TRIGONOMETRY (Prepared by T.

Pondo)
Trigonometry is a branch of Mathematics which deals with the measurement of sides and angles
of triangles , and their relationship with each other. There are many applications in many fields
(e.g engineering) where knowledge of trigonometry is needed.
TRIGONOMETRICAL IDENTITIES

Trigonometrical identities are derived from Trigonometrical ratios commonly abbreviated as

CHASHOTAO.

Where
𝒂 𝒂𝒅𝒋
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = 𝒄
= 𝒉𝒚𝒑

𝒃 𝒐𝒑𝒑
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 = 𝒄 = 𝒉𝒚𝒑

𝒃 𝒐𝒑𝒑
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 = =
𝒂 𝒂𝒅𝒋

sin 𝐴
TASK 1. Prove that tan 𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴

PROOF
𝑜𝑝𝑝
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 ℎ𝑦𝑝 𝑜𝑝𝑝 ℎ𝑦𝑝 𝑜𝑝𝑝
𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
= 𝑎𝑑𝑗 =ℎ𝑦𝑝 × 𝑎𝑑𝑗 =ℎ𝑦𝑝=𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 = 𝐿𝐻𝑆
ℎ𝑦𝑝

OTHER IDENTITIES
𝟏
𝒔𝒆𝒄𝑨 =
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨
𝟏
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝑨 =
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨
𝟏
𝒄𝒐𝒕𝑨 =
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 1 cos 𝐴
But 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 ⟹ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴

pg. 1 T.PONDO (tripahpound@gmail.com/////+263 774815580)

“SHOOT FOR THE MOON, EVEN IF YOU MISS YOU WILL LAND AMONGST THE STARS”
TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OF COMMON ANGLES

Sin 0 = 0 𝟏 √𝟐 √𝟑 Sin 90 =1
Sin 30 = 𝟐 Sin 45 = Sin 60 =
𝟐 𝟐
Cos 0 = 1 √𝟑 √𝟐 𝟏 Cos 90 = 0
Cos 30 = Cos 45 = 𝟐 Cos 60 =𝟐
𝟐
Tan 0 =0 Tan 30 =
√𝟑 Tan 45= 𝟏 Tan 60 =√𝟑 Tan 90
𝟑 (undefined)

PYTHAGOREAN IDENTITIES

Consider the circle centre (0,0) and radius 𝑟. Equation of this circle is given by

𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑟2
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑟2
Dividing throughout by 𝑟 2 we get 𝑟2
+ 𝑟2 = 𝑟2

𝑥2 𝑦2
Which simplifies to 𝑟2
+ 𝑟 2 = 1………………………………………………………..(1)

But 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴

Substitituting in (1) yields
𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝐴 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
𝑟2
+ 𝑟2
=1

𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝑨 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝑨 = 𝟏

Dividing throughout by 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴

𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 1
+
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝐴
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝐴

𝟏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝑨 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝑨

pg. 2 T.PONDO (tripahpound@gmail.com/////+263 774815580)

“SHOOT FOR THE MOON, EVEN IF YOU MISS YOU WILL LAND AMONGST THE STARS”
Dividing throughout by 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 1
+
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴

𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐 𝑨 + 𝟏 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝑨

COMPOUND IDENTITIES
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨 + 𝑩) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨 − 𝑩) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨
𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 + 𝑩) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩

𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 − 𝑩) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩

sin(𝐴+𝐵) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) = =
cos(𝐴+𝐵) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵

Dividing the numerator and the denominator by 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵
cos 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 which reduces to 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
−
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵

Therefore
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
𝑇𝑎𝑛 (𝐴 + 𝐵) = 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵

A similar approach can be applied for tan(𝐴 − 𝐵)

i.e
sin(𝐴+𝐵) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
tan(𝐴 − 𝐵) = cos(𝐴+𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵

Dividing the numerator and the denominator by 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
− 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵
cos 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 which reduces to 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
+
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵

Therefore
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨−𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑩
𝑻𝒂𝒏 (𝑨 − 𝑩) = 𝟏+𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑩

TASK2.
Simplify sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)

SOLUTION

pg. 3 T.PONDO (tripahpound@gmail.com/////+263 774815580)

“SHOOT FOR THE MOON, EVEN IF YOU MISS YOU WILL LAND AMONGST THE STARS”
sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
=2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵

TASK3.
Simplify cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) + cos(𝐴 − 𝐵)

SOLUTION

cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) + cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵

=2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵

Task4.
Without using a calculator or mathematical tables evaluate the following , leaving your answers in exact
form

1. sin 750
2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠1050
SOLUTION 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛750 = sin(450 + 300 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛450 𝑐𝑜𝑠300 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛300 𝑐𝑜𝑠450
√2 √3 1 √2 √6 √2
= ( 2 ) ( 2 ) + (2)( 2 ) = 4
+ 4
SOLUTION 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠1050 = cos(600 + 450 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠600 𝑐𝑜𝑠450 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛600 𝑠𝑖𝑛450
1 √2 √3 √2 √2 √6
(2) ( 2 ) − ( 2 ) ( 2 ) = 4
− 4

DOUBLE ANGLE IDENTITIES

Suppose A = B
𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝐴 + 𝐵) = sin(𝐴 + 𝐴) = 𝑆𝑖𝑛2𝐴 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
Therefore

𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟐𝑨 = 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨

EXAMPLE 1
Simplify giving an exact value for 2𝑠𝑖𝑛15𝑐𝑜𝑠15

Solution
1
2𝑠𝑖𝑛15𝑐𝑜𝑠15 = sin[2(15)] = 𝑠𝑖𝑛30 = 2

cos(𝐴 + 𝐴) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴

But
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴

pg. 4 T.PONDO (tripahpound@gmail.com/////+263 774815580)

“SHOOT FOR THE MOON, EVEN IF YOU MISS YOU WILL LAND AMONGST THE STARS”
Therefore the identity becomes
cos 2𝐴 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 = 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
Also since

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴

⟹ cos 2𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴) = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 1

i.e

∴ 𝟏. 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝑨 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝑨 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝑨

𝟐. 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝑨 = 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝑨 − 𝟏

𝟑. 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝑨 = 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝑨
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴
tan(𝐴 + 𝐴) = 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴
= 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴

i.e
𝟐𝒕𝒂𝒏𝑨
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐𝑨 =
𝟏 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝑨

TASK5.
Prove that

1. cot 𝐴 + tan 𝐴 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴

SOLUTION
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴 + tan 𝐴 = +
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝐴+𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 1 1 1
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴) (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆
2. 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝐴 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴 − 2
2 2 2

SOLUTION

𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐴 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴 − 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴 − 1

= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴 − 2 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 2
3. 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
SOLUTION
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 + 1 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = + =
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
But 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 = 1
2 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴

pg. 5 T.PONDO (tripahpound@gmail.com/////+263 774815580)

“SHOOT FOR THE MOON, EVEN IF YOU MISS YOU WILL LAND AMONGST THE STARS”
 2(1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴) 2
= = = 𝑅𝐻𝑆
sin 𝐴(1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
4. 1−tan 𝐴
+ 1−𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴

SOLUTION
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
1− 1−
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝐴 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴−𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴)
=𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
5. 𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝐴 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
Solution
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝐴 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝐴+𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = + = =
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝐴+𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
= (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴)
=
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴)
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆

PRACTICE QUESTIONS

Prove the following identities

1. (sec 𝐴 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴 + 1) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴
2. (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴)(1 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴
3. (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴)(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝐴
4. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝐴 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
5. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴 − = cot 𝐴
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) 2
6. = 2 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

EQUATIONS

Given 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 = 𝑐
𝐴 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑐) + 3600 𝑛 , n is an integer, 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑐) is known as the Primary value
OR
A = secondary value(S.V) +3600 𝑛
Where 𝑆. 𝑉 = 1800 𝑛 − 𝑃. 𝑉
EXAMPLES
1
1. Solve 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 = 2 for 0 < 𝐴 < 3600
Solution
1
𝐴 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) + 3600 𝑛
2
300 + 3600 𝑛
𝑆. 𝑉 = 1800 − 300

pg. 6 T.PONDO (tripahpound@gmail.com/////+263 774815580)

