Republic of the Philippines 1. The Law of Segregation: Each inherited trait is defined by a gene pair.
Parental genes
Department of Education
Region III-Central Luzon
Schools Division of Tarlac Province
MALACAMPA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
SCIENCE 8
QUARTER 4
WEEK 3
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Name: ____________________________ Score: ________
Grade 8 - _____________________ Week #3
Most Essential Learning Competency
Compare mitosis and meiosis, and their role in the cell division cycle.
Explain the significance of meiosis in maintaining the chromosome number.
MENDELIAN GENETICS
Genetics is a branch of biology that deals with
mechanisms of heredity. Heredity refers to the passing of
characteristics from parents to offspring. Characteristics, such
eye color, height, texture of hair, shape of ear lobes, and skin
color passed on to us by our parents. They called hereditary
characteristics because they can pass on from one generation
to another.
The study of genetics also examines the similarities
and differences between organisms. Differences among
individuals belonging to the same species are called variation.
GREGOR JOHANN MENDEL (1822–1884)  Step 2: Write down the genotype and phenotype of the
 The Father of Genetics was a lifelong learner, teacher, scientist, and man of faith. As a
young adult, he joined the Augustinian Abbey of St. Thomas in Brno in what is now
the Czech Republic. Supported by the monastery, he taught physics, botany, and
natural science courses at the secondary and university levels.
 In 1856, he began a decade-long research pursuit involving inheritance patterns in
honeybees and plants, ultimately settling on pea plants as his primary model system (a
system with convenient characteristics that is used to study a specific biological
phenomenon to gain understanding to be applied to other systems).
 In 1865, Mendel presented the results of his experiments with nearly 30,000 pea
plants to the local natural history society.
MENDEL'S LAWS OF HEREDITY
are randomly separated to the sex cells so that sex cells contain only one gene of the pair.
Offspring therefore inherit one genetic allele from each parent when sex cells unite in
fertilization.
2. The Law of Independent Assortment: Genes for different traits are sorted separately from
one another so that the inheritance of one trait is not dependent on the inheritance of
another.
3. The Law of Dominance: An organism with alternate forms of a gene will express the
form that is dominant.
PROBABILITY AND PUNNETT SQUARES
Probability is used to measure the chances or likelihood of
an event to occur, a hypothesis being correct, or a scientific
prediction being true. In biology, it is used in predicting the outcome
of a genetic cross or of a random experiment.
A Punnett square is a special tool used to predict the
offspring from a cross, or mating between two parents. In a Punnett
square, the possible offspring are represented by the letters in the
boxes, with one factor coming from each parent.
A genetic cross is a means of determining the genetic characteristics
of potential offspring based on the genetic characteristics of the
prospective parents.
A monohybrid cross determines the allele combinations of offspring for one
particular gene only (as opposed to dihybrid crosses).
PERFORMING A MONOHYBRID CROSS
Monohybrid crosses can be calculated according to the
following steps:
Step 1: Designate characters to represent the alleles
Capital letter for dominant allele, lower case letter for
recessive allele
parents
This is the P generation (parental generation)
Step 3: Write down the genotype of the parental gametes
These will be haploid as a result of meiotic division
Step 4: Use a Punnett grid to work out the potential gamete
combinations
As fertilisation is random, all combinations have an equal
probability
Step 5: Write out the genotype and phenotype ratios of
potential offspring
This is the F1 generation (first filial generation)
Subsequent generations through interbreeding labeled F2, F3,
etc.
Example:
 1. Predict the offspring in a cross between a dwarf pea plant (homozygous recessive)
and a tall pea plant (heterozygous). What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring?
