee ic oe
xryicii xrc obree meif`Rniq mrpi` oe` uieeyie` j`p cl`a rb`x
oqixrbR` orprf iif f` qie` hrf qr xra` .wrp`cn xrc oe
"mrla`xR ryicii ic" qlrwprx .` obree
157
xh hiiwkrlwxiee xryib xryicii xrc oe R x ,mrla rxi` oe
hqid ee ryix xrc ,orlvx a ev if lbeqn hyip iif orprf x ornrp
iee b c .zeceqihRied rxi` hin hiiwvp hpd jie` avn xrc fi` q
ev h xrc oi` b R pxeyf oe` xryihil axrn oi` hlree xryihqil
oi` oe` .rwixrn
,eqif .l .` fi` riqewqic xrc oi` xrnrpliihp` xrhvrl xrc o
xhyxr rwibp R hiiwkrlprfxr .mehpcii oyiprnex oe p wicpxifil
zeaiq ic oe ,mfihinrqihp ic hin wicpaiidp hpd fia ohiiv rhl
h ev ly rn" :eqif hb`f ,b ` xcqM orprf iif lee ,ocii hb
ly rn ;hiidxrcpin eqif ."d`piw owreexrc zelrn rxriif lee iif hb
hbprxa x xrc oyieev ciiyxrhpe` mrc jrlhc qiex n xryihp
yail h rx ic oe` milyexi oyikpY ox a rl xrc oyipr mrpe
oyicii eqif .hprn`n owihpd mrpi` milyexi ozn` mrc oe` wl
hbvxrai` fi` p rwicxrhee xrfcpe` f` iv p orw uprhqiqwr rl
p oxree hxrkifx` l mrpi` x qr Eee cp d jif ocpiax nx ic yip
ic :qriqprnic rlrivprqr xc bx ic oe` deed xrc ,hiidprbp
pewev .h
lrwprx niq mrc hwicprx R hin meif` p eek ,hx qie` o -
ee iiqr xrhpkiivrb q p lw hxifil jrlhc oe` x rprciiyx
ohprnrlr xryicii xrc oe R x d ic ,mrla xrc oe` orbpepr -
ee xi oe orbpehx sie` orperb jif hd orn oree ,1945
.breeciiy owicrixkn
158
yhiee`aiil le`t
dxeab oe` rail oet rcprbrl `
"oeyny" rnr`R qlrwprxt xfril`
*

ohx`bh`hy xrq`i xrpiiy xrc Copou rvp`b ` hxixiRqpi` h`d
oi` hhwihl`hyrb oa`d iif .zetewY rprciiyx`t oi` qxraxy iix
oe` ohr`R ic ,xrniiarRil ic oet gix mrc ofxrt oi` iv rf`xR
xryihp`n`x xrc oi` xiv`Ry ` sie` ornew q`ee rhailrb
jxec hiilb`a ,orlnid rprla l`n ht` ic xrhpe` xrtq`nh`
e`R`w mrc wp`c ` .xrhqrwx`xrhilin ` oet qric`lrn rhkl
.ox`eerb hnix`a qxrlhqpiw oe` qxraxy wipiiee hyip orprf
oelwy` oi` wx`R ol`p`iv`p mrpet yf`qiiR xrc h`d obrw`c
yh`k ,bpewihl`hyrb xryix`xrhil xrlet ` ev oreerb dkef hyip
q`ee ,orlnid rx`lw ,riela xrhpe` ox`i xrhxrcped oiey jif hiv xr
heb ic q`ee hwewrb hyip .mi oyicprlhin mrpi` jif orlbiRy
oclrd rx`cprbrl iieev ic oyieev rail rkrlht`ypcl rhp`w`a
xehx`xrhil rkrlhr oi` ox`eerb hrax``a fi` dlilc oe` oeyny
oreerb gixhn hyip jif qxrt`y ic oa`d ,wxreewifen oe`
mrpet o`t otie` ornewrbx`t orprf qrprvqrail ic f` oaiidevqie`
.wx`R xrpelwy`
hiarb otie` `iwa ` ,(oelwy` - q`i) lrwprxt xfril` 't`xR
oreerb fi` ,l`xUiux` oet rhkiyrb oe` rit`xb`rb xrc oet
xrc oeyny obree rcprbrl xrwiax`hyne` xrc jxec hxixiRqpi`
oxiv`Rynex` j`p brlt xr oree ,dlilc xrpiiy xrc oe` xeaib
* bpehv xrc oi` orpiyxrc fi` q`ee ,xewn oyiprnex mrpet hvrfrbxrai`
Viata noastra .1992 x`exart oh14 mrc ,(aia`lY)
dxeab oe` rail oet rcprbrl `
159
` oaixyrbp rw`h h`d xr .e`R`w oet xrniiarRil ic xrhpe`
oclrd rx`cprbrl rwif`c ic hrncieerb yicii oi` rnr`R rpiiy x`b
,ox`i xrwivtet ic oi` .q`i oi` hpieeerb j`p h`d xr oree ,1953 oi`
xrc oi` xrh`rh oyicii mrpet zeceqi ic hbiilrb h`d rn oree
hy xfril` jif h`d ,`xiR`y `fi` oet bpexit xrc xrhpe` ,h
hin ornepx`t jif ,`x`w .i xraxy mrc hin orn`fev ,lrwprxt
,ox`ihw` rbpei ic ohiixbev oe` x`ehxrRrx mrc olrhytiepev
orn`xb`xR ic oet riv`hprix` ic ornihy`a ,ohqwrh ovrfxrai`
d mex` ief` .ee"f`` jif hiiwyixrtry qlrwprxt xfril` jif h
h`drb h`d q`ee ,xrh`rh oyicii oet hiarb otie` jie` hwrlRhp`
qprc`tcl`b oqiexb mrpet j`p rivic`xh rbp`l ` q`i oi`
ohx`bh`hy mrpi` orbpelrhyx`t Pomul verde .
