Know Your Medicine

UPH654

NUR SABIHA MD HUSSIN

KYM objectives
 What is a
medication ?
WHAT IS MEDICATION ?
• A medication is a substance administered for the diagnosis,
cure, treatment or relief of symptoms or for prevention of
disease.

• The written direction for the preparation and administration

of a drug is called prescription.
 Purpose of medication
• Drugs can be administered for these purposes :
1. Diagnostic
Diagnosis- establishing the patient’s disease or problem
e.g. radio contrast dye
2. Prophylaxis
• Prevention- used as prophylaxis to prevent diseases

• fluoride-prevents tooth decay

• Inhaled corticosteroid reduce airway inflammation
• Heparin to prevent thrombosis
• Vaccine to present disease
3. Suppression
• suppresses the signs and symptoms and prevents the disease process
from progressing e.g. anticancer, antiviral drugs.
4. Cure
To alleviate the symptoms for patients with chronic disease

e.g. Anti- asthmatic drugs, antibiotic

5. Enhancement aspects of health
To achieve the best state of health e.g. vitamins, minerals
 Is
drug
a poison ?
 “ALL substances are poisons: there is none that is
not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison
from a remedy”
Dose of the drug required to
produce 50% of maximum
response

Dose of the drug which cause

50% of the population to
experience toxic effect

Dose of the drug which kills

50% of experimental animal
 Drug Nomenclature

• One drug can have as much as 3 different names as follows :

1. Chemical Name :
• any typical organic name; this precisely describes the constituents of
the drug

Eg : N-acetyl-para-aminophenol
• C8H9NO2

ACETAMINOPHEN
/PARACETAMOL
2. Generic Name
• given by the manufacturer who first develops the drug; it is given
before the drug becomes official
• It is the name by which the drug will be known throughout the world
no matter how many companies manufacture it.
• This name is usually agreed upon by the WHO.
• The drug's 'active ingredient' that makes it work.
E.g. acetaminophen/paracetamol
3. Brand name
• Given by the pharmaceutical company that markets the drug
 What makes a good drug ?

• Affinity : how tightly a drug bind to molecular target

• Selectivity : how well the drug binds to the intended molecular

target, and not the undesired target
Here comes the structure-based
drug design!
• Structure-based drug design is the design and optimization of a
chemical structure of drug with the goal of identifying a compound
suitable for clinical testing

• It is based on knowledge of the drug’s three-dimensional structure

and how its shape and charge cause it to interact with its biological
target, ultimately eliciting a medical effect.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u49k72rUdyc&t=206s
 Classification of Medicine

• A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient

or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition.
Eg: • Analgesics: to reduce pain
• Antipyretics: to reduce fever
• Antibiotics: to treat bacterial infection
• Anti viral: to treat viral infection
• Antihypertensive : to treat hypertension
• Antidiabetic: to treat diabetes
Eg : Analgesic
/ Pain relief Antidiabetic
medication
• The action of the medication can also be used to classify the it
• e.g B-adrenergic blocking agents
• B2-agonist
• 5HT agonist
• Antimuscurinic
How drug works in the human body ?

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uOcpsXMJcJk
 Drug dosage form

Drug forms can be of three types;

• Solid eg: tablet, capsule, lozenge, suppository
• Liquid eg: syrup, eye drops
• Semi solid eg: ointment, lotion
 Tablet
• Disc shaped and prepared by compressing granulated powder in a die
of suitable machine
• They are mostly coated with inert substance like starch to help them
disintegrate in the digestive tract of the patient

• Enteric coated tablet – coated with material that does not

disintegrate in the acidic medium of stomach , instead in the small
intestine. They cant be chewed/crushed but to swallow whole
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jNUtpNgUVLk
• Extended release tablet –
Is designed to release the active ingredient of the drug in specific
amount over a period of time. Here , the amount of drug released is
gradual , and does not depend on the pH of the digestive tract. This
also help to improve compliance in patient.
 Capsule

• Hard or soft capsules

 ADVANTAGE
If the drugs having unpleasant odour and
taste can be administered by enclosing them
in a tasteless shell
DISADVANTAGE
The hygroscopic drugs cannot be filled in
capsules. They absorb water present in the
capsule shell and hence make it very brittle,
which ultimately breaks into pieces

They are smooth, become very slippery when The concentrated preparations which need
moist and can be easily swallowed previous dilution are unsuitable for capsules
because it may lead to irritation in stomach if
administered as such
They are economical

They are easy to handle and carry

The capsules release the medicament as and

when desired in gastro-intestinal tract

Capsules are made from gelatin and hence

they are therapeutically inert

They are attractive in appearance

 HARD GELATIN CAPSULE
The hard gelatin capsule shell consists of two
parts: (a) Body; (b) Cap
They are cylindrical in shape
The contents of a hard gelatin capsule usually
consists of the medicaments or mixture of
medicaments in the form of powder, beads or
granules
These are prepared from gelatin, titanium
dioxide, coloring agent and plasticizer
Capsules are sealed after they are filled to
ensure that the medicaments may not come out
of the capsule due to rough handling
SOFT GELATIN CAPSULE
The soft gelatin capsule shell becomes a single
unit after sealing the two halves of the capsules
They are available in round, oval and tube like
shapes
The contents of soft gelatin capsules usually
consists of liquids or solids dissolved or
dispersed in suitable excipients to give a paste-
like consistency
These are prepared from gelatin, plasticizer
(Glycerin or Sorbitol) and a preservative
Filling and sealing of soft gelatin capsules are
done in a combined operation on machines
 Lozenge

• A flat, round, or oval preparation that dissolves and releases a drug

when held in the mouth.
 Suppository

• An easily melted medication preparation in a firm base such as

gelatin that is inserted into the body (rectum, vagina, urethra)
 ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE
Avoid first pass metabolism Mucosal irritation

Introduce drugs into the body Patient compliance

Does not cause nausea and vomiting due to gastric Erratic and undesired absorption
irritation in case of oral therapy • Placement too high into rectum may lead to first
pass metabolism
• Installation may trigger defecation reaction

Used before surgery since oral therapy is restricted GI state affects absorption:
• Diarrhea& disease states affect absorption

Can be administered to unconscious patients

Beneficial for patients suffering from severe

vomiting

Can be used as targeted drug delivery system

– Localized action with reduced systemic
distribution, Highly beneficial in haemorrhoids or
vaginal infections
 Liquid

• Solution: A drug dissolved in another substance

• Suspension: Finely divided, undissolved particles in a liquid medium;
should be shaken before use
• Syrup: Medication combined in a water and sugar solution
Route of administration
 Oral / Enteral
Swallowed and pass through digestive tract before getting absorbed
into the systemic circulation.

