National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences

School of Engineering Islamabad Campus

EE319: Probability & Serial No:

Random Processes Midterm Exam
Total Time: 03 Hours
Wednesday, May 22, 2019 Total Marks: 120
Course Instructors
Engr. Aamer Munir ___________________________
Engr. Moomal Bukhari Signature of Invigilator

________________________________ ________ _______ ____________________________

Student Name Roll No Section Signature

OPEN NOTEBOOK EXAM.

ONLY ONE HANDWRITTEN NOTEBOOK IS ALLOWED. NO LOOSE PAGES.
THE NOTEBOOK SHOULD BEAR INSTUCTOR’S SIGNATURES ON A SIDE.

DO NOT OPEN THE QUESTION BOOK OR START UNTIL INSTRUCTED.

Instructions:
1. Verify at the start of the exam that you have a total of six (6) questions printed on
sixteen (16) pages including this title page.
2. Attempt all questions on the question-book and in the given order.
3. Read the questions carefully for clarity of context and understanding of meaning and
make assumptions wherever important, for neither the invigilator will address your
queries, nor the teacher/examiner will come to the examination hall for any assistance.
4. Wherever computations are required, direct answers are not acceptable. You need to
show your working in a neat and concise way to get credited.
5. Fit in all your answers in the provided space. You may use extra space provided at the
end if required. If you do so, clearly mark question/part number on that page to avoid
confusion.
6. Use your own stationery and calculator only. If you do not have your own calculator, use
manual calculations.
7. Use permanent ink-pens. Questions attempted with lead-pencils will be considered for
checking but cannot be claimed for rechecking.

Q-1 Q-2 Q-3 Q-4 Q-5 Q-6 Total

Total Marks 20 20 20 20 20 20 120
Marks Obtained 20 20 20 20 20 20 120
CLO Assessment CLO-03 CLO-03 CLO-03 CLO-03 CLO-04 CLO-04

Vetted By: __Noor-ul-Hudda__________ Vetter's Signature: _____________________

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CLOs tested in this exam:
CLO Description Coverage Questions
01 Develop a probabilistic model, including sample space, event space INDIRECTLY
and a probability measure, of a given situation of uncertainty with TESTED
statistical regularity.
02 Solve the probabilistic model with elementary probability theory INDIRECTLY
based on counting techniques, conditional probability and Bayes rule. TESTED
03 Solve the probabilistic model with advanced probability theory based FULL 1, 2, 3, 4
on random variables, probability distributions, and expectations.
04 Apply probability theory (elementary and advanced) to engineering FULL 5, 6
problems of uncertainty including system reliability, detection,
resource allocation, and performance evaluation.

Q1. [Marks: 20 (2 each)]

A six-sided die has 3 identical sides marked with 3 dots each, 2 identical sides marked with 2
dots each and one side is not marked with any dot. Let a random variable X represent the
number of dots on the side facing up after a roll.
Answer the following questions in the briefest possible manner. Direct answers may not get
marks. Elaborate the method. Marks will be deducted for improper notation:
(i) What is the experiment?

(ii) Write S.

(iii) For each sample point si in S, find the mapping X ( s i).

(iv) Find the probability mass function of X .

(v) Plot p X (x).

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(vi) Find the cumulative distribution function of X .

(vii) Plot F X (x ).

(viii) Write F X (x ) as a single expression.

(ix) Find the expected value of X .

(x) Find the variance of X .

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Q2. [Marks: 20 = 1+1+2+5+2+1+3+1+2+2]
A stick of length 2 l is broken at a point, chosen at random, along its length. Let X be the
length of the shorter piece of stick and R be the ratio of the length of the shorter piece to
the length of the longer piece.
Answer the following questions in the briefest possible manner. Direct answers may not get
marks. Elaborate on method. Marks will be deducted for improper notation:
(i) Find the support of X .

(ii) Find the probability density function of X .

(iii) Find the relationship between R and X .

(iv) Find P[ R ≤r ].

(v) Plot F R (r).

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(vi) Write F R (r) as a single expression.

(vii) Find the probability density function for  R .

(viii) Plot f R (r).

(ix) Calculate the mean of R . Write the specific integral which will result in the mean.
DO NOT SOLVE.

(x) Calculate the variance of  R . Write the specific expression containing integrals
solving which will result in the variance. DO NOT SOLVE.

