IGSLVLCIC =

BIW JISHJISLGIW CHB JDVLJLHNSD

WINC]I VH]DNLGI SIMI]HW ]DC]LKXH_

 LC. 900;8099<3

GDD]PD]IGLDN
GDD]PD]IGLDN XNLVH]WLSI]LI
LMH]DIJH]LGINI
LNKHNH]LI LNCXWS]LIB
=0=0
 

Igtlvlcic 0= - Bis jithjétlgis chb jdvljlhntd Iniblzincd hb

jdvljlhntd rhbitlvd hn slsthjis lnhrglibhs Hstucld ch gisd

I gdntlnuigl÷n, sh chsgrlmhn uni shrlh ch sltuigldnhs cdnch bi lchi hs quh hb hstuclinth sh

fijlblirlgh gdn bi lchi ch bds slsthjis ch rhfhrhngli, bds slsthjis ch rhfhrhngli lnhrglibhs y
bi fdrji hn quh bi vhbdglcic i bi quh sh chspbizi un dmohtd chphnch chb slsthji ch

rhfhrhngli hn quh sh jlci.

Hs juy ljpdrtinth quh piri gici prhkunti sh hxpblquh hn pibimris hb rhsubticd. Hs

chglr? bi rhspuhsti nujìrlgi nd misti, sh rhqulhrh lngbulr un pérrifd hxpblgitlvd ch
jéxljd 900 pibimris.

Wupdnki
Wupdn ki qu
quhh un nlùd
nlùd vlio
vlioii gd
gdn
n su picrh
picrh hn un mumuss pd
pdrr un
unii girrh
girrhth
thri
ri juy
juy hxthn
hxthnsi
si,,
gdjpbhtijhnth rhgti. Hb gdncugtdr chb mus hs mistinth hxtrhjd y chglch lr i bi bi jéxlji
vhbdglcic phrjltlci hn bi girrhthri quh hs 50 aj/e y sh jintlhnh slhjprh hn hsi vhbdglcic.
Hb picrh bh clgh ib nlùd quh sh quhch ‒qulhtd‚. Chsch hb puntd ch vlsti chb picrh hb nlùd
hsté qulhtd V:0 aj/e. Hn gijmld, bi jijé nd hsté hn hb mus, hsté hn bi girrhthri vlhncd

 pisir hb mus.
9. Chsch hb puntd ch vlsti ch bi jijé, ´hb nlùd hsté qulhtd4

]hspuhs
]hspuhsti.
ti. Chsch hb puntd ch vlsti ch bi jiji, ‒uséncdbi i hbbi gdjd jirgd ch
rhfhrhngli‚ hb nlùd nd hsté qulhtd yi quh ìsth vi bi jlsji vhbdglcic i bi quh sh chspbizi
hb mus quh hsphgêflgijhnth hn hb hnunglicd ch hsth sh clgh quh vi i 50 aj/e.

=. ´I quì vhbdglcic vh bi jijé ib nlùd4

]hspuhsti. Gdjd bd jhngldnimi hn hb puntd inthrldr hb nlùd ib hstir hn uni slbbi sln
 prhshntir un jdvljlhntd rhbitlvd sh chspbizi i bi jlsji vhbdglcic i bi quh sh juhvh hb

 mus quh hs piri hsth gisd 50 aj/e.

Hb ‒puntd ch vlsti‚ hn fêslgi sh gdndgh gdjd hb slsthji ch rhfhrhngli. Hn hsth gisd thnhjds
cds slsthjis ch rhfhrhngli quh sh juhvhn und gdn rhsphgtd ib dtrd. Iedri supdnki quh hb
nlùd sh juhvh eigli hb gdncugtdr, vi gijlnincd pdr bd quh ivinzi i uni riplchz ch = aj/e
gdn rhsphgtd ib plsd chb mus.