oe` orlwihx` jq ` oaixyrb h`d lrwprxt xfril` 't`xR
oe` qxraxyyicii oet bpet`y xrc obree yicii oi` ohrax`yx`t
'RexR .zetewY rprciiyx`t oi` mehpcii oyiprnex oet oarl mrc obree
."xreercry" ` iee hxifixrhw`x`k "oeyny" rnrR of h`d ocq ac
,xr h`d ,1962 oi` l`xUi oi` ornewrbp` fi` lrwprxt xfril` oree
h`hy xrc oi` ovrf`a ev jif oq`ly`a ,wilrtev hyip iv wilrtev
.oelwy`
xr .ohiarb rprciiyx`t sie` eeihw` oreerb wicprhy fi` xr
yirxard ` jie` axrc fi` xr oe` ,ohrpcehq x`t qrivwrl hl`d
iilxrl` hkrlhptrx`t xr h`d riprnex oi` oiey .miler x`t xrxrl
rb`xt xryicii xrc obree oreieexrhpi` cp`a mrc :lynl iee ,xrkia
rib`l`hp` ic oe` (yifiivp`xt oe` yiprnex sie` ,1945) ryicii rp
bpehkic orbpeyx`t hwexcrb xr h`d l`xUi oi` .(yicii oi` ,1947)
ic oarbqiex` ma sYey ` oreerb fi` oe` riprnex oi` ocii obree
jea qlwia dnly oet riqxree ryirxard dipnex zecdi .(1978)
of ev hxrwrbwixev lrwprxt xfril` jif h`d ox`i rbp`l j`p
fi` if oe` ,yirxard sie` hvrfrbxrai` if ,"oeyny" rnr`R
` obree jif hlcp`d qr f` of dcen fen rn .1991 seq orpiyxrc
hxree q`ee j`xRy ryi`kx` ic .hiiwpiiy xrprhlrf ` oet bpet`y
yhiee`aiil le`R
160
ot`y ma rl`x rl`xhprv ` hliRy xrvrfxrai` mrc jxec hviprb
xrwif`c xrc .dUrndxeRiq mrc x`t xrtq`nh` rwiq`R ic
rnr`R xrc oet hiiwiceerpriil ic hyip xra` hxrhy lihqk`xRy
xrwihpd xrc x`t jrlhixhev i`cee` fi` if oe` ,"oeyny"
ht`yxrpriil xrwicpcrxyirxard .
` oi` .clrdhRied mrc hin yirci` jif hxivitihprci` xagn xrc
xrprq`lyhp` ,xrwx`hy ` iee oeyny jif hwrlRhp` olrhy iix
q`c orn hrf hf xrhiieev ` oet xra` ,xeaib xrkrlbif`ane`
hxree dlilc .rail jxec orbpexcrbkxec o`n ` oet mipR rwihkil
jif hailx`t o`n ` q`ee iext xrc oet l`aniq xrc iee hwihl`hyrb
ic fi` lrwprxt xfril` oet oeyny xrc .wila ohyxr otie` xi` oi`
oc hay oet jrlciin ic q`ee ,o`n ol`rci` mrpet bpexrRxrwx`t
hin clrd ` hnew qr iee sie` mi` ornrp oe` mi` oi` jif oailx`t
.zelrn rpf
hiib jrlxih`p oe` hkl iee owxrn`a ev hp`qrxrhpi` fi`'q
,xrhyxr xrc ev o`fxrR xrhixc xrc oet xraix` lrwprxt xfril`
.`teb clrd mrpet olitrb oe` oxrb`a ic hin jif wicpxivitihprci`
xrc oi` x`p hyip jif hwrlRhp` rnr`R xrc oet hiiwpiiy ic
mrpi` jie` x`p dUrndxeRiq mrc oet bpelcp`dR` xryix`brl`
ev xhrb orbpelrb fi` xagn mrc .lihq oyirxard owiqilt
orprf miYyilR ic oree ,brh rpri oet xrtq`nh` ic owihl`hyrb
.oelwy` oet rix`hixrh ic ornrp`a mi hf xrpri oet ornewrb
yicii oet rnr`R ic ovrfxrai` oet ehtie` oyixrlhqpiw mrc j`p
ev orneprbxrhpe` lrwprxt 't`xR hvi` jif h`d ,yirxard sie`
jif orprw olree ,xin ot`d ,mrc wp`c ` ;riqxree ryiprnex ` ot`y
.hay xrfcpe` oet qxrpriil xrn xi` hin orprw`a
161
xrciia miig
ryihr`R ic oe` xrbp`n wivi`
q`i oet rib`l`hp`
*

q`ee ,c`fiRr o` hin oaiidp` rhkiyrb rwif`c ic orn sx`c xyt`
oet l`fhxrvp`w oqiexb oi` wixev x`i x`R ` hin hxiq`R h`d
jif orpitrb qr Eee ,rcarb xralrf xrc oi` rw`h ;bpixxrhrax`
mrpri oi` .qhxreex`t mrpet qra`bqie` xc rl` oet qrivw`crx ic
otiew o`w rn Eee ,ocixixrkia hv ev hv oet x`t ornew l`f
ox`i xrwilcprv hin orpiyxrc orpf rklree ,qra`bqie` rprhlrf
oyicii oet xra`dail xrd` ornew b`h ovp`b ` oet jyn oi` .wixev
.zexve` wrR rvp`b hin wree` hx`c oet oriib oe` hx`ee
oet hxrwrbne` jif h`d xeq`i dyn x`qiyfrx xryicii xrc
ic q`ee ,jea owivpii`oe`oii` hin fiela ocixi rhvrl ic oet mrpii`
oet ok`xarb jif ynn oa`d xiR`R oa`xb mrpet jrlhf rhlrbx`t
rib`l`hp` ic oreerb fi` q`c .iif ev xixev ocri a hiiwhl` rp
bpehkic ryicii xfril` oe` xrp`R wgvi oet hlrhyrbtiepev ,
mrpi` ,q`i h`hy xryiprnex xrc oi` orpiyxrc fi` oe` ,lrwprxt
.1947 oi` "uxR .l .i riprnex oet fxwxehlew xryicii" b`lx`t
jif xrehxrh`rh xryicii xrwx`ieip xrc h`d q`ee x`t
hliivxrc xin xr h`d ,jea mrc h` hin c`xb hxiqrxrhpi`x`t
xrhprv rn`q oi` dxic of oi` hkef`a mi` a`d ji` oree ,zekix`a
q`ee ,wrh`ilaia of oet ox`eerb hpiehyxrc oia oe` ohrdp`n oet
.ok`xRy rprciiyx`t sie` xrkia rxrh rprhlrf oet hiihy`a
mrc h` sie` - xeq`i dyn hliivxrc xin h`d - hiihyx`t xi`"
* oet hwexcrbxrai` qhxreex`t .2001 n 25 ,(wx`ieip)
xrciia miig
162
