A

Graduate Engineer Trainee Report

On
Hydro Electric power plant
By

D. VEERA BABU
Under The Esteemed Guidance Of

Mr. SKB VALI (General Manger)

Mr. NIRMAL KUMAR YADVA (ASSIST GENERAL MANGER)
Mr. SURENDER KUMAR SALHOTRA (HR Manger)
Mr. SANDEEP THAKUR (Project Manger)
Mr. RAHUL GUPTA (Assistant Manger)
Mr. RAJEEV BHARDWAJ (Civil Engineer)
Mr. PURAN KOUNDAL (Line Incharge)
Mr. ANIL RANA (Site Incharge)
Mr. M SURESH KUMAR (Mechanical supervisor)
Mr. MUKESH THAKUR (Safety Manger)

GREENKO SRI SAI KRISHNA HYDRO ENERGIES PVT LTD

PALMPUR CLUSTER
KANGAR DISTRICT, HIMCHAL PRADESH
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It will be a pleasure for me expressing my deep sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to
my guide Mr. Rahul Gupta, Asst. Manger, (Mechanical), for his excellent guidance and
enthusiastic encouragement in motivating me to take up this challenging task. Especially the
extensive comments and the many discussions and interactions with him had a direct impact on
the final form and quality of the dissertation.

I am very thankful to Mr. Surender Kumar Salhotra, HR Manger, for his help, support
& cooperation for the successful completion of the Training.

I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude to Mr. Sandeep Thakur, Project Manager,
for his immense support and motivation.

I am deeply indebted to my General Manger Mr. SKB Vali for his constant support &
valuable guidance was a source of inspiration for me.

I would like to thank the Technical & Non- Technical staff of Department of Mechanical,
Electrical, Civil and Transmission for sharing their knowledge with us.

I would like to thank my family who has been a source of constant encouragement and
inspiration throughout the duration of this Training.

Last but not the least; I would extend my thanks to my dear friends who contributed
directly or indirectly in the success of this Training.

D. VEERA BABU
(Graduate Trainee Engineer)
(Mechanical)
 Over View of Power Plant
Hydropower is a renewable source of energy, which is economical, non-polluting and
environmentally benign among all renewable sources of energy. For efficient operation of
hydropower plants, in order to meet the electricity demand, the hydro energy is stored in
reservoirs for dam based schemes or settling basins for run-of-river schemes.
Types of hydro power ranges
 Micro hydro (up to 100kw)
 Mini hydro (100kw to 1MW)
 Small hydro(1MW and 50MW)
 Medium hydro(50MW to 100MW)
 Large hydro(Above100MW)

( pictures Only for overview)

Working Principle Of Hydro Electric Power Plant:

In hydroelectric power plants the potential energy of water due to its high location is converted
into electrical energy. The total power generation capacity of the hydroelectric power plants
depends on the head of water and volume of water flowing towards the water turbine.

The water flowing in the river possesses two type of energy:

• The kinetic energy due to flow of water and 
• Potential energy due to the height of water.
In hydroelectric power and potential energy of water is utilized to generate electricity.
The formula for total power that can be generated from water in hydroelectric power plant due to
its height is given

        P (KW) = g X Q X H X η X W 
Where

“p” is the power produced in “watt”

“Q” is the rate of flow of water which in cubic meter/sec or Principle

“h”= height of water which is measured in “meter”

It’s also head of water.

The difference between source of water (from where water is taken) and the water’s outflow
(where the water is used to generate electricity, it is the place near the turbines).
“g” is the gravity constant 9.81 m/second square.

W= Density of water kg/cm3

η= Efficiency of turbine.
The formula clearly shows that the total power that can be generated from the hydroelectric
power plants depends on two major factors
a. The flow rate of water or volume of flow of water and 
b. Height or head of water.
c. More the volume of water and
d. More the head of water more is the power produced in the hydroelectric power plant.

To obtain the high head of water the reservoir of water should as high as possible and power
generation unit should be as low as possible. The maximum height of reservoir of water is fixed
by natural factors like the height of river bed, the amount of water and other environmental
factors. The location of the power generation unit can be adjusted as per the total amount of
power that is to be generated. Usually the power generation unit is constructed at levels lower
than ground level so as to get the maximum head of water.

The total flow rate of water can be adjusted through the pen stock as per the requirements. If
more power is to be generated more water can be allowed to flow through it.