7. ´I quì vhbdglcic vh hb pipé ib nlùd4

]hspuhsti. Piri hsth gisd hs ljpdrtinth hsphglflgir quh bi rhfhrhngli hs hb pipé chb nnlùd
lùd
quh hsté hn hb mus hn uni slbbi i uni vhbdglcic rhbitlvi lkuib i bi riplchz gdn bi quh
ivinzi hb mus, ÷shi ‒50 aj/e‚,
aj/e‚, gdn bd quh bi vhbdglcic
vhbdglcic gdn bi quh vh hb pipé ib nlùd hs

bi vhb
vhbdgl
dglcic
cic gdn bi quh hsth ivinzi
ivinzi eigli
eigli hb gdncugt
gdncugtdr
dr quh shrêi hsphgêflg
hsphgêflgijhnth =
ijhnth
aj/e.
 

3. ´I quì vhbdglcic vh bi jijé ib nlùd4

]hspuhsti. Xsincd gdjd jirgd ch rhfhrhngli nuhvijhnth i bi jijé chb nlùd ìsti
vhrêi ib nlùd gdn bi vhbdglcic quh bbhvi hb mus ‒50 aj/e‚ sujicd i bds = aj/e ch
vhbdglcic quh bbhvi hb nlùd hn su chspbizijlhntd eigli bi pirth chbinthri chb mus, quh hn
shrlin 5= aj/e, thnlhncd hn guhnti quh bds chspbizijlhntds hn bi clrhggl÷n ib
tdtib shrlin
gdncugtdr sl bd ioustijds i un pbind girthslind shrlin vlstds gdjd bds chspbizijlhntds

 pdsltlvds, pdr tib riz÷n bi suji ch bi vhbdglcic chb mus y chb nlùd.

Iedri hb nlùd sh clrlkh eigli bi pirth ch itrés chb mus, ivinzi gdn uni riplchz ch = aj/e.

8. ´I quì vhbdglcic vh bi jijé ib nlùd4

]hspuhsti. Iedri tdjincd gdjd jirgd ch rhfhrhngli i bi jicrh chb nlùd y
hnthnclhncd quh hb chspbizijlhntd chb nlùd eigli bi pirth trishri chb mus sh isujh
gdjd un chspbizijlhntd eigli bi lzqulhrci tdjincd hn guhnti un pbind girthslind,
chmd eighr uni rhsti ch bi vhbdglcic chb nlùd, ‒= aj/e‚ gdn rhsphgtd i bi vhbdglcic quh
ivinzi hb mus ‒50aj/e‚ quh shrêi hsphgêflgijhnth piri hsth gisd ;5 aj/e.

6. ´I quì vhbdglcic vh hb pipé ib nlùd4

]hspuhsti. Isujlhncd quh hb picrh chb nlùd sh hnguhntri hn uni pdslgl÷n
rhbitlvijhnth hstétlgi hn bi pirth trishri chb mus y quh iedri hb nlùd sh chspbizi eigli bi
 pirth lzqulhrci gdnslchrd quh hb picrh vhrêi ib nlùd gdn uni vhbdglcic ch =aj/e,
iunquh tdjincd hn guhnti bi clrhggl÷n hn bi quh sh chspbizi hb nlùd hn rhfhrhngli ib
 picrh ìsti shrêi uni vhbdglcic ch -=aj/e.

Hn hsth gisd thnhjds cds slsthjis ch rhfhrhngli? hb prljhrd hs hb ‒plsd‚ rhsphgtd ib guib bi
jijé hsté hn rhpdsd. Hb shkuncd slsthji ch rhfhrhngli hs hb ‒mus‚ rhsphgtd ib guib hb pipé
hsté hn rhpdsd.

;. Chsch hb slsthji ch rhfhrhngli chb pipé, ´i quì vhbdglcic sh juhvh bi jijé4

]hspuhsti. Sdjincd hn guhnti quh hb slsthji ch rhfhrhngli chb picrh hsté hn
jdvljlhntd gdn rhsphgtds i bi rhfhrhngli ch bi jicrh, bi vhbdglcic gdn bi quh hb picrh
vh quh sh juhvh bi jicrh hs bi jlsji i bi quh ivinzi hb mus, hs chglr 50 aj/e, yi quh i
 phsir quh bi jicrhh hsté hn hb pirichrd ch jinhri rhbitlvijhnth hstétlgi, tdcd bd quh vh
hb picrh pdr bi vhntini chb mus y quh sh hnguhntrh hn hsi jlsji pdslgl÷n bd vhri
ivinzir i bi vhbdglcic quh ìb ivinzi.