xrliy ` oreerb oia ji` oree ,j`xRyxrhen ic hpxrlrb ji` a`d jea
w ryhxr ic oet oxiearb oia ji` Eee ,q`i oi` ,hx`c rw`h oe` .oq`l
"...hiidcpiw on hk`xax`t oe` ox`eerb
xrh`rh oaeyg mrpet olitrb ic heb up`b orp`hyx`t a`d ji`
bpefeep` xrcp` o` x`b hxiqrxrhpi`x`t h`d jin xra` ,x`qiyfrx
fi`'q ."xrbp`n wivi` :dncwd" :rib`l`hp` xrc oet rlid xrc sie`
.oxixtiyrc qr l`f rn hxrc`trb h`d q`ee qrp ` oreerb
oe` oqw`eerb fi` xr Eee ,h`hy ic oreerb q`i fi` oxrbp`n x`t
oe` .oarl oyix`xrhil of oi` hixh rhyxr ic hlrhyrb h`d
oe` rib`l`hp` xrc oet rlid xrc sie` o`hrb wew ` a`d ji` oree
awri ornewrbtie` jlb xin a orprf ,orn`p qxrbp`n orfxrc
oyicii ` a xrprxiearb ` ,ehqree ornree" :xrhxree qbxrapxrhy
hx`v ql` j`p jic h`d xrklree ,mrd`aqwl`t oe` dk`lnlra
xrn xrc oi` rivil`b xrnrx`yicii xrc oet hk`xarbxraix` lxega
,hx`pbii` oyicii oyitivrRq oe` orwprypee rxi` hin ,xrh`f
ehqree fcpe` oet ornree ...q`i h`hy xryiprnex xrhqEee`a
"...?oliiee
oi` ornewrb fi` iinx` ryiqex ic oree ,1914 oi` oreerb fi`'q ,`i
,harlrb h`d dgRynxrbp`n ic Eee ,iin`l`w h`hy xrivil`b xrc
hpcx`rbp` jif h`d wivi` .q`i oiiw oailwrbxrai` jif oa`d iif oe`
o`hrbR` lviRy ` ailev xra` .jryh ` ,xrcpy ohl` o` a hx`c
ohiarb h`d xr .otielhp` mi` oet hfenrb xr h`d ziadlra mrc
` oi` ,xrxry ` a hrax`rb - xrxrcp` xrc j`p riqrt`xR oii`
h`d ,q`i oi` ,hx`c .miYailra rxrcp` a oe` htryrbqlcp`d
...xrcil rhyxr rpf oaxy oaiedrbp` rw`h xr
dncwd qxrbp`n ev oe` rib`l`hp` xrc ev me` jif oxrw xin x`p
fi` ra`bqie` xrc oet rh`c ic f` ,oqrbx`t hyip xin`l .xi` ev
hyxr jif h`d'q .oreerb fi` q`c hv ` x`t q`ee oe` 1947 oreerb
oyicii ma orneprbR` h`d q`ee dngln rwihela ic hwicprx`t
oiey ,o`cp`l oi` hyip ,wx`ieip oi` hyip oe` ;lhixc ` wl`t
xrlrivpiee`xR xrc oi` x`p ,fix`R ,ryx`ee ,reewq`n oet hcrxrbR`
q`i oet rib`l`hp` ryihr`R ic oe` xrbp`n wivi`
163
xrvrf ryicii rvp`b ic oe` orpiex oi` jie` hbil q`ee ,q`i h`hy
`hp` o` hpyxrc - ,xrtdngln ohin wree` fi` xrwexc oe` -
xrcil o` hqily q`ee ,rifr`R xryicii xrpxrc`n oet rib`l
oe` op) 89 oet rl` sie` oarl rklree ,xrhkic ryicii (!wivk
xryix`xrhil xrhkr o` iee oreerb fi`'q .hlree xrc oet ohprpihp`w
xrlrhytiepev ralrf ic oa`d wixev x`i iieev hin j`p :h`hpclrd
o` ,b`lx`t oalrf oi` jie` oe` q`i oi` jie` ,oarbrbqiex`
.ohf 112 ohl`drb h`d q`ee ,bpehkic xryicii xrc oet rib`l`hp`
x`p htixy xryicii hin hyip hwexcrb oreerb fi` jea q`c xra`
q`c oreerb llka fi` q`c oe` ,rivRixwqp`xh xryiph`l ` oi`
...riprnex xrwicdnglnk`p xrc oi` jea ryicii rhyxr
ohf 320 oiey hl`d q`ee ,rib`l`hp` rp ` qiex` hiib h` oe`
ql`t ocri oa`d mrc ev .xrhkic ryicii rl` hrnM mex` hR`k oe`
dcen jif iif oa`d hx`eex`t xriif oi` .xrarbqiex` ic harxhyrb
h`drb hyip hee iif oa`d bpeln`f ic olrhytiepev ma f` ,oreerb
iif q`ee zeripn rprciiyx`t ic oe` ,l`ixrh`n owihiip ovp`b mrc
hree q`ee ,jif x`t lhiR`w `" oala olree orneweva h`drb oa`d
xehlew xryicii xrc oet rhkiyrb xrc oi` lhrla of oa`d
oe` ."(1947) f"yY x`i mrpet rR`xii` xrhxt`a xrc oi` hiiwihrh
h`d xrklree ,hrwea xrprhlrf ` ornew`a rw`h jif h`d'q
rifr`R xryicii xrc oet xrtry rhqra ic mrpii` oi` orneprbtiepev
,xrhkic 89 ic oet f` ,owxrnR` hiidpbrlrb xrc a xin`l)
ovp`b oi` b`h ev hpd oarl ,bpeln`f xrc oi` rhlrhyrbx`t
.(xrerwveq mdxa` oe` iwqpilkiyf lfiix ,iwvil` qrh`n :xc
h`d xrpriil oyicii ox`t hrwea okrlxrcpEee `f` olrhyevx`t
oe` cil oyicii oet xrhqn xrc - xrbp`n wivi` x`p hprwrb zn`a
!xrlrhytiepev ic oet o`nqcp`l ` evxrc
hrax`rb oa`d lrwprxt oe` xrp`R zra oreerb xrbp`n fi` Eee
ic wp`c ` hqEee`a heb oiey xrhvi` fi` rib`l`hp` xrc xrai`
jif h`d xrhkic xrc ;clrtprf`x mely s`xb`ia of oet orbpein`a
hin h`d oe` jxwp`xt oi` lbrp ryiv`p ic oet hreerh`xrb miew
xrciia miig
164
x`i orv rvp`b oe` o`cp`l oiiw oailwxrc jif oyiprlb`ee rkrlpR
ic oreerb orprf q`c f` ,o` hfee clrtprf`x .hryhenrb jif hx`c
rhqx`ahkext ic wihvpii` x`p ,oarl qxrbp`n oi` ox`i rhqxrhia
oi` hiiwhpee`d`a oe` rivicexr jiiy q`ee .bpet`y of oi` hv
hyip mi` l`f q`ee rnrh oiiw oreerb hyip" fi` xeh`xrhil