The following sections are divided in hydro plant

 Machine hall
 Switch gear panel/Breaker Room
 Switch yard
 Control room /panel

Machine hall
1. MIV (Main inlet vale)
2. Governor control mechanism
3. Turbine
 4. Generator
5. Exciter
6. Terminal box/NGT panel (Neutral Grounding Terminal)

Switch gear panel/Breaker Room

1. CT & LAVT panel
2. Generator Breaker (VCB)
3. Bus bar
4. T/F LT side Breaker (VCB)

Switch yard
1. Power transformer
2. Auxiliary transformer
3. LA &CT PT
4. Trivector meter (Energy meter)
5. Isolators

Control room
1. Synchronous panel
2. Transformer panel
3. TG control and metering and protection panel
4. Excitation panel
 TERMINOLOGY

WEIR SITE:

A weir site can be used to rise to water level and assure a constant supply to the intake.
Sometimes is possible to avoid building a weir by using natural future of the river.

NOTE: NO WEIR SITE FOR LUNI 2 The tail race of LUNI 3 is the WEIR SITE OF LUNI 2

INTAKE:
Any structure in a reservoir through which water can be drawn into an outlet.

TRASH RACK:
A screen comprising metal or reinforced concrete bars located in the water way at an
intake so as to prevent the ingress of floating or submerged debries.
DE-SILTING TANK:

It is a small tank built for to remove that debries and other wastages which is escaped
from trash rack and entered into this De-silting tank.

CHANNEL:

A channel conducts water from intake to forebay tank. The length of the channel exit
with a length of a few km to create of head of 10-13 Meters.

SPILLWAY:

A structure over or through which flood flows are discharged. If the flow is controlled by
gates, it is considered a controlled spillway; if the elevation of the spillway crest is the only
control, it is considered an uncontrolled spillway. During the sudden tripping the excess water
will be diverted to the nearest water channel through this way

Note: length of spillway pipe 300mts

CREST/SPILLWAY GATE:
A gate on the crest of a spillway that controls overflow.

SLUICE GATE:
Gate that can be opened or closed by sliding in supporting guides.

STOPLOGS:
When intake channels or intake equipment need repairs and when absolute sealing out of
water is not necessary, the stop log gate is used as a shut off device.

FOREBAY TANK:
The forebay tank forms the connection between the channel and penstock. The main
purpose is to avoid or settle down the debries and particles before the water enters into the
penstock.

Note: circular type

Depth 9 mts

PENSTOCK:
A penstock is a intake structure or an enclosed pipe that delivers water to turbine.
Penstock for hydro electric installations is normally equipped with a gate system on surge tank.
Butterfly valve

It will be at forebay tank and starting of penstock. it is used to control flow water
in penstock and to maintain the same pressure by using bypass valve.

Penstock are supported by using Two Types of supporting blocks.

1: ACHORE BLOCK (22)

2: SADDLE BLOCK (256)

NOTE: Material steel

Type circular

Length of penstock 913.65 mts

Thickness 8 mm

Diameter 900 mm

Expansion joints 18
Penstock Expansion
It is used to expand the pipe due to tension of material or pressure.

Fabricated steel mechanical slip-type expansion joints having packing chambers

for use on pipe with plain, flanged, grooved, or shouldered ends in nominal pipe sizes.
The joints shall be manufactured from steel and are intended for use in systems
conveying water
NET HEAD:
The useable head after subtracting losses from pipe friction etc.

FLOW:
The amount of fluid that flows in a given time, can be measured in Cubic feet or Cubic
meter per Sec. (1Cumec=35.319 Cusecs)

MAIN INLET VALVE:

MIV is a spherical valve which installed before water enters into casing of hydro turbines
from the forebay tank to the penstock and before water enters in to the turbine.
Spherical Valve is usually used in hydropower station or pump storage power plant as
turbine inlet valve when the net water head is more than 300m. Spherical valve has a minimum
head loss due to a completely free through-flow. It mainly used to providing safe working
conditions for examination and maintenance, reducing water leakage during water turbine out of
working period and reducing starting time during turbine starting period, and preventing
enlargement of accidents caused by the turbine system running away
 BYPASS VALVE:
It is used to maintain equal pressure at inlet and out let of MIV to the nozzle.