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Q3. [Marks: 20 = 10+10]
Part – A: [2 each]
Verify the validity of each of the following functions. Give reason for invalidity.
f X ( x )=2 e [ u ( x )−u ( x −ln ( 0.5 ) ) ]
−x
(i)

(ii) p X ( k )=−k , S X ={−0.4 ,−0.3 ,−0.2 ,−0.1 }

Valid.

(iii)
[( ) ] [
F X ( x ) =−x u x+
1
2 ( )]
−u ( x ) + x u ( x )−u x −
1
2

F X ( x ) =( 1−e ) u ( x−0.5 )
−x
(iv)

(v) F X ( x ) =( x+ 0.5 ) u ( x +0.5 ) +0.5 u( x )

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Part – B: [1+1+4+4]
From the given information, find the mentioned quantities:
Find P[0.25< X ≤ 0.75], given f X ( x )=2 e [ u ( x )−u ( x −ln ( 0.5 ) ) ] .
−x
(i)

(ii) Find P[−0.25< X ≤ 0.75], given

(iii) Find E [ N ] using Law of Total Expectation, given

(iv) First m k-th moments of E [ X k ] are known for a discrete random variable X
whose support is known and has n values but its pmf is not known. Find the
relation between m and n such that the pmf of X can be found.

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Q4. [Marks: 20 (5 each)]
A packet switch has two input ports and two output ports. At a given time slot a packet
arrives at each input port with probability 1/3 and is equally likely to be destined to output
port 1 or 2.
Let X and Y be the number of packets destined for output ports 1 and 2, respectively.

[Note that this question has been modified and if you miss to consider the change, your
answer wouldn’t be acceptable because it has been discussed in class.]

(i) Find the PMF of X and Y (i.e., Joint PMF), and show it graphically. [5]

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(ii) Find p X ∨Y ( x∨ y ). This notation means P [ X=x|Y = y ] ∀ x , y . [5]

(iii) Find the joint CDF. [5]

(iv) Find the correlation coefficient between X andY . [5]

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Q5. [Marks: 20 = 5+5+10]
A digital communication system transmits twice as many ones as it transmits zeros. 1 is sent
by sending a voltage of +5V and 0 is sent by sending a voltage of −b V, where b is a positive
value, over a pair of copper wires.
The additive noise, N in the channel has a
distribution with parameter λ=6 , as shown below.
The receiver has been set to make decision
according to the following rule:
If the received value is greater than 0, 1 is sent else 0
is sent.

Let X represent the sent data, and Y represent the

received data.

(i) Draw the communication scheme showing the transmitter end, the channel, and
the receiver end. List the various random variables on the diagram with as much
description as you can provide.

(ii) Find and plot f Y ( y∨X =1) and f Y ( y∨X =0).

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1
(iii) Find the min value of b that would result in the probability of error, pe ≤ .
20

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Q6. [Marks: 20]
Part – A: Reliability [5+5]
The reliability of a single unit system is
−t
R ( t )=e
(i) Find how much more (or less) reliable will be a system that operates two units in
parallel. [Find the reliability, R p (t ) for such a system.]

(ii) Find how much more (or less) reliable will be a system that operates two units in
series. [Find the reliability, R s( t) for such a system.]

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Part – B: Performance Analysis [10]
Find the probability of error for the following communication problem.
A binary transmitter transmits two equally likely symbols by transmitting signals of +1V and -
1V. If the additive noise in the channel is standard normal distributed, find the probability of
error if the detector at the receiver decides +1V is sent if the received voltage is positive and
-1V is sent if the received voltage is negative.
Let random variable X represent the sent symbols. S X ={−1 ,+1 }, Y represent the received
signal and N represent the noise, then
2
−n
1 2
f N ( n )= e ,−∞< n<∞
2π

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PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK (MARK CLEARLY FOR PURPOSE USED FOR):

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School of Engineering Islamabad Campus
PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK (MARK CLEARLY FOR PURPOSE USED FOR):