“SHOOT FOR THE MOON, EVEN IF YOU MISS YOU WILL LAND AMONGST THE STARS”
 𝐴 = 1500 + 3600 𝑛
𝐴 = 300 , 1500
√3
2. Solve 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 = 2
for 0 < 𝐴 < 3600
Solution
√3
𝐴 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) + 3600 𝑛
2
600 + 3600 𝑛
𝑆. 𝑉 = 1800 − 600
𝐴 = 1200 + 3600 𝑛
𝐴 = 600 , 1200
1
3. Solve sin(𝐴 + 200 ) = 2 for 0 < 𝐴 < 3600
Solution
1
𝐴 + 200 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) + 3600 𝑛
2
𝐴 + 200 = 300 + 3600 𝑛
𝐴 = 100 + 3600 𝑛
𝑆. 𝑉 = 1800 − 300
𝐴 + 200 = 1500 + 3600 𝑛
𝐴 = 1300 + 3600 𝑛

𝐴 = 100 , 1300
𝜋 1
4. Solve sin(2𝐴 + ) = for 0 < 𝐴 < 2𝜋
6 2
Solution
𝜋 1
(2𝐴 + ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) + 2𝜋𝑛
6 2
𝜋 𝜋
2𝐴 + = + 2𝜋𝑛
6 6
0R
𝜋 5𝜋
2𝐴 + = + 2𝜋𝑛
6 6

2𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑛
OR
2𝜋
2𝐴 = + 2𝜋𝑛
3
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑛
OR
𝜋
𝐴 = + 𝜋𝑛
3
𝜋 4𝜋
𝐴 = 0, , 𝜋, , 2𝜋
3 3

pg. 7 T.PONDO (tripahpound@gmail.com/////+263 774815580)

“SHOOT FOR THE MOON, EVEN IF YOU MISS YOU WILL LAND AMONGST THE STARS”
 Given 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 = 𝑐
𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑐) + 3600 𝑛 , n is an integer, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑐) is known as the Primary value
OR
A = secondary value(S.V) +3600 𝑛
Where 𝑆. 𝑉 = −𝑃. 𝑉
EXAMPLES
1
5. Solve 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 = for 0 < 𝐴 < 3600
2
Solution
1
𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ) + 3600 𝑛
2
600 + 3600 𝑛
𝑆. 𝑉 = −600
𝐴 = −600 + 3600 𝑛
𝐴 = 600 , 3000
√3
6. Solve 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 = 2
for 0 < 𝐴 < 3600
Solution
√3
𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ) + 3600 𝑛
2
300 + 3600 𝑛
𝑆. 𝑉 = −300
𝐴 = −300 + 3600 𝑛
𝐴 = 300 , 3300
√3
7. Solve cos(𝐴 − 150 ) = 2
for 0 < 𝐴 < 3600
Solution
√3
𝐴 − 150 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ) + 3600 𝑛
2
𝐴 − 150 = 300 + 3600 𝑛
𝐴 = 450 + 3600 𝑛
𝑆. 𝑉 = −300
𝐴 − 150 = −300 + 3600 𝑛
𝐴 = −150 + 3600 𝑛
𝐴 = 450 , 3450
Given 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 = 𝑐
𝐴 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑐) + 1800 𝑛 , n is an integer

8. Solve 𝑡𝑎𝑛3𝐴 = 1

SOLUTION

3𝐴 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1) + 1800 𝑛

3𝐴 = 450 + 1800 𝑛
𝐴 = 150 + 600 𝑛
𝐴 = 150 , 750 , 1350 , 1950 , 3150

pg. 8 T.PONDO (tripahpound@gmail.com/////+263 774815580)