ORAL
SUBLINGUAL RECTAL
 Parenteral

• solutions, suspensions, emulsions for injection or infusion, powders

for injection or infusion, gels for injection and implants.

• They are sterile preparations intended to be administrated directly

into the systemic circulation in humans or animals
Intramuscular injection
 Topical

• Application to body surfaces such as the skin or mucous membranes

to treat ailments
 Inhaler
• Drugs administered by inhalation through the mouth must be
atomized into smaller droplets than those administered by the nasal
route, so that the drugs can pass through the windpipe (trachea) and
into the lungs.

• Inside the lungs, they are absorbed into the bloodstream

HOW TO TAKE OUR
MEDICATION ?
 Medication order/Prescription
The drug order, written by the physician, should have 7 essential parts for
administration of drugs safely.

1. Name of the pharmacy/clinic

2. Drug name and dosage
3. Patient’s name
4. Date of supply of drug
5. Record number.
6. Instruction on how to take the medication
(Route of administration, time and frequency of administration)
7. Label of “Controlled Medicine”
Details on medication label
What a pharmacist should do before
dispensing a medicine ?
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Food and Drug Administration
 Medications-
Most commonly
used medical
interventions
Medication Error can happen at any point in
the medicines management cycle

Prescribing

Transcribing/
Monitoring
Documentation

Administration Dispensing
 • professional practice • dispensing
• health care products • distribution
• procedures and systems • administration
• product labeling, packaging, • education
and nomenclature • monitoring
National Coordinating Committee-Medication Error Reporting and Prevention (NCC MERP); accessed at
http://www.nccmerp.org/aboutMedErrors.html; Jan. 2012.
 Medication
Insufficient Inadequate
reconciliation –
knowledge on drug communication with
failure to identify
interactions and patients and
other concurrent
contraindications colleagues
medications

Prescription – illegible
handwriting,
Mathematical error
Medical history incomplete, wrong
when calculating
taking identification, using
dosage
brand names,
abbreviations
Campaign
to increase
awareness on
correct prescription
writing
 Fail to check for
Lack of double interaction, Labelling or
checking contraindications packing mix up
and allergies

More than one Wrong

Look alike, sound
prescription for calculations for
alike medications
one patient dosage

Inadequate
Interruptions, communication
time pressure with patients or
representatives
• Inexperience • Wrong patient
• Poor Teamwork/ • Wrong drug
Communication • Wrong dose
• Negligence • Wrong time
• Fatigue • Wrong route
• Insufficient • Wrong drug
knowledge preparation
• Working • Accidental
Environment omission of dose
DRUG NEWSLETTER BY JABATAN FARMASI
 Age (Paediatric, Elderly)

Miscommunication or misunderstanding (Especially when involving

caregivers)

Non-compliance

Insufficient knowledge on drug handling and administration

Doctor shopping

Use of non-prescription medications

Food-drug interactions
https://wtcs.pressbooks.pub/pharmacology/chapter/2-5-preventing-medication-errors/
Make sure the patient's
name is written on the label.

Do not share medicines.

Store medicines out of reach

of small children.

Store medicines
for pets separately.
Retrieved from http://www.knowyourmedicine.gov.my/en/quality-use-medicine/quality-use-medicine/what-5r on 28th Dec 2016
 Read the label to make sure the medicine is correct.

When getting a new unfamiliar medicine, ask if it is a generic.

When refilling prescription, make sure that the medicine looks the
same as before. If it does not, ask if it is a different brand.

Know the name of all the medicines prescribed to you.

Know what each medicines are used for.

Retrieved from http://www.knowyourmedicine.gov.my/en/quality-use-medicine/quality-use-medicine/what-5r on 28th Dec 2016

 Obtain patient information.

Allergies - An allergy may be missed when a drug contains two or

more medications.

OTC medications and herbal supplements should be included in

patient information.

Retrieved from http://www.knowyourmedicine.gov.my/en/quality-use-medicine/quality-use-medicine/what-5r on 28th Dec 2016

 Read the directions on the label.

Know how many tablets or doses should be taken each day.

Know how long the medicine should be continued.

Know the abbreviations for tablespoon and teaspoon.

Use a medicine measuring cup or spoon for liquid, rather than a

household spoon.

Taking extra medicine is not always better. Always follow the dosage
instructions.
Retrieved from http://www.knowyourmedicine.gov.my/en/quality-use-medicine/quality-use-medicine/what-5r on 28th Dec 2016
 Know if the
tablet can be
Make sure you
chewed, crushed,
know the proper
Read the label. dissolved or if it
way to take / use
should be
your medicines.
swallowed
whole.

Retrieved from http://www.knowyourmedicine.gov.my/en/quality-use-medicine/quality-use-medicine/what-5r on 28th Dec 2016

 Follow the label.

Know if the medicine should be

taken at a specific time of day.

Know if the medicine will interact

with food or other medicines.

Take medicine at the same time each

day.

Know what to do if a dose is missed.

