Design of Slab of Ground Floor and First Floor

6.
7 Design of Slab
Design of Slab of Ground floor and First floor
Panel No 1 → Continuous one-way slab

Panel No 2 → Two-way slab with corners held down, one-short edge discontinuous
Panel No 3 → Two-way slab with corners held down, interim panel
“SEISMIC VULNERABILITY EVALUATION AND RETROFITTING OF EXISTING RCC STRUCTURE”

By [Sandesh, Shiyam, Shlok, Sonam, Subash, Swastik] | 127
6.7.1 Design of slab-1
Here,
Grade of concrete = M20
𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 20 N/mm2
𝑓𝑦 = 415 N/mm2
250
Shorter dimension of slab (𝑑𝑥) = 4000 + × 2 = 4250 mm
2
250
Longer dimension of slab (𝑑𝑦) = 8230 + × 2 = 8480 mm
2
𝑑𝑦 8480
So, 𝑑𝑥 = 4250 = 2.1 > 2, hence one-way slab.
Then,
Trial depth:
𝑑𝑥
From deflection criteria: Basic = 26
𝑑
Using a modification factor of 1.3

𝑑𝑥
Allowable, = 1.3 × 26
𝑑
4250
or, 𝑑 = 1.3×26 = 125.739 mm (say 126 mm)
Providing effective cover (𝑑 ′ ) = 20 mm

Overall Depth (𝐷) = 146 mm ≈ 150 mm
𝑑 = 150 − 20 = 130 mm
Now,
Effective span of slab:
Width of support = 250 mm
1 𝑡ℎ
(12) of clear span = 333.33 mm
1 𝑡ℎ
Width < (12)
So, 𝑙𝑥 = 4250 𝑚𝑚; 𝑙𝑦 = 8480 𝑚𝑚

Now,
Considering 1 m wide strip of slab:
Dead load = 25 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 × 0.15 = 3.75 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Finishing load = 1 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Total dead load = 4.75 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Total live load = 5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 [Educational Building]

Then,
Factored live load = 𝑊𝑢𝑙 = 1.5 × 4.75 = 7.125 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Factored dead load = 𝑊𝑢𝑑 = 1.5 × 5 = 7.5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Sample Calculation:
𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.138 × 𝑓𝑐𝑘 × 𝑏 × 𝑑 2
27.981×106
𝑑 = √0.138×20×1000 = 100.687 𝑚𝑚 < 150 𝑚𝑚 (OK)
Type of Load Span Moments Support Moments

Load Near Middle of At middle of At support next At other
end span interior spans to end support Interior
supports
Dead load 7.125×4.252 8.043 kN-m −12.869 kN- −10.725 kN-
=
12
(7.125 m m
10.725 kN-m
kN/m2)
Live load (7.5 13.547 kN-m 11.289 kN-m −15.052 kN- −15.052 kN-
kN/m2) m m
Total B.M. 24.272 kN-m 19.332 kN-m −27.921 kN- −25.777 kN-
m m
Depth ′𝑑′ − − 100.687 mm −
from B.M. <150 mm (OK)
consideration
𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑟𝑒𝑞 568.74 mm2 443.22 mm2 665.566 mm2 608.22 mm2
𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 12 𝜙 bars @ 190 10 𝜙 bars @ 12 𝜙 bars 150 12𝜙 bars @
mm c/c (595.249 160 mm c/c mm c/c 180 mm c/c
mm2) (490.873 mm2) (753.982 mm2) (628.318 mm2)
Maximum Spacing shouldn't exceed: 3𝑑 = 3 × 130 = 390 mm
spacing or 300 mm whichever is less
Spacing <300 mm (OK)
𝐴𝑠𝑡 ×𝑓𝑦
Then, 𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 × 𝑓𝑦 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 𝑑 [1 − 𝑓 ]
𝑐𝑘 ×𝑏×𝑑
𝐴 ×415
or, 27.921 × 106 = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 130 [1 − 20×1000×130
𝑠𝑡
]
or, 594.867 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 [1 − 1.596 × 10−4 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ]

On solving, 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 665.566 𝑚𝑚2
Distribution steel,
0.12×1000×150
𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 180 mm2
100
Using 8𝜙 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠,
82
𝜋× ×1000
4
c/c spacing = = 279.25
100
Provide: 8 𝜙 bars @ 270 mm c/c (<5d or 400 mm) So, OK

Check for Shear:-
Table 6.5 Shear Check
Type of At End Support At Support next to end support At all other interior
Load Outer side Inner side supports
Dead Load 0.4 × 7.125 × 18.168 kN 16.654 kN 15.141 kN
7.125 4.25 = 12.1125
2
kN/m kN
Live Load 14.344 kN 19.125 kN 19.125 kN 19.125 kN
7.5 kN/m2
Total 26.456 kN 37.293 kN 35.779 kN 34.266 kN
(𝑉𝑢 )
𝑉
𝜏𝑣 (𝑏𝑑𝑢 ) 0.1763 N/mm2 0.2486 0.2385 0.22844 N/mm2
N/mm2 N/mm2
𝑝𝑡 * 0.1984 % 0.327 % 0.5026 % 0.4188%
𝜏𝑐 0.3187 N/mm2 0.3969 0.48 N/mm2 0.441 N/mm2
N/mm2
( 𝜏𝑐 × 𝑘 ) 0.414 N/mm2 > 0.515 N/mm2 0.624 N/mm2 0.573 N/mm2 > 𝜏𝑣
(𝑘 = 1.3) 𝜏𝑣 (OK) > 𝜏𝑣 (OK) > 𝜏𝑣 (OK) (OK)
* → Half of steel is curtailed.
Check for deflection:-

