10 Work, Energy, and Machines

BIGIDEA
Write the Big Idea for this chapter.
Doing work on a system changes the system's energy.

Use the “What I Know” column to list the things you know about the Big Idea. Then list the
questions you have about the Big Idea in the “What I Want to Find Out” column. As you read the
chapter, fill in the “What I Learned” column.

K W L
What I Know What I Want to Find Out What I Learned

Work is a force applied What is energy?

through a dicplacement.

How to find energy?

One joule is equal to n*m.
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Energy is related to work.

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10 Work, Energy, and Machines
1 Work and Energy
MAINIDEA
Write the Main Idea for this section.

Work is the transfer of energy that occurs when a force

is applied through a displacement.

REVIEW VOCABULARY Recall and write the definition of the Review Vocabulary term.
law of conservation of law of conservation of momentum states that the momentum
momentum
of any closed isolated sytem does not change.

NEW VOCABULARY Use your book to define each term.

work work When a force is appiled through a displacement work
joule
is done of the system.
energy
joule when a force of 1 n acts on a system over a displacment
work-energy theorem
of 1m.
kinetic energy
energy the capacity for doing work. It exists in potenial, kinetic

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translational kinetic
energy thermal, and other many forms.
power
work-energy theorem the work done by the sum of all forces
watt
acting on a particle equals the change in KE of the particle.

kinetic energy is a form of energy that an object or a particle

has by reason of it's motion.

translational kinetic energy the work required to accerlate

it form rest to a fiven velocity.

power the amount of energy transferred or converted per unit

time.

watt unit of power in the system of units equal to one joule

of work performed per second.

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 1 Work and Energy (continued)
Student Edition, pp. 264–266 Complete the sentence.

When a force applied at an angle causes an object to move horizontally,

only the magnitude of the force does work.

GET IT? Determine the work you do when you exert a force of 3 N at
an angle of 45° from the direction of motion for 1 m.

F cos 45 degrees = (3 m)(cos45)= 2.1 N

Draw a force diagram showing the force you exert (Fme) to the right on a
box and the force your friend exerts (Ffriend) to the left on the box. As a
result of these two forces, the box moves to the right. Also show the
gravitational force and the normal force. Explain why some forces do no
work on the box.

The person on the right must be extertering more force then

the person on the left. If the box moved towards the right,
they have more force.
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GET IT? Explain why you do positive work on the box and your friend
does negative work on the box.
My friends does negative work on the box becuase she is on

the left side. Which is negative on a number line.

GET IT? Describe another scenario in which you do work on a system,

and explain how much work is done on the system.
A girl ran into a huge blow up ball and pushed it. She is appliy

a lot of work becuae she got more power from running.

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1 Work and Energy (continued)
Student Edition, pp. 267–269
Use with Example Problem 2.
Use this column for
scratch work and
sketches.
Summarize how you can use a force-displacement graph to determine
the work done in each case.
• If the force is constant
work is the product of the force andd
the magntiude of the sytem's displacement.
• If the force increases linearly
The work done is zero.
TRY IT !
Problem
An ice skater slides toward a sled sitting on the ice and hits against it. The
skater exerts a 12.6-N force on the sled at an angle of 15.3° below the
horizontal. The sled then moves 15.4 m forward. How much work did the
skater do on the sled? Assume friction is negligible.
1. ANALYZE AND SKETCH THE PROBLEM
KNOWNS UNKNOWNS
12.6 N 15.4 m W
F= d= =?
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θ = 15.3
What is the system? Sled
The skater
What is the force that is doing work on the system?
2. SOLVE FOR THE UNKNOWN
Write the equation for work. Then insert the known quantities.
W = Fd cos of the angle
(12.6 n) (15.4) (cos15.3)
=187.162 N*M
= 187.162 J
3. EVALUATE THE ANSWER
Yes
• Explain why your units for work are correct.
• Explain why the sign of the answer is correct.
The sigh is correct
becuase she is appliying force.
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 1 Work and Energy (continued)
Student Edition, pp. 270–271 Give an example of a force that does work on a system. Then use the
work-energy theorem to your example.
A very simple exmanple to understand is the motion of a ball

moving under gravity. When the ball goes up, it does work
agaainst gravity force and its KE decreases. Opposite to this

when it comes down, gravity does thge work and the KE

increases.

Write a sentence using the word energy with its science usage and a
sentence using the word energy with its common usage.

Science usage
As she pushed off from the wall, giving her more power and
perfomed the swim with more energy and intesity.