Ch bi hxphrlhngli rhsubti hvlchnth quh piri bis phrsdnis chb mus bi vhbdglcic nd sh ‒slhnth‚.
Bis phrsdnis ib lnthrldr chb mus ‒slhnthn‚ hs guincd hb mus ighbhri d frhni, phrd jlhntris

quh sh chspbizi i vhbdglcic gdnstinth nd slhnthn nici hsphglib. Wl fuhri ch ndgeh y nd

 puclhrin vhr
vh r hb plsd ch ifuhri, nd eiy fdrji ch quh puclhrin cirsh guhnti i quì vhbdglcic
vin d lngbusd
 

sl hstén qulhtds gdn rhsphgtd ib plsd. Pdr hstd hs quh, iunquh bi vhbdglcic jéxlji i bi quh
 puhch gdrrhr hb nlùd (gdn juged hsfuhrzd y sucdr) hs gdjd ch 90 aj/e, guincd hsté
jdnticd hn hb mus gijlnincd eigli hb gdncugtdr puhch lr i jés ch 50 aj/e sln eighr 
juged hsfuhrzd. Hsth fhn÷jhnd sh chmh ib ‒prlnglpld ch rhbitlvlcic ch Kiblbhd‚, hb guib
hxprhsi quh hn tdcds bds slsthjis ch rhfhrhngli lnhrglibhs (hs chglr quh sh juhvhn i
vhbdglcic gdnstinth) sh gujpbhn bis jlsjis bhyhs fêslgis. Ichjés, Kiblbhd tijmlìn pbinth÷

un jdchbd ch gdnvhrsl÷n ch vhbdglcichs hntrh cds slsthjis ch rhfhrhngli. Hn ndtigl÷n

vhgtdrl
vhgtdrlib
ib Vgi : Vmi + Vgm.
Vgm. Hn pibimris
pibimris sh puhch
puhch hxprhsi
hxprhsirr ch bi slkulh
slkulhnth
nth fdrji?
fdrji? Bi
vhbdglcic chb nlùd gdn rhsphgtd i bi jijé hs lkuib i bi vhbdglcic chb pipé gdn rhsphgtd i bi
jijé jés bi vhbdglcic chb nlùd gdn rhsphgtd ib pipé.

Gdjd bi vhbdglcic hs un vhgtdr, piri un jdvljlhntd hn 7 cljhnsldnhs, bi trinsfdrjigl÷n

ch vhbdglcic sh hxprhsi hn trhs hguigldnhs, uni piri gici und ch bds hohs U, \ y _?

Vgi(x) : Vmi(x) + Vgm(x)

Vgi(y) : Vmi(y) + Vgm(y)
Vgi(z) : Vmi(z) + Vgm(z)

Wupdnki quh iedri bi jijé sh jdnti hn un mus quh tijmlìn vi i 50 aj/e gdn rhsphgtd ib
 plsd, phrd hn shntlcd gdntrirld.

5. Iedri, chsch hb slsthji ch rhfhrhngli chb pipé, ´i quì vhbdglcic sh juhvh bi

jijé4 ]hspuhsti. Piri rhsdbvhr hsth puntd hs ljpdrtinth ndjmrir bis vhbdglcichs i fln
ch figl
figlbl
blttir bi ho
hohg
hgug
ugll÷n ch dphr
dphrig
iglldnhs
dnhs,, ichj
ichjés
és th
thnh
nhrr hn guhn
guhntti quh
quh sl hb
chspbizijlhntd sh hohguti ch lzqulhrci i chrhgeic hrhgei sh tdjiré gdjd uni vhbdglcic
nhkitlvi y sl sh chspbizi ch chrhgei i lzqulhrci shré uni vhbdglcic pdsltlvi, isê
Vp : Vhbdglcic chb pipé
Vj :Vhbdglcic ch bi jijé

Vp :50 aj/e Vj : -50aj/e

Vpj: Vp ‗ Vj
:50 aj/e ‗(-50aj/e)
:50 aj/e + 50aj/e
:960 aj/e

Chsch hb slsthji ch rhfhrhngli chb picrh ch nlùd, bi jicrh sh juhvh i 960 aj/e.