Pressure = head/gravity (kg) units

NOZZEL:

The nozzle consists of the needle tip, needle stems, nozzle tip rings, nozzle head, nozzle
pipe, guide water blade cascades, deflector, deflector shaft and servomotor. The working water
flow passes through the flow passages that consists of nozzle pipe, needle stem, nozzle head and
needle tip, the flow shoot from the nozzle tip ring and needle tip, and forms a high velocity water
column. The high velocity water column directly impacts the runner buckets, so the water energy
is changed into the mechanical energy. We are using TWO Nozzles

Nozzle and Nozzle Needle& Rings

Note:

 Nozzle tip ring and niddle tip clearance gap is “0.05”

 Nozzle material is “Nickel chromium steel”
 Nozzle jet Dia is “122.8mm (ring)”
 Nozzle shaft thread is “M56”
 Nozzle over length is “2070mm” approximate

POWER:
Rate of doing work, or energy expended per unit of time

GOVERN
OR:

it is used to control nozzle at turbine by using servo motors and deflectors, solenoids.
Electronic equipment monitors/Governs generator RPM and instantly adds / subtracts electrical
load from the generator speed and hence line frequency.

Note:

 Deflector control cylinder stroke length is “105mm”

 Deflector key is used for radial locking purpose in deflector shaft
1) Square key 2) Round key
 Deflector shaft dia from starting to end is “90, 95,80,75,70 mm” Approximate
 Nozzle servomotor cylinder stroke length is “116mm”
  Deflector closing time is “2sec (operation time)”
 Nozzle operation to flow water into nozzle to buckets is “35sec”
 To close the nozzle operation time is “15sec (stop water)”

Deflector

Deflector is used to deflect the jet so that the entire flow does not reach the bucket.
Deflectors are often used with spear valve to control the speed of Runner. It don’t flow water
from nozzle to runner when any sudden trip or to decrease the runner speed

TURBINE:
Turbine is the original power part in a hydraulic power station. Pelton turbine working
theorem is that change pressure water into high velocity water column by specially guide sets,
the column impacts directly the runner buckets that changes the column's kinetic energy into
mechanical energy and then the mechanical energy is transported by the main shaft to the
generator to come into being electrical energy. The main advantage is a low maintenance and
Because of there is a quick deflector at nozzle, which can reduce rising of the speed of the
turbine and allow the closing time of needle to be prolonged, can efficiently reduce effect of the
water hammer and guarantee the power station's safety.
 Main Specifications
Sr No. Description Specification

1 Type of Turbine Horizontal shaft Single Jet Pelton

2 Model CJA237-W-100/1 * 10

3 Material & composition of Stainless steel, ZG0Cr13NiMO

runner

4 No. of runner buckets 18

5 PCD of buckets 1000mm

6 Weight of runner 1250KG

7 Elevation of centre line of 3.5 m above from Max .TWL

turbine

8 Make Kunming Electrical Machinery Co. Ltd.

China
RUNNER:
A term given to the active energy converting part in a turbine. The runner converting kinetic
energy into mechanical energy. When the water flows from the nozzle to runner buckets with
high velocity then the runner rotates with high speed
Note:
 The runner outer dia = 1.3m.
 The runner PCD = 1m.
 Runner Flange shaft dia = 400mm (PCD).
 Runner Flange bolt dia = M42
 Runner Flange Jack bolt dia (support bolt) = M24
 The Runner Flange dia = 236mm.
 The Bucket inside dia = 316.3mm
 The Bucket outside dia = 346.3mm
 The Bucket depth = 90mm Aprox
 Brake jet nozzle dia = 18mm (Ring).
 Brake jet valve dia = 50mm (300psi Ball valve)

SPECIFIC SPEED OF THE TURBINE:

This is defined as which a turbine would run when developing 1metric hourse power under a
head of 1meter.
Ns = 1.65 N√kw/ H5/4 RPM
Where,
Ns = Specific speed
N = Actual speed
KW = Power
H = Head in meter
POWER CALCULATION:

The potential power of the water in terms of flow and head can be calculated with the following
equation.                           

        P (KW) = g X Q X H X η  
Where:     
     Q    is quantity of water flowing in cubic meters per   second.
     H    is available head in meters, and 
 η is the overall efficiency.
W Density of water

Breaking Jet:

Breaking jet is used to bring the runner to rest in a short time. A nozzle is provided on the
casing which directs the jet of water on the back of the vanes. This jet is called as breaking jet.