Retrieved from http://www.knowyourmedicine.gov.my/en/quality-use-medicine/quality-use-medicine/what-5r on 28th Dec 2016

Retrieved from http://www.knowyourmedicine.gov.my/en on 28th Dec 2016
WHO
PROGRAM PERKHIDMATAN FARMASI
KEMENTERIAN KESIHATAN MALAYSIA
2

Isu
Penggunaan Ubat
Dalam Masyarakat
MALAYSIA
1. Pelbagai kecelaruan
informasi berkaitan
ubat-ubatan dalam
kalangan
masyarakat.
 PRODUK TIDAK BERDAFTAR DI PASARAN

2. Masyarakat mudah
terpedaya dengan
Ubat Produk
strategi pemasaran cemar palsu
palsu
produk tidak berdaftar (adulterated
di pasaran serta product)
penjualannya
secara berleluasa
Produk
di media sosial. Produk yang
tidak dipek & dilabel
berdaftar semula
3. Ketidakpatuhan
terhadap ubat-
ubatan
menyebabkan
kesan yang kurang
optimum &
pembaziran ubat.
4. Amalan penyimpanan
ubat yang tidak betul
oleh pesakit boleh
menyebabkan
pengurangan
keberkesanan rawatan
seterusnya
menyebabkan
pembaziran.
Why Quality Use Of Medicines Is Important ?

“ More than 50% of all medicines

worldwide are prescribed,
dispensed or sold
inappropriately, and
50% of patients fails to “
take them correctly.

- World
Health
Organization, 2001
 Health Literacy, Malaysia

“ The overall prevalence of

adequate* health literacy
among adults aged 18 years
and above was 6.6% with no “
differences between gender.

*Adequate : Out of 6 questions, respondent - National Health and

answered 4 to 6 correctly
Morbidity Survey
(NHMS), 2015
LATAR BELAKANG
Program Kenali Ubat Anda
 Dasar Ubat Nasional (DUNas)
1 Kualiti, Keselamatan dan Keberkesanan Ubat-Ubatan

2 Keperolehan Ubat-Ubatan (Ketersediaan dan Kemampuan)

3 Perkongsian & Kerjasama untuk Industri Penjagaan Kesihatan

4 Penggunaan Ubat Secara Berkualiti

5 Tadbir Urus Dalam Ubat-Ubatan

KOMPONEN 4 :
PENGGUNAAN UBAT SECARA BERKUALITI MATLAMAT
Penggunaaan ubat secara berkualiti adalah tanggungjawab Untuk memastikan ubat-
semua pihak berkepentingan. Aktiviti oleh pihak-pihak ubatan digunakan secara
berkepentingan untuk menyokong penggunaan ubat- bijak, sesuai, selamat dan kos
ubatan yang bersesuaian dan berdasarkan maklumat efektif ke arah menggalakkan
hendaklah digalakkan. hasil kesihatan (health
outcomes) yang lebih baik.
Keterlibatan pembayar Pembangunan dan
dalam pembayaran balik pelaksanaan model
(reimbursement) untuk amalan terbaik (best
penggunaan ubat. practice).
01
06
Penyelidikan &
pembangunan
dalam STRATEGI 02 Pendidikan
penggunaan POLISI 4 dan latihan.
ubat-ubatan DASAR UBAT
secara 05 NASIONAL
berkualiti.

03
Pengukuhan penjagaan 04 Penyediaan
kesihatan berterusan maklumat ubat-
(seamless care) antara ubatan yang
penyedia penjagaan betul dan tepat.
kesihatan awam dan swasta.
Komitmen Pihak Atasan
Pihak pengurusan atasan di Program Perkhidmatan Farmasi
dan Jabatan Kesihatan Negeri turut bersama-sama
menjalankan aktiviti KUA.
 OBJEKTIF
Program Kenali Ubat Anda
 1. PROGRAM KENALI UBAT ANDA
OBJEKTIF PROGRAM KENALI UBAT ANDA
1 5
Mendidik dan memberi Menerapkan konsep
kesedaran tentang community empowerment
penggunaan ubat secara dalam pengubatan kendiri
rasional dan keselamatan dalam kalangan
penggunaan ubat-ubatan masyarakat Malaysia.
kepada masyarakat.

2
Meningkatkan pengetahuan
4
Membentuk rangkaian
dan kemahiran pengguna individu dalam komuniti
agar mereka mampu yang bertindak sebagai
membuat keputusan yang wakil kesihatan masyarakat
tepat berkenaan penjagaan yang menyokong
kesihatan mereka. Penggunaan Ubat Secara
Berkualiti.
3
Meningkatkan akses
maklumat ubat-ubatan
yang tepat dan reliable.
2. SUBPROGRAM DUTA KENALI UBAT ANDA
Mendidik masyarakat berkenaan ubat-ubatan ke arah
mencapai matlamat penggunaan ubat secara berkualiti.
 Pengehakupayaan Komuniti
(Community Empowerment)

1447 6859
Program Duta Kenali Ubat
Anda diperkenalkan untuk
memperkasa komuniti
berkenaan penggunaan ubat Duta Kenali Ubat Aktiviti Duta Kenali Ubat
secara berkualiti. Anda yang telah Anda telah dilaksanakan
dilatih sehingga 2019. sehingga 2019.

Wakil komuniti dikenali sebagai

‘Duta Kenali Ubat Anda’ akan
bertindak sebagai pemudah
cara untuk meningkatkan
kesedaran masyarakat
berkenaan penggunaan ubat
secara berkualiti.

Pemangkin perubahan tingkah

laku dan penyebaran maklumat
ubat-ubatan kpd masyarakat.