Span = 4.25 m
Basic value = 26 (continuous slab)
595.249
𝑝𝑡 = middle of end-span = 1000×150 = 0.397 %
Now,
Modification factor:
568.74
𝑓𝑠 = 6.58 × 415 × 595.249
= 230 N/mm2
Modification factor from Fig. 4 of IS 456:2000 = 1.46
So,
𝑙
(𝑑 ) = 1.46 × 26 = 37.96
𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑
𝑙 4250
(𝑑 ) = = 28.333
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 150
𝑙 𝑙
∴ (𝑑 ) < (𝑑 ) [OK]
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑
6.7.2 Design of Slab 2: [One-short edge discontinuous]
Here,
Grade of steel = Fe415
𝑙𝑦
< 2. Hence, two-way slab.
𝑙𝑥
(a) Calculating thickness of slab and effective span of slab:

𝐷 = 150 mm
Assuming, 10 𝜙 bars,
𝑑𝑥 = 150 − 20 − 5 = 125 mm
𝑑𝑦 = 125 − 5 − 5 = 115 mm
Now,
𝑙𝑥 = 2.16 + 0.125 = 2.285 𝑚
𝑙𝑦 = 4 + 0.115 = 4.115 m
(b) Calculating load on slab:

Considering a strip of 1 m,
Dead load:
Self-weight of slab = 25 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 × 0.15 × 1 = 3.75 kN/m
Floor-finish = 1 kN/m2 × 1 = 1 kN/m
Live-load = 4.5 kN/m2 × 1 = 4.5 kN/m

So,
Total Factored load (𝑊𝑢 ) = 1.5 × [3.75 + 1 + 4.5 ] = 13.875 kN/m
For 1 m strip (𝑊𝑢 ) = 13.875 kN/m2
(c) Bending Moment Co-efficients:

Retrofitting to Annex D, Table-26,
𝑙𝑦
= 1.8
𝑙𝑥
Now,
0.068−0.064
Negative moment at continuous-edge (𝛼𝑥− ) = 0.064 + × (1.8 − 1.75) =
2−1.75
0.0648
Negative moment at continuous edge (𝛼𝑦− ) = 0.037
Positive moment at mid-span (𝛼𝑥+ ) = 0.0488
Positive moment at mid-span (𝛼𝑦+ ) = 0.028
Now,
Design moment calculation:
(a) Along-shorter span:
𝑀𝑥+ = 𝛼𝑥+ × 𝑊𝑢 × (𝑙𝑥 )2 = 3.535 kN-m
𝑀𝑥− = 𝛼𝑥− × 𝑊𝑢 × (𝑙𝑥 )2 = 4.6944 kN-m
(b) Along-longer span:
𝑀𝑦+ = 𝛼𝑦+ × 𝑊𝑢 × (𝑙𝑥 )2 = 2.028 kN-m
𝑀𝑦− = 𝛼𝑦− × 𝑊𝑢 × (𝑙𝑥 )2 = 2.68 kN-m
Then,
Maximum bending moment = 𝑀𝑥− = 4.69444 kN-m
Then,
𝑥
For Fe415: (𝑑 ) = 0.48
𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑀max = 𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.138 × 𝑓𝑐𝑘 × 𝑏 × 𝑑 2
4.6944×108
𝑑 = √0.138×20×1000 = 41.241 𝑚𝑚 < 𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 (𝑑𝑥, 𝑑𝑦). Hence, OK
(c) Design of positive reinforcement: [In middle strip]

𝑓 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 × 𝑓𝑦 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 [𝑑 − 𝑓𝑦 ]
𝑐𝑘 𝑏
(i) Along shorter-direction:

415×𝐴
𝑀𝑥+ = 3.535 × 106 = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 125 [1 − 1000×125×20
𝑠𝑡
]
78.327 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (1 − 1.66 × 10−4 𝐴𝑠𝑡 )

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 79.372 mm2
Then,
Provide 8 𝜙 bars @ 260 mm c/c. [Max. spacing = 300 mm]
(ii) In longer direction:
415×𝐴
𝑀𝑦+ = 2.028 × 106 = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 115 [1 − 1000×125×20
𝑠𝑡
]
or, 48.843 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 [1 − 1.443 × 10−4 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ]

∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 49.192 mm2
Provide 8 𝜙 bars @ 260 mm c/c.
(d) Design of negative reinforcement: (In Middle Strip)

79.372
𝐴−𝑠𝑡(𝑥) = 0.0488 × 0.0648 = 105.395 mm2
Provide 8 𝜙 bars @ 260 mm c/c

𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 193.328 mm2 <300 mm (OK)
49.192
𝐴−𝑠𝑡(𝑦) = × 0.037 = 65 mm2
0.028
Provide 8 𝜙 bars @ 260 mm c/c

𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 193.328 mm2
(e) Reinforcement in edge strip:

0.12×1000×150
𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 180 mm2
100
Provide 8 𝜙 bars @ 270 mm c/c in both short and long span direction in the edge strip.
(f) Torsion Reinforcement:

3
Torsional reinforcement where only one-edge is discontinuous = 8 × (𝐴𝑠𝑡 )+
𝑥
= 3/8 × 79.372 = 29.764 mm2/m < 𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑚𝑖𝑛

Provide 8 𝜙 bars @ 260 mm c/c at top and both in four layers.
𝑙𝑥 2285
Length of torsional reinforcement = = 457 mm ≈ 520 mm
5 5
Check for shear:

𝐿𝑥
Maximum Shear Force = 𝑊𝑢 × = 15.852 kN
2

𝑆𝐹 15.852×103
Nominal shear, 𝜏𝑣 = 𝑏𝑑 = = 0.1268 N/mm2
1000×125
193.328 (𝐴𝑠𝑡 )+
𝑥
𝑝𝑡 = × 100 = 0.128 %
1000×150
𝜏𝑐 = 0.28 N/mm2
For depth = 150 mm, 𝑘 = 1.3 (Clause 40.2.1.1 of IS 456:2000)
𝜏𝑐′ = 𝑘 × 𝜏𝑐 = 0.364 N/mm2
𝜏𝑣 < 𝜏𝑐 ′ (OK)
Check for deflection:
193.328
𝑝𝑡 = 1000×125 × 100 = 0.155% At support in short span direction.
𝑙
(𝑑 ) = 𝛼𝛽𝛾𝛿𝜆
𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝛼 = 20, 𝛽 = 1
79.372
𝑓𝑠 = 415 × × 0.58 = 98.82 N/mm2
193.328
𝛾 = 2, 𝛿 = 1, 𝜆 = 1
Now,
𝑙
(𝑑 ) = 2 × 20 = 40
𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝑙 2285
(𝑑 ) = = 18.28
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 125
𝑙 𝑙
(𝑑 ) < (𝑑 ) [OK]
𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
Check for cracking control:

Main reinforcement spacing < 3𝑑 or 300 mm (OK)
Tensile steel > 0.12 % of 𝑏𝐷 in both direction
125
Diameter of bar < = 15.625 mm
8
8 𝑚𝑚 < 15.62 𝑚𝑚 (OK)

Check for development length:
0.87×𝑓𝑦 ×𝜙 0.87×415×𝜙
𝑙𝑑 = = = 47 𝜙
4×𝜏𝑏𝑑 4×(1.6×1.2)
𝑙𝑑
Embedment length > 3
> 125 𝑚𝑚
Length of embedment available = 230 − clear cover
= 230 − 20 = 210 mm (OK)
𝑀1
(2) 𝐿𝑑 ≤ 1.3 + 𝐿0
𝑉

As alternate bars are curtailed near the support,
193.328
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = = 96.664 𝑚𝑚2
2
𝑦 𝑠𝑡 𝑓 𝐴
𝑀1 = 0.87 × 𝑓𝑦 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 𝑑 [1 − 𝑏𝑑 𝑓 ]
𝑐𝑘
415×96.664
= 0.87 × 415 × 96.664 × 125 [1 − 1000×125×20]
= 4.292 kN-m
For 90° bend: 𝐿0 = 8 𝜙
𝑀1
𝐿𝑑 ≤ 1.3 + 𝐿0
𝑉
4.292×106
𝐿𝑑 ≤ 1.3 × 15.852×103 + 8 𝜙
47 𝜙 ≤ 415.98
𝜙 ≤ 8.85 mm (OK)
Hence, the development length is adequate and bond stress doesn't exceed the design
value.

6.7.3 Design of Slab 3 : (All edges continuous) (Interior panels)
[figure]
𝑓𝑦 = 415 N/mm2
𝑙𝑦
< 2; Hence, two-way slab.
𝑙𝑥
(a) Calculating thickness of slab and effective span of slab:

D = 150 mm
Assuming, 10 𝑚𝑚 𝜙 bars,
10
𝑑𝑥 = 150 − 20 − = 125 mm
2
𝑑𝑦 = 125 − 5 − 5 = 115 mm
Now,
𝐿𝑥 = 2.16 + 0.125 or 2.16 + 0.25
= 2.285 m
𝐿𝑦 = 4.125 m
(b) Calculating load on slabs:
Similar to previous:
Total factored load (𝑊𝑢 ) = 13.875 kN/m2
(c) Bending Moment coefficients:
𝐿𝑦 4.125
= 2.285 = 1.805 < 2
𝐿𝑥
Now,
0.065−0.06
Negative moment at continuous edge (𝛼𝑥− ) = × (1.805 − 1.75) = 0.0611
2−1.75
Positive moment at mid-span (𝛼𝑥+ ) = 0.04588