DRIVEN END AND NON END BEARINGS:

The driven end and non end bearings of this machine are self lubricating ones. There is
an oil scraper at one end of the bush of the bearing, which turns with the shaft of the generator
together. There is a oil-reservoir at bottom of each of the bearing. A lubricating oil cooler made
up of a number of copper tubes is plated in the oil reservoir. After hot coil is cooled by the
cooler, main part of cool oil is brought up to pour inside of the bush by the oil scraper, surplus
part of cool oil to pour at the outside of the bush. Here we are using pedastal bearings.
Note:

 Here we using pedestal type bearing.

 Drive end bearing Dia = 320mm; oil capacity = 65ltrs
 Non Drive end bearing Dia = 220mm; oil capacity = 35ltrs
 Drive end bearing pad to thrust collar clearance or gap = 2.5mm
 Drive end bearing top pad to shaft clearance or gap =0.45 to 0.55mm
 Non Drive end bearing top pad to shaft clearance or gap =0.35 to 0.45mm
 For Drive end and Non Drive end bearing side clearance or gap is equal to “Half of the
top pad to the shaft clearance or gap”.
 Bearing material = white material or Bobit metal.
 Bearing oil temperature should be lower than the lower pad of bearing block.

GENERATOR:

Generator is used to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. This generator is a
Synchronous AC generator with a brushless exciter and rotating rectifier mounted on a common
shaft.

An electrical generator can be defined as an electrical machine that converts mechanical

energy into electrical energy. An electrical generator typically consists of two parts; stator and
rotor. There are various types of electrical generators such as direct current generators,
alternating current generators
 The rotating and stationary parts of an electrical machine can be called as rotor and stator
respectively. The rotor or stator of electrical machines acts as a power-producing component and
is called as an armature. The electromagnets or permanent magnets mounted on the stator or
rotor are used to provide magnetic field of an electrical machine. The generator in which
permanent magnet is used instead of coil to provide excitation field is termed as permanent
magnet synchronous generator or also simply called as synchronous generator.

In general, synchronous generator consists of two parts rotor and stator. The rotor part
consists of field poles and stator part consists of armature conductors. The rotation of field poles
in the presence of armature conductors induces an alternating voltage which results in electrical
power generation.
 Main Specifications
Sr. Description Specification
No.
1 Type SFW3000 - 8/1730

2 Standard No. GB/T7894-2001

3 Rated Output 3125 KVA

4 Volt 6600 V

5 Current 273.4 A

6 Cos ф 0.8 (LAG)

7 Frequency 50 HZ

8 Speed 750 rpm

9 Runaway Speed 1326 rpm

10 Exc. Volt. 87 V

11 Exc. Current. 338 A

12 GD² 5.7 t.m²

13 Ins. Class B/F

14 Connection Y

15 Phase 3

16 Total Weight 26006 Kg

17 Make Kunming Electrical Machinery Co. Ltd.

China

EXCITER:-

The rotary rectifier with silicon rectifier rectifies AC electric source that comes from
three-phase AC exciter to DC. Then that DC electric source excites the field of
generator. Therefore, the generator does not have brush and slip ring initially exciter
works on the supply of DC power and it converts AC power to DC power by using
diodes, then the DC power is supplied to generator.

Note:

 In exciter the drive end bearing is “Roller Bearing”:N317.

 In exciter the Non drive end bearing is “Ball Bearing”:6314C3.
 The “Flexible Coupling” is used in between Generator shaft and Exciter
shaft.
 Exciter shaft Dia is “80mm”
Layout of working power plant
Potential transformer:

A potential transformer is used in power metering applications, and its design allows it to
monitor power line voltages of the single-phase and three-phase variety. A potential transformer
is a type of instrument transformer also known as a VT, or voltage transformer.

Potential transformer is a voltage step-down transformer which reduces the voltage of a

high voltage circuit to a lower level for the purpose of measurement. These are connected across
or parallel to the line which is to be monitored.

Current transformer:

A current transformer is an instrument transformer, used along with measuring or

protective devices, in which the secondary current is proportional to the primary current (under
normal conditions of operation) and differs from it by an angle that is approximately zero.
 The measuring devices cannot be directly connected to the high magnitude supplies.
Hence current transformers are used to supply those devices with currents of magnitude
proportional to those of power. A current transformer also isolates the measuring instruments
from high voltage circuits.

