SU THAT LICH SU TRONG TRUYEN THUYET HONG BANG Vé sw_tén tai cia nwée Van-lang HAN thir hal cia truyén thuyét Hong bang chi yéu 61 v8 made Vin-lang ciia cic yua Hung. Bite tranh pha hoa v8 mroe Vin-lang cling kha ré nét: tir be cdi, tén nee, tén vua dén obitug th? ché xa hoi —kiob té, phong tye, tip quén ciia nhfin dan cling au Tir lau cdc nha oghién eta d8u mbit tri ring ngwéi Mudpg gan gil voi ngwit Vigt ve nhiéu di@m, Nhitng ai da ft nhiéu lam quen vol Q6i séng cia nguéi Mining cling d8u thay ring d61a mOt nhém bi con cling mgt ngudn gc voi ngudi Vigt. Tuy ring mdi li@n hé than toe Miroog— Vigt moi thay rd nét trong mot val bidu hién cha déi séng, nhiag co th no! ring: trong 86 céc dan téc chung mot TS _quée Viét-nam, dng bao Miréng 1A dan t6c gin gill chting ta nbat (1). Do 46, co th® dem so sanh truyén thuyét cira hai dan (6c Muéng — Vit. O nhitng dan toc cing mot ngudn géc thueag od chuog mOt 36 nét gidng nbau trong vin hoc dau gian. C6 kbi & dfn t6e nay, vi trink dd xf bot, vin hoa, kinh té phat tritn hom mi mét truyén thuyét nao 46 di bj cdi cach, bién ebé, pha tap, nén di mat cdi dang ngnyén thay, nbirng @-trong kho tang vin hoc dan yian ella dan tde kia, vm & trong mét tink trang phat trign, xi hOi kém hon, n6 van gift duge hinh thire ban du (hoje it ra 1a mot sé nét nado day). Va day cling 1a trong hgp truyén thayét Au Co—Lac long quan (truyén thuyét Tram ssanguins, * NGUYEN LINH duge noi dén. Trong phin nay, tink chét hoang duréng 44 mé nhat di; nguge lai, nhitog su vide gin gfil vi cude sing la! ahiu thém, Chiing ta hijy xem thir cO nbitng digu gi Gang tin & phan nay, vi tai sao c6 th tin duge, tring) cia ta. Truy8n thuyét niy da bj cde nha nho chinh ly nén méi cé thém nhing chi Uiét hoang diong rit tir truy8n thuyét Than nOng Trung-quéec, vi cud! cing durge gh! lai thanh vin bin thi Tran—Lé. Con trayén “Trim tritng» hay la bai mo “Bé dat, ae nuGe” ndi tiéng cia nguol Murdng (2), cho . Bezacier. — Les groupes ‘sang Iyiighinc du Nord. Bulletin de Iastitut Indoci@ois pour l'étude de ’bomme. 1940. t. Ill—fase. 2, p, 57—99. (2) NguySg Dng Chi — Van dé ché dé chiém hit n6 12.6 Wigt-nam qua § nghia mét truyén eB tich. « TAp Vin Si Dia», 1956, s6 18 trang 53-61. Xin tham khdo thém P, Grossin —La province Murdr:g de Hda-binh. Editions de la Revue Indochinolse. Ha-adi, 1926 vA Le Tonkin Muéng cia Gouin va Moilié, Nhitng ban mo «be dit 6&8 ayéc» con hea traytn & d3ng bao Mirdng ida nay, ve phirong dign vio chong va cach k8 6 ddi digm khée yi hal bin tréa, nbin chung, hink thire dan tdc con djm nét-hon,bs én nay, vin duge bdo tin doi binh thie trnyéa miéng, trong ky tre cia mban dan, abit 1a & hing thiy Mo. Truyén thuyét Au Co — Lac long quan (truyén Tram tritng) So sinh ndf dung va edu trie hai cu chuyén, chting ta vin tim duge ngudn gdc chung cia chung: Mo “Be dit, dé niede » ’ a. Ve ngudn gbe dén Ipc —Lac {long quan] lay Au [Cor] dé ra mot boe trim tring, mdi tréeng 08 ra 1 ngwoi con —Chia 50 ngwol con lén & trén dit, 50 ngwdi con xuéng Thay phi. — 100 ngudi con trai chink 1a td tlén cha nguél Bach Viét vay. —50 con lén & dat Phong-chau, suy phyc Hin nhau, cing ton ngwéi con ca lén lam yua. 2—conchim Ay va Ua dé ra 100 trieng (dé xong héa thanh nguél), 100 tréng n& ra kbong phai chim ma lal 1a ogudi. —Ho chia tay, mdi nguéi di mot nga: 50 nygiréi con di vé man ding bing, con 47 ngudi lén man nguge. Sd ngwoi sau nay Uo nén td tién cita cic ngwoi Miréng, Man, Thd, Meo... Nol gidng nguwaéi Mudng thage ve tring ng dau én... Mot hom Chi Quy8n Chap, trudng cia din dwéi ding bang, hai bén ohan ho, ké 12 ndi kho khia cho nbau nghe rd! quyét dinh di moi T4 Cin vé lam vua. b. ThE ché xii gi, kinh té 1. Ding ci —lon ngwéi con cé Ién lam vua hign la Hing virong, ly tén noc 1a Viin-lang... Chia cae em ra cal tri... Ait cdc em lam tuong'van, trong 6; Vanla Lac hau, vo Id Lae trong... =... con tral vua gol ld quan lang. con gal vua goi la My, nurong. — Hung vwong day dan xm minb, — Ly vi cay lam do, dét c6 gianh lam chiéu, lay edt gao lam rugu... —Chy bing dao, tréag bing lita. DAt sin xuit dic ohi8u gao nép ldy dng Ap xi hdi —méi Ta Can vé lam vua (1). Té Can ra digu kign : ... qui dinh quyén Igi cia Nha Lang (nhing didu nay, cho dén gin Gay dan Mrdng vin phal theo) —Ba Chu Ba chudng, vg Ta Gan sink ha duge 18 ngwdi con (2). + 9con tral, trir mot ngwai & lal di ngot cha, con 8 ngwéi khac lén Ién chia think 4ho b, Quach, Bach, Hoang chia di & cic noi” Cdn 9 ed con gai tré thanh vo Lang & cac chau. Kinh (8, sink hogt —TA Cin mdi Da-cim-cot 1 vj than Jam ra dwge lira bay cho cach ldy lita. C6 lira ri, TA Cin day dan ding lira d6t cay cd! va chi vé ech trong trot tre thdi com, (1) Nguoi Muang vin cho la Ta Can (wong ela ngwoi Vist. dueng vol Hing viong trong truyéa thuyét (2) Con 86 18 doi Hing wrong thZy cé trong Idi ta Vigt-nam thé chi (H3 Tong Théc), Dai Viel sit luge, va Bai Vide sit ky toan the cling Hang vieong ngoe pha (Nguyén C6)... 2 0, ~~Bic gé lam aha 48 tranh hd soi (nha sin) chon tha léy goi dit (bin khée 1a gol mudi) lam dau, sau do indi giét trau dé Tam ad I... —C&t toc ngiin 48 di lai trong rirng ri Ban so sinh trén d3 c6 tht cho ching ta thiy ring: 1, Phan thit hai cla truyén Hong bang thi vé cu tric cling nbw ndi dung rit gidng ba Mo «Dé aft, dé nude » cia ngwoi Mudng. Trong kho tang vin hoc dan gian cia cac dan tOc thidu sd kbac khong thiy cé mdt sir An kbop nao gidng thé. Trirdoan ké vé Rit rang khong théy c6 trong truygu H3ng bang thi, con toan bO nhitng chi tiét quan trong déu thiy cing cd & hai b&m trén. Do do, chiing ta cd th® khing dinh ngudn géc dja phyong cia tray8n thuyét Trim tring (hay 1a Lac Long— Au Co), truyén nay thyc cia ngwai Viét, khong vay mugn & dau c&. NO bit r8 ngay trong thre tién sinb hoat val chit va tinh than cha ngwoi Viét cd, khi ngidi Murdrng va ngrdi Viét ctwra cach biét ohau nhiéu nhw ngay uay, Iie ma truyén thuyét v8 ngudn géc dan téc cling ching khac nhau 1a may. 2, Mo “Dé dat 42 née” cia nguéi Mong con gitt dugc dang nguyén thiy bon truyén cia ngwdi Viét von a3 bi cdc nha nho phong kién canh cdi. Tuy vay cfing phil nh§n ring: nigi dung truy8n thuy&t Tram tritng (Lac Long— Au Co) con git lai dwgc trong Linh num chich quai rat sie Lich, nyfin gon va cé mot sé chi Wét quan trong khong théy c6 trong truyén Murdng. 