mi` l`f q`ee ,xrp`yfxeh`xrhil oiiw oreerb hyip ;oxiqrxrhpi`
hyip l`f xr q`ee ,xrhkic xrqiexb oiiw oreerb hyip ;oqiehyR`
."...oarl of oet rhkiyrb ic orprw
ic jif h`d'q ief` iee ,oxrlwevtie` ornewqie` j`p hree'q
hin jif ocpiax`t ev oarbrbp` rib`l`hp` xrc oet xrlrhytiepev
jif oa`d iif rklree ,ol`ixrh`n ic oarbxrai` mi` oe` oxrbp`n
oet orf ev fi` ql`t ocri .bpeln`f xrc oi` oqilyevp` oailwrb
ic hin hp`w`a oreerb fi` xr f` ,jea mev dncwd qxrbp`n
rib`l`hp` ic olrhytiepev ma xrarbqiex` ic oet ohiiwixreey
orneprb h`d xrbp`n .ryiciil` o` of ev ohq`nx`t jif h`d q`ee
fi`'q Eee ,h`hy ` ,q`i oi` oarbrbqiex` hxree if f` hk` oi`
ic .orn`xb`R ryicii rhqkrlxrciey ic oet xrpii` ornewrbx`t
hyip orprf ol`ixrh`n rp ,hxrhyrv ox`eerb orprf owrh`ilaia
hk`nrb alwR` xrc fi` j`c oe` ,qxrlrhytiepev ic ev orbp`bxrc
oxrp`R wgvi .hx`ee oyicii mev ht`yail hin oe` w`nyrb hin
oe` "rifr`R xryicii xrc oet `rn`x xrzn` o`" iee xr hlhih`a
x`t yeg ohxipit`x" ` hin oyhprn ` iee - olrwprxt xfril`
l`rci` o`" iee - qxrlrhytiepev rciia oe` ,"ohrhilihaeq ryihr`R
."miinydon beeif oin ` ,lx`R
xryicii xrc oet bpev`yR` qxrbp`n fi` yihqixrhw`x`k
xryicii xrpxrc`n xrc oet beev xrhqpry xrc" fi` q`ee ,rifr`R
oe` ,bpekiixbxrc rhqxrhlrb oe` rhqkrd xi` fi` if .xeh`xrhil
rifr`R xrhqpxrc`n xrc hin ohqrnx`t hqiixc jif if o`w `f` iee
oht`ycp`l rl` .oax`t oe` xrprh oet rty ` .xrwlrt rxrcp` oet
Eeercp`x ` jif oaib hlree xrc oet rwihq`xt ic :xi` oi`
,l`xUiux` oet ht`ycp`l rwipef ic oe` xiaiq oet ht`ycp`liipy
q`i oet rib`l`hp` ryihr`R ic oe` xrbp`n wivi`
165
rl`x`hq`R ic hin wx`ieip oet oqp`p`qic ryihqip`axe` ic
ic .ht`ycp`l xryiprnex oe` xryipi`xwe` xrc oet ocx`w`
,raxree ryipi`xwe` ic ,ril`R`h ryilieR ic ,rwf`ixra ryieehil
."rnl`R rwicl`xUiux` ic oe` miealRr xryiprnex xrc
ief` h`d q`ee ,bpehkic xryicii xrc oet hwivhp` fi` xrbp`n
xrpiiw .hlree xrvp`b xrc xrai` o`hrb o`Ry ` wihkrn oe` hqiixc
xrc oet rivipitrc rhxixhprvp`w `f` oarbrb hyip h`d mi` fia
qr oe` - `teb xr fi` qxrtry rhqra ic oet xrpii` q`ee - bpehkic
xrq`i xrc ev dncwd of oet bevqie` o` j`p orbprxa jif hliee
,hiiwphlrf ` hpd oiey fi` if f` ,hk` oi` wicprnrp ,rib`l`hp`
ev hyip i`cee` oe` qxryx`txeh`xrhil rl` ev hyip elit` q`ee
oi` ornrh` oh`nilw rl`" :oiibxrc o`w x`i up`b ` oet xrpriil ic
rwee`wew ic :xi` oi` orbpif lbiit mipin rl` ,rifr`R xryicii xrc
:xin fi` iiee oe` ,beR`R xrc oe` lhqexahiex q`c ,iiee`l`q xrc oe`
xrfcpe` oet lbiitwilbne` ic - q`xw ic oe` a`x xrc ,ree`q ic
yxrd xrc ,aieh ic :wihprn`px` ryiciiyiq`lw ic .hiiwkrlwxiee
xryihqix`lwl`tyiciip xrc hin hx`Rrb ,xihlfiee q`c oe`
."rlrbiv rqeex`lw q`c oe` ree`R rprcl`b ic - wihprn`px`
xryicii xrc oi` xrhpe` xrbp`n hkxhy hprn`n oii` j`p oe`
` fi` wl`t oyicii mrpet hiiwhiixRyrv oe` hiiwhiifrv ic :rifr`R
xrc oet lwpiee mey oiiw f` ,ob`f hkrx hin o`w if .xi` x`t dlrn
- cnrxt hyip xi` fi` eeih`n mey oiiw ,cnrxt hyip xi` fi` hlree
"rpiec" ryikrl`ee ic ,eeih`nxrbrp xrc oe` eeih`n xryilaia xrc
."rpc" ryieehil ic oe`
xrc oet hwpeR oii` j`p orbprxa orn o`w ,hliee xi` aie` oe`
oi` hliivxrc xrbp`n q`ee ,oiil` mi` oet rit`xb`ia xryihr`R
,hliivxrc xr .rib`l`hp` xrq`i xrc ev dncwd xrc oet seq rn`q
xr q`ee ,cil ` orbpefrbxrai` ,yfc`l oi` wicprf ,h`d xr ief` iee
xrbxranrl ` oi` ieb oyipi`xwe` oxeMiy ` orbpif hxrdrb h`d
fi` q`ee ,xryh`w ` obree xrhxree rhliivrb x`R ` :wpry
oebip xrc ."liee ji` q`ee hyip qiiee ji` oe`" pec otie` ornEeeyrb
xrciia miig
166
oklree x`t ,mler xrc .obievrb yil`kp`lrn oe` bp`l jif h`d
oebip mrc hR`krbtie` h`d ,lcil q`c orbpefrbxrai` h`d xrbp`n
ryipi`xwe` oet hx` otie` ;ox`eerb lha sMiY orprf xrhxree ic oe`
bp`lyil`kp`lrn xrc .ryicii hxifiee`xRni` jif oa`d xrhxree
jyn oi` oe` `Rnrh ` ornew`a h`d oebip xryipi`xwe` xrprbievrb
xi` aie` ,xryicii ` - up`h ` ox`eerb xr fi` ohepin rhliivrb oet
hk`n xrbp`n oe` ...oebip ` oet leblib ` .up`h xryiciqg ` ,hliee
` hyip oree ,rifr`Rhlree rvp`b ic orc fi` q`ee oe`" :xitqie` o`