Lighting arrester:

A lightning arrester is a device used one electrical power systems to protect the insulation
and conductors of the system from the damaging effects of lightning. The typical lightning
arrester has a high voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When a lightning surge (or switching
surge, which is very similar) travels along the power line to the arrester, the current from the
surge is diverted through the arrestor, in most cases to earth.
Generator breaker: (VCB 6.6 KV)

A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an

electrical circuit from damage caused by excess current, typically resulting from an overload or
short circuit. Its basic function is to interrupt current flow after a fault is detected. Unlike a fuse,
which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or
automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from
small devices that protect low-current circuits or, up to large switchgear designed to protect high
voltage circuits feeding an entire city.

A vacuum circuit breaker is such kind of circuit breaker where the arc quenching takes
place in vacuum. The technology is suitable for mainly medium voltage application. For higher
voltage vacuum technology has been developed but not commercially viable. The operation of
opening and closing of current carrying contacts and associated arc interruption take place in a
vacuum chamber in the breaker which is called vacuum interrupter. The vacuum interrupter
consists of a steel arc chamber in the centre symmetrically arranged ceramic insulators. The
vacuum pressure inside a vacuum interrupter is normally maintained at 10- 6bar. The material
used for current carrying contacts plays an important role in the performance of the vacuum
circuit breaker. Cu/Cr (copper/chloroprene rubber) is the most ideal material to make VCB
contacts.

Sf6 breaker:

Sulphur hexafluoride circuit breakers protect electrical power stations and distribution
systems by interrupting electric currents, when tripped by a protective relay.

Sulphur Hexafluoride symbolically written as SF6 is a gas which satisfies the

requirements of an ideal arc interrupting medium. So SF6is extensively used these days as an arc
interrupting medium in circuit breakers ranging from 3kv up to 765kv class. In addition to this
SF6 is used in many electrical equipments for insulation.
 SF6gas has high dielectric strength which is the most important quality of a material for
use in electrical equipments and in particular for breaker it is one of the most desired properties.
Moreover it has high Rate of Rise of dielectric strength after arc extinction. This characteristic is
very much sought for a circuit breaker to avoid re striking.

Current interruption in a high-voltage circuit breaker is obtained by separating two

contacts in a medium, such as sulfur hexafluoride(SF6), having excellent dielectric and arc-
quenching properties. After contact separation, current is carried through an arc and is
interrupted when this arc is cooled by a gas blast of sufficient intensity.

Bus bar:

Bus bars are used to carry substantial electric currents over relatively short distances;
their greater surface area (compared to a wire of the same weight) reduces losses due to corona
discharge. Bus bars are not normally structural members.

Transformer:

A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more
circuits through electromagnetic induction. Electromagnetic induction produces an electromotive
force within a conductor which is exposed to time varying magnetic fields. Transformers are
used to increase or decrease the alternating voltages in electric power applications. A varying
current in the transformer's primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer
core and a varying field impinging on the transformer's secondary winding. This varying
magnetic field at the secondary winding induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or voltage
in the secondary winding due to electromagnetic induction.
 The primary and secondary windings are wrapped around a core of infinitely high
magnetic permeability[d]so that all of the magnetic flux passes through both the primary and
secondary windings. With a voltage source connected to the primary winding and load
impedance connected to the secondary winding, the transformer currents flow in the indicated
directions.

Isolator:

Isolator is a manually operated mechanical switch which separates a part of the electrical
power. Isolators are used to open a circuit under no load. Its main purpose is to isolate one
portion of the circuit from the other and is not intended to be opened while current is flowing in
the line. Isolators are generally used on both ends of the breaker in order that repair or
replacement of circuit breaker can be done without and danger.

Isolator is used to break the 3 phase power circuit. Under no load condition installed
before and after the transformer for maintenance purpose. Its operate only on no load condition
because there is no protection in site isolator. Isolators are manually operated or motorized.
TRANSMISSION LINE

We have a provision of 33kv transmission line from upper Awa 4 th pole to dehan
substation.frm Dehan substation we are having double circuit astha-1(AWA and BINWA) and
astha-2 (Luni-II and Luni-III) of 1-256 poles. The AWA 4th pole meeting of Bniwa and Astha-2
lines. The Awa line meeting at 168 pole.