Negative moment at continuous edge (𝛼𝑦− ) = 0.032
Positive moment at mid-span (𝛼𝑦+ ) = 0.024
Then,
(a) Design moment calculations:
Along shorter span:
𝑀𝑥+ = 𝛼𝑥+ × 𝑊𝑢 × 𝐿2𝑥 = 3.323 kN-m
𝑀𝑥− = 𝛼𝑥− × 𝑊𝑤 × 𝐿2𝑥 = 4.4263 kN-m

Along longer span:
𝑀𝑦+ = 𝛼𝑦+ × 𝑊𝑢 × 𝐿2𝑥 = 1.739 kN-m
𝑀𝑦− = 𝛼𝑦− × 𝑊𝑢 × 𝐿2𝑥 = 2.3182 kN-m
Maximum bending moment = 4.4263 kN-m
or, 4.4263 × 106 = 0.138 × 20 × 1000 × 𝑑 2
∴ 𝑑 = 40.047 mm < 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑑𝑦 (OK)
Now,
(e) Designing (+ve) reinforcement
(i) Along shorter span: (Middle strip)
𝑓 𝐴
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 × 𝑓𝑦 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 [1 − 𝑏𝑑𝑦 𝑓𝑠𝑡 ]
𝑥 𝑐𝑘
415×𝐴𝑠𝑡
or, 4.4263 × 106 = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 125 [1 − ]
1000×125×20
or, 98.076 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (1 − 8.3 × 10−4 𝐴𝑠𝑡 )

∴ (𝐴𝑠𝑡 )+
𝑥 = 107.704 mm
2
Provide 8𝑚𝑚 𝜙 bars @ 260 mm c/c (𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 193.328 𝑚𝑚2 )

(ii) Along longer span:
415×𝐴
2.3182 × 106 = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 115 [1 − 1000×115×20
𝑠𝑡
]
or, 55.832 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (1 − 1.804 × 10−4 𝐴𝑠𝑡 )

∴ (𝐴𝑠𝑡 )+
𝑦 = 56.405 mm
2
Provide 8 𝑚𝑚 𝜙 bars @ 275 mm c/c. (𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 182.78 mm2)
(f) Designing (-ve) reinforcement at support:

(i) Along-shorter span:
107.704
(𝐴𝑠𝑡 )−
𝑥 = 0.04588 × 0.0611 = 143.433 mm
2
Provide 8 𝑚𝑚 𝜙 bars @ 260 mm c/c (𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 193.328 mm2)

(ii) Along longer span:
56.405
(𝐴𝑠𝑡 )−
𝑦 = × 0.032 = 75.206 𝑚𝑚2
0.024
Provide 8 𝑚𝑚 𝜙 bars @ 275 mm c/c (𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 182.78 mm2)
(g) Reinforcement in edge strip:

Min. reinforcement = 0.12% of 𝑏𝐷 = 180 mm2 < (𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 )
Provide 8 𝑚𝑚 𝜙 bars @ 275 mm c/c in both sides in the edge strip.

(h) Since, all edges are continuous -no need of torsional reinforcement.
(i) Check for shear:

𝐿0 ×𝐿𝑥 13.875×2.285
Maximum shear = = = 15.852 kN
2 2
15.852×103
𝜏𝑣 = = 0.1268 N/mm2
1000×125
(𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 )/2
𝑝𝑡 = = 0.077% [Reinforcement has been curtailed]
1000×125
𝜏𝑐 = 0.28 N/mm2
𝑘 = 1.3
𝜏𝑐′ = 𝑘 × 𝜏𝑐 = 0.364 N/mm2 > 𝜏𝑣 (OK)
(j) Check for deflection:

𝑙
𝛼 = 20, 𝛽 = 1
193.328
𝑝𝑡 = = 0.154 %
1000×125
107.704
𝑓𝑠 = 0.58 × 415 × = 134 N/mm2
193.328
𝛾 = 2, 𝛿 = 1,
𝑙
So, ( ) = 2 × 20 = 40
𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝑙 2285
( ) = = 18.28 (OK)
𝑑 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 125
Check for development length:

0.87 × 𝑓𝑦 × 𝜙 0.87 × 415 × 𝜙
𝑙𝑑 = = = 47 𝜙
4 × 𝜏𝑏𝑑 4 × (1.6 × 1.2)
𝑙𝑑
Embedment length > 3
> 125 𝑚𝑚
Length of embedment available = 230 − clear cover
= 230 − 20 = 210 mm (OK)

6.7.4 Design of slab in Roof (One-way slab)
(figure)
Hence,
Grade of steel = Fe415
(1) Load calculation:
Superimposed load = 1.75 kN/m2 → Factored = 2.625 kN/m2
Finishing load = 1 kN/m2
150
Self-weight of slab = 25 kN/m3 × 1000 = 3.75 kN/m2
Total dead load = 4.75 kN/m2

Now, total factored dead load = 7.125 kN/m2
(2) Analysis of slab:
Trial depth:
From deflection criteria:
𝑙𝑥
Basic = 26
𝑑
Using a modification factor of 1.3,

𝑑𝑥
Allowable = 26 × 1.3 = 33.8
𝑑
2410
𝑑= = 71.3 mm
33.8
For symmetricity, provide 𝐷 = 150 𝑚𝑚