Duta Kenali Ubat Anda dilatih

menggunakan modul yang
standard dan komprehensif.
3. SUBPROGRAM DUTA PRIHATIN MASYARAKAT

Pelancaran
Program Duta Prihatin Masyarakat
Diadakan pada 20 Oktober 2018

18
 Evolusi Pelaksanaan
Program Kenali Ubat Anda

2007 2008 2011

Pelancaran Kenali NSUM I Projek rintis Program

Ubat Anda Duta Kenali Ubat Anda
RMK 10
2012
2016 2015 NSUM II
Pelancaran Program
Penghasilan NSUM III Duta Kenali Ubat Anda
Manual DPM

2017 2018 2019

KPI YB Menteri Kesihatan Persidangan Duta Kenali Ubat RMK12

Anda Peringkat Kebangsaan
Pelan Transformasi NPQH
Perkhidmatan Kesihatan Pelancaran Duta Penilaian
Prihatin Masyarakat Outcome KKM
Malaysian Action Plan On
Antimicrobial Resistance Majlis Tindakan
Sara Hidup Negara
 Hubung kait
Program Kenali Ubat Anda
 Pembangunan 5 modul pembelajaran Kenali
Ubat Anda di pelbagai tahap pendidikan
Buku Teks Sekolah Rendah Kelab Doktor Muda

Subjek Elektif
Pusat Citra, UKM
Meningkatkan pengetahuan dan kemahiran pengguna agar mereka mampu membuat
keputusan yang tepat berkenaan penjagaan kesihatan mereka.

Contoh risalah yang telah dihasilkan

Meningkatkan pengetahuan dan kemahiran pengguna agar mereka mampu membuat keputusan
yang tepat berkenaan penjagaan kesihatan mereka.

MEDIA
ELEKTRONIK

PROMOSI PROGRAM Ikim FM TV Al-Hijrah Permata Selatan

KENALI UBAT ANDA

MEDIA
CETAK

MEDIA SOSIAL
 Meningkatkan pengetahuan dan kemahiran pengguna agar mereka mampu membuat
keputusan yang tepat berkenaan penjagaan kesihatan mereka.

Tahap kefahaman masyarakat tentang

penggunaan ubat secara berkualiti
adalah 81.4%

2007 2008 2012 2015 2016

Dasar Ubat NSUM I NSUM II NSUM III
Nasional (DUNas) 44.4 % 56.6 %
masyarakat
81.4 %
Kempen Malaysia masyarakat Program
Kenali faham Duta Kenali Malaysia
Duta Prihatin
Ubat Anda penggunaan Ubat Anda faham
penggunaan Masyarakat
ubat yang ubat yang
betul betul

Pegawai farmasi Pegawai farmasi Pegawai farmasi

menjalankan bersama-sama Duta bersama-sama Duta
aktiviti kesedaran Kenali Ubat Anda Kenali Ubat Anda
dan pendidikan melaksanakan aktiviti menjalankan lawatan ke
kepada seperti pameran, rumah peserta Program
masyarakat. ceramah dan Duta Prihatin
sebagainya. Masyarakat.
* NSUM : National Survey On The Use of Medicine by Malaysian Consumers
 Meningkatkan akses maklumat ubat-ubatan yang tepat dan reliable.

3 platform maklumat berkaitan ubat-ubatan

Akses Portal www.knowyourmedicine.gov.my

Maklumat 1
Ubat-
ubatan
2 Pusat Panggilan Farmasi
Kebangsaan (NPCC)

3 FB Duta Kenali
Ubat Anda

12/24/2020 25
Membentuk rangkaian individu dalam komuniti yang bertindak sebagai wakil kesihatan masyarakat
yang menyokong Penggunaan Ubat Secara Berkualiti.

Penghasilan 5 modul latihan yang berstruktur dan

komprehensif

Penghasilan modul asas berdasarkan

focus group discussion yang melibatkan pengguna.
Menerapkan konsep community empowerment tentang penggunaan ubat secara rasional
dalam kalangan masyarakat Malaysia.

Gambar Lawatan Pertama Gambar Lawatan Kedua

Program Duta Prihatin Program Duta Prihatin
Masyarakat Masyarakat
 Menerapkan konsep community empowerment tentang penggunaan ubat secara rasional
dalam kalangan masyarakat Malaysia.

Tahap kepuasan pelanggan terhadap Program Duta Kenali Ubat

Anda dan Program Duta Prihatin Masyarakat melebihi 91%

97%
daripada responden
bersetuju bahawa Program
Duta Kenali Ubat Anda
Kajian memberi manfaat kepada
Kepuasan masyarakat.
Pelanggan

91%
daripada responden
berpuas hati dengan Program
Duta Prihatin Masyarakat.

* Kajian Kepuasan Pelanggan Program Kenali Ubat Anda (n=233)

 .
Menerapkan konsep community empowerment tentang penggunaan ubat secara rasional
dalam kalangan masyarakat Malaysia.

Peratus liputan kawasan yang menjalankan Program Duta

Kenali Ubat Anda bagi memperkasakan komuniti >80%.
Menerapkan konsep community empowerment tentang penggunaan ubat secara rasional
dalam kalangan masyarakat Malaysia.

Faktor Wow

Menggunakan konsep mentor-mentee.Tiada bayaran khas

yang diberikan atas semua komitmen Duta KUA. Duta KUA
menjalankan aktiviti secara sukarela tanpa sebarang insentif.
Duta KUA menyumbang dari segi kewangan, masa dan tenaga
secara ikhlas demi kesejahteraan masyarakat. Komitmen tinggi
para Duta KUA yang setia dan terus kekal secara konsisten
dalam membantu pihak farmasi semenjak awal program
diperkenalkan sungguh mengagumkan.
Menerapkan konsep community empowerment tentang penggunaan ubat secara rasional dalam
kalangan masyarakat Malaysia.

Aktiviti pendidikan yang dijalankan melalui

kolaborasi dengan Duta Kenali Ubat Anda

Kolaborasi dengan Skuad Operasi

Penglibatan
Penerangan rakan pejabat Duta Selebriti Amar Asyraf Sihat

Penerokaan

Imam Masjid Tuanku Mizan

Penerangan
Taklimat atas cruise 30 Minutes Coffee Talk
Zainal Abidin, Putrajaya

PEMBELAJARAN Pengukuhan
BERASASKAN
INKUIRI
Penerangan di masjid Sembang santai Program Duta Prihatin
Penilaian
Masyarakat
Menerapkan konsep community empowerment tentang penggunaan ubat secara rasional dalam
kalangan masyarakat Malaysia.