Given: gg - dwarf pea plant
GG - tall pea plant
DIHYBRID CROSS
Dihybrid cross is a cross between two different lines/genes that differ in two
observed traits. According to Mendel's statement, between the alleles of both these loci
there is a relationship of completely dominant - recessive traits. In the example pictured to
2. In tomatoes, tall vines (T) are dominant
the right, RRYY/rryy parents result in F1 offspring that are heterozygous for both R and Y
to dwarf vines (t), and red fruit (R) is
(RrYy).
dominant to yellow fruit (r). A farmer
In the name "Dihybrid cross", the "di" indicates that there are two traits involved
mates a homozygous tall, red tomato
(e.g. R and Y), the "hybrid" means that each trait has two different alleles (e.g. R and r, or
plant (TTRR) with a heterozygous tall,
Y and y), and "cross" means that there are two individuals (usually a mother and father)
red tomato plant (TtRr).
who are combining or "crossing" their genetic information.
Given: T - tall vines
In this Dihybrid Cross, homozygous dominant traits were crossed with
R- red fruit
homozygous recessive traits. This particular cross always results in the phenotypic ratio of
t - dwarf vines
1:0:0:0 meaning that the offspring will all have both dominant phenotypes but will be
r - yellow fruit
carriers of the recessive phenotypes.

FOIL = First / Outside / Inside / Last

Activity 2. Identification
Directions: Understand each of the following statements. Draw if the statement is
correct and if it is incorrect. Write your answers on the blank.
____1. Phenotypes are observable traits expressed by an organism.
____2. Phenotypes refer to an organism’s underlying genetic makeup, consisting of both
physically visible and non-expressed alleles.
Example of a Typical Dihybrid Cross ____3. Monohybrid cross is the process when fertilization occurs between two true
The Dihybrid cross is easy to visualize using a Punnett square of dimensions 16: breeding parents that differ in only one characteristic.
____4. A Punnett square applies the rules of probability to predict the possible outcomes of
RY Ry rY ry a monohybrid cross and their expected frequencies.
____5. Recessive are traits that appear to mask (or hide) other traits.
RRY ____6. Dominant are traits that can be hidden in one generation and then appear in the
RY RRYy RrYY RrYy next.
Y
____7. Inheritance can be defined as the process of how a child receives genetic
Ry RRYy RRyy RrYy Rryy information from the parent.
____8. Punnett square analysis can be used to predict the genotypes of the F2 generation
rY RrYY RrYy rrYY rrYy
only.
Ry RrYy Rryy rrYy rryy ____9. The whole process of heredity is dependent upon inheritance and it is the
reason that the offspring is similar to the parents.
____10. Genes are called the units of traits.
Activity 1. Problem Solving Activity 3. Multiple Choice.
Directions: Solve the simple monohybrid cross using the Punnett square. Write your Directions: Encircle the letter of the best answer.
answers in your notebook or on a separate sheet of paper.
1. It is the branch of biology that deals with the transmission and variation of inherited
characteristics.
a. chromosomes b. gene c. genetics d. genus
2. It refers to a structure in the cell nucleus that contains DNA, histone protein, and other
structural proteins.
a. chromosomes b. gene c. genetics d. genus
3. It is the unit of heredity; the functional units of chromosomes that determine specific
characteristics by coding for specific proteins.
a. chromosomes b. gene c. genetics d. genus
4. Both husband and wife are heterozygous for having dimples, even their children have
dimples too. This particular observable characteristic is called
a. genotype b. genus c. phenotype d. species
5. It is the combination of alleles, situated on corresponding chromosomes that determines
a specific trait of an individual.
a. genotype b. genus c. phenotype d. species
6. A pure red gumamela flower is crossed with hybrid red gumamela flower produced all
red gumamela flower, this type of cross is called_______.
a. dihybrid b. heterozygous c. homozygous d. monohybrid
7. It is a hybrid for alleles of two different genes.
a. dihybrid b. heterozygous c. homozygous d. monohybrid
8. It is an organism in which both copies of a given gene have the same alleles.
a. dihybrid b. heterozygous c. homozygous d. monohybrid
9. He is known as the father of Genetics.
a. August Weismann c. Nettie Maria Stevens
b. Gregor Johann Mended d. Thomas Hunt Morgan
10. It applies the rules of probability to predict the possible outcomes of a monohybrid
cross and their expected frequencies.
a. Punnet Square b. Punet Square c. Panett Square d. Punnett Square