Pdr bds jdtlvds hnunglicds hs quh slhncd hstrlgtds sh chmh slhjprh hstimbhghr inth quì

slsthji ch rhfhrhngli hstijds jlclhncd bis vhbdglcichs, yi quh bi vhbdglcic hs ‒rhbitlvi‚

‒ rhbitlvi‚ ib
 

slsthji chsch hb guib hsthjds dmshrvincd hb dmohtd (hs chglr bi vhbdglcic chb nlùd chphnch
sl bh prhkuntijds ib pipé d i bi jijé).

<. Gdn mish hn hb gdnghptd ch vhbdglcic rhbitlvi hxpblquh pdr quì hs juged jés
 phblkrdsd guincd cds iutds gdblsldnin ch frhnth quh guincd und iutd bh phki pdr 
chtrés i dtrd.

]hspuhsti. Hsti rhspuhsti

rhspuhsti bi puhcd cir hn mish ib hohrglgld inthrldr
inthrldr cdnch gbirijhnth
gbirijhnth
sh puhch dmshrvir quh hb gdnghptd ch vhbdglcic rhbitlvi juhstri quh bis vhbdglcichs hn
bds vheêgubds sdn chsch bi phrghpgl÷n chb dmshrvicdr umlgicd hn und ch hbbds hb cdmbh d
un
unii su
suji
jitd
tdrl
rlii ch bi
biss vhbdg
vhbdglc
lcic
ichs
hs ch gi
gici
ci vhvheê
eêgu
gubd
bd,, piri
piri bd qu
quhh ib jdjh
jdjhntntd
d ch
khnhrirsh uni gdblsl÷n bi fuhrzi chb ljpigtd shré juy ibti yi quh sdn fuhrzis quh hstén
hn shntlcds gdntrirlds, tintd gdjd chglr quh hsh gedquh frdntib i 50ja/e ch cds
vheêgubds, shrêi lkuib quh un vheêgubd hstrhbbiri i dtrd pdr chtrés i uni vhbdglcic ch 960
aj/e.

Cicd quh bis bhyhs fêslgis sdn lkuibhs hn cds slsthjis lnhrglibhs, hs hntdnghs ljpdslmbh

lchntlflgir sl und hsté hn un slsthji ch rhfhrhngli hn ‒imsdbutd rhpdsd‚. Hn bi vlci gdtlclini

 phnsijds quh hb rhpdsd hs hstir qulhtds rhsphgtd ib plsd. Nuhstrd slsthji ch rhfhrhngli
niturib hs bi suphrflglh ch bi Slhrri. Nd dmstinth, iedri simhjds quh bi Slhrri hsté klrincd
sdmrh sê jlsjd y gici =3 edris gdjpbhti uni vuhbti gdjpbhti.

90. ´I quì vhbdglcic sh chspbizi uni phrsdni pirici hn hb Hguicdr ch bi Slhrri, gdn
rhsphgtd ib ghntrd ch bi Slhrri4 (Piri gibgubir bi rhspuhsti chmhs gdnsubtir pdr 
lnthrnht guéntd hs hb ricld ch bi Slhrri).
]hspuhsti. 966<,; aj /e
ricld ch bi tlhrri: 67;9 aj
Wh gibgubi clvlclhncd bi glrgunfhrhngli ch bi tlhrri hn hb hguicdr :30 0;8 aj hn hb

nÿjhrd ch edris quh tlhnh un cêi : =3

Vth :30.0;8 aj/ =3e
Vth : 966<,; aj/e ‒vhbdglcic ch bi phrsdni hn hb hguicdr ch bi tlhrri‚

\ iclgldnibjhnth,
iclgldnibjhnth, bi Slhrri
Slhrri sh juhvh ibrhchcdr
ibrhchcdr chb Wdb, gdjpbhtincd
gdjpbhtincd uni vuhbti
vuhbti gici 768
cêis iprdxljicijhnth.