Komitmen Duta Kenali Ubat Anda

32
Menerapkan konsep community empowerment tentang penggunaan ubat secara rasional dalam
kalangan masyarakat Malaysia.
Menerapkan konsep community empowerment tentang penggunaan ubat secara rasional
dalam kalangan masyarakat Malaysia.

Maklum balas positif pengguna

Menerapkan konsep community empowerment tentang penggunaan ubat secara rasional
dalam kalangan masyarakat Malaysia.

Penghargaan yang diterima

daripada masyarakat
Penambahbaikan
BERTERUSAN

36
 Social
Media
Influencer
Kolaborasi
 Penghargaan Kepada Duta Kenali Ubat Anda :
Kad Identiti Duta Kenali Ubat Anda

Kad identiti berbeza mengikut negeri Kad identiti diseragamkan seluruh Malaysia

Memudahkan identifikasi melalui nombor siri.

Meningkatkan kredibiliti Duta Kenali Ubat Anda semasa menjalankan program.

Pemegang kad diberikan kemudahan fast track di kaunter farmasi.

Medium Pelaporan Program

Untuk memudahkan Pegawai

Farmasi yang menjalankan
aktiviti Kenali Ubat Anda
menghantar pelaporan serta
menganalisis data program.
E-buku Kosmetik & Ubat Berdaftar

Untuk
kegunaan
Pegawai
Farmasi yang
menjalankan
aktiviti Kenali
Ubat Anda di
lapangan
 Pencapaian Program
Kenali Ubat Anda
Pemenang Kategori Poster Terbaik Penerbitan
4th Health Promotion Conference Diterima untuk diterbitkan melalui
anjuran Institut Penyelidikan Malaysian Journal on Health Promotion
Tingkahlaku Kesihatan (IPTK)

Anugerah Inovasi Kompilasi Inovasi

• Johan Anugerah Inovasi KKM 2017,
Kategori Perkhidmatan (Gu Cakna
Ubat)
• Tempat Kedua Anugerah Inovasi
KKM 2018, Kategori Perkhidmatan
(Skuad Cakna Ubat)
Anugerah Design Thinking
Association of Malaysia (DTAM)
Buku kompilasi Projek Inovasi
Program Duta Kenali Ubat Anda;
68 projek Inovasi dihasilkan
Replikasi
• Icon GG (Bahagian Kesihatan Pergigian)
• ADIWIRAPDN (Pusat Darah Negara)

Finalis People Centric Award 2019

(Pharmacy Integrated Community
Care)
HALA TUJU

43
 Pembentukan
NGO Kesihatan

Penubuhan NGO Kesihatan untuk membolehkan Duta Kenali Ubat

Anda bergerak secara berpasukan dengan lebih aktif.
 Pendidikan Kepada
Golongan Khas

Golongan yang Golongan yang Golongan yang

tidak boleh melihat tidak boleh mendengar tidak boleh bercakap
PROGRAM PERKHIDMATAN FARMASI,
KEMENTERIAN KESIHATAN MALAYSIA
 Rumusan

Mengoptimumkan Memastikan
penggunaan ubat secara penjagaan kesihatan
rasional dan mengurangkan secara berterusan.
pembaziran

Menguruskan Memperluas
ubat-ubatan peranan Duta
secara betul Kenali Ubat Anda
dan selamat.
Meningkatkan
kepatuhan pesakit
terhadap ubat-ubatan.

Perubahan tingkah laku dan pembudayaan masyarakat dalam aspek

penggunaan ubat secara rasional dapat dicapai melalui tindakan
konsisten dengan penglibatan dan kerjasama pelbagai pihak.
 COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT: BRIDGING THE GAP
TERIMA KASIH
Dapatkan maklumat lanjut berkaitan ubat-ubatan

Pusat Panggilan Farmasi Kebangsaan 1800-88-6722

www.knowyourmedicine.gov.my

Facebook Duta Kenali Ubat Anda

#buatkerjadenganjiwa
#buatkerjadengankasihsayang
 Label Keselamatan Hologram

Nombor Pendaftaran

KENALI
UBAT
ANDA
M E D I T I P S | K E N A L I U B AT A N D A

Apa Itu Ubat?

Ubat ialah bahan untuk
mencegah, mengawal
atau merawat penyakit.

Kegunaan Ubat
MENCEGAH PENYAKIT
1
Contoh: Vaksin untuk mencegah penyakit berjangkit.

MENGAWAL PENYAKIT
2
Contoh: Ubat untuk mengawal diabetes dan hipertensi.

MERAWAT PENYAKIT
3
a) Melawan Jangkitan
Contoh: Antibiotik untuk merawat jangkitan pada
saluran pernafasan.

b) Mempercepat Penyembuhan Penyakit

Contoh: Antiseptik untuk merawat luka.

c) Melegakan Gejala Penyakit

Contoh: Ubat tahan sakit untuk melegakan sakit kepala.

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 w w w. k n o w y o u r m e d i c i n e . g o v. m y

Kategori Ubat
UBAT AM (OVER-THE-COUNTER)
Boleh dibeli tanpa preskripsi di kedai farmasi atau kedai-kedai biasa.
Contoh: Suplemen, ubat demam.

UBAT TERKAWAL
Ubat Terkawal dengan Preskripsi
Boleh diperoleh hanya melalui doktor atau ahli farmasi
dengan preskripsi.
Contoh: Ubat untuk mengawal penyakit hipertensi, antibiotik.

Ubat Terkawal tanpa Preskripsi

Boleh diperoleh daripada ahli farmasi tanpa preskripsi.
Contoh: Ubat untuk melegakan gejala batuk atau selesema.