Providing, effective cover 𝑑 ′ = 20 mm
𝑑 = 150 − 20 = 130 mm
Now,
width of support = 250 mm
1 𝑡ℎ
(12) of clear span = 200.83 mm
1 𝑡ℎ
(12) of clear span < width of support
So,
Effective span = Clear span between supports
𝐿𝑥 = 2.16 m
𝐿𝑦 = 24 m

𝐿𝑦
= 11.1 > 2. Hence, one-way slab.
𝐿𝑥
Now, considering 1 m wide strip of slab:

Table 6.6 Stirrup Design Table
Type of Load Span Moments Support Moments
Load Near Middle of At middle of At support next At other
end span interior spans to end support Interior
supports
Dead load 2.7702 kN-m 2.077 kN-m −3.324 kN-m −2.7702 kN-
(7.125 m
kN/m2)
Live load (7.5 1.225 kN-m 1.0206 kN-m −1.3608 kN- −1.3608 kN-m
kN/m2) m
Total B.M. 3.9952 kN-m 3.0976 kN-m −4.6848 kN- −4.131 kN-m
m
Depth ′𝑑′ − − 41.199 mm < −
from B.M. 𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 (130 mm)
consideration
𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑟𝑒𝑞 86.306 mm2 66.704 mm2 101.434 mm2 89.283 mm2
𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 Provide 8 𝑚𝑚 𝜙 8 mm 𝜙 @ 275 8 mm 𝜙 @ 270 8 mm 𝜙 @
@ 275 mm c/c mm c/c mm c/c 275 mm c/c
Maximum Spacing shouldn't exceed: 3𝑑 = 3 × 130 = 390 mm
spacing or 300 mm whichever is less
Spacing <300 mm (OK)
Sample calculation:
Bending Moment = 4.6848 kN-m
𝑥
For Fe415; (𝑑 ) = 0.48
lim
𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.138 × 𝑓𝑐𝑘 × 𝑏 × 𝑑 2
4.6848×103
or, 𝑑 = √0.138×20×1000 = 41.199 mm
Now,
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 × 𝑓𝑦 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 𝑑 [1 − ]
𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑘

𝐴 ×415
or, 4.684 × 106 = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 130 [1 − 1000×130×20
𝑠𝑡
]
or, (4.684 × 21.305) = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (1 − 1.596 × 10−4 𝐴𝑠𝑡 )….. (i)

On solving,
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 101.434 𝑚𝑚2
Distribution steel:
0.12
𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = × 1000 × 150 = 180 𝑚𝑚2
100
Provide 8 mm 𝜙 bars @ 275 mm c/c

𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 182.783 mm2 > 𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑚𝑖𝑛
Check for shear:
Type of At End Support At Support next to end support At all other interior
Load Outer side Inner side supports
Dead Load 6.156 kN 9.234 kN 8.4645 kN 7.695 kN
7.125 kN/m2
Live Load 6.9255 kN 9.234 kN 9.234 kN 9.234 kN
7.5 kN/m2
Total 13.0815 kN 18.468 kN 17.698 kN 16.929 kN
(𝑉𝑢 )
𝜏𝑣 (𝑏𝑑𝑢 )
𝑉 0.01 N/mm2 0.0142 0.0136 N/mm2 0.01302 N/mm2
N/mm2
𝑝𝑡 0.0703% 0.14% 0.143% 0.141%
𝜏𝑐 0.28 N/mm2 0.28 N/mm2 0.28 N/mm2 0.28 N/mm2
( 𝜏𝑐 × 𝑘 ) 0.364 N/mm2 0.364 N/mm2 0.364 N/mm2 0.364 N/mm2
(𝑘 = 1.3) > 𝜏𝑣 > 𝜏𝑣 > 𝜏𝑣 > 𝜏𝑣
𝜏𝑐,𝑚𝑎𝑥
And, 𝜏𝑣 < (OK)
2
Check for deflection:

Span = 2.16 m
𝑙
𝛼 = 26, 𝛽 = 1
86.306
𝛾: − 𝑓𝑠 = 0.58 × 415 × 182.783 = 113.65 N/mm2
𝑝𝑡 = 0.1406%
So, 𝛾 = 2, 𝛿 = 1, 𝜆 = 1

𝑙
(𝑑 ) = 2 × 26 = 52
𝑙 2160
(𝑑 ) = ( 130 ) = 16.615
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝑙 𝑙
(𝑑 ) > (𝑑 ) [OK]
𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙

6.8 Design of Footing
𝑃 = −1266.4061 kN
𝑉𝑦 = −24.7465
𝑉𝑥 = −0.0088 ≈ 0
𝑀𝑢𝑥 = 0
𝑀𝑢𝑦 = 0
Now, Soil bearing capacity 𝑞 = 150 kN/m2
Unit weight of soil (𝛾) = 17 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3
Angle of friction (𝜙) = 30°
Grade of Concrete = M20, Grade of steel = Fe415
Take 15% axial compression as self-weight,
Design load, 𝑃𝑢 = 1.15 × 𝑃 = 1.15 × 1266.4061 = 1387.36 kN
1387.36
Service load = = 924.906 kN
1.5
i) Depth of foundation,
150 1−sin 30° 2
𝐷= (1+sin 30° ) = 0.9803 ≈ 1
7
ii) Design Moments,