“SHOOT FOR THE MOON, EVEN IF YOU MISS YOU WILL LAND AMONGST THE STARS”
 QUADRATIC FACTOR
Solve 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 1
SOLUTION
since
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥

⟹ 2(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 1 = 0

2 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 1 = 0
1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = 0
Applying the quadratic formula

−1±√12 −4(1)(−2) −1±√9

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 2(−2)
= −4
−1±3 −1+3 −1−3
= −4 = −4 𝑜𝑟 −4
1
=− 2 or 1
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = − or 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 1
2
0 0
𝑥 = −30 + 360 𝑛 𝑥 = 900 + 3600 𝑛
or
𝑥 = 2100 + 3600 𝑛
𝑥 = 900 , 2100 , 3300
Example 2

3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 = 0
SOLUTION
3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 = 0
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + =0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
=0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 0
cosx(3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 1) = 0
1
Either 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 0 or 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = − 3
𝑥 = 900 + 3600 𝑛 𝑥 = −19. 50 + 3600 𝑛
0r or
𝑥 = −900 + 3600 𝑛 𝑥 = 199. 50 + 3600 𝑛

𝑥 = 900 , 199. 50 , 2700 , 340. 50

Example 3
3𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
3( ) = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 − 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 = 0
2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦(2 − 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦) = 0

pg. 9 T.PONDO (tripahpound@gmail.com/////+263 774815580)

“SHOOT FOR THE MOON, EVEN IF YOU MISS YOU WILL LAND AMONGST THE STARS”
 2
Either 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 = 0 or 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 =
3
𝑦 = 00 + 3600 𝑛 𝑦 = 48. 20 + 3600 𝑛
or
𝑦 = 1800 + 3600 𝑛 𝑦 = −48. 20 + 3600 𝑛
In the given range
𝑦 = 00 , 48.20 , 1800 , 311.80 , 3600
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Solve the following equations
1. 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 7𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 3 = 0 ANSWER{600 , 3000 }
2. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 0 ANSWER{00 , 116.60 , 1800 , 243.40 , 3600
𝑥 1
3. tan (2) = 2 ANSWER{53.20}
4. 3(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) = 2(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) ANSWER{78.70 , 258.70 }
5. 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ANSWER{48.20 , 900 , 2700 , 311.80 }

Given 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑐

Express 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 ± 𝑦)

Or
= 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 ± 𝑦)
Where 𝑟𝜖ℝ
Consider 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 𝑦)
𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
They are equal IFF
𝑎 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 … … … … … … … … … . (1)
𝑏 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 … … … … … … … … … . (2)
12 + 22 ∶ 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑟 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑦 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑦)
⟹ 𝑟 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 𝑏
2÷1∶ =
𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 𝑎
𝑏
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 =
𝑎
𝑏
𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝑎
TASK1.
Solve 7𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 6𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 2 ; 00 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3600
SOLUTION
7𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 6𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 𝑦)
2 2
𝑟 = √6 + 7 =√85
6
𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (7) = 410 to the nearest degree

pg. 10 T.PONDO (tripahpound@gmail.com/////+263 774815580)

“SHOOT FOR THE MOON, EVEN IF YOU MISS YOU WILL LAND AMONGST THE STARS”
 ⟹ 7𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 6𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = √85[cos(𝑥 − 410 )]

7𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 6𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 2
√85cos(𝑥 − 410 ) = 2
2
cos(𝑥 − 410 ) =
√85
𝑥 − 410 = 770 + 3600 𝑛
Or

𝑥 − 410 = −770 + 3600 𝑛

𝑥 = 1180 + 3600 𝑛
or
𝑥 = −360 + 3600 𝑛
𝑥 = 1180 , 3240

HALF ANGLE FORMULA

𝟐𝒕
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 =
𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐
𝟏 − 𝒕𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 =
𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐
𝟐𝒕
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 =
𝟏 − 𝒕𝟐
𝒙
Where 𝒕 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝟐)