• Seperti yang dinyatakan di bawah Akta Racun 1952, semua Ubat Terkawal
hanya boleh diperoleh daripada doktor atau ahli farmasi yang berdaftar.
• Preskripsi merupakan arahan bertulis berkaitan ubat daripada doktor.

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M E D I T I P S | K E N A L I U B AT A N D A

Ciri-ciri Ubat Berdaftar

1 NOMBOR PENDAFTARAN
Dimulakan dengan MAL, diikuti dengan 8 digit nombor pendaftaran
dan diakhiri dengan abjad, contoh:
MAL12345678X : Ubat Am (OTC)
MAL23456789A : Ubat Terkawal
MAL34567891T : Ubat Tradisional
MAL12345678N : Suplemen Kesihatan

Label Keselamatan
Hologram

Nombor Pendaftaran

2 LABEL KESELAMATAN HOLOGRAM

Semua ubat perlu mempunyai label keselamatan hologram
FarmaTagTM yang disahkan oleh Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia.

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 w w w. k n o w y o u r m e d i c i n e . g o v. m y

Semakan Status Pendaftaran

Status pendaftaran produk boleh disemak melalui:

1 Laman web
Bahagian Regulatori
Farmasi Negara.

https://npra.gov.my

2 Aplikasi NPRA Product

Status yang boleh dimuat turun
ke dalam telefon pintar.

Semakan Ketulenan
Label Keselamatan Hologram
Ketulenan label keselamatan hologram FarmaTagTM boleh disahkan melalui:

Pengimbas FarmaTagTM Aplikasi FarmaCheckerTM

1 2
yang terdapat di kedai yang boleh dimuat turun ke
farmasi. dalam telefon pintar.

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M E D I T I P S | K E N A L I U B AT A N D A

Fahami Label Ubat

Butiran yang perlu ada pada label sampul ubat:

Nama dan alamat

Nama penuh KLINIK JOM
SHOPLOT NO.3 BLOK A, KOMPLEK BANDAR DAMANSARA,
pihak pembekal/
ubat dan JALAN MANILA, 88100 KOTA DAMANSARA, SELANGOR.
TEL: 03-2334 5555 FAKS: 03-2334 5544 penjual (hospital,
kekuatan Mefenamic Acid 250mg klinik atau farmasi)

NAMA : Ali bin Abu

Tarikh ubat Nama pesakit
dibekal atau TARIKH : 22/06/2020 R/N : 723/2020
dijual
Biji Pil Kali Sehari Nombor
2 3
Makan Kapsul Sebelum / Selepas Makan
Arahan/cara rujukan pesakit
Tablets Times Daily
pengambilan Take Capsules Before / After
ubat yang Harga: RM5.00 Harga ubat
lengkap Ubat Terkawal/Controlled Medicine

Label “Ubat Terkawal/Controlled Medicine”

(untuk Ubat Terkawal sahaja)

Butiran yang perlu ada pada pek pembungkusan ubat:

Nama generik Kekuatan

(bahan aktif) (kuantiti bahan aktif) Nombor kelompok

Tarikh dikilang
Dos JUN 2020
(maklumat Setiap biji mengandungi: JUN 2023 Tarikh luput
Ace 10mg
lanjut boleh
didapati Dos: Mengikut arahan doktor.
Sila rujuk sisip bungkusan. Nombor
daripada
pendaftaran
risalah ubat) Kegunaan/Indikasi ubat:
Sila rujuk sisip bungkusan.

Simpan di bawah 25˚c.

Kegunaan Lindungi daripada cahaya
ubat matahari dan kelembapan.

JAUHI DARI KANAK-KANAK.

Cara Label keselamatan

penyimpanan hologram

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Masa Pengambilan Ubat yang Betul

Dos sekali sehari (Setiap 24 jam)

8 am

Dos dua kali sehari (Setiap 12 jam)

8 am 8 pm

Dos tiga kali sehari (Setiap 8 jam)

6 am 2 pm 10 pm

Dos empat kali sehari (Setiap 6 jam)

6 am 12 pm 6 pm 12 am

Nota:
Maklumat yang dinyatakan di atas adalah sebagai panduan am.
Untuk maklumat lanjut dapatkan nasihat doktor dan ahli farmasi.

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M E D I T I P S | K E N A L I U B AT A N D A

Panduan Penggunaan Ubat

yang Selamat
1
Semak tarikh luput, perubahan warna
dan keadaan fizikal ubat.

2
Pastikan ubat yang diterima adalah
betul. Jika nama/rupa/bentuk/warna
berbeza, dapatkan kepastian daripada
ahli farmasi.

3
Ambil ubat mengikut masa yang
diarahkan seperti yang tertera pada
label ubat.

4
Jika terlupa, ambil ubat sebaik sahaja
teringat. Abaikan dos yang tertinggal
jika menghampiri masa pengambilan
seterusnya. Jangan gandakan dos.

5
Elak ambil ubat dalam keadaan gelap
untuk mengurangkan risiko kesilapan.

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 w w w. k n o w y o u r m e d i c i n e . g o v. m y

6
Elak ambil ubat jika tidak faham
cara penggunaannya.

7
Jangan ambil minuman beralkohol
bersama-sama ubat.

8
Jangan kongsi ubat dengan orang
lain walaupun mengalami gejala
yang sama.

9
Rujuk doktor/ahli farmasi serta-merta
jika mengalami sebarang kesan
sampingan atau alahan ubat.

10
Bincang dengan doktor/ahli farmasi
sebelum memulakan atau berhenti
mengambil ubat, produk kesihatan
atau produk tradisional.

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 M E D I T I P S | K E N A L I U B AT A N D A

Kebergantungan Ubat
Penggunaan ubat tertentu secara
berpanjangan mungkin menyebabkan
kebergantungan (dependence).
Ketahui dos dan tempoh rawatan untuk
mengelakkan kebergantungan.
Tanya doktor/ahli farmasi.