99. ´I quì vhbdglcic sh chspbizi uni phrsdni pirici hn hb Hguicdr ch bi Slhrri, gdn
rhsphgt
rhsphgtd
d ib Wdb4
Wdb4 (piri
(piri gibgub
gibgubir
ir bi rhspuhs
rhspuhsti
ti tijmlì
tijmlìn
n chmh gdnsub
gdnsubtir
tir pdr lnt
lnthrn
hrnht)
ht)..
]hspuhsti. -<5.500 aj/e
Vth :966<,;

Vts :s:9966<,;
Vth 00.000 aj/e-900.000
aj/e ‒vhbdglcic
aj/e ch bi tlhrri ibrhchcdr ch sdb‚
:-<5.770,7aj/e
 

9= ´I quì vhbdglcic sh chspbizi uni phrsdni pirici hn hb Hguicdr ch bi Slhrri gdn

rhsphgtd ib ghntrd ch bi kibixli4
]hspuhsti. 9.<<5.770,7 aj/e
Vtk :Vth ‗Vk
: 966<,; aj/e ‗ =.000.000 aj/e
: 9.<<5.770,7 aj/e
97.Gdn mish hn bis rhspuhstis inthrldrhs, ´quì tin véblcd bh pirhgh chglr quh un nlùd hstì
‒qulhtd‚ guincd su vhbdglcic rhbitlvi frhnth i sus picrhs hs ch 0 aj/e4 ´Hsté rhibjhnth
‒qulhtd‚4
]hspuhsti. Chsiguhrcd i bds pbinthijlhntds y chsirrdbbds ch bds puntds inthrldrhs hstdy
tdtibjhnth gdnvhnglcd quh nd hs véblcd iflrjir quh bi vhbdglcic rhbitlvi chb nlùd hs ghrd
aj/e chmlcd i quh ÿnlgijhnth gdn hstir hn rhpdsd, sln eighr nlnkuni igtlvlcic d thnclcd
hn bi giji hstijds hn jdvljlhntd ch rdtigl÷n hn guintd ib jdvljlhntd quh bi tlhrri rhiblzi
sdmrh su prdpld hoh y ch trisbigl÷n hn guintd ib klrd ch bi tlhrri hn su ÷rmlti ibrhchcdr chb
sdb, y thnlhncd hn guhnti quh iunquh nd bd bdkrhjds phrglmlr sdn krinchs hstis vhbdglcichs,

iunquh slhjprh shré ljpdrtinth piri chthrjlnir hb jdvljlhntd un slsthji ch rhfhrhngli.

Gdndghr sdmrh bis vhbdglcichs rhbitlvis puhch iyucirbd hn sltuigldnhs gdjd itrivhsir un
rêd. \ tijmlìn un prdmbhji hqulvibhnth quh hs nivhkir un ivl÷n i trivìs chb ilrh. Hn
ijmds gisds, hb ikui piri hb rêd, y hb ilrh piri hb ivl÷n, sh gdnstltuyhn hn slsthjis ch
rhfhrhngli lnhrglibhs quh tlhnhn uni vhbdglcic rhbitlvi gdn rhsphgtd ib plsd.

Hb ikui chb rêd sh juhvh i = j/s gdn rhsphgtd ib plsd, supdnlhncd un pbind ch rhfhrhngli hn
hb plsd sh puhch hxprhsir quh tlhnh uni vhbdglcic gdn rhsphgtd ib plsd ch?

Vpr(x) : = j/s
Vpr(y) : 0 j/s

Xni phrsdni lnthnti gruzir hb rêd nicincd hn clrhggl÷n phrphnclgubir i bi gdrrlhnth (d shi
hn hb hoh \). Bi riplchz gdn bi quh puhch ivinzir hb nicicdr hs ch 7 j/s. Wl ivinzi hn
shntlcd phrphnclgubir, hb vhgtdr hsté s÷bd sdmrh hb hoh \, hntdnghs bi vhbdglcic chb nicicdr 
gdn rhsphgtd ib rêd hs?

Mrln(x) : 0 j/s
Vrn(y) : 7 j/s

93. ´G
´Guéb
uéb hs bi vh
 phrsphgtlvi
vhbd
bdgl
glci
cicc ch
chbb nicic
nicicdr
dr gdn rhsphg
rhsphgtd
td ib rê
rêd4
ch bi drlbbi chb rêd hb nicicdr gruzi hn bênhi rhgti4
d4 ´H
´Hss chglr
chglr qu
quhh ch
chsc
schh bi
 

]hspuhsti.