` ?ot`y`a hlree ic h`d h`b oklree hin ,oebip mrc oet leblib
."ohprn`xrRnrh rl`p`iv`p oi` hlbiRyrbR` ,oebiphlree
o` hiihy dncwd xrc oet seq mev .bpewxrn`a rhvrl ic
fi` q`c ."1947 ,crhqnrd ,o`cp`l .xrbp`n wivi`" :htixyxrhpe`
sie` ,jrlnrp - wihkiee xriif ,l`t mrprarbrb oi` ,fcpe` x`t jie`
orp`hyrb "o`cp`l ocnrxt oet ohl`w" oi` fi` q`bcrhqnrd xrc
iee ,xrklree a ,fe`dxrh`ee .c hrx`bx`n oet htryrbxrkia q`c
mewn ` orpetrb h`d xrbp`n wivi` ,clrtprf`x mely hliivxrc qr
h`d ,rw`h ohx`c .ox`idngln mi` x`t rkrlxrciey ic oi` hlwin
xin xrklree obree ,rib`l`hp` xrc ev dncwd ic oaixyrbp` xr
.hliivxrc oa`d
167
x`d `l`q
lrwprxt xfril` 't`xR hin qreny `
*

rhpi` xr` oxiviwq xi` hprw iv ,lrwprxt 't`xR :x`d `l`q
?lit`xR olrehwrl
iee ieprb hyip qiiee ji` :lrwprxt xfril` sie` oxrthpr ev ief
fi`'q .rb`xt `f` ,"oiil` jif orwxrc" xrhp`w`a xrc c i`cee
c fi` ozn` xrc oi` ` xyt` mrc oi` hwrhy'q .jrlbrnne` q
fi`'q xra` ,qwc`x`R o iee mrpri orprwxrc ev xrhkl xeriy
o`ihq`arq li`kin .oiil` jif `" fi` xr f` jif obree ob`f brl
yhprn obrxa ic oe jrlxrRny`a ji` hl`ee jif obree ;"pec oe
cii ` oia ji`" f` hb`frb o R hy xrwin ` ,"lhrhy oiilw ` oe
x`eex` lhrhy o mrc obree hxrdrb .q`i oarl ree`cl`n oe
mrc obree rc`l`a" qxrbp`n wp`c ` x`p orn h`d lhrhy
c xrc ."ax xrielrc`R xrwif prci` on hnihy`a h`d hw -
sie` hrhih rwivpii` on fi` q`c f` oiin'k oe` ,oarl up`b
cii ` oia ji` .hrhihprci` .lhrhy oyirR`xii`gxfin mrpe
orbpearlxrai` ic iee rwialrf ic oreerb orprf hiidcpiw on oe
ic .x`i hxrcped rhvrl ic jyna xrcpiw ryicii rl` hrnM oe
jif ji` a`d hvmixeR ;xcg oi` iyx hin yneg hpxrlrb a`d'k
hyiexrb ji` a`d ley oi` dlibn ic orpriil ma oe` ,hlrhyx`
` hp`d oi` ohl`drb ji` a`d dxeYzgniU .xrb`xb ohin hin lcpr
n ofee`a ev ,uiRy oi` lRr ohiex ` ie` bif o ly o hk` clr oe
ic oi` hiidcpiw on oi` hliRyrb ji` a`d oliRy .orpxrldxeY
xrclr .ee"f`` s`y ic hry`Rrb oa`d oif qawri Eee ,orpM oe
* hvrfrbxrai` f xrc oi` hwexcrb xewn oyiprnex mrpe :bpeln Solo Har,
Generatia confruntarilor , lx " b RR .111105 'ff ,1994 ,aia`lY ,"qexi
x`d `l`q
168
il` ev dncwd ` oi` qiex` fi` q`ee ,bpeliivxrc ` qbx`apiihy xfr
wihvklb oe` xrcpiw ic obree oaixyrb ji` a`d ,1947 oi` q`i oi`
iyrc" :q`ee h` oiil` jif obree ,xcg oi` mixq rwiliid ic wicpxix
cpiw ryicii q`c h`d miaehmei rlrp`ivic`xh ic wicpree`xR mrpe
oe` zexec ryicii rl` hin hpbrb`a jif lhrhy oyirR`xii`gxfin
Y ic .iif hin harlrbhin h`d ew d ze ."hyinrbqie` iee jif oa
oi` lee ,1930 x`i oi` q`i oi` oailwrbxraix` jif oa`d xin
hyip h`d l"f rh`h xrc .oreerb hyip rif`pnib oiiw fi` ielrc`R
zepMq ic sie` cpiw wivpii` of olrhyqie` hl`eerb b`h mrpe
okrlbrh ryicii iieev rxi` hin ,q`i .wixev oe` q`i oiiw ox
ryiiax rxi` hin ,"iElewew lebxih" oe` "y`x lec`R" ol`hx`eew
ied hl`nrc oreerb jrlhpiieerb fi` ,q"yzexag oe` zexeYcenlY ,o
`a xrxrqrxb ` hin x`p lhrhy oin ` jie` xrwipiiee ,bpexrwlr
.yiniid
oxeRy ic h`hy oi` oreerb wihprw j`p orprf ox`i ic oi` oe
cl`b mdxa` `c oa`d q`ee ,xrbp`n wivi` oe` xrR`xb awri ,orc`
;harlrb ,xrcilbiee :bp`frb xryicii ob`xhrb jif h`d xrfd ic oe
dgRyn of hin q`i oiiw xraix` fi` xrbp`n .xrcilrail oe
q`ee ,xega xrbelwhl` xrwixri14 xrc .1915 x`i oi` uiee`pxryh
d jif h` h`d ,rif`pnib xrwik`xRyyhc ` oi` hpxrlrb xrix
rd ` jif a ohl`drb oiey ryhc hin h xrq`i ic .ofxr
q`nh` xryicii ` j`p h`hyp` oe` ,"oreerb xiibn" orR of h`d xr
oqiexb ` hreerc`drbqie` q`i ryicii q`c h`d ,yiyhc sie` hr`R
.hr`Ryicii
rb jif h`d ief` fi` q`ee m`xb`R ofia "q`i rlrhrhy q`c" hxi
owif`c mrc h`d "wihpef xrpri" .1941 ipei ohq21 mrc ornewrbx`
,lhrhy owif`c mrpi` oarl up`b on arl ji` .hxrhyrv qxreeipe`
` hyxrd fcpe` oyieev .xin oi` harl qr oe` rwicprhyle
.hr`R xrqiexb ` jc fi` oexMf xrc ,rip`nx`d
a rn oiey mrc hin yirxard oi` q yicii oi` q jif hvip
zecdi" - "mehpcii ryirR`xii`gxfin q`c" oinxrh ohlvx`eerbp`
lrwprxt xfril` 't`xR hin qreny `
169
liih xryip`bx` o` orprf ocii ryiprnex ic ,xin ."dtexi` gxfn oe
mehpcii owif`c mrc fi` q`ee ,"mehpcii ryirR`xii`gxfin q`c" .