Common usage
The boy was no longer sleepy, but full of energy and
excitment.
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Describe the relationship between each of the following pairs of quantities.

work and energy

The amount of energy transferred by the force to move an

object is called work.

power and energy

Power is the rate at which energy is transferred.

power and work

Power is the rate which that work is done.

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1 Work and Energy (continued)
Student Edition, pp. 270–272 Write work, energy, or power beside each unit to identify the quantity that
it measures. Some quantities are measured by more than one unit. Some
units are used for more than one quantity.

Units Quantities

kgm2/s2 KE

W Work

J/s Joules over seconds

J Joules

Use with Example Problem 3. TRY IT !

Use this column for
scratch work and
sketches.
Problem
Moving ocean water exerts a force of 375 N on a boat, causing the boat to
move a distance of 34.7 m in 8.34 s. What power does the boat produce
in kW?
1. ANALYZE AND SKETCH THE PROBLEM

KNOWNS UNKNOWNS

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Power
d = 34.7 m =?

t = 8.34 s

F = 375 N
2. SOLVE FOR THE UNKNOWN

Use the definition of power.

P = W/t
fd/t = (375)(34.7) / 8.34 s
= 1560.25 kW
3. EVALUATE THE ANSWER
Yes
• Explain why your units for power are correct.

• Explain why the sign of the answer is correct. Becuase its going
forward.

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 1 Work and Energy (continued)
Student Edition, p. 273 Identify the equation you would use to calculate power if you know the
following quantities.

work and time force, distance, and time

time and change in energy force and velocity

SUMMARIZE
How does the MAINIDEA for this section relate to the chapter’s BIGIDEA?
The big idea has a general term that work gives energy, the main idea show how to get it.

REVIEW IT !
15. MAINIDEA If the work done on an object doubles its kinetic energy, does it double its
speed? If not, by what ratio does it change the speed?
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The change in the kinetic energy of the object as the soeed changes is proportional

to the square of the factor by which the speed changes. For exmaple if the speed of

the object doubles, then it's kinetic energy is four times the intial.

16. Work Murimi pushes a 20-kg mass 10 m across a floor with a horizontal force of 80 N.
Calculate the amount of work done by Murimi on the mass.
W = Fd = (80 N)(10 m) = 8 x 10^2 J

17. Work Suppose you are pushing a stalled car. As the car
The work done is the area of the
gets going, you need less and less force to keep it going.
trapezoid under the solid line:
For the first 15 m, your force decreases at a constant rate
from 210.0 N to 40.0 N. How much work did you do on
W = 1/2 (F1 + F2)
the car? Draw a force-displacement graph to represent
the work done during this period.

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1 Work and Energy (continued)
18. Work A mover loads a 185-kg refrigerator into a moving van by pushing it at a
constant speed up a 10.0-m, friction-free ramp at an angle of inclination of 11°. How
much work is done by the mover on the refrigerator?
y = (10)(sin 11) = 1.91
W = Mgd sin = (185)(9.8)(10)(sin 11) = 3.46 x 10^3 J

19. Work A 0.180-kg ball falls 2.5-m. How much work does the force of gravity do on the
ball?

20. Work and Power Does the work required to lift a book to a high shelf depend on how
fast you raise it? Does the power required to lift the book depend on how fast you raise
it? Explain.
No, work is not a function of time. However, power is a function of time, so the power

requred to lift the book does depend on how fast you raise it.

21. Power An elevator lifts a total mass of 1.1×103 kg a distance of 40.0 m in 12.5 s. How
much power does the elevator deliver?
P = w / t = (1.1 x 10^3)(9.8)(40) = 4.3 x105 J
= 4.3x10^5 J / 12.5 s = 3.4 x 10^4

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22. Mass A forklift raises a box 1.2 m and does 7.0 kJ of work on it. What is the mass of the box?
W = Fd = Mgd
= 7 x 10^3 J / (9.80)(1.2) = 6.0 x 10^2 Kg
23. Work You and a friend each carry identical boxes from the first floor of a building to a
room located on the second floor, farther down the hall. You choose to carry the box
first up the stairs, and then down the hall to the room. Your friend carries it down the
hall on the first floor, then up a different stairwell to the second floor. How do the
amounts of work done by the two of you on your boxes compare?
Kinetic energy is proportional to the square of the velocity, so doubling the energy

doubkles the square of the velocity. It increases by a factor of 2, 1, or 4.

24. Critical Thinking Explain how to find the change in energy of a system if three agents
exert forces on the system at once.
Since work is the change in kinectic energy, calcuate the work done by each force.

The work can be postive, neative or zero, depending on the relative angles.

The sum of the three works is the change in energy of the system.

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