3. Mot sé thé ché xi hoi—kinh té, yéu t6 vin hoa vat chit (am nwoog rly, nha san, gid edi...) cing thiy c6 trong truy’n thuyét ectia hai dan tOc. Hign nay &ngwoi Mudng con gift lal duge, con & ngwoi Vigl AA mat gin hét, c6 coda ching qua chi 1a nluitag tin tich ma th6i. Digu mdy chitng t6 dé 1a nhing sr vige c6 that, dang d& ching ta tim bidu ky ludag. Xual phat ti nbitng nhjn xét trén, ching ta di cd co s& a3 djt ra mot gid thuyét nghién ciu nbw sau : truyga Hang bang trong —TA4 Cin duge Ria ving bay cho cach lam nha theo bink dang cia ria: 4 chan la 4 cét, cai yém 1a san &, cai mai 1a agoi. TA Cin bat diy t@ chit cay tam nha a8 cho, din ching bit chee ma lam theo. ~ —TAC3n My em gil, 8 con khong nudi duge, Thin hién lén cho bist: anh em rndt Khdag lay durge ohau... — Pdi ve ch3ng no mndn hwdng hank phic laa dai thi ed chdng cing vy d&u phal cat toe. Link nam chich quai Ai ght lai due mgt sb yéu t8 van hoa vat chit, the ché x8 hdi cha ngudi Viét thoi 3 va ciiamdt nhom toc abit diah cing mdt ngudn géc vin hoa vei bo. Trong pham vi bai viét, ching ta bay cing hau tlm higu mot vai yéu t6 vin hoa a6 dé thir xem nhitng digu ybi chép trong truyén thuyét co dang tin U khong. C6 nhién, chiing ta cbi cé th? xét tél mét cach so lrge thdi, vi mdi yéuté dd phai dirge ngbiéo ciru riéng. V8 tuc xtim minh cia ngudi Vist, aa c6 nhigu tac: phim dé cap loi & day co thé khong cdn di shu, C6 digu dang cha ¥ la cach gidt thich tue xim minh cét dé tranh giao long lam hai chT bat diu tir dot Han (Ban cd, Ung thigu) (1). Hon nia day 1a mot phong tye chung cho cd mét sb tbe & duyén hai Dong nam Trung-quéc. Bong nam A... trong a6 6 cd ngudi Viel thoi cd, Noi ngudn gdc tuc nay do ty Hing vwong la khong ding. Nguyén Thdng (1827-1894), ¢ d8 oghj khOng dua digu pay vao Vigt sit théng giam cwong myc. Mbi dan de, nhém tde trong mi8a dat noi trén Xim mioh theo nhitag dan khac nhau & nhitng chd khac nban trén minb. Theo traygh Hong bang thi td tiénta xm minb theo bink Long quan, theo dang Thiyy qual. Bigu nay pha hgp véi li ghi chép cia Ng6 Si Lién ve viée (1) Theo Nguydn Thong, each giil thich abi thé di thiy cé trong trayén Gée Long (sich vidt trivee doi Hin). « Xét trayén Coc Luong co ndi ring: Nude Ngd.1a nwée Di dich, dan cat téc ngfa, vé minh. Thich ngbia ring: Bi dat chiu Kinb, chau Duong dit thi ban Ly, ngwii 19i noe niu, cho nén vé vio minh nhv Idt con thudng ludng, a2 cho ding logt,.may khong bj hat ». Vigt st thong gidm cong mye khdo luge (titn bién), avua Tran Anh tong khéng chiuthich hinh con ring vao dai, va xudng chiéu cim dan khong duge xim minh (1299). Trine Ngo ST Lién, tac gli Bai Viel Sé& luge cing chép viée Triin Anh tong “c&m cdc gla ad clia vwong hiu khong duge thich hinh con rdng & trén ngwe » (1), én nay, nhigu ddng bio thigu s6 nwoe ta vin ding v6 efy sui lam chin, 40; danh cd tranh thant tim 48 nim, cit regu bing gac, gid be cay bang (quang lang) rdi loc noe, vat ly bot G8 Xn, lay gitng gid voi mudi rang Yim thite Sn, ding thjt cd lam mam’ v.v... « Cay bling dao, trong bling lita» noi troog truyén cling lire 1a céch lim nmvong riy cia, nbiéu dan toe thigu sé chia djnb cw & Vidt- nam va & Doug nan A... DOI voi ching La ngdy nay «com lam, noe Sng» la mot hién tugag 1a, nbung cach thdi com trong dng tre (ding dogn tre banh té, tuoi), ndu_muréc trong ng nita bay giv cling con thay & ding bio Mwéng, Tay, Thal... Can bd ta cong tac & mién iti khong may ngwéi 1a khong biét thé nao 1a «com lam»! Chiing ta d&u biét gao nép cd th «lam” trong Sng tre, nhir ghi trong Link nam chich quai va cting co thé dirge “hong”, dirge « dd” trong nhiing cdi «chS», cdi Chong», cai ain, Trong cuge khai qugt 6 An-dao (Phi-nioh, Phi-tho) do cin bd khdo cd cia Vién Bio ang lich sir va Vign Sit hoe tién banb dau nim 1967 4% tim thay edi chd 3 soi thoi Hing viong. Nh vay «dat sin xuat dirge nbigu gao nép” la didu co that. Nhaé cha nguéi Viet hiée nay déu dung ngay tréa a’ d4t nén, khong dau lam nha san, Nhung cO mdt kién tric vat quan trong b§c nhdt trong d¢i séng xf thon 1a ngd!, Dink thi Igi lim theo m@t ki8u khae hn. O aay ching ta cling thdy Binh cé ‘sin b&c & hing chirng mot hé thdng cot chong. Y nghia xi hdl, ton gléo cia Binh, chi cé thB dem so sah véi nhitog chiée nha “Rong” cita dong bao thifu sé trén Tay-nguyén va cia mot 36 dan, tc khac trong’ khu vie ‘Déng Nam chau A. Odin téc Mudng, nhigu noi nba cia Lang efing tite 1A dinh lang, noi thé thd.than va dire Thanh Tan-vién, Ngay & Thita-thién bign nay, nhigu oha thé bo cing lam san gd nbir sin dinh ngoai Bic, cach mat dat khodng 30, 40 phan; san gS nay co tén 1a “rim ha? Tai ligu khdo cd cling cho thay rag, xwa kia trong thol dal dd ddng, td tien ta di timg lam aba san a8 & nbw thay cé ghi trong truygn Hdng bang ‘(Goloubew, V. La maison dongsonienne. Cahiers de VE.F. NY 14, 1988) (2), Tuc edt tée ngdn cha ngrdi Wet cd cing ai duge nhigu tac gid ngwoi Han a8 ¥ ghi chép, cling voi tye xim minh. Bén_ nay tuc efit toc ngiin nay ciing vin co thé tim thay & mot vai noi & trang du va ddng bing Bic- bg. Tai ohitog x4 Di-ndu, lang (huge huyén Tam-néng, Phi-tho), truée Cach mang thing Tém, phy nit thrdng mie quin ede va ego troc dau. con throng noi lam thé dé di rig cho d& virong. O Hiép-hoa (tinh Ha- bac), higa nay, mot sé phy. nit c6 tudi cing vin cao téc & dinh du va phia sau gay, chi ab hai gldi toc dai & phiatrroc; & day, true Cach mang thang Tam, tue cit téc nhw vay rit phd biém. Theo l#i Trin Cuong Trung, the gid Sit Giao-chdu thi (dp thi & dei Trin, dan nirée ta déa cao dau «con trai dau troc, ngirdi nao cé quan chic thi chim: du bing khan xanb, nhdn dan d@u nhw sr eA», «dan ba cit toc dé lai 3 tac