Along X-axis,
𝑀𝑥 = 𝑀𝑢𝑦 + 𝑉𝑥 × 𝑑 = 0 + (−0.008) × 1 = 0
𝑀𝑦 = 𝑀𝑢𝑥 + 𝑉𝑦 × 𝑑 = 0 + (−24.796) × 1 = −24.796 kN-m (Design)
24.796
Service 𝑀𝑦 = − = 16.55 kN-m
1.5
Now,
i) Size of footing,
𝑃 924.906
𝐴=𝑞= = 6.166 𝑚2
150
Assuming square footing, L=B

or, 𝐿2 = 6.166
∴ 𝐿 = 2.48m
Adopt 𝐿 = 2.75 𝑚, we get,
924.906 16.53×6
𝑞max / min = 2.75×2.75 ± 2.75×2.752
𝑞max = 127.07 kN/m2 < Bearing capacity of soil (OK)

𝑞min = 117.53 kN/m2
6.8.1 Check for Bending Moment,
Critical Section for BM at face of column,
2.75−0.56
Pressure at critical section is at ( + 0.56) = 1.655 𝑚
2
Now,
1.655
Pressure at critical section = 117.53 + × (127.53 − 117.53) = 123.54 kN/m2
2.75
Now,
Bending Moment at the face of column,
1.095 1 2
𝑀 = (123.54 × 1.095 × + 2 × 3.99 × 1.095 × 3 × 1.095) × 2.75 = 208.06 kN-m
2
Minimum edge depth = 150 mm (But in our case we provide 200 mm)

Offset = 100 mm
6.8.2 Check for Bending

It is critical at the face of column.
Length of cantilever portion = 1.095 m
Resisting width (𝑏′ ) = 0.56 + 2 ×offset = 0.56 + 2 × 0.1 = 0.76𝑚 = 760 𝑚𝑚
Now,
BM at face of column,
𝑀 = 208.06 kN-m
Or, For depth according to Bending Moment, SP16 Table C,
𝑀𝑢 = 0.138 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏′ 𝑑 2
or, 208.56 = 0.138 × 20 × 760 × 𝑑 2
𝑑 = 314.94 mm
16
Provide d = 350 𝑚𝑚, 𝐷 = 350 + 50 + + 16 = 424 𝑚𝑚
2
Now,
The BM in the direction will be same for square footing. However effective depth will be
different.
From IS 456:2000, Annex G, Clause 1.1.(b)
𝑓𝑦 ×𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑀max = 0.87 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 𝑑 × (1 − 𝑓 ′ ×𝑑 )
𝑐𝑘 ×𝑏
415×𝐴
or, 208.06 × 106 = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 35 × (1 − 20×760×350
𝑠𝑡
)
or, 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 1940.08 mm2

𝑠𝑡 𝐴 1940.08
%Steel provided 𝑏′ ×𝑑 × 100 = 760×350 = 0.74%
Minimum area of steel to be provided = 0.12 % 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝐷𝑎𝑣𝑔

0.12 4.24+200
= × 2750 × ( )
100 2
= 1029.6 mm2
Assuming the resisting width as 𝑏′ = 500 𝑚𝑚 and 𝑑 = 694 𝑚𝑚, the reinforcement
required is calculated and is distributed over entire width.
Assuming 𝜙 = 12 mm
𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2750
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 1940.68
Spacing required = = 162
= 284.99 mm
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝜋×
4
Provide 200 mm spacing then, 𝐴𝑠𝑡 provided will be 2764.60 mm2.

6.8.3 Check for one-way shear,
Critical section is at distance ′𝑑′ from face of column.
d = 350 mm
Resisting width = 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 + 2 × 𝑑 = 560 + 2 × 350 = 1260 mm
Now,
127.53−117.53 2.75 0.56
𝑃𝑢 at distance 𝑑 = 117.53 + ( )×( + + 0.350) = 124.82 kN/m2
2.75 2 2
Now,
1
Nominal shear 𝑉𝑢 = (124.82 + 127.52) × 2 × 0.745 × 2.75 = 258.50 𝑘𝑁
Now,
Depth at critical section = ?
𝜙 745
𝑑𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = (𝑑0 − 𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 − 𝜙 − 2 ) + 1095 × (1424 − 200)
745
= (200 − 50 − 16 − 8) + 1095 × 224 = 278.401 mm
For varying depth, shear stress as per IS 456:2000, Clause 40.1.1,

𝑀𝑢
𝜏𝑢 = 𝑉𝑢 ± 𝑑 tan 𝛽
𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
0 𝐷−𝑑 424−200
Now, tan 𝛽 = 𝐿−𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑒𝑡 = 1095−100 = 0.22
Now,
0.745 1
𝑀𝑢 = Moment at critical section = 2.75 × (124.82 × 0.745 × + 2 × 2.71 × 0.745 ×
2
2
0.745 × 3) = 35.140 × 2.75 = 96.63 kN-m
Now,
𝑀𝑢 96.63
𝑉𝑢 − tan 𝛽 258.5− ×0.22
𝑑𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 0.278
𝜏𝑣 = = = 519.67 kN/m2 = 0.511 N/mm2
𝑏×𝑑𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 1.260×0.278
Now,
2764.60
% of steel provided for one way shear = 1260×278.401 × 100% = 0.78%
For 𝑝% = 0.78 and M20 grade,