Example
Solve 7𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 6𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 2 00 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3600
SOLUTION
1 − 𝑡2 2𝑡
7( 2 )+ 6( )=2
1+𝑡 1 + 𝑡2
7(1 − 𝑡 2 ) + 6(2𝑡) = 2(1 + 𝑡 2 )
7 − 7𝑡 2 + 12𝑡 = 2 + 2𝑡 2
5 + 12𝑡 − 9𝑡 2 = 0
−12 ± √122 − 4(−9)(5)
𝑡=
2(−9)
−12 ± √324
𝑡=
−18

−12+√324 −12−√324
𝑡= −18
or 𝑡= −18

2 5
𝑡 = −3 or 𝑡=3

pg. 11 T.PONDO (tripahpound@gmail.com/////+263 774815580)

“SHOOT FOR THE MOON, EVEN IF YOU MISS YOU WILL LAND AMONGST THE STARS”
 𝑥 1
⟹ tan ( ) = −
2 3

𝑥
= −180 + 1800 𝑛
2
⟹ 𝑥 = −360 + 3600 𝑛
𝑥 = 3240
Or
𝑥 5
⟹ tan ( ) =
2 3

𝑥
= 590 + 1800 𝑛
2
⟹ 𝑥 = 1180 + 3600 𝑛
𝑥 = 1180
𝑥 = 1180 , 3240
EXAMPLES
Using transformation and half angles in the range −1800 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1800
Solve
1. 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 3
2. 5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 4 = 0 (H/W)
SOLUTION 1
HARMONIC FORM

3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 𝑦)

𝑟= √32 + 22 =√13
2
𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (3) = 340 to the nearest degree

⟹ 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = √13[cos(𝑥 − 340 )]

∴ 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 3
√13cos(𝑥 − 340 ) = 3
3
cos(𝑥 − 340 ) =
√13
𝑥 − 340 = 340 + 3600 𝑛
Or

𝑥 − 340 = −340 + 3600 𝑛

𝑥 = 680 + 3600 𝑛
or
𝑥 = 00 + 3600 𝑛
𝑥 = 00 , 680
HALF ANGLES
SOLUTION 1

pg. 12 T.PONDO (tripahpound@gmail.com/////+263 774815580)

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 1 − 𝑡2 2𝑡
3( 2 )+ 2( )=3
1+𝑡 1 + 𝑡2
3(1 − 𝑡 2 ) + 2(2𝑡) = 3(1 + 𝑡 2 )
3 − 3𝑡 2 + 4𝑡 = 3 + 3𝑡 2
4𝑡 − 6𝑡 2 = 0
2𝑡(2 − 4𝑡) = 0
2
𝑡=3 or 𝑡=0
𝑥 2
⟹ tan ( ) =
2 3

𝑥
= 340 + 1800 𝑛
2
⟹ 𝑥 = 680 + 3600 𝑛
𝑥 = 680
Or
𝑥
⟹ tan ( ) = 0
2

𝑥
= 00 + 1800 𝑛
2
⟹ 𝑥 = 3600 𝑛
𝑥 = 00
𝑥 = 00 , 680

PAST EXAM QUESTIONS

1. Express 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 in the form 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 𝑦) where R is a positive constant and y
an acute angle, giving the exact values or 𝑅 and 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦.Hence solve the equation

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 1.52 for00 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3600 [6]

𝜋
2. Express √6𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − √2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 in the form 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 𝑦) where 𝑅 > 0 and 0 < 𝑦 < 2
[2]
Hence or otherwise solve the equation

(√6𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − √2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)2 = 4 for 00 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋 [4]

4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 3
3. Show that the equation 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
may be written as
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥(4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 2) = 0
and hence solve the equation for 00 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3600 [7]
4. a.) Solve the equation
|2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 3| = 1 for 00 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3600 [3]
3 2 0 0
b.) Solve the equation 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 360 giving your answers
0
correct to 0.1 [4]

pg. 13 T.PONDO (tripahpound@gmail.com/////+263 774815580)