Interaksi (Saling Tindakan) Ubat

Interaksi ubat boleh berlaku antara:
• Ubat dengan ubat
• Ubat dengan makanan
• Ubat dengan penyakit
Beritahu doktor/ahli farmasi sekiranya
mengambil bersama-sama sebarang ubat,
produk kesihatan atau produk tradisional.
Patuhi arahan penggunaan ubat.

Kesan Sampingan Ubat

Keseriusan kesan sampingan bergantung
kepada jenis ubat dan individu yang
mengambilnya. Sesetengah kesan adalah
ringan dan sekiranya serius mungkin
memerlukan penggantian ubat.
Ketahui kesan sampingan yang mungkin
dialami sebelum mengambil sebarang ubat
dengan membaca label atau rujuk doktor/
ahli farmasi. Beritahu doktor/ahli farmasi
kesan sampingan yang dialami.

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 w w w. k n o w y o u r m e d i c i n e . g o v. m y

Laporkan Kesan Sampingan Ubat

Laporkan kesan sampingan yang dialami menggunakan borang

Consumer Side Effects Reporting Form (ConSERF) yang boleh
didapati melalui laman web Bahagian Regulatori Farmasi Negara
(https://npra.gov.my).
Maklumat yang dikongsikan dapat membantu Kementerian Kesihatan
Malaysia dalam memantau kesan sampingan ubat-ubatan di Malaysia.

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 M E D I T I P S | K E N A L I U B AT A N D A

Panduan Penyimpanan Ubat

Yang Selamat
Ubat perlu disimpan dengan cara yang betul.
Ikut arahan penyimpanan ubat seperti yang tertera pada sisip bungkusan ubat.

Simpan ubat mengikut

Simpan ubat
suhu yang dinyatakan:
dalam bekas asal
• Suhu 2°C – 8°C:
atau sampul ubat
Ruang tengah peti sejuk.
berserta label yang
• Suhu 30°C ke bawah:
lengkap.
Suhu bilik.

• Asingkan ubat makan

Jangan simpan
dari ubat kegunaan luar.
ubat dalam peti
• Jangan simpan ubat
sejuk kecuali diarah
yang luput, rosak atau
berbuat demikian.
tidak berlabel.

JAUHKAN ubat-ubatan daripada:

2. Haba
Contohnya: Di dalam
1. Cahaya Matahari
kenderaan untuk jangka
Contohnya: Di tepi
masa yang lama,
tingkap.
di tepi dapur memasak,
di atas peti sejuk.

4. Kanak-kanak
3. Kelembapan
Contohnya: Di atas meja
Contohnya: Di bilik
makan, tempat yang
mandi.
mudah dicapai.

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 w w w. k n o w y o u r m e d i c i n e . g o v. m y

Panduan Penyimpanan Ubat di Rumah

Atas rak
terbuka Dalam
kabinet
berdekatan
dapur
memasak
Dalam kabinet
bahagian atas

Dalam bilik
mandi

Atas meja
makan

Atas meja
yang rendah

Dalam
kereta

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 M E D I T I P S | K E N A L I U B AT A N D A

Alahan Ubat
Alahan ubat adalah Alahan ubat tidak
kesan yang tidak berlaku kepada
diingini berpunca semua pesakit. Hanya
daripada tindakbalas segelintir pesakit
terhadap ubat yang cenderung mendapat
diambil. kesan alahan ubat.

Contoh kesan alahan

yang biasa ialah ruam
dan gatal-gatal pada Contoh kesan alahan
kulit, mata menjadi yang serius ialah
merah dan bengkak, sukar untuk bernafas.
serta bengkak pada
lidah, bibir dan muka.

Kad alahan ubat

akan diberikan Sentiasa bawa kad
No. Siri :
Kad A
DAC -
laha n Uba
t
kepada pesakit yang alahan ubat setiap
mengalami alahan kali mendapatkan
Nama

No. K/P Reaksi Alahan

Nama Ubat

ubat setelah disahkan rawatan kesihatan

oleh doktor di fasiliti atau bekalan ubat.
kesihatan kerajaan.

No. Siri : DAC -

Kad Alahan Ubat

Nama

No. K/P

Nama Ubat Reaksi Alahan

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 w w w. k n o w y o u r m e d i c i n e . g o v. m y

DOS yang betul

yan RA PEN
CA
g b
UB

e tu GAM
AT

be AS
yan

M
t u l y
gb

A
etu

I LAN

a ng
l

PE
ya NG
ng GU
be NA
tu u
l ba
t

BETUL

15
 6.0

Program Perkhidmatan Farmasi

KEMENTERIAN KESIHATAN MALAYSIA

Edisi 2020

Untuk maklumat lanjut, sila layari:

www.knowyourmedicine.gov.my
atau hubungi Pusat Panggilan Farmasi Kebangsaan
di talian bebas tol 1800-88-6722

Duta Kenali Ubat Anda

Program Perkhidmatan Farmasi

kenali.ubat.anda@moh.gov.my
Medicine use in pregnancy

Nur Sabiha Md Hussin

 Pregnancy

• 40 weeks in total
• – 1st trimester – 12weeks
• - 2nd trimester – 13th weeks- 23rd
weeks
• -3rd trimester – 24th weeks –
baby is born

• Healthy pregnancy requires :

• Eat healthy food moderately

• Moderate exercise
• No smoking and drink alcohol
•
 Why pregnant
woman takes
medicine?
Acute or chronic disorder
• Recreational use (ie: Tobaco
and alcohol)

• When deciding on taking

medicine, the pregnant woman
needs to know about the risk
and benefit

• Now everything that goes in

the mother’s body will also
affect the fetus
 What are the main concern ?

that the drug may be teratogenic - substances that may cause birth
defects via a toxic effect on an embryo or fetus
drug can affect near term fetus.
One must always be aware of the teratogenic, toxic or otherwise
harmful effects of the drug on the developing fetus.