Shear strength 𝑇𝑐 = 0.57 N/mm2 > 0.51 N/mm2 (Safe for one way shear)
6.8.4 Check for Two way shear

𝑑
The critical section is at = 175 mm from face of column
2
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
Resisting perimeter = 2 × ((0.56 + 2 + 2 ) × ( 0.56 + 2 + 2 ))

= 2 × ((0.56 + 0.175 + 0.175) × (0.56 + 0.175 + 0.175)
= 3640 mm
Area of concrete resisting punching = 𝑃 × 𝑑𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
Depth of critical section,
424−200
𝑑𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = (200 − 50 − 16 − 8) + × (1095 − 175) = 314.20 𝑚𝑚
1895
Shear force (𝑉𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 ),

Now,
𝑑 127.53−117.53 2.75 0.56 0.350
𝑃𝑢 at 2 = 117.53 + ×( + + ) = 124.18 kN/m2
2.75 2 2 2
124.18+127.53
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = 125.85 kN/m2
2
Nominal shear force

𝑉𝑢 = 𝑃𝑎𝑣 × [(2.75 × 2.75) − (0.56 + 0.175 + 0.175) × (0.56 + 0.175 + 0.175)]
= 125.85 × 6.7344 = 847.52 𝑘𝑁
𝑉
𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 847.52×103
Shear stress (𝑇max ) = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 3640×314.30 = 0.741 N/mm2
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
According to IS 456:2000 Clause 31.6.3.1,

Shear strength of concrete (𝜏𝑣 ) = 𝐾𝑠 𝑇𝑐
0.56
𝐾𝑠 = 0.5 + 𝐵 = 0.5 + 0.56 = 0.5 + 1 = 1.5
Now,
𝜏𝑐 = 0.25 √𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 0.25 × √20 = 1.118 N/mm2
Since, 𝜏𝑣 = 𝐾 𝜏𝑐 = 1 × 1.118 N/mm2
Since, 𝜏max < 𝜏𝑣 . It is safe against two way shear.
6.8.5 Check for development length, IS 456:2000 Clause 26.2.1,

𝜙𝜎𝑠 16×0.87×415
𝐿𝑑 = 4𝜏 = = 752 mm
𝑏𝑑 4×1.2×1.6
Available length = 1595 − 𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 + 𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
= 1095 > 752, OK.
6.8.6 Check for Bearing Capacity,
𝐴 𝐴
Allowable bearing stress = 0.45 × 𝑓𝑐𝑘 × √(𝐴1 ) But, √𝐴1 ≥ 2.0
2 2
Minimum allowable bearing stress (𝑓𝑎 ) = 0.45 × 20 × 2 = 18 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑃𝑢 1206.4061
Bearing stress developed (𝑓𝑏 ) = = = 3.84 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (safe)
𝑎×𝑏 560×560

7. Conclusion
Nepal has never been far from the risk of earthquake/seismic events owing to its position
in the Indus-Yarlung suture zone. It is one of the most seismically active country in the
world with a large earthquake event occurring every other decade. The most recent
earthquake that struck near the city of Kathmandu, known as “Gorkha Earthquake”
registered a moment magnitude of 7.8, with its epicenter just 34km underground.
Understanding the importance of seismic resistance in the context of Nepal, this project
deals with the various measures of retrofitting and strengthening.
The project was completed abiding by the Earthquake Resistant Design codes (IS 1983
(Part-I):2016), Seismic Design of Buildings in Nepal (NBC 105:2020), FEMA 310 and
FEMA 273. Also, the guidelines provided by Department of Urban Development and
Building Construction (DUDBC) – Seismic Vulnerability Evaluation Guideline for Private
and Public Building (2011), and Seismic Retrofitting Guidelines of Buildings in Nepal
(2016) were followed for various practical implications.
With the knowledge from the available resources and valuable guidelines from our
supervisor Prof. Dr. Hari Darshan Shrestha sir, we performed the preliminary evaluation
followed by the detailed analysis and retrofitting of a structure. We hope that the report
meets the requirements of our respected supervisor sir, concerned teachers and fellow
students, who have taken an interest upon the subject matter.

9. REFERENCES
1) IS 13920:2016, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Ductile Detailing of

Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to Seismic Forces, Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi, p. 14.
2) IS 1893(Part 1):2016, Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of
Structure, Part 1- General Provisions and Buildings, Indian Standards Institution
3) IS 875(Part 1):1987, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other
than earthquake) for Buildings and Structures, Part 1- Dead Loads, Indian
Standards Institution
4) IS 875(Part 2):1987, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other
than earthquake) for Buildings and Structures, Part 2- Imposed Loads, Indian
Standards Institution
5) IS 456: 2000, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Cement
Concrete, 4th revision, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
6) Subramanian N. (2013), Design of Reinforced concrete structures, 1st edition,
Oxford University Press, New Delhi
7) Jain, A.K., Reinforced Concrete Structures Limit State Design- Sixth Edition,
Nemchand Brothers and Sons’ Publishers
8) IITK, Seismic Evaluation and Strengthening of Existing Buildings
9) FEMA 310, Handbook for the Seismic Evaluation of Buildings
10) ATC 40 – Volume I and II, Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Concrete Buildings
11) National Building Code NBC 105, 2020.