tét & trén dnb dau, bude dau sgi toe rdi but chit Iai va cai bing tram, & ding sau gay khong ¢6 toc... L8 Qui Bon cho biét thém: «Bd 1a phong tue triéu nba Trin, dén ban trigu ngay nay tbitge ai khan xanh, me 4o thm, eft toc va xm minh @& thay adi rdi” (Kién van tidu Ie, Nba xudt ban Sit hoc, Ha-ndi 1962, trang 80—82). Trong truygn Hing bang cd mot chi tiét rit Ig lang v8 hon thi dei Hing virong; «Chua co trau cau, vige hon thi glia nam off iy goi dit lam @au, sau 46 moi giét trau, dé lam dd 16, liy com nép a8 obdp phong cing ia, sau dé moi thanh than...». Tye Ig nay c6 that hay lado tac gid hw chu? Ve viée ding géi dat lam dd. sinh 12, chang ta thy ghi trong bin Link nam chich quai turong doi cd (chep vio nim 1695) so-vol cac ban khdc bién c6 & Thy vién Khoa hoc trung wong. O ba ban khac (4.1200, A. 2107, A. 1752) Iai chép la: @Vige hon thi nam of ly géi mudi lam Gia», Trong vide nghién ciru truyén thuyét, ching ta khoéng dwgc quyén bd qua nhifog digu khac nhau trong ohitng van ban hoje cach k® khac nhav. Déi khi, nbitng tal ligu chan xde lai & r&i réc trong ohikog van ban “khong cé gid rj» ma trong « ohing ban ang tin cdy» Iai bs st mat. (1) Toan thu, Bin ky, quytn.6, Ban dich celia Cao Huy Giu. Ha-n!, 1967, t. If, tr. 78 Viét Sé loc. Thirong vy an thy quan, Thugng- hal, 1936, q. 3, tr. 51. (2) Rat c6 thd sau nay ching ta sd phat hién ugc tan tich cha nbfng ngél nha dit & théi Hing virong, QO,Ching téi di co ¥ tim hiu bon tha mét sb dan toc ving Bong Nam A va ving ply can xem cé.noi nao din héi, din ewoi bing goi it khong. Trong digu kign tra ctu sien ve, tai ligu hién nay, chwa thay dau ndi dén hién twong nay. Tuy vay, cling khéng thé cho ring chi tiét nay cia (ruy8n thuyét Hong bang 5 duge chép mot cach vu ve, khOng cé cin cit, Ching ta d@u biét rang nhiéu téo ngwoi dwge cdc nha nhin hoc va din téc hoc ghép vio giéng indonésien & Dong nam A co tuc nhiing miéng aft nung chin (géopbagie). jay khéng lau lim, trirse Cich mang thang Tam & mdt vai nol cdn thay cae ba, eéc cO in nhitng manb ngdi non. Co ngwdi ain vi dang & giai doan “dn gi, nhung cing ¢6 ngriinéi: in thé d8 cho ring thém citng. @ vang Hac-tri (Phi-tho), Vinh-twoag (Vinh- yén), traéc nan 1945 ogi ta‘con ban nhitng “anh ngoi» g6l trong 14 chudi & nhikag phién chg qué. Vai t4e gid ngoal quéc efing a quan sit dugc hién tong nay & ta (1). Nhigu dan toc & Phi chau, Trung, Nam MY cing co tye ait obw thé, nhing d8u khong phii vi thiéu thite fio ma phii Sn, NO! chung, nguyén nhao cha hiéntwgng An dit chua dwge khoa hoc xéc minh ky lung, thank phn dat ding a2 ainchwa digc phin tich, xét_nghiém. Rat co th®, viéc ding goi dit d8 din cust co mot Y nghia tong trang nao d6 ma hign ching ta ehua ndim duge, ‘Theo ¥ kién cha ching t6i, c6 18 chi tiét «ding gol mudi» 48 dia ewoi ghi & 3 ban Linh nam chich quai ké trén 6 nhiu kha nang pha hgp voi thie té. Treng 1& cham ngd cia ngitdi XA Slm-nita (Lao), nha trai phai ho cu méi—modt cy gla dong con, gla dinh hoa thujn —chon ngay lanh thang tét dem 1é vat dén aha gai. Thong thudng s6 18 vat may gdm c6 bén gol thude hit, ché hoje bin goi mudi va 4 6ng ca khohay 4, 6ng thit (cd, thit duog trong 6ng tre holc Sng ntta). Cu méi toi x nha gai, trink bay cong vide vol xa trugng, biéu dng nay mot vai thir rdi dem 16 toi nba gal. Néu cha meg ngudi con gai bing Jong nbn 18 thi ce méi ai thanh cong. Ngwdi Mudog & Lang-chanh (Thanh-héa) trong dip 16 ra mat r8> (aghia 1a dem rB téi nba gat ra mat t8 én, cha me ho hang va ede quan Lang bén nha gai) cing nhw khi din cwéi, nha trai pbdi dan tir 60 dén 150 Sng c4-chua. C4 chua ‘nl Gay-la thir c& wép mudi va thin, cho vao nbitng dng ntta to bing cd tay. O trong hgp nay, tuy'kbOng c6 ohing géi mudi, nlueng cal chioh 14 4% ding thite An wop min lim @ sinh 18, Bidu dang chi y 1a nban dan & dio Xu-macto-ta (In-@6-né-xl-a) cling cot mudi la tugng trung ebo tinh yéu (2). Con tye 1@ “ldy com nép d8 nhap phong cing in, sau d6 méi thanh thin» cé dang tin khong? Do tim hi’u tink chan xéc ve mit tai liéu trong “ Hong bang thi, trong trudng hop ndy, ching ta cd th® doc mQt doan vio miéu ta phong tuc cia ngwei Ba-na & Tay-nguyén sau day: “pén nay, ngwéi Ba-na con tdn tai mot sb phong tye cé truyén, th® hiéo tam ly yeu chudng tinh ngbia, trong than, trong tro, kbat khao tinh than diing cim va lao ddng. Nhw tye két nghia nhin lam anb em (pé pong), th sdag chét cd nhau. Trong dam cwdi, co dau ting chd r8 chi cung, tweng trung cho niém mong wée ring ching minh sé gan da va chit ré ting cd dau mgt s6 rd ra, gui... trong trang cho tinh than yéu lao déag. Hai nguéi tin chung mét it com, uéng cing mét bat regu, va cing dimng trén mot miéng thép, goi la d2 té nitm son sdt ben vitng. Sau 18 cwoi, trai gat kéo nhau ra sudi mia hat va tat nuoc ln nhau dé ciu mong siz toi dep, banh phic. Nguoi Ba-na Bo-nam & huyén Céng-po- Jong con cé cach ewoi don gién ma that dep: trai gai nghéo yéu nhau; khéng c6 cia hot mén, chi cin trao cho nhau mét vat (ndm) com, b& adi mdi nguroi « ia phép” mét nita la di ri. Tink yéu ching k& «thing sdirén» «con Ign béo” nhi thé, that dep shu céu ca dao cia ngwéi Kink (nguét Viét) Yéu nhau chang lp chiéu gineng, MOt tau lé chuBi che swong cling tinh, GO day cO nbidu 18, Tét, hoi vui choi quanh nim. Lon ohdt 1 16 Yn cing nba ma, 16 Tet cuéi nim m& vao suét thang chap, thang gléng, 18 4a com méi, 1é vao mia, 1 phat nurong, xudng rudng... na nd nw (8 hap didn, ha di8n cia mién xuéi (3) % Tal ligu dan tOc hoc vé ngudi Mudng cing cung cip cho chang ta nhitng sy viée d8 so sinh, Trong 18 cwoi cia nguéi Muéng, sau (1) Michel Dechaume. Précis de Stomato- Jogie. Masson et Ci*, 1950, Hamy, E.T. Les géo- phages da Tonkin, Bull, Mus. Uist. nat. ¥. 