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 5. a.) Prove the identity
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 [3]

b.) Solve the equation 4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 0 for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋 [6]

6. Express 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 2√3𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 in the form 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥 − 𝑦) where R is a positive

constant and y an acute angle, giving the exact values or 𝑅 and 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦. [2]
Hence solve the equation

2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 2√3𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 = √2 for 00 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3600 [4]

1 3
7. a.) It is given that tan 𝑥 = 4 and 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 = 5 where 𝑥 and 𝑦 are acute, use this
information to prove that 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 450 [3]
b.) Express 7𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 24𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 in the form 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 𝑦) where 𝑟 > 0 and 𝑦 is acute,
giving the value of 𝑦 correct to one tenth of a degree [2]
Hence find
i.) The value of 𝑥, correct to one tenth of a degree for 00 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3600 which
satisfy
7𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 24𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 16 [2]
1
ii.) The greatest and least values of 27+7𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−24𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
[2]
8. Express 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 in the form 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 𝑦) where 𝑟 > 0 and 𝑦 is acute. Hence
solve the equation 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 0.2 for 00 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3600 [6]
1
9. Given that 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = − and −1800 < 𝑥 < −900, find the exact value of 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 [3]
5
10. (a) Solve the equation
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋 [4]
(b) Given that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥. 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋, find the 𝑥 values of the
stationary points [4]
11. (a) Prove that 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥 − cot 2𝑥 = tan 𝑥 [3]

(b) Hence or otherwise, solve the equation 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥 − cot 2𝑥 = 3𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 for

00 < 𝑥 ≤ 3600 [5]

12. (a) Find all values of 𝑥 such that 00 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3600 for which

2 cos 2𝑥 = 3 − 2 cos 𝑥 giving your answer correct to 0. 10 [5]

( b) Prove the identity
cos 𝐴+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
sec 2𝐴 + tan 2𝐴 = [4]
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
𝜋
13. Express 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + (2√3 ) cos 𝑡 in the form 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑡 + 𝑦) where 0 < 𝑦 < [2]
2

pg. 14 T.PONDO (tripahpound@gmail.com/////+263 774815580)

“SHOOT FOR THE MOON, EVEN IF YOU MISS YOU WILL LAND AMONGST THE STARS”
 1
What is the least value of [2]
10+2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡+(2√3 ) cos 𝑡

14. Express tan 𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴 in terms of 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝐴 [3]

Hence or otherwise solve the equation
4√3
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴 = 3
for 00 < 𝐴 < 900 [3]

15. Find all values of 𝑥 , such that 00 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1800 , satisfying

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 = 0 [5]

16. Prove that 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 = 4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 [2]

Hence or otherwise, find the general solution of the equation
cos 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 expressing your answer in radians [5]
17. It is given that 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 = 2. Find without using trigonometrical tables or a calculator ,
(a)The exact value of 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵, given that tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 4 [2]
(b)The exact value of tan 𝑌, given that sin(𝑌 + 𝐴) = 3cos(𝑌 − 𝐴) [3]
5
18. It is given that 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 = 13, where −900 < 𝐴 < 00 , and that 1800 < 𝑥 < 2700 .

Without using a calculator or mathematical tables, find the exact value of

tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) [5]
19. Find the general solution in degrees, of the equation

sec(𝐴 + 300 ) = 2 [4]

7
20. Given that 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴 = 2 , where 900 < 𝐴 < 1800 , find the exact value of 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴 [4]

pg. 15 T.PONDO (tripahpound@gmail.com/////+263 774815580)

“SHOOT FOR THE MOON, EVEN IF YOU MISS YOU WILL LAND AMONGST THE STARS”
 pg. 16 T.PONDO (tripahpound@gmail.com/////+263 774815580)
“SHOOT FOR THE MOON, EVEN IF YOU MISS YOU WILL LAND AMONGST THE STARS”