Teratogenicity: it refers to capacity of a drug to cause fetal

abnormalities when administered to pregnant mother.

Drug can affect fetus at three stages,

1. stage of fertilization and implantation
2. stage of organogenesis
3. stage of growth and development
 Pharmacokinetics changes in
pregnant woman
Absorption

• high circulating levels of progesterone slow the

gastric emptying as well as gut motility resulting
in slower drug absorption.
• Reduced acid secretion
• Increase in gastric mucus secretion
• Increase cardiac ,increase peripheral blood flow
to skin, increase pulmonary blood flow – increase
lung absorption and transdermal absorption
 Pharmacokinetics in pregnancy
• Induced could be due to increased
Metabolism circulation of progesterone
• Rapid metabolism of lipid-soluble drugs
due to in estrogen &progesterone

• Decreased plasma albumin

Distribution • Increase body fat

Excretion
• Renal blood flow increase 100%
• Glomerular filtration rate increase by 70%
• Drugs which depend for their elimination mainly on kidney are
eliminated more rapidly than in non-pregnant stage, e.g. ampicillin,
gentamicin and cephalosporin.
 Placental ang fetal
pharmacokinetics
• Blood flow through placenta during gestation

• Compound that alters maternal blood flow will

affect drug disposition and placental transfer

• Placental metabolism can affect drug transfer

• At term , the surface are of placenta is at its

maximum and nearly all substance can cross
placenta and reach fetus

• Drug transferred across placenta can undergo 1st

pass metabolism through fetal liver

• Fetal liver express metabolizing enzymes

however is still not fully developed

• Fetal kidney is still immature

 Pharmacodynamic (Drug action) in pregnancy

• Maternal drug action

Effect of drug on reproductive tissue (ie: breast tissue and uterus)

• Therapeutic drug action in foetus

Foetus may be the target (ie: steroid is used to stimulate fetal lung
maturation)

• Predictable toxic drug effect to foetus

Use of ACEis can cause renal damage in foetus, thus can cause foetal
Hypotension

• Teratogenic drug action

Drugs may interfere with passage of oxygen and nutrients thus have effect
on rapidly metabolising tissue
(ie: Thalidomide, Vitamin A analogue)
 Thalidomide tragedy
✓ Thalidomide was a widely used drug in the late
1950s and early 1960s for the treatment of nausea
in pregnant women

✓ It became apparent in the 1960s that thalidomide

treatment resulted in severe birth defects in
thousands of children.

✓ More than 10,000 children in 46 countries were

born with deformities, such as phocomelia

✓ This tragedy marked a turning point in systematic

toxicity testing protocols

✓ Research on thalidomide mechanisms of action is

leading to a better understanding of molecular
targets. With an improved understanding of these
molecular targets, safer drugs may be designed
❑ FDA Pregnancy
Categories The FDA
has established five
categories to indicate
the potential of a drug
to cause birth defects
if used during
pregnancy.

❑ The categories are

determined by the risk
to benefit ratio.
Commonly used drug and the FDA
category
 Treatment of minor ailments

1. Analgesic & Antipyretic

Paracetamol (Cat B) is safe in normally recommended
dose

2. Nausea &Vomiting
Meclizine & cyclizine – Cat B
Metoclopramide – Cat B
Ondensetron – Cat B

3.Antidiarrheal medication
Loperamide – Cat B
4. Heartburn & Dyspepsia
-Antacids (ie: Aluminium Hydroxide) – Cat B
-H2 blockers – Cat B
-Proton-pump inhibitors – Cat B except Omeprazole (Ca
-Lansoprazole is the safest in pregnancy

5. Constipation
-Bulk laxative – Cat B and the safest

6. Common cold
-Antihistamine- cat B
(sedating (ie: chlorphenaramine& diphenhydramine
non-sedating (ie: loratadine,cetirizine& fexofenadine)

7. Cough
-Expectorant (ie: Guafenasine) -Cat C
-Codeine & Dextromethorphan – Cat C
 Local anesthesia

• Not teratogenic, may be given in clinical

dose
• Large dose of prilocaine can cause maternal
& fetal hypoxia
 Antibiotic (ie:Penicillin)

• Category B
• All trimesters are safe
• Not teratogenic
• Can pass placenta
 Aspirin

• May cause cleft palate, intrauterine death, growth

retardation and pulmonary hypertension
• Increase the risk of antepartum and postpartum
haemorrhage
 NSAIDs
• NSAIDs inhibit synthesis of prostaglandin
• Contraindicated
• Constrict ductus arteriosus, persistent pulmonary
hypertension & increase mortality
• Category D in third trimester
 Corticosteroid

• Usually indicated in severe systemic illness

(ie: rheumatoid arthritis)
• Cleft palate
• Inhibit brain growth
Barbiturates
• Cross placenta
• Cleft palate
Anxiolytic agents
• Ie : Diazepam
• Cleft lip and palate
• Chronic use of drug may cause tremors in
infant as diazepam accumulates in fetal
tissue
 How to know if the drug is
efficacious and safe ?

Ak Questions
• Will I need to change my medicines if I want to
get pregnant? How might this medicine affect
my baby?
• Ask about the benefits and risks for you and your
baby.
• What medicines and herbs should I avoid?.
• Will I need to take more or less of my medicine
• Can I keep taking this medicine when I start
breastfeeding?
• What kind of vitamins should I take?
Read the label
- Patient information leaflet
- Specific product
characteristics
Use reliable sources
(websites/apps)
- MIMs Malaysia
- Medscape
- Micromedex
- Blue book
Principle when prescribing drug
to pregnant moms
1. Use non-drug therapy
when possible

2. Prescribe drug when

definitely needed

3. Choose drug with the

best safety profile

4. Avoid new drug with

unclear safety status
5. Over the counter drugs
are generally safe

6. If possible, avoid
medication use in 10w
gestation

7. Use lowest effective

dose

8. Use drug in short period

only
Thanks!