1899, pp. 61—69. (2) LG. Février Histoire de Uécriture (Lich sit chit viét). Payot. Paris, trang 15, 16 (myc «Moyens d'expression permanent ». (8) Trayén cb Ba-na, Nba xuit ban Vin hoe, Phin mé dau (do Ngoc Anh viét),khi don dau v8, c6 tue don com & trong budng cba nang déu, Sau khi cing xong tht hai vg chdng cling ngbi vio a. An xong, nang dau phdi-ra lay té tiéa, cha mg cing ho hing, quan Lang nha chdag. Nbéing lai liga vé hén 1é cita ngwdi Ba-na, nguéi Mudng (1a nhitng (6c ngiéi cling mot hé ngOn ngit Mén — Kho-me gin v6l ngdn ngit Vist) vita diin trén chitng minh nbitng ngbi 1é vé bén thi cia td tién ta ghi trong Linh nam chich quai 14 ¢6 thit. Hon nita cling gitip ta biga duge y nghia cha tye 1 “hal vo chdng méi créi cing an com chung true khi thanh than “1a a0 nbin manh téi sy hoa thugn, vA trich nhiém cia doi bén phii cing nhau ganh vée gia dinb, lim cho gia dinh thém bén vitng. Pay cing 18 mgt bioh Anh kba tron ven vé gia dink mot vg mot ching” (monogamie) cha 18 tién ta ma qua mot s6 tai liga khac ching ta biét duge (1), Troe sy thit nay, nhitog cla Hau Han the nhw: “Din Lae Vigt 6 phép gli thi, eh? theo dam ‘bigu, chit khong thich cp 46i, khong biét Hiab cha con, Khong biét dao vo chang» hoje cho 14 chi tir khl co “Tich quang va Nham dién sang giéo hoa, dan ta moi «bit @u dit méi lai, moi biét hon ohan» 1a nhitng digu khong thit, kudng dang tin mie diu dé 12 nhitng sie vite duge ghi chép trong mdt cudn chinh sit, Trong trayén Hong bang, tue gli edi duge cot 1a mét cach béo higu khi cO tang ma, mot trong ba st kiga trong dai trong doi ng mt con ngwdi (sinh nd, lap gia dink, chét). Trong tring hyp nay, nhfeng nba quyén qui trén Muréng, xtra nay, vin ddnh tréng ddng 8 bao ai cho din lang. Nguoi din thirong cling gif cdl bo higu, nhwng chi lam thé vao nhifng djp vul mirng nb khi cé cdi xin ching han. Lic dé ‘ngwdi ta dem chiée cdi gd dai, binb long ming, ké & chd r6ng dol gim noha sn; nhitng ngwoi phy af in mic chinh 18, ding xung quanh cdi cim chiy MW Sy tén tai ela noe Viin-leng va thél dai Hiing virong, xua nay vin 14 mdi hoai nghi cha yéu, mdi kbl chung ta. nhac toi truyén thuyét Hdng bing, Bay gid day, ching ta hiy cling nhau tim bigu vin a8 nay. V8 etrong vire mréc Vin-lang, trong truyén Hong bang thj cd doan viét ©..,Au Co va 50 con Ién & dat Phong-chau, suy phye dirng theo nhip cong ma gid vao long hoie vao thinh edi, tao thank ning téng tic thwa, Iie mau, gay khong khi nhOn objp tag birng cla mot ngay vui, Gia, edi nbu thé nay, trén Muéng gol la gid Indag. CO tnd cach gif cdi cila ngwoi Viét thei cd ciing twong tr nhu thé, nbung chi ding khi cé vige gi cin bao hiéu, cin sr giip d& cia dan lang. Link nam chich qudi eting ghi lai dee mot treéng bop gif edi nika, trong trayén Nit Tan-vién, Trong nbiing trin dénh nhau vol Thiy tinh «dan & chin nti... c&im mot hing rao tha a8 dn d&, daoh tréng, gd cdi ho req d& ciru vigo ». Khi dt swru tm tal ligu dan t§e hoe & Phu-tho, cbting t6i cing thi mt tye 18 gi cSt hoi la & lang Trie-phi Ra gléng, & Trae-phé cé tye Lim banh d: Bén kia séng Thao adi dién vol phé (Tam-néng, Hung-héa) 1A lang A-nguyén (Lam-thao), Hai lang On “di née nghia » voi nhau. Dém h6m lim banh diy, dan ling Trac-phé chudn bj edi, chay sin, nhwng khong duge gi. Phai dgi khi nao dao ling A- nguyén bén kla song reo ho, hii 1én thi moi bat diu gi. Y nghia tyc 1@ nay chira rd, chi thay phdn Anh trong van hoc dan gian bing edu ca dao: Tritc-phé cb hgi banh dsy, Bén A (A-ngayén) ha migng, bén nay chay dam. Ching tol ghi lai tal y YA mong ring tue git cdi caa ngudi Vigt sé duge céc ban ding oghigp hru ¥ thém. Trong tw liéu khdo 8, tye gil cdi da duge ghi lal trén tréng dng Ngoe-ld. ‘Tiény gid gao bing chay ditng & cae budn, bin cée dan téc thitu sé anh em, tir Lai-chau én Tay-nguyén, trong cdc lang qué didi xudi, vin ggi 1én mot cai gi chung trong sinh boat cia t8 tién chiing ta, nbiing dan lc cing séng trén manh dat cd kinb nay tir agin xtra, Hin nhau, cing too ngwdl con c& 1én lam vua, higu 1d Hang vwong, ly tén nuce la Van-lang. Bong glip Nam hii, Tay toi Ba- thye, Bae tot Dong-dinh hd, Nam toi nuée (1) Nguyén Linh — Vai suy nght vé vige! tim hiéu thoi dai-Hbng bang. Tap chi «Ngbién cru Ich sir», 1967, 86 100,HO tén (nay 1a Chiém-thanh). Chia avec Jam 15 bd (con goi 1A quan) Ia Viét- thuéng. Gino-chi, Chu-dién, Vi-ninh, Phic- Ic, Ninb-hai, Duong-tuyén, Lye-b3i. Ho houn, Cirtu-cban, Nbat-onm, Chin-dinb, Vin- lang, Qué-lim, Tirong-quén. Chia che em ra cal trp... Boan tai ligu lrén néu lén 3 cwong vie khde nbau: 1. Vang Phong-chau nbd hep noi eu trit cia 50 anh em Hing yong. Hiog virong duge suy tn Lim vua, dyng atroc & day. 2, Nuge Van-lang voi mét ctrong vye rit rong : «Bac toi Déng-dinh bd, Nam toi 3, Nwéc Van-lang voi mét ranh giét hep hon do 15 bd hyp thanh chi bao gdm mot phan tinh Qudng-tay, Bie-b@ va Bac Trung- bO ngay nay. 1. ve Phong-chéu, dja ban cita 50 anh em Hiing virong, xtra nay, cde sir gia du nat tri coi La dit dai ca nwée Van-lang et (tire 1a cia bd Viin-lang). Sach Théng dién (801) ghi rd: «Phong-chau ia nuge Van-lang ci» (1), Ngé Thi ST noi: «BQ Tan-bung & Phong-chau cling thuge quan Giao-chi». V8 duyén cach cia Phong-zhin qua cic doi aa duge Phan Huy Chi trink bay rb trong Lich triéu hién chweng logi chi nhw sau: «Chau Phong la ne Vin-lang adi xwa, thude vio Tugng-quin doi Tan va thude Giao-chi dvi Hao, Ngo gol la Tan-bung, TAn adi lam Tan- xwong, Tran agt lam Hung-chau, Tuy lai doi lam Paong-chau, sau gdp cA rao quan Giao- chi, Diu dol Dirdag, lay huyén Gta-ninh cia quin Glao-chi dit ra chau Phong» (2). Cling theo Phan Huy Chi, ving chau Phong ke trén tuong tng voi dat del Son-t8y doi Lé mat, gdm : — Phi Quéc-oai, 6 buyén : Tir-lém, Phiic- I9c, Yén-son, Thgch-thét, Dan - phirgng, MY-luong. — Phi Quing-oal vol cae huyén: Tién- phong, Minh-nghia (Tang-thign), Bat-bat. — Phit Tam-d6i co 5 huy@n : Yén-lang, Yén- lac, Bacb-hac, Lap-thach, Pha-khang (Phi- ninb). — Phi Lam-thao voi 5 nuyén: Son-vi, Thanh-ba, Hoa-khé (Cam-khé), Ha-hoa, Tam- nong. — Phi Boan-hiing cé 5 huyén: Déng-lan, Tay -lan, Duong - dao, Son- diong, Tam- duong (3). So.véi cae khu vuc banh ebinh bign nay? Qudng-oai, Quéc-oal thude Linh Ha-tdy (trie > huyén Ti-liéni thige thanh phé Ha-ngi). Ba phit:Tam-éi, I.Am-thao, Doan-hing