`xb`rb ` fiela dligzkl oreerb jif h`d ,bpeprkiiv`a ryi
riv`xbinr xryicii xreeiq`n xrc zngn ,hlcp`eex` ,cp`lqex oe
lrd xrhiieev xrc hin wicpaiidp` rwixrn` oi` riprnex oe` olieR h
fi` q`c .rix`brh`w xryix`hqid ` oi` ,hxrcpedx`i oh19 mrpe
oef ic Eee rixrRni`" o` ox`eerb b`f ji` ."hyip l`n oiiw hiibx`
`d xrc hin hip q`c hiiwicxr fi`'q xra` ,xrqiiw oyip`Ry mrpe
c ` j ry orprf oe` oarl ocii ryirR`xii`gxfin f` hw` yixr
ic .qrx`q`prea xrc` milyexi ,fix`R ,aia`lY ,wx`ieip oi`
oi` liihp` xrhee ornrp oe` orneprbliihp` oa`d ocii ryiprnex
ry xrwif`c xrc hiiwyixr .mehpcii oyirR`xii`gxfin mrpe
h`d oaxeg xrc ,mehpcii rwif`c q`c ovp`b oi` hrnM hwilihx`
prf xin oe` ic jif hlrhy qr .xec xrhvrl xrc or xrq`ee :rb`x
`yrb wxree rqiexb ic oa`d olree lxeb ?mehpcii owif`c mrc jxec o
rwileehv oin ` x`p jxec hvi` ok`n xin q`ee qifixw xrc fi` iv
ji` s`d ,"qp`qrprx" ` l`n ` ornew rw`h l`f qr oree ?dngiewil
`y ic jie` f` oqiprb ev of dkef hree yicii sie` bpe oe` .mi` oe
...hl`nrc fia
` o` oreerb hprf xi` :.d .q hf .ifrbx` x`ceh a hq`b xrh
xrc obree ,yhprn mrc ifrbx` obree xin hliivxrc ,heb ief`
q`nh` orbpeiv`a rxr` obree ,fied of oi` hyxrdrb h`d q`ee xr
.hr`R oqiexb mrc hin
.` ev hyrx`wea oiiw ornewrb ji` oia 1945 xrhpiee :.
xryicii xrc obree meif`Rniq ` oxifip`bx` xrwif`c xrc .rb`x
i rwialrf q`c orpiyxrc fi` meif`Rniq i oi` x iieev oi` q
oe` yiprnex sie` ,qra`bqie` ifiivp`x :lhih oxrhpe` ,y ryicii ic
mrla`xR xrhyrx`w`ee xrc oarl ,"x`yivx`n" ,fied qifrbx` ev .
Y ixy ` wp`c ` ornewrbp` ji` oia ,hyrx`wea oi` dqi xrkrlh
riv`cprn`wrx rlrh rkrlhr oe` `ryh`w .c .p oe ji` oree .orp`
a`d lwrbp R rkrlhr jxec hiilb`a ,oiil` ifrbx` fi` xrieh oi` h
x`d `l`q
170
r xin ornewrb ,hpid ieev .orpr oarl hvrfrbwree` jif oa`d hpid i
hpid rpn q`ee yhprn mrc" :hb`frb cl`a h`d ifrbx` oe` xin
xrhxree rwif`c ic ."xrpry j`p sie` ji` mrp ,oiiy sie` ornrp
`h`n ` iee orpic orprw ,ohp`w`ane` mev bpeiv`a qifrbx` oe
rwivx`d rwif`c ic .oreerb hl`nrc oia ji` q`ee xega owiceernry
qx`n oi` b`h mrc hpif x`i 17 jyna ohiarb hyip jif h`d bpeiv`a
fia 1945 a`d ji` oree 1962 x`exar .riprnex hf`lx` ox`
wree` oa`d xin .ifrbx` hin orprbrfrb jif ornewrb ji` oia ox`
mi` ji` a`d oiibwree` ma .obie` ic oi` oxrxh h`drb rciia
owp`yrb xin oe` orneprbnex` jin h`d ifrbx` .hp`d ic hyewrb
" jea xrcil of ,"ofxr R x bqie`hk aex'q ox` hnrp q`ee ra
`y ryihr`R rpf oe ie` .orbpe ic oaixyrbp` xr h`d jea o
wree` mev" :bpenciee hlree xrc oi` ox` oxrh on oe cpx
xfril` c ji` biil lrwprx q`ee qrRr ox` ."ux`d on oe
ic oi` avn qifrbx` obree xrhxree x`R ` ob`f hvi` liee ji`
ox`i rhyxr rpf b`h ocri hwexcrb h`d xr .miyfrx mrp mrc oe
rvxew bpehv xrc oi` orp`hrilr Adevarul ic .(zn` xrc)
rwif`c xryihqipen`w xrc ovx`d mev oreerb hip orprf orp`hrilr
yxrxi d .qxrpriil ic sie` drRyd rqiexb ev xriif ailev h h
irb jif n`R ` hwexcrbR` oe` `n`h oix`q hl`nrc hree ohin hrl
rifr`R ic" lhih rv oe rv ic xrc` bpelie bpelie ."rifr`R xrc oe
hin orn h`d oifrbx` n l ax` ixy rpf owexc ev oh rpf .oh
orneprbqiex` orn h`d xrkia .orbpelcp`dkea oe` owrh`ilaia ic oe
,oifrbx` hwihf`a hee ief` sie` h`d miyfrx xryihqipen`w xrc
` hd riprnex oi` xec xrbpei xrc f` f eli .hprwrb hyip orn`p o
q`lw ` oi` hcrxrb l`n ` ji` a`d 1952 iv 1951 oi` rif`pnib oe
mrc obree q`i oi` a`d ji` oe` bx`apiihy xfril` hqilea` x` -
a`d ji` .bpevrfxrai` qifrbx` oi` lyn ` qpf hpriilrb
xrhqrxb xrc ,ewqrpinr j`p ,fi` ifrbx` f` micinlY ic hliivxrc
exrbR` cinlY ` jif h`d .hr`R xryiprnex xi` ,xrxrl xag" :o
mi` obree oqiiee xin q`ee xraxy ` obree hliivxrc `c h`d
lrwprxt xfril` 't`xR hin qreny `
171
jif ohiixb xin .ewqrpinr oarl wree` mi` hlrhy xi` oe` hyipx`b
dqie` obree oe` qprn`fwrrxeh`n ic mex` miycg x`R ` oi` ohl
` xin oa`d xraxy oqiexb mrc a`d ji` ."hxrdrb hyip eli
iif orn hree xraxy mrc obree f` iif wicpb`f micinlY ic hwiex`a
.oxipin`fwr hyip
ewY xrc oi` ,hieh qpil`hq j`p exrbp` h`d bxeaprxr q`ee d o
ev oq`ly`a miyfrx xryihqipen`w xrc h`d ,"rbilc` ic"