X : = j/s

  j/s
V³: 7 j/s /
   

Sdjincd gdjd rhfhrhngli bi vhbdglcic ch rld thnhjds quh bi vhbdglcic chb nicicdr hs ;
j/s, hstd bd dmthnkd thnlhncd hn guhnti bds vhgtdrhs quh sh khnhrin ib nicicdr jdvhrsh hn
shntlcd phrphnclgubir ib rld gdn uni vhbdglcic ch 7j/s rhprhshnticd hn jl trlinkubd gdjd
hb githtd icyighnth, bi vhbdglcic ch rld gdjd jl githtd dpuhstd quh tlhnh uni vhbdglcic ch

=j/s
y quhypiri
hs hbhb
vhgtdr rhsubtinth chb
pbinthijlhntd chb irristrh
hohrglgldquh prdcugh hb
rhprhshnti hbrld
hohhnx su
chbndrjib
pbind riplchz ch mioici
girthslind y pdr 
ubtljd thnkd bi vhbdglcic i bi quh sh vi i jdvhr hb nicicdr ib lnthntirsh chspbizir ch uni
bicd ib dtrd chb rld quh rhspdnch bh shkuncd lnthrrdkinth, yi quh oijés shré pdslmbh quh
chsch bi phrsphgtlvi ch bi drlbbi chb rld hb nicicdr grugh hn bênhi rhgti, hs jés bi clstingli
flnib rhgdrrlci
rhgdrrlci pdr hb nicicdr piri pisir ch un bicd ib dtrd shré jiydr quh sl bd elglhri hn
bênhi rhgti, phrd hstd shré ljpdslmbh chmlcd i bi vhbdglcic chb rld.

98. Wl hb nicicdr lnthnti gruzir un rêd ch 60 j ch inged nicincd hn shntlcd phrphnclgubir i

bi gdrrlhnth, ´i guéntds jhtrds rêd imiod bdkriré bbhkir i bi dtri drlbbi4
]hspuhsti? Bbhki 30 j jés imiod.

y
7 j/s

60 j

x
= j/s

:7 :=
/ /
 





  60 


 =0 
7

  ∛ 

 = ∛
=0


c :30 j
96. Wl eiy uni gitiriti quh hsté umlgici 70 j rêd imiod, ´hb nicicdr ibginzi i gruzir inths
ch gihr ib vigêd4

]hspuhsti? ]hiblzincd hb gébgubd ch bi clstingli i bi quh vi i siblr ib bicd gdntrirld ch

cdnch irringi i nicir jh puch cir guhnti quh sibh 30 jhtrds jés imiod gdn bd quh hs
b÷klgd chglr quh ND ibginzirêi i gruzir hb rld.

9;. ´Guéb hs jênljd énkubd gdn hb quh chmh prdghchr hb nicicdr piri quh ibgingh i bbhkir 
ib dtrd bicd inths ch gihr hn bi gitiriti4
y
7 j/s
70 j30 j

60 j ι

x
= j/s
Gdjd simhjds quh hn 70 jhtrds hb nicicdr sh gihrêi hn bi gitiriti isujlrì quh pish un
jhtrd inths i fln ch quh nd sh gilki, hs chglr quh piri hb chsirrdbbd chb hohrglgld isujlrì hb
githtd dpuhstd ib énkubd quh vdy eibbir gdjd =< jhtrds y hb githtd icyighnth shré hntdnghs
hb inged chb rld, ÷shi 60 jhtrds.
=<
∝9  =8 
60
]hspuhsti? Hb énkubd jênljd gdn hb quh gdn hb quh chmh prdghchr hb nicicdr shré =8
kricds sl tdjijds gdjd rhfhrhngli bi drlbbi chb frhnth ib puntd ch pirtlci chb nicicdr, d 68
kricds sl tdjijds gdjd rhfhrhngli bi drlbbi ch cdnch
c dnch lnlgli su girrhri hb nicicd
nicicdr.
r.

95. ´Hn quì énkubd chmh ivinzir hb nicicdr piri quh bdkrh gruzir ib hxtrhjd oustd ib frhnth
ib puntd cdnch lnlgl÷ hb rhgdrrlcd (hs chglr sln jdvhrsh rêd imiod)4
 

y
7 j/s

ε
60 j
ε :39,5

x
= j/s

 = /
 ∝9  39°
 7 /
]hspuhsti? Hb nicicdr chmh lnlglir su nicd hn shntlcd gdntrirld i bi gdrrlhnth y gdn un
énkubd ch 39° gdn rhsphgtd ib frnhth ch bi drlbbi cdnch pirth hb nicicdr d 3< ° gdn rhsphgtd i
bi drlbbi cdnch lnlgli su trivhsêi.

9<. Wl iedri hb nicicdr lnthnti itrivhsir

itrivhsir un rêd jés giucibdsd, gdn ikui quh ivinzi i uni
riplchz ch 7.8 j/s, ´hs pdslmbh quh bdkrh gruzir hb rêd hn bênhi rhgti4
]hspuhsti? Whrli jés clfêglb piri hb nicicdr pdchr gruzir hb rld hn bênhi rhgti yi quh iedri
bi vhbdglcic chb rld hs gisl hb cdmbh quh hn hb hnunglicd inthrldr, nd bdkriré gruzir hn
bênhi rhgti.

Pdr chsgdn
chsgdndghr
dghr bd hxpuhs
hxpuhstd
td inthrl
inthrldrj
drjhnt
hnthh hs quh ibkunis
ibkunis phrsdnis
phrsdnis ch bi ‒glucic
‒glucic‚‚ (d
hsphgêflgijhnth quh nd hstén fijlblirlzicds gdn bds rêds, nl gdn hb jdvljlhntd rhbitlvd)
sufrhn igglchnths y i vhghs thrjlnin sus cêis iedkicds ib lnthntir gruzir un rêd nicincd.
Inths ch lnthntir hsis prdhzis hs ljpdrtinth simhr quh hs juy prdmimbh quh hb puntd ch
bbhkici nd shi oustd frhnth ib puntd ch drlkhn y iclgldnibjhnth eiy quh hvibuir sl sh nici
gdn suflglhnth riplchz piri gdntrirrhstir bi vhbdglcic chb rêd.

=0. ´Yuì sukhrhnglis bh eirêi i uni phrsdni piri hvibuir sl hs gipiz ch gruzir un rêd i
nicd, inths ch quh hjprhnci clgei prdhzi4

]hgdjhncigldnhs?
 Chsch hb puntd ch vlsti ch bi fêslgi shrêi sujijhnth ljpdrtinth quh vhrlflquh bi
vhbdglcic ch rld.
 Bh rhgdjhncirêi quh nich hn shntlcd ch bi gdrrlhnth, yi quh sl nici hn gdntri ch
ìsti shré jés clfêglb itrivhsir hb rld y sh ikdtiri gdn jiydr riplchz.
 

 Chmh thnhr hn guhnti quh ch nlnkuni jinhri shré pdslmbh quh itrivlhsh hb rld hn
bênhi rhgti, ichjés quh bi clstingli
c lstingli quh rhgdrrhré ib flnib shré jiydr quh bi clstingli
quh isujh tlhnh hb inged chb rld.

]HFH]HNGLIW?
Irrisguh Gd ̉ rcdvi, B. (=098). Gipêtubd 3. Chflnlgldnhs ch glnhjétlgi. Hn Irrisguh
Gd ̉rcdvi, B., Fêslgi jhgénlgi? Nlvhbigl÷n piri hstuclinths unlvhrsltirlds.

K÷jhz Hspêncdbi, O. G., Kdnzébhz Plnhci, G. H. y Jiydrib ]ijêrhz, G. I. (=09=). =.

Jdvljlhntd hn un cljhnsl÷n. Hn K÷jhz Hspêncdbi, O. G., Kdnzébhz Plnhci, G. H. y
Jiydrib ]ijêrhz, G. I., Fêslgi funcijhntib .

ettps?//hs.sblchseirh.nht/hbslsklsshbb/vhbdglcic-rhbitlvi-9;=35858.