thude tinh Phit-tho va Vinh-yén (trir Son-duong Unde tinh Tuyén-quang). Vay dja ve cac tinh Phi-tho, Ha-tdy, Vinh-yén va mét phan tinh Tuyén-quang vb Ha-nO! nifa, xwa kia la thude Chau-phong dei Birdng, 12 bd Van-lang, dia ban géc cia Hing virong, 2. Vé cwong vire thir hal, cxong vite rong cia myée Van-lang, sir gia thot Lé mat va sau nay d&u di ra cong nghién cit. Ngo Thi ST O% xét ky nhitng duéng ranh gil phia Béc cia née Vin-lang, tim tol trong Bae sit ral di dén két ludn : «KE ra Nam-hdi, Qué-lam va mgt nita dét Tugng-qudatir trwéc khi nba Tan chia mé mang, dat quan buyéa, dan con 1a gidng Ban-bd. Cie Ding, Dao, Linh, Cit aéuc6 quan trutng cia ho thi Hing vuong lam yi ma cé dat dy duge. VA lal, Hung wong duong vio déi Ngbiéu, Thuin & Trurg-quéc thi khi fy HG P§éng-dinh la noi hem yéa, duong bj ngwoi Tam miéu ngintré, euong gidi vt phia Bas née ta lie bay gid lam gt ma dén déy dirge.., «lai Dia chi uh Dong Han gol quin Giao- chi la nuee elia An duoog vuong, cach phia Nam dit Lac-dwong U ngbin dim, thi di rd ring dét nuéc cae dei dung ra truéc thoi An- dwong viong tke [a cirong gigi cia née Nam ngéy nay...» (4). Nhitng nha biéo soan b6 Viét siz thong gidm cwong muc cting cho 1a chi djnh mot cuong vire qué rong cho Van-lang 14 mot aigu v6 ly. Ykién nay di trinh bay trong lol Téu nghi v8 vige soan Cuong myc va sand duge ghi vao phin Tién biéa (5). H. Maspéro, trong bai khao vé ntréc Van-lang (6) va R.A. Stein, trong eudn Nude Lam dp (7) efing nbijo ring: vé (1) Théng dién, q. 181. (din theo H. Mas- péro (1918) ). (2) Phan Huy Cha — Lich tritu hién chong logi chi. Dw dja chi. Nb’ xu%t ban Sit hoc, Ha-n§i, 1960, trang 24. (3) Phao Huy Cha-+ sich 48% din, trang 94 1100. (4) Nhy trén, trang 24, Ching ti gach dw6i, (5) Vigt sit théng giam cong myc, Tién bién. (G)HJMaspéro—Le royaume de Véin-lang. B.E.F.E.O, XVIIL, 3, 1918, trang 4—7. @ R.A. Stein —Le Lin-yi, sa localisation, sa contribution a la formation du Ghampa et ses liens avec Ia Chine. « Bulletin du Centre étude sinologique de Pékin» (Université de Paris). Pékin. 1947, vol, II, fasc. 1—2, trang 61—62, 6 1ft lich sir chinh tr} khéng hé co mdt noc lang voimot dja vie kéo dai tt Trong- bo én s6ng Dirong-tir. Trong nhitng tac phim vé cd sit Vigt-nam, Bao Duy Anb cii.g nbn xét ring: dja ban cha nude Van-lang kb trén phi hyp voi dia bin phau bd cia nhitng toc ngwdi thuge Bach Viet, ma sir gia cba ta cho Lac long quan la tbhiy t8 Bach Viét nén moich! dink cong virc rong dén thé (1). Tom Igi, cwong vue rong cla nude Vin- lang 1a do lac gid chink ly truygn HOng bang thj 4% tu ¥ théin vio cho phd hgp vol muc dich cla minb ma Uhdi, cuong ve ny khong 1iéa bg gi déo cai cSt chan taye eda truyéo thuyét Trim tritng liu trayén trong din glan. Cul cin cin cir vao két chu cha trayén, ching ta cling co th8 nhin ra vige ghi thém evong vue rdng ay la thira, vi bin thin 06 di mu thudn ngay vol pham vi dat dai cia 15 bd hyp thank, L@ nto mgt née Iai c6 2 cong vie khie nhau dén thé! 8. Clin etr vio dja giéi 15 bg, ching tacd mt ranh gidi hep hon, hep ly hoa cda nee. Van-lang (bao gm mOt phan ciia Qudng-tay, Bac-b$ va Bac Trung-bO ngay nay). Xew ra thi chinh NgO Thi Si da glan tlép cong nhan cing vue nay, Sau khi di bac bd phin dat qua rong vé phia Bic. Ong 44 kh&o cio ké tén che bo va ddl Hing vwong dat rama tim trong che sich dja chi cita cae MOL tree. Két qua nghién citu cita éng cling boda toan phi hop vol két lnan sau dy cia Lé Qui Don, trinb day trong Van dai loal ngit: «Tdi xét do Hing virong, trén ni doi Hong bang, khéng cO chi ngkia gt trayén lai; ve 15 bo d&t ra thi do, eting vel c&c quan huyén do nba Han, nba Ng moi dit ra, tén gol lin 19m; 101 ng& ring nhifng tén ao 1A do che hau nho gop nhjt vay murgn ciép ra, that khong ph&i thie Ie». (2). Cac sir gia trigu NguySn va He Maspéro cling khdo vé cdc bio danh sack cac bo nude Viia- lung & Dir dia chi (Nguy€o Trai), Dai vigt sit live (dei Hau Trin) va Dai vigt. Sit ky loan thie (Ngo Si Lién). K6t lugn cia ho efing lam sang rd thém y kién cla hai sit gia & thé ky thir 18 néf trén, Nhung & day, co ditu cin chit yla: ngwdi adi sau co thé ding aja danb thefminh d& chi mi&n dat 3 xa ;hon nika dit cho c6 3 ban danh sich cée bd khac nhou, nbwng tin trong vin chi m$t pham vi dét dai kadng vigt qué Quing-lay, B&c’bg va Bac ‘Trung-bd ngay nay. R.A, Stein, khi nghién ctu v8 tén auge Van- lang, trong cuén sach cia minh, di cdo ett vio nbitng sy kién sau: 1 trén mign dat tr Tit-xuyéa dén Trang-b6 mide ta ngay nays vao budi dau céng nguyén, d& co nhiéu toc pgudi nb: Bach-long (Tit-xuyéa),. Vigt-lang (Quang- Sag), a-lang (Quang-tay), Van-lang (Bac-b6 Viét-nam), tén cia ho du co mot thanh (6 «lang» & sau. Ciing trén kha vye a6 c6 nhibu dia danh tén ciing bing chi lang nbiw Tchang- lang, K’ang lang v.v... 2. Gitta min dit tir tinh Qudng-tri wc ta dén Quéng-tay (Trung- quéc) i c6 ngwéi Da-lang & (theo Haw hen the). Dia vio 46, R.A. Stein chi trrong rang: tén née Van-lang xira cd th® dao trom nhidu nhém téc khac nhau, co it nhidu quan.bé gin adi v8 noi gidng. Disu nay phi hgp voi tai liéu trong truyén thuyét Hdng bang: «(Hing wrong) chia nude lam 15 bd, chia cée em ra cai tri, d{t cdc em lam tong van tung vd». Pi & dit Phong- chau rdi lai cé thé chia cic om ra cai tr] cdc bO kB trén co nghia 1A: tir mot dia ban, mot. bé co sé, Hing virong @& lim cho mgt sd toc ngwoi lan can phai qui phuc, dat ho diol quyén cia minh, ri cir cac em di cai tri, Khong phai ngdu nbién wa trong danh sich cdc bo lai cO bd Van-lang cia Hing viong, vol tie cach 1a mét bd Ld thanb, va chinh tén cha b6 nay lal ro thanh tén chung cho cd 14 bd kia, 1a nhitng bo qui-phye. Dai Vigt sit ky (oan ther i ghi nb4n mot each ding dfn ring : «[14 bd trénl 1a cac thin thuge, con Vin-lang 1a noi vua dong ad... Ngoal 15 bo, mdi bd lal con cé chic triréng ta, con cde con chau thi cit (hit ty ma cbia trj, cho néa dong d3i v8 sau co cde danh higu nam phy ago, ni phy dao» @), Tai ligu cha Bai Vigt