xryiprnex xrc oi` ornrppx` wixev mi` oe` oifrbx` oxihilia`drx
d xrhrRy .xeh`xrhil xrc ev hliieerbqie` oifrbx` orn h
` fi` xr oe` rinrc`w` xryiprnex oi` h`heRrc ` oreerb eli
.hprn`lx`R hprwrb hyip ifrbx` h`d obreehqrc oe ic oqrbx`
mi` h`d rn oree hv .oqiehyx`
,oef owivpii` qifrbx` q`b xrc sie` hxihqrx` orn h`d 1948 oi`
ee ,evex`a xrc ;wihil`R oi` hyinrbpx` hyip l`n oiiw jif h`d q
liv oe .oiil` oifrbx` owrxyp` fiela oreerb fi` oef of oxihqrx
ji`" :hb`frb xin xr h`d ,oifrbx` a oreerb oia ji` oree ,l`n oii`
hqia ec f` oiin rprhlrf ic oe yf`xew mrc j`p oa`d q`ee cpx
bie` o` xcqM hl`d 'rh`hixewrq' ic zeid ,xin ev ornewevpx`
xr h`d l`n xrcp` o` ."fied on sie` ` hpriilrbx ,cil ` xin x`
,"hk`p ,R` jin f`l" xr h`d xrhrRy .ye`ii oe` xriexh hin le
fi`'q oe` cil rwif`c q`c hrncieerb xin rx` hin ox`eerb hkrlhp
.bpenciee xrc
xrieh oi` hR`lwrbp` ji` a`d 1950 oi` b`h ` mrpii` oi` oe
r ornewrb fi` evex`a oe` "x`yivx`n" rb jif a`d ji` .orpr hiix
`d rn f` orf ev `a mi` h oe` oiib ev ornewrb jie` fi` ifrbx` .hx
fi` q`c ief` iee hliivxrc xin h`d xr a`d ji`" .ornewrbx`
rlrh ' :hb`frb xi` a`d oe` xrwe`R `p` hxip` zeid ,xrwe`R iex
q`ee ,miyfrx xrc oqrfrb oe` hela xr` oq`brb h`d xi` mi` x`
Y oi` ox`i jq ` ,ji` oiin ,oarl xreey qewqrpinr R` hwxrn ,dqi
a ohra ev hwihkrx`a oia ji` f` f xi` j` a jif hl f` orn
f ji` d l p oef owivpii` on xrhlr xrc sie` oa hqiiee xi` .hpr
x`d `l`q
172
Y oi` hvif xr f` heb up`b j`c `p` .'oef on fi` xr lee fiela dqi
ee q`c o`h ev hb`frbev xin h`d xrwe`R l`f rn icM wihiip fi` q
`a mi` ."orx
ifrbx` h`d riv`hilia`drx of j`p rx` jea of hkrlhp
xrcil 1907 rn oree hwpeR jef`a ` sie` mi` a oreerb oia ji` .
orneprbqiex` h`d ifrbx` .jea q`c owexc oi` ohl`drb h`d ` oe
ey xehwrx`w jrlhf rkrlhr ofieerb xin h`d oe` hxreep`w ` c`l
xin xr h`d - rf" .hwexcrbt` h`drb oiey h`d rn q`ee xrcil oe
xrcil rkrlhr hlqRrb h`d xefprv ic - hb`frb cp`a mrc oe
1907 xr h`d jea owif`c mrpi` f` hxrlwxrc xin h`d ifrbx` .
ixbrbp` dhigy ic o orprf qr x`p ,x`i mrc oi` mixrieR ic oe
xrlrpinixw xrc sie` mifnx jie` oreerb ohx`c bpexi mrpe
.xrieR oyiprnex mrc obrwhp` miyfrx oyihqipen`w
`xR :.d .q ' hxree xi` ,lrwprx hpkrxx` xrai` o` x` -
xrhidR` xrprarbrb ,dyexixehlew oe` j`xRy xryicii xrc oe
nrw q`ee yhprn ` h jynd mrc x` .xeh`xrhil xryicii xrc oe
h`d xi` rx` ,xrkia hkrlhp xrc sie` oriiqr ,orbpeyx`
f xi` hliee iv .rnrh xrwif`c ob R ?oipr mrc obree xrhxree x
.` xy ev oq`ly`a :. ,"wihpef mrpri" ji` a`d yicii sie` oa
b`h mrc ,1938 oi` .1941 ipei ohq29 mrc ,q`i oi` m`xb`R mrpe
cpra iieev orpiyxrc orprf ,bpei up`b j`p oreerb oia ji` oree oe
qrxrhpi` o` hwreexrc oa`d q`ee ,orbpeliivxrc ryiprnex rpn
ji` a`d 1940 oi` .ewy`eei` ryfcx`yfc oe` `ryhew .c .p a
rx` qbxravxrd oi` lkiapxrl yicii ` l`brlne` hkrlhp
lhih mrc xrhpe` q`i oi` xrwexc xrhnix`a .j`xRy xrfcpe`
ailev ie` ji` a`d zeaiq rklrcprhyx` ofieerbp` h`laxry o
ux`eey wivi` xraxy xrc h`d dngln xrc j`p ."1938 ryx`ee"
x`lRnrfwr o` hwiyrbxrai` `x`w .wx`ieip ,`eeii oi` jea oe
oihrlea mrpi` ,24 'nep `eeii oe orn h`d ,1947 xranrvrc oe
rhkiyrb ryi`xrd ic" :bpewxrn`a xrc hin rlid ic hwexcrbR`
cp`a mrpi` jie` orf orn orw rlid ic ."jea yicii ` oe oe qwpt
lrwprxt xfril` 't`xR hin qreny `
173
zelidwd ee ,mehpcii xryiprnex mrc hrncieerb d q hxihw`crx h
.oiihypreerl`ial x`c`rh x"c
xrhpiee mrpi` orneprb oyhprn rbpei rRexb ` h`d 19421941 oe
rxh jif obree oqreny ev icM o ornrla`xR rprciiyx` mrpe
.xeh`xrhil xryicii xrc hin orprw`a ev jif icM oe` oarl oyicii
rpii` ` ox`eerb xrhrRy fi` q`ee ,eh`xa oiee`q oreerb fi` iif oe
`xR xrhp`w`a ` oe` hrhiqxreeipe` xrhyrx`wea mrpi` x`qr
rxh rkrlhpkree rxrfcpe` .xrwihixwxeh`xrhil fcpe` oa`d orbpe
.zepMq rqiexb sie` hlrhyrb
ie` rRexb rwif`c ic h`d 1944 hqebie` ohq23 mrc j`p hlrhyrb
oi` q`i oi` oarbrbqiex` h`d q`ee ,"uxR .l .i" fxwxehlew mrc
rib`l`hp` o` 1945 fi` q`ee ,rib`l`hp` ic .rifr`R xryicii oe
wgvi xraxy mrc jxec oe` xin jxec ox`eerb hlrhyrbprn`fev
if h`d xrp`R rrb j dncwd ` hin hp ryicii oiiw .xrR`xb awri oe