Conductor:
An electrical conductor is a substance in which electrical charge carries, usually electrons moves
easily from atom to atom with application of voltage

Types of conductors:

 All Aluminum steel conductor( ACC)

 All Aluminum Alloy conductor( AAAC)
 Aluminum conductor steel reinforced ( ACSR)
 Aluminum conductor aluminum alloy reinforced(ACAR)
We are using ACSR( Aluminum conductor steel reinforced)

Wolf conductor
 it is used in double circuit to transfer high power (above 60kv)
 Dia of conductor “37/2.49”

Dog conductor
 it is used in single circuit to transfer low power (Below 50kv)
  Dia of conductor “7/4.26”
INSULATOR: An insulator is a material whose internal electrical charge don’t flow freely and
which does not conduct electricity
Types of insulator:
 Pin insulator
 Suspension insulator
 Strain insulator
 Stay insulator
 Stackle insulator
Types of poles:
1. Single pole
2. Double pole
a. Run through
b. Dead pole
3. Four pole structure
Classification of poles:
 Wood poles
 Non-wood poles
 Concrete poles
 Steel poles
 Fibre-reinforced composite (FRC) poles
Single pole ( length 11 mts) Double pole( length 13 mts)

Dead pole Run through

Corona Effect:
Corona effect is a phenomenon associated with all transmission line under certain
conditions, the localized electric field near energized components and conductors can produce a
tiny electric discharge or corona that causes the surrounding air molecules to ionize.

Jumper:
It is used in dead pole to transmit the power from conductor to conductor. We can fix
jumper in upward or downward direction .we are using loop jumper.

Pole to pole distance: (it depends on turning points)

 Minimum 50m for normal stations
 Minimum 30m for hill station
 Ground to conductor distance: “6-7metrs”
 Double pole length: “13mtrs” (2 mtrs underground for earthing)
 Single pole length: “11mtrs” (2 mtrs underground for earthing)
 Thermal imager: is used to find the temperature of conductors and insulators
Creepage distance:
Creepage distance means the shortest distance along the surface of a solid insulating
material between two conductive parts. The values of table "Creepage distances to avoid failure
due to tracking" are based upon existing data and are suitable for the majority of applications.
 The basis for the determination of a creepage distance is the long-term r.m.s. value of the
voltage existing across it. This voltage is the working voltage, the rated insulation voltage or the
rated voltage.

The influence of the degrees of pollution in the micro-environment on the dimensioning

of creepage distances is taken into account in table "Creepage distances to avoid failure due to
tracking". To keep in mind is also that in the same equipment, different micro-environment
conditions can exist.

A creepage distance cannot be less than the associated clearance so that the shortest
creepage distance possible is equal to the required clearance. However, there is no physical
relationship, other than this dimensional limitation, between the minimum clearance in air and
the minimum acceptable creepage distance.

EARTH PIT OR EARTHING

The process of electrically connecting to the earth itself is often called “earthing”. The
main reason for doing earthing in electrical network is for the safety. When all metallic parts in
electrical equipments are grounded then if the insulation inside the equipments fails there are no
dangerous voltages present in the equipment case.
Purpose of Earthing

1. Safety for Human life / Building /Equipment

 To save human life from danger of electrical shock or death by blowing a fuse i.e.
 To protect buildings, machinery & appliances under fault conditions
 To provide safe path to dissipate lightning and short circuit currents.
 To provide stable platform for operation of sensitive electronic equipments.

2. over voltage protection

Lightning, line surges or unintentional contact with higher voltage lines can cause
dangerously high voltages to the electrical distribution system. Earthing provides an alternative
path around the electrical system to minimize damages in the System.

3. Voltage stabilization

There are many sources of electricity. Every transformer can be considered a separate
source. If there were not a common reference point for all these voltage sources it would be
extremely difficult to calculate their relationships to each other.

Conventional methods of earthing

1. Plate type Earthing

 Generally for plate type earthing normal Practice is to use

 Cast iron plate of size 600 mm x 600 mm x12 mm. OR
  Galvanized iron plate of size 600 mm x 600 mm x 6 mm. OR
 Copper plate of size 600 mm * 600 mm * 3.15 mm
 Plate burred at the depth of 8 feet in the vertical position and GI strip of size 50 mmx6
mm bolted with the plate is brought up to the ground level.
 These types of earth pit are generally filled with alternate layer of charcoal & salt up to 4
feet from the bottom of the pit.

