20/02/2018

KINETICS OF PARTICLES Taibah University

College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

The designers of amusement-park rides such as this
roller coaster must not rely upon the principles of
equilibrium alone as they develop specifications for the
cars and the supporting structure.

The particle kinetics of each car must be considered in
estimating the involved forces so that a safe system can
be designed.

According to Newton’s second law,

a particle will accelerate when it is subjected to
unbalanced forces.

Kinetics is the study of the relations between
unbalanced forces and the resulting changes in motion.

21/02/2018 CE212: Structural Dynamics Prof. Shehata E Abdel Raheem 1

KINETICS OF PARTICLES Taibah University

College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

Section A Force, Mass, and Acceleration “Direct Approach”
3/2 Newton’s Second Law
3/3 Equation of Motion and Solution of Problems
3/4 Rectilinear Motion
3/5 Curvilinear Motion

Section B Work and Energy “Spatial Integral of: F=m a”
3/6 Work and Kinetic Energy
3/7 Potential Energy

Section C Impulse and Momentum “Time Integral of: F=m a”
3/8 Introduction
3/9 Linear Impulse and Linear Momentum
3/10 Angular Impulse and Angular Momentum

Section D Special Applications
3/11 Introduction
3/12 Impact
3/13 Central-Force Motion
3/14 Relative Motion

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FORCE, MASS, AND ACCELERATION Taibah University

College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

21/02/2018 CE212: Structural Dynamics Prof. Shehata E Abdel Raheem 3

KINETICS OF PARTICLES Taibah University

College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

Constrained and Unconstrained Motion

There are two physically distinct types of motion, both described
  

Unconstrained Motion:
The particle is free of mechanical guides and follows a path determined
by its initial motion and by the forces which are applied to it from
external sources.

Constrained Motion:
The path of the particle is partially or totally determined by restraining
guides. Some of the forces acting on a particle during constrained
motion may be applied from outside sources, and others may be the
reactions on the particle from the constraining guides.
A train moving along its track and a collar sliding along a fixed shaft are
examples of more fully constrained motion.

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KINETICS OF PARTICLES Taibah University

College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

Constrained and Unconstrained Motion

DEGREES OF FREEDOM

if a particle is free to move in space, the particle is said to have three degrees of freedom “3-
DOFs”since three independent coordinates are required to specify the position of the particle at any
instant.

If a particle is constrained to move along a surface, only two coordinates are needed to specify its
position, and in this case it is said to have two degrees of freedom “2-DOFs”.

If a particle is constrained to move along a fixed linear path, as is the collar sliding along a fixed shaft,
its position

may be specified by the coordinate measured along the shaft. In this case, the particle would have
only one degree of freedom.

21/02/2018 CE212: Structural Dynamics Prof. Shehata E Abdel Raheem 5

KINETICS OF PARTICLES Taibah University

College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

RECTILINEAR MOTION

If we choose the x-direction, for example, as the direction of the rectilinear motion of a particle of mass m, the
acceleration in the y- and z-directions will be zero and the scalar components of Newton’s equation become
௫   ௫

The general case all three component equations

௫   ௫ , ௬   ௬ , ௭   ௭

The acceleration and resultant force are given by

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KINETICS OF PARTICLES Taibah University

College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

Sample Problems

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KINETICS OF PARTICLES Taibah University

College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

Sample Problems

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KINETICS OF PARTICLES Taibah University

College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

Constrained Motion of Connected Particles

One Degree of Freedom

Two Degrees of Freedom

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KINETICS OF PARTICLES Taibah University

College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

Sample Problems

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KINETICS OF PARTICLES Taibah University

College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

Sample Problems

21/02/2018 CE212: Structural Dynamics Prof. Shehata E Abdel Raheem 11

KINETICS OF PARTICLES Taibah University

College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

Sample Problems

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KINETICS OF PARTICLES Taibah University

College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

Sample Problems

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Example Taibah University

College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

A large 1800-kg car has a total of 450 N of retarding force acting on it as it travels at a speed of 95 km/h. This
is the total aerodynamic drag, tire rolling resistance and all internal friction forces.
a) Compute the power required at steady speed of 95km/h on a level ground.
b) Repeat (a), but now the car is going uphill on a 6% incline.
c) Repeat (b) but now the car is accelerating at 0.9 m/s2.

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Taibah University
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

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KINETICS OF PARTICLES Taibah University

College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

Curvilinear Motion
The choice of an appropriate coordinate system depends on the conditions of the
problem and is one of the basic decisions to be made in solving curvilinear-motion
problems.

Rectangular coordinates

Normal and tangential coordinates

Polar coordinates

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KINETICS OF PARTICLES Taibah University

College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

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KINETICS OF PARTICLES Taibah University

College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

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