Design of Slab of Ground Floor and First Floor

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Design of Slab of Ground Floor and First Floor

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6.

Design of Slab of Ground floor and First floor

Panel No 1 → Continuous one-way slab

“SEISMIC VULNERABILITY EVALUATION AND RETROFITTING OF EXISTING RCC STRUCTURE”

Using a modification factor of 1.3

Providing effective cover (𝑑 ′ ) = 20 mm

So, 𝑙𝑥 = 4250 𝑚𝑚; 𝑙𝑦 = 8480 𝑚𝑚

“SEISMIC VULNERABILITY EVALUATION AND RETROFITTING OF EXISTING RCC STRUCTURE”

Type of Load Span Moments Support Moments

or, 594.867 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 [1 − 1.596 × 10−4 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ]

“SEISMIC VULNERABILITY EVALUATION AND RETROFITTING OF EXISTING RCC STRUCTURE”

Provide: 8 𝜙 bars @ 270 mm c/c (<5d or 400 mm) So, OK

Check for deflection:-

6.7.2 Design of Slab 2: [One-short edge discontinuous]

(a) Calculating thickness of slab and effective span of slab:

(b) Calculating load on slab:

“SEISMIC VULNERABILITY EVALUATION AND RETROFITTING OF EXISTING RCC STRUCTURE”

(c) Bending Moment Co-efficients:

𝑀max = 𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.138 × 𝑓𝑐𝑘 × 𝑏 × 𝑑 2

(c) Design of positive reinforcement: [In middle strip]

(i) Along shorter-direction:

“SEISMIC VULNERABILITY EVALUATION AND RETROFITTING OF EXISTING RCC STRUCTURE”

78.327 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (1 − 1.66 × 10−4 𝐴𝑠𝑡 )

or, 48.843 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 [1 − 1.443 × 10−4 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ]

(d) Design of negative reinforcement: (In Middle Strip)

Provide 8 𝜙 bars @ 260 mm c/c

Provide 8 𝜙 bars @ 260 mm c/c

(e) Reinforcement in edge strip:

(f) Torsion Reinforcement:

= 3/8 × 79.372 = 29.764 mm2/m < 𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑚𝑖𝑛

Check for shear:

“SEISMIC VULNERABILITY EVALUATION AND RETROFITTING OF EXISTING RCC STRUCTURE”

Check for cracking control:

8 𝑚𝑚 < 15.62 𝑚𝑚 (OK)

“SEISMIC VULNERABILITY EVALUATION AND RETROFITTING OF EXISTING RCC STRUCTURE”

“SEISMIC VULNERABILITY EVALUATION AND RETROFITTING OF EXISTING RCC STRUCTURE”

(a) Calculating thickness of slab and effective span of slab:

Positive moment at mid-span (𝛼𝑥+ ) = 0.04588

“SEISMIC VULNERABILITY EVALUATION AND RETROFITTING OF EXISTING RCC STRUCTURE”

or, 98.076 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (1 − 8.3 × 10−4 𝐴𝑠𝑡 )

Provide 8𝑚𝑚 𝜙 bars @ 260 mm c/c (𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 193.328 𝑚𝑚2 )

or, 55.832 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (1 − 1.804 × 10−4 𝐴𝑠𝑡 )

Provide 8 𝑚𝑚 𝜙 bars @ 275 mm c/c. (𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 182.78 mm2)

(f) Designing (-ve) reinforcement at support:

Provide 8 𝑚𝑚 𝜙 bars @ 260 mm c/c (𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 193.328 mm2)

Provide 8 𝑚𝑚 𝜙 bars @ 275 mm c/c (𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 182.78 mm2)

(g) Reinforcement in edge strip:

“SEISMIC VULNERABILITY EVALUATION AND RETROFITTING OF EXISTING RCC STRUCTURE”

(i) Check for shear:

(j) Check for deflection:

Check for development length:

“SEISMIC VULNERABILITY EVALUATION AND RETROFITTING OF EXISTING RCC STRUCTURE”

Total dead load = 4.75 kN/m2

Using a modification factor of 1.3,

For symmetricity, provide 𝐷 = 150 𝑚𝑚

“SEISMIC VULNERABILITY EVALUATION AND RETROFITTING OF EXISTING RCC STRUCTURE”

Now, considering 1 m wide strip of slab:

𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.138 × 𝑓𝑐𝑘 × 𝑏 × 𝑑 2

“SEISMIC VULNERABILITY EVALUATION AND RETROFITTING OF EXISTING RCC STRUCTURE”

or, (4.684 × 21.305) = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (1 − 1.596 × 10−4 𝐴𝑠𝑡 )….. (i)

Provide 8 mm 𝜙 bars @ 275 mm c/c

Check for deflection:

“SEISMIC VULNERABILITY EVALUATION AND RETROFITTING OF EXISTING RCC STRUCTURE”