2. Pipe type Earthing

For Pipe type earthing normal practice is to use GI pipe [C-class] of 75 mm diameter, 10
feet long welded with 75 mm diameter GI flange having 6 numbers of holes for the connection
of earth wires and inserted in ground by auger method.

These types of earth pit are generally filled with alternate layer of charcoal & salt or earth
reactivation compound.

Method for Construction of Earthing Pit:

 Excavation on earth for a normal earth Pit size is 1.5M X 1.5M X 3.0 M.
 Use 500 mm X 500 mm X 10 mm GI Plate or Bigger Size for more Contact of Earth and
reduce Earth Resistance.
 Make a mixture of Wood Coal Powder, Salt & Sand all in equal part
 Wood Coal Powder use as good conductor of electricity, anti corrosive, rust proves for GI
Plate for long life.
 The purpose of coal and salt is to keep wet the soil permanently.
 The salt percolates and coal absorbs water keeping the soil wet.
 Care should always be taken by watering the earth pits in summer so that the pit soil will
be wet.
 Coal is made of carbon which is good conductor minimizing the earth resistant.
 Salt use as electrolyte to form conductivity between GI Plate, Coal and Earth with
humidity.
 Sand has used to form porosity to cycle water & humidity around the mixture.
 Put GI Plate (EARTH PLATE) of size 500 mm X 500 mm X 10 mm in the mid of
mixture
 .Use Double GI Strip size 30 mm X 10 mm to connect GI Plate to System Earthling
 It will be better to use GI Pipe of size 2.5″ diameter with a Flange on the top of GI Pipe
to cover GI Strip from EARTH PLATE to Top Flange.
 Cover Top of GI pipe with a T joint to avoid jamming of pipe with dust & mud and also
use water time to time through this pipe to bottom of earth plate.
 Maintain less than one Ohm Resistance from EARTH PIT conductor to a distance of 15
Meters around the EARTH PIT with another conductor dip on the Earth at least 500 mm
deep
 .Check Voltage between Earth Pit conductors to Neutral of Mains Supply 220V AC 50
Hz it should be less than 2.0 Volts.
 SAFETY
GIMS: Greenko Integrated Management System
Safety:

It is a condition which gives you freedom from hazard, risk, accidents. Which may cause
injury, damage and loss to material or property damage and even death.

PPE: [Personal Protective Equipment]

The following equipment protects from hazards and makes safety from accidents.

1) Ear muff
2) Gum shoes or Boot
3) Nose mask
4) Safety goggles
5) Hand gloves
6) Reflective jacket or high visible jacket
7) Helmet (Head, Eyes, Lips, Mouth, Ears, and Teeth)
8) Safety belt or FBH (Full Body Harness)
9) Ear plug

Life jacket:

It is used in water works. In power plants it is used in weir site and forebay.[like
swim suit]
Work places:

1) Power house
2) Forebay
3) Weir site or intake

PTW: [Permit To Work]

The following are the parts of PTW.

1) Request
2) Issue authority
3) Verified authority
After, above 3 processes, the PTW will consider as legal Document.

Types of PTW [Permit To Work]:

1) General work permit

2) Hot work permit
3) Cold work permit
4) Electrical isolation work permit
5) Confined space entry permit
6) Execution work permit
7) Blasting work permit
8) Work at height permit
9) work permit for working IN/ON/AROUND/Water Body
10) Lifting and rigging work permit
LOTO: [Lock Out And Tag Out]

During any electrical maintenance work implementation LOTO proceed you.

TBT: [Tool Box Talk]

Before starting any activity we have to speak or communicate to other about safety

Fire Cylinder:

P Pull

A Aim

S Squeeze

S Sweep

Types of fires:

1) Wooden/paper
2) Liquid fire
3) Gasses fire
4) Electrical fire
5) Cooking fire
6) ABC (A-Solid, B-Liquid,C-Gases)

Types of fire Extinguishers:

1) Water
2) Foam spray
3) DCP (Dry Chemical powder) cylinder
4) CO2 (Carbon Dioxide)
5) Wet chemical/ Halen/ ABC (multi purpose)