h`d ,q`i oi` h`drb hyip hl`nrc orn h`d owexc ev sie` zeize`
oi` .rivRixwqp`xh xryiph`l oi` rib`l`hp` ic hwexcrbt` orn
a ,rib`l`hp` ic fi` 1947 ,xrcil l`v xrqiexb ` hin hxrkx
` hin ,q`i oi` l`n hiieev ` qiex` hx`eexi q`c .xrbp`n wivi` oe
pewev xrc obree iiqr o` oaixyrbp` ji` a`d x`i rwialrf h oe
rdln`f xrc oi` orpiyxrc fi` iiqr xrc .yicii h xrhyrx`wea
.xrkialn`f
rivw`crx xrc oi` ic oe xrkialn`f ,xrR`xb awri oreerb orprf
awri ee orrci` ic .o`nhiex rhp oe` xrb`d jexa ,o`ncix ji` q
d a xrc ev dxiYq oi` oreerb orprf iiqr on oi` hbiilrbx
c`hx` xryihqipen`w xrc .riqw oarbrbev rivw`crx ic h`d x`
iiqr owif`c mrc owexc xin" :bpexrlwxrc ic xfril` oe ,lrwprx
qie` rpf rl` hin hip mbd xrnep xrc ."miMqn xin orprf oxi oe
xrkialn`f p`w fi` on ailev orpyxrc of j`p ox`eerb hxiwqi
.iiqr
on x"c ,cpx o` iee hrax`rb h`d q`ee ,xrhkry ewp`i
rix`h`x`a`l xrc oi` hprhqiq` `xR oe rhy ' oi` e`l`wip o`
x`d `l`q
174
yrb xin h`d ,hyrx`wea rq hxrcped orwp R x h R owexc mrpe
xrc a`d ji` .iiqr hv oe` qxraxy iix ` hwiyrbwree oe -
ixy cilbhin ` ,laiil l`ipc xraxy xrc .oh xryirxard xrc oe
x`hw`crx xrc oreerb jie` fi` q`ee ,rinrc`w` oe hlreep oi`
xr fi` wx`ieip oi` .hwexcrbxrai` ohx`c iiqr mrc h`d ,aialY
h`lapk`ee mrpi` mikynd oi` orpiyxrc .rnihy xrhrax` rx
d ji` jie` a rx xc hkrlhp oi` yici orpxrl ev xrkiapxrl
,oley ic iee ief rprciiyx d ji` .oriiqr oe` orlwihx a jq
,yici oi` oaixyrb d yiprnex oe` yrxard oi` jie` xra ji` a
oaixyrbp f iix xy mrc fi` heb .ok ee xra qie` jif hwixc xr q
oi` fiela y xrwivpii`oii` o R x .j
?xrhee sie` xrprlR :.d .q
.` lhih ohin rib`l`hp` o` wexc mev ohiixbev oi` hl`d ji` :.
obie` ic oi` ocii ryiprnex ic" mrc hin ,"qxraxy ic oe
dpeeM ic jie` a`d ji` ."xrkia ic oi` oarl xrfcpe`" lhihxrhpe`
,"xrprnex ` oe` cii ` iee bree on" lhih ohin jea ` oaxy ev
p liRya mrc wicpriibk oaixyrb h`d q`ee ,o`nxrq`ee awri oe
ji` hk`xh wihvklb ."cii ` oe` yhc ` iee bree on" jea q`c
oe` oriiqr rpn orln`fp` obree jie` ,yicii sie` orbpeyx`
x`eerv orprf q`ee ,yiprnex oe` yirxard oi` o rprciiyx`
` hl`ee ji` .rwixrn` oe` l`xUi ,riprnex oi` qriv`wilaeR xy
crb jie` x h rx` alwR` o` okrlhp oa`d q`ee ,xrcil ic oe
ie` jif fi` q`ee ,"oeyny" rnr`R on .ciazM oi` xin a hidrb
fi` ,yirxard sie` bp`l hyip qiex` if .ol`ixrh`n rwif`c ic oe
exR lee qiex` fi` .owexc if l`f rn orp`hyrbev fi` ocq ac '
f` ,`nYqn hqiiee x`d `l`q hr`R xrc heeExR q`ee mrc x`
rb ,ohh`a rp owrlRhp` ev icM "xrhxree rwiq`R" orpi
jif hwreexrc q`ee xrpii` :ohqwrh iieev ozn` xrc oi` oxihqiqwr
qr q`ee xrxrcp` o` oe` ,lihy xrc oi` hryhtry oe` mi` oi`
ev mi` hbpilrb hpriil hr`R xrc oree .xiR`R sie` oxih`px` q`c
ie` rpraixyrbp` jif ovlrny ,xiR`R o ohqwrh rciia mi` x`
lrwprxt xfril` 't`xR hin qreny `
175
xra` ,orn`fev x`p hxihqiqwr xrpriil ox` xrwivpii`oii` o
.hqwrh
`y xrxrhkip xrc orbpepiin ic oxrd ev jif hwihiip xr ic oe
xrc iabl rihp`x`b oin ` iee orpic orw bpev`yR` xriif ,xrwihixw
hxree xreeihwria` `y of oe hiiwihlib ic x`p .bpe xrc oe
`a ` fi` rihp`x`b xrwif`c mely oe` rhrb ,lynl .rhvrprxb
ohl`drb wx`hy xriif rciia oa`d mkilr mrpe oyifiivp`x
mrc haielrb wx`hy h`d ryhip ,(18571780) ryfp`xra hr`R
orn h`d hpd xra ,(19101864) x`prx leyf xraxy oyifiivp`x
iieev ic ovp`b oi` qxraxy ryifiivp`x qrxrhpi` xrc .oqrbx`
j`p fi` x`prx x` ,jeab`h of ailev fiela xra` ,lqia ` o`x`
fi` q`ee rx` rklrf` oe` ,hieh of j`p hyxr ox`eerb hkrlhp
rpn obree oaixyrb oa`d riprnex oi` .aexl orf orn orw ol`
wxree rhwexcrb ,o`ihw`l`b `l`b ,ifrbx` x`ceh ,`wxrc` .
oe` yicii rpn sie` oe` ,rxrcp` oe` ewy`eei` ryfcx`yfc
ixy rwik`xtyyirxard exrbR` jif oa`d oh ,lwia dnly o
oi` wicprnrp xra` ,ocq ac oe` j`p`xb opgei ,qeRn`w oryfcer
rhp`nxrc oaie` ic hk`xh`a rihp`x`b oiiw hyip q`c fi` ol` x`
pewev xrc .h
ji` hl`ee ,xin haielrc xi` oree cnrn xrc :llM `f` hxilenx`
xeh`xrhil of hyip l`f'q xrq`ee oi` hkiixbxrc xraxy ` q`ee
hyip hd hd ,oaixyrb mi` obree h`d rn q`ee ok`f ic ailev
xr q`ee wxree ic wp`c ` fiela x`p yrb h`d oiil .o
176