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Standard Normal Table (or table for ∅ ( x ) , 0 ≤ x ≤3.09 )

x 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09

0.508 0.519 0.531
0 0.5000 0.5040 0 0.5120 0.5160 9 0.5239 0.5279 9 0.5359
0.547 0.559 0.571
0.1 0.5398 0.5438 8 0.5517 0.5557 7 0.5636 0.5675 4 0.5754
0.587 0.598 0.610
0.2 0.5793 0.5832 1 0.5910 0.5948 7 0.6026 0.6064 3 0.6141
0.625 0.636 0.648
0.3 0.6179 0.6217 5 0.6293 0.6331 8 0.6406 0.6443 0 0.6517
0.662 0.673 0.684
0.4 0.6554 0.6591 8 0.6664 0.6700 6 0.6772 0.6808 4 0.6879
0.698 0.708 0.719
0.5 0.6915 0.6950 5 0.7019 0.7054 8 0.7123 0.7157 0 0.7224
0.732 0.742 0.751
0.6 0.7258 0.7291 4 0.7357 0.7389 2 0.7454 0.7486 8 0.7549
0.764 0.773 0.782
0.7 0.7580 0.7612 2 0.7673 0.7704 4 0.7764 0.7794 3 0.7852
0.793 0.802 0.810
0.8 0.7881 0.7910 9 0.7967 0.7996 3 0.8051 0.8079 6 0.8133
0.821 0.828 0.836
0.9 0.8159 0.8186 2 0.8238 0.8264 9 0.8315 0.8340 5 0.8389
0.846 0.853 0.859
1 0.8413 0.8438 1 0.8485 0.8508 1 0.8554 0.8577 9 0.8621
0.868 0.874 0.881
1.1 0.8643 0.8665 6 0.8708 0.8729 9 0.8770 0.8790 0 0.8830
0.888 0.894 0.899
1.2 0.8849 0.8869 8 0.8907 0.8925 4 0.8962 0.8980 7 0.9015
0.906 0.911 0.916
1.3 0.9032 0.9049 6 0.9082 0.9099 5 0.9131 0.9147 2 0.9177
0.922 0.926 0.930
1.4 0.9192 0.9207 2 0.9236 0.9251 5 0.9279 0.9292 6 0.9319
0.935 0.939 0.943
1.5 0.9332 0.9345 7 0.9370 0.9382 4 0.9406 0.9418 0 0.9441
0.947 0.950 0.953
1.6 0.9452 0.9463 4 0.9485 0.9495 5 0.9515 0.9525 5 0.9545
0.957 0.959 0.962
1.7 0.9554 0.9564 3 0.9582 0.9591 9 0.9608 0.9616 5 0.9633
0.965 0.967 0.970
1.8 0.9641 0.9649 6 0.9664 0.9671 8 0.9686 0.9693 0 0.9706
0.972 0.974 0.976
1.9 0.9713 0.9719 6 0.9732 0.9738 4 0.9750 0.9756 2 0.9767
0.978 0.979 0.981
2 0.9773 0.9778 3 0.9788 0.9793 8 0.9803 0.9808 2 0.9817
0.983 0.984 0.985
2.1 0.9821 0.9826 0 0.9834 0.9838 2 0.9846 0.9850 4 0.9857
0.986 0.987 0.988
2.2 0.9861 0.9865 8 0.9871 0.9875 8 0.9881 0.9884 7 0.9890
0.989 0.990 0.991
2.3 0.9893 0.9896 8 0.9901 0.9904 6 0.9909 0.9911 3 0.9916
0.992 0.992 0.993
2.4 0.9918 0.9920 2 0.9925 0.9927 9 0.9931 0.9932 4 0.9936
0.994 0.994 0.995
2.5 0.9938 0.9940 1 0.9943 0.9945 6 0.9948 0.9949 1 0.9952
0.995 0.996 0.996
2.6 0.9953 0.9955 6 0.9957 0.9959 0 0.9961 0.9962 3 0.9964
0.996 0.997 0.997
2.7 0.9965 0.9966 7 0.9968 0.9969 0 0.9971 0.9972 3 0.9974
0.997 0.997 0.998
2.8 0.9974 0.9975 6 0.9977 0.9977 8 0.9979 0.9980 0 0.9981
0.998 0.998 0.998
2.9 0.9981 0.9982 3 0.9983 0.9984 4 0.9985 0.9985 6 0.9986
0.998 0.998 0.999
3 0.9987 0.9987 7 0.9988 0.9988 9 0.9989 0.9989 0 0.9990

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