sit luge, cudn sir thuge vao loai xa nhat con Iai d6n ching ta ngiy nay, @ cho biét ranh rot méi quan hé gitta cic. bQ cha nuge Viin-lang: «Dén dot Trang virong nba Chu (696—682trirée cong nguyén) & bd Gia-ninh cé ngwéi la thudng, ding do thuat phye dirge cae bd lac, tu xung la Hang vrong, dong 46 & Vin-lang, hiéu 1a nwéc Vin-lang.., (1) Dao Duy Anh—Vift-nam cé dai sit. Nha xuft bin Khoa hoc. B&c-kinh 1959, trang 105. (2) Lé Qui Pén—Vdn dai loai ngiz. Nha xuat bin Vin héa tap 5 trang 170. (3) Ngo St Nén—Todn thie, Ngoal k¥ q. 1, to 4a,trayén durge 18 ddi, du goi la Hiing’rwong » (1), Nhiog tai lu vira din & tréa cho phép ching ta binh dung @urge cuo'ng vire nurée Véin- fang treng truyén thuyét. BO 1A mika dat gm mot phin tinh Qudng-tay, Bac-bd va Bic Trung-bO ngay nay. Trén kbu vire 46 6 nhitng nhém t6c khdc nhau & thin nhiing ving goi 1a “bo. Nhikng tc miy cd thE cé quan hé Bin gi voi nban vé nguén géc, ngon ngit va co thé cd v8 vin héa nda, Vé mit chinb tri, nhéing bé nay Ii phy thude vio bd miy thdog tr] cla Hing-vuong, agwoi dirag dau bé trung thm — bo Vin-lang. Dit dai cia bo Vin-lang may dai kbal & trong pham vi tink Phi-tho, Vinh-yén, Ha-tay ngay nay. Néu dit_nwGe Vin-lang 12 6 Uhit thi trong bién gidi cia né At phdi con nhikng di lich vat chit cia ddi sing cd xwa, do nhing con ngwoi thei do a2 lai. «Trong lich sir khong cé cdi gi mat ‘di ma ching d& lai dau vét. Nhitng hién twong lich sit co th® khong d@ dau vét tai trong kho Ira trie tal Ligu, trong nhiing cudn sir bién nién, ohung vin cn Igi trong long aét. Cong viée cha ngwéi im khdo cd 1a di tim cho ra nbing vét tich dé» (2). Gin day, cOng vige stu thm di tich thoi dyng née da diye xite Lisa, Nbat la trong vong vai niim nay khi giéi sir hoc née ta dit vin a xiy dung mOt co sé tu liga vitng chéc, nbigu mat d cd th8 nghiém cru thoi dai Hing vwong va nhfing xf h0i c6 giai cip Qiu tién trém dat mréc ta (3). Ciing voi nhitng két qu4 tim kiém truée kia, ching ta di ¢6 dirge mot 6 tai ligu ding k8. CO thé ding nbfing chitng c6 khio 3 hoc a8 ddi chiéu, xAc minh cong vec née Vao-lang truyén thuyét nds trén, , Trugc hét, ve nguyén tAc, ching ta hay xem cO th® ding nhifng tal ligu kbdo cd nado vio viée tim higu nuée Van-lang. Mol ngwdi d8u biét thei dai truyén thayét trong lich sit cS dai nwée ta khdi du tr Kink duong vwong (aim Nhim-tuit, 2879 trire ‘céng nguyén) (4) va két thie vio nim Qui-mio (258 truge cong nguyén), 18 nim Thue Phan lap néa noe Au-lac, Khung nién dai nay do Ngé Si Liéo, ngwéi vist phan Ngogi ky cia Dai viél sit ky todn the néu én. Gidi han niéo dai cudi cing co th® duge chap nhan dé dang, vi 48 cé nhimng sir ligu thanh vin 48 ngblén cttu mrée Au-lgc, Giol ban oién dai trén cing, ching ta chira co gt lam bing, Uri... trayéo thuyét Nhuog da sao, gigi han trén cing pay, & ta, ching qua cing ehi nim trong pham vi thoi dai dé da méi, nhat ‘la lai thage gis doaa hau ky eda thoi dai nay, hic mA & nhiéu noi trén thé gigi di bw6e v20 giai dogn mat ky cha ché 46 cong x& nguyén thiy, Xa bon chit nita, 46 ciing 14 thoi ky tn tai cia vin boa NguGag-thiéu & leu vue sng Hodng- ha ma céc nha nghién citu Trung-quée cho 1a teng voi thivi Tam-hodng trong trayén thuyét. Nhw vay, o6 th ding abiing di tich kbdo 3 tim thy trén miga 41 bao gdm mot phn nhé ciia tink Quang-tay, Bic-b va bic Trung- bo dd tim higu xem: ¢6 that co mOt nwée Van- lang nbu truyén thuyét 43 néi khong. Nhitng di lich nay phdi o6 nién dai tir Hin ky thoi dai dé 4 moi, cho én glita thé ky thir 3 cong nguyén, Nhin qua lich sit nghién eiru khdo 3 ving a8 trén, ta thay: —Vao nbiing nim 20 cia thé kf nay, H. Mansuy, va sau 4614 M. Colonl, d& phat hign_va nghién ctu nhitog di tich ca vin hoa. Bic-son (thude so ky thei dai dd da mai) & ving mii da voi Bic-son (Lang-soo, Thai- nguyén). —Tir 1926 ~ 1913, M. Colani Igi phat bign va nghiéa ctu nhitng di tich thuge yin hoa Hoa-binh (thd Agi.dd da gidts va m6t bs phin thuge so ky thoi ai dd da mel) trén mot kbu yye bao gdm tinh Hoa-binh, Ninb-binh, Thanb-héa, Quing-binh... (5). Di tich vin boa aby moi day duge phat hign & Nghé-en. Ha- tinh (6), GQ) Bai Vigt sit epe, Thugng-bal, 1936 q. 1, te ta. (2) AY. Acexi-khdp-xkl — Co sé Khdo eB he, Mat-xco-va, 1955, trang 1 (bda Uéng Nga). (8) Toa soan tap chi Nghién cttw Neh sit— Nén aghien cite thoi dai Hdng bang. «Nghién eitu ljch sir», 1967, 86 97. (4) Tinh dén nay 1a ngét 5 nghin nim. (8) M. Colani — L’Age de la_pierre dans la province de Héa-bink. Hingi 1927. Xem thém: «Nhiing di tich odin héa Hoa-binh » trong tap «Nhikng hign vat lang tri tai Bao tang Lich sit Vigt-nam vé vin héa Hoa-binh». Ha-ndl. 1967, (6) Tai Ugu cia Vign Bao tang Lich sir Vigt-pom,—Ciing & Nghé-an, im 1963 da tim ra di chi cw tra va noi mg dja & can sd Quynh-vin, di tich ady thugc mét yan héa kbdo cd cb nién dai trong dwong voi vin héa Bée-son (1). —Trong mot_khu vire rng len, bao gdm toan thé linh thé mién Bac, Tay nguyén Trung- b$, mt phn Nam-bd, mién Dong Lao, Cim- pu-chi-a déu cé nbitng di lich thuge «vin héa bau ky thoi dai dd da mél’». CO the Ke thém mién at phia Nam tinh Qudng-dong, Quang-tay (Prung-qudc) cing c6 dau Lich vin hoa thoi dai nay. Vide phat bign va ngh ctru nhifng di tich ké trén di dwge tién hanh Ur cudi thé ky thir 19. MOt sé di tich Ke i idn tai trong thoi dai dd dng va sau nay nita, —O Bhe-bd, Bic Trung-bo, tir dau thé ky XX dén nay di tim th4y nhigu di tich khgo cd (huge thot dai dd dang thau, thoi Bie thude, thoi Ly Trin (2)... V8 mit thot gian, ching ta’ co thd khdng xét dén vin hoa Hoa-bink, vin hoa Bac-son, vin héa Quynh-vin va nbitag di tich thude thoi dai dd dBog thau co nién dai ngang voi thei Tin—HAn bén Trung-quéc, va til shién 1a cA nbitng di tich vin hoa cita nude ta & thdi Bfe thugc trd xuGng, Nh vay, lai liga khdo 0} d® nghién cin nieo-: Vain-lang tap trung trong mét s6 ditich nhl dink, thage thei dai hga ky thoi dé dd méi va mgt bb phan (nat la b6 phan som) cia thoi dai dé ding thau ma théi. Nhin léa ban 45 khdo cd Péng-duong trong glai doga hau ky thai dai a3 a4 moi va thoi dai dd ddng thau, ching ta nh§n thay mot Midu rat ndi bgt: cde di tich khdo cd tip trung ritday dic & mia dat thude mién Bac ngiy nay, cdng v8 paia Nam cing thwa din, sang dén link thd Cim-pu-ehi-a mét Jal thy cé nhigu hon mot chat. Co th8 nghi ring: toh hinh nity phan anh cong téc tim kiém thiim do khdo cd lam khéng dig d8u kbép; thie vay, chi sau Cich mang thing Tam, nhat la tir 1954 tra lai day, cing vige xdy dyng chit nghia xi hgi & min Bfe, vige kho sit khdo 3 moi dugechi y day di ma thdi: Nhong trén thye té,bon mot nita thé ky im toi ve khio cé Gi-cho thay bién turgng t{p trung di lich nhw thé la°m6t si that bi8n mbién, phio anb sit phin bé din et thdi viéa cd. Dén giai doan hju ky thoi dai d3 da méi (cach day’ Khodng 3-4 nghin nim) ngwoi ta di dén sinh ty trén moi dang dia binh, tir mign mil non hi’m tro du dng bing ven sdng, ven bitn, sang che hdi dio thude ving Déng bide ban dao Dong-duoay. Toin bd nohitng di tich cha cw dan thoi nay dirge gidi khdo cd goi chung Ja «van boa hiu ky thoi dai a3 a4 méin& Vigt-nam. Ban than thudt ngit aay ching td ring cd glai doan dé chia duge nghién cttu ky hog, ring treGe mat cling ta com nbiéu phailam vé mit tw ligu cfing nur lujn. Treo cach & cia cw dan hju ky thoi dai a3 da mdi, chting tac thé nin thiy cé ohikng nhom di tich nb&t din, phan dé trong nhi¢ng viing khae nhau nw sau: 1, Nhitag dichi cu tri & trong hang déng. Logi may rit nhigu, phin bd & nhitng mién c6 nui da voi thuge ving: Tay bic (Lai-chau, Son-la, Nghia-ld...), Dong bic (Lang-son, Cao- biog, Bac-thai), ‘Tay nam (Hoa-binh, Ninh- bint) cilia Bic-bd. O' Bic Trung-bd, chang p bé trong nhiing ving nui da vol, thong thude cachuyén miéo ntti cac tinh Thanh-héa, Nghé- an, Ha-tioh, Qudng-binh... Nhin chung, day la ving dng bao thi8u sé & mig Bac ngay nay. Ngoai hang dong cling thay nhiing hign vit 18 té phan bd rdiréc & vhitng thung Ing hoke dng bing hep ven song, 2. Nhieng di chi va mp tang é trén cde cdn 80, diép (Kjokkenm@ddinger) ving c6 nhitng cn cat ven biga tir Nghé-an dén Quang-binh, Quing-trj .. C6 th8 k8 nhitng di tich Bau-tr, Minb-ei'm, Thgch-lam, Thach-lac... lam vi da. 3, Nhitng di chi cw tri ngoai. trai & ving Trung da va déng bdng Béc-b§. Vi dy dl chi Phang-nguyén, An-dg0, Gd Chia, Dén-nbin vv... & Vinb-pha, 4, Nhitng di tich ngodi hdi déo thuge vinh Ha-long va Bai-té-long. Cur dan & day thwing & ven bién hoje trong abitng bang da. Nou viy 1a trong gial doan hau ky thoi dai 45 da moi, trén mot khu vye kha rong bao gdm mién Bac Vi¢t-nam va mitn phy cin ci tap trang réit nhidu di tich kh4o cd, Ching Agu 6 nhitng dge trung chung cho cde vin héa kh§o cd} Dong Nam A nhw: gdm in vin déu dan, riu e6 val tra caa.., Chung cing (1) TAL liga ca Vu Bao t8n Bio tang. Xem (hém PL, Bé-ri-xedp-xki— Qua kite nguyén thiy Vigl-nam, Mat-xco-va, 1965 (tiéng Nga), (2) Phin lén di vat thuge ede thoi dai ni déu duge tang tri tai Vida Bao tang Lich sir Vigt-nam,chung vol nhau mot sé dic ‘diém dja phuong, can ctr vao dé ngwéi ta cé thé phan biét voi nhitng ving din t6¢—via hoa khae (vi du nh ving ven bin Bong nam Trung-quée, ving Tit-xuyén — Van-nam, hoje Nam-kinh — DOng-dinh hd ching han). Nhitng die ditm 4y bigu hién & sy ving mit. nbitng loai cong cu khdng mai béng lam bing phign tuée, dao, ngo, dit va co rit iL— vol mdt sd ltgng khong dang ké — nbiing loai mili tén, lao, gido bing a4, Ciing vithé & nhiing di tich &khu vue nay it thy cé nhitng manh toe hoje abiing hach da, Trai lai, nhifng céng cu bing da danh bong tuyét ky nbw cac loai duc thing, duc vym. bn tir giae hole c6 vai, nhitng a trang site bing d4 mau xioh xdn nhw nhikng chiée «vong dias, vong tay, vong tai. Ky thuat ché tac da & Gay 8 dat toi tuyét dinh. Co nhitog hat chuéi nhé xiu bang @4 van, chi ngin hon dt ngon tay tit ma cé khoan 16, ctra doan, mai bong rittinh té, Gdm cling t6t, tuy cing la g6m cé in diu dan cd nhwng hoa vin ky ha trang tri da duge bai tri rat hai hoa, theo nbifng dd an riéng biét, dc dao, co th? tro thanh nhitng ché dya chic chan d8 cing vol nhitng tiéu chuan khac giip cho viée phan inh nhitng vin héa khéo cd trong ving. Dia & day 4 piét lam ndng nghiép va chin nudi gia sic, ngoai nhftag nghé san ban, dan ca va hai hrgm. ° Co thd ding khAi oigm «ving dan t6e— vain héa Déng béc Béng-daong” dé chi chung nhitng nhom di tich vira kB trén. Nhitng cong trinb nghién ctra sau nay sé nhim lam thém cAi chung va ckiriéng cia ving nay voi nhi¢ng ving vin héa kbac thude hau ky thoi dgi a} 44 moi & Hoa-nam va Dong Nam A. Trong ving nay, tir lu, ching t61 23 ru y tol gid tr nghién ctru v6 citing lon lao cita mot nhom di tich phan bé & Dong bing vi Trung du Bic- bo. Xudt phat tir quan vigm cho riing cin phai cé diy di tai ligu va thei gian d8 tim higu tinh chat, ndi dung nién dai, va cdc van dé 6 lién quan (61 nhom di tich 4, nén tir 1963 ching toi chi tam goi do la«nhom di tich thugc hau ky théi dai 3 dé moi kiéu Phang- nguyén — Vin-dida® (1). Tai ligu v8 nhom di lich nay s€ soi sing vin dé ngudn géc théi dai 43 ddngthau & Viét-nam, sé cung cdp nbitu ching co 48 tim hitu thoi dyng nwic. May nam nay, 48 phyuc va vige nghién citu thoi @ai Hing vwong, can bd khio cd cia Vién Sit hgc, Vign Bao tang lich sir Vigt-nam di phdi hgp vei cdc ban ding nghiép & Trung wong cflng ohu & dja phwong tién haoh thim do, tim kiém va khai quat mOt sé di Uich thuge 29 nhoém Phiing-nguyén (2). Qua céng tae chinh ly bude dau, ching toi thay tai leu & nhfrog di Uich nay rat quantrong, cd thé ding a& soi sing t6i mot chirng mire nao 6 mot sO van de. lich sit nwoe Viin-lang, nugec Au-lge 1a ohitng xi hji cd gial cp dau tién trong lich st nwée tie Cho toi nay, nh6m di tich kigu Phing-nguyén Ja ohitng di tich vin hoa cd nbat cia giai dogn han ky thdi dd da mot & ving dng bing va trung du Bac-bd. Theo Idi dodn djnh ang chirng cia Dao Tit Khai, dichi Phing-nguyéa (Lim-thao, Phii-tho), cé cach ching ta chirng 3.500 dén 4.000 nim. RO ring 14 tac gid cin pai chitag minh (hém nita méi ditin, nbuog tronglinh trang nghién citu hign nay, gia thuyét v8 nién dai may co thé coi la: trong adi bgp ly @). Dja ban phan bé cia nhom di tich kita Phing-nguyén di duge so b6 xdc inh. BO 1a mién Phi-tho, Vinh-phiic, Ha-tay, va nbw két qua thim do méi day cho biét con 6 thé rong hoo m6t chit, Mién d%t nay hoa toan trang hep véi khu vye phan bd nbiing dinh migu cd (be eting nhitog hin thin a thin thoi Hing virong. Ciing trong ving nhan dan con git lai duye nhieng trayén phirong vé cac vua Hing va obirog thei d6, thin tich thin pha... Vé phiong dién ngit ngdn hoc, day ciing la dja ban phan bé ohitng thd ngit, dja danh cia tiéng Viét cd, Boi voi 48 tai cia chiing ta, viée tin kip gitta khu vie phan bd nhom di tich nay (kigu Phang-nguyén) voi cwong vic «b6» Van-lang theo truyén thuyét 1A mot bing chieng chic chin d8 ching minh ring: — Chinh nhitng di tich kita Phing-nguyén 14 nhiing vét Lich viin hoa vat chat cba “bd » Viin-lang, dia ban géc cla che vua Hing. Co thé ding khéi tai ligu & cdc di tich nay d® nghién cita lich sit nuée Vin-lang noi chung. Cuong vye cla «bO” Viin-lang 18 mét diéa c6 tht. Sy tdn tai cha «bd» Vin-lang (1) Nguy&n Linh — Dichi Go Mun va vin dé thoi dai dd dong & Vi¢t-nam. NCLS. 1963, s6 53 va phin «Thay Idi két Juan», trong cudn « Nhitng v@t tich dau tién cia thoi di dé ding thau 6 Vigl-nam ». Ha-ngi. 1963. (2) Bao cdo cia Bao tang Lich sit, & hOi nghi khéo cd, thang 10 nim 1967. (3) P.L BO-ri-xt6p-xki, sich di din,1a mOt sy that a& drge tal ligu khdo od chitng minh (1). Bem so sinh cfc nhém di tich trong vitng vin hoa kB teén voi nhau, ching ta khong th® Khong ohan thdy ring : nhém di tich & ddng bing vA trung du B&c-b9 (kigu Phing-nguyén) c6 triah 4 phat trite kinh (6, vin héa cao hoo bét. Sy phat trign 46 bigu hign trén bidu mit: tir st hola thign cia kf thuat ché tac da lam edng cy lao ddng dén cach nung gdm troag lo va ding ban xoay, tir o8a kinh té phitc hyp bao gdm ndng nghiép (la chi yu), chan nudi gia stic, chal lir6l sin bin @én nhitag tée phim nghé thuat ma pho twang ngidl bing da & di chi Van-didn (2) 1a mOt ching cO. Ngodi nbitog nguyén aban v8 con ngwél, vé xd hdi c6 thé cd, chting ta cling thay ring chinh boan canh thiéo nbién phong phit, dt dal mau mé cia ving chiu thd Bac-bO va kf thugt canh- lag d& lam cho ew dan & @Ay c6 Tidu kign song Ainh cu Iu dai & ngohi tri (lire IA khong & trong hang dng), Tinh binh nay Anh biréag rat nbiéu dén da phat trigo van hoa vat chat va lich thin ella hg. Bika hién tap trung nha, ruc ro nba cha su phat tritn site san audit cia b§ Van-lang ehinh Ia sit chuytn bién tix thei doi dd da qua thoi dgi dé ding. Sy kién nay- dann dau mot due ngoft vi dai, co tinh chit lich st, co doh hong rit lon, rit sfu sie dén toan bd dvi séng cha dan cw & ving Dong bic Dong-duong not chung va & «bd» Van- lang ndi riéng. Qua triab chuy@n tir thoi dai a3 da qua thot dal 43 ddng 4a the hién 15 nét trong nhitng di tich vat chit cia “bd” Vao-lung. O mOts$ di tich niy, chwa thay xuat hign dng, obueng nhitag dau tich cia ky thwat tu hoa ofing da thy c6 xi ddng, khudn dic d3ng...). Cong cy bing ding du dan xuat hién trong mot s6 di lich khac (Tir-som, Yén-tang, Go Ddng-d4u...). Toi mot glial doan oh¥t Ajnh, lai xuat hign nbiing di tich c6 chira bd di vat cia thai dai a3 ddng thau & vao giai dogn phat trign nhir,nhitng ngol md Vidt-khé ching haa. Di chi Go Mun la mt trong nhitog di lich quao trong gitip ching ta phat hign wi quan h@ hia co gira thoi dai 3 dang & Viét-nam voi nhitng di tich thoi dal a3 dé moi hau ky tribe ao TAL ligu khdo cd & c&cdi chi Go Ddng-dau, Yén-tang (Vinh-phiic), Tir-son (Hi-bac), Go Bong (Phi-tho), Hoang-ngé (Ha-tay)’ 43 chitng 16 gid thuyét cia ching toi #é sy t3n lai mot nddng d& dug phat hign (& di chi Liing- . 30 bow glai dogn som cha thot dai ad ddng than Viét- nam 1a pha hgp voisi that khaeb quan (3) Nhiing ngéi md cd & Viét-khé (thé kj IV—V) trage cOng nguyéa voi nhitng hign vat bing dng thau thuge gial doan sau cia thdi ky cue thinh cha vin héa a3 déng Ddng-soo 1a cal thuéc do trinh d¢ nn vin hoa vat chat va sy phat tri&m xi hgi cud! thoi Hing wrong trong ditu rign tr ligu biga nay. Trén Ady la so luge may nét chi yéu ve qua trinh phat tri8n n&n vin héa vat chat cia ce din née Van-lang. Qua a6, chiingta thay duge béi cdnh cia su hyng kbdi cia « bo” Van-lang ma ce Linh nam chich gadi (truyén HOng bing) lin Bai Vist Si luge 4% ghi lai auge. Vide Hing vireng phyc duge cae bd lac, lg xung virong déng 40 & Vén-lang 1a két qua cla mot qua trint phat trién xf bol—kinh té lau -dal, quyét khéng phai 1a mot viée ngiu ohién, cing khéng phdi la do ¥ mudén< cha Hing vuong m& thaah, Dé 1A sy beng kh! cha mot cng ddng ngwdl sinh tutrén midn dit mau mé luo vite song Hing, ho c6 mot néo sin ‘xudt néng nghiép lam chinh, 4% nam duge ky thudt luygn ddng d2 ché tao cong cy sin xuat, Bia ban ho & lai thugn tign cho vige tigp xite véi nhizng nbn vin minh cd dai rue r& & phirong Déng. Tac gia Dei Vist Sit luge chép cuge hung khéi cia €bO? Vin-lang vio thé ky thir 7 true cong nguyén, Iie ©bg* nay di & va0 thoi agi dd ddng thau. V8 mat khdo cd hoc ma xdi, chung ta chwa bidt gi nbiBu vé Anh budng cita « b6® Cu nee ») Vin-lang cla Hang vireng 461 voi cite nhom toe xung quanh, Nhung co mot hién tugng quan trong cin dirge di siu ngbién citu : dy (1) Ching t0i a3 ¢6 dip trinh bay val ¥ kién so bO v8 cirong ve née Vin-laag trong bao cho & ht nghj khao cd hoe (10-67). Bho cho nay viét cing ddng chi Hoang Hung, 6 si tham gla cla ddng chi Vin Tin & phin me du (Nghién ciru lich siz 1968, 86 108). (2) Pham Van Kink — Ha Tu Nb3. Béo cao vige phat hién tong ngudi bing da & di chi Véin-di@n, “NCLS », 1967, s6 96. (3) Nguyén Linh —Di chi Gd Mun... « NCLS ». 1963 sé 53.” Nhitng vét tich dau tién ctia thoi dai ad dong thaa., Ha-ndi, 1964, phan “Thay léi két luam »,1a vide endt hiéndan dlin nhitng di tich thet dgi,dé dag than trong c& ving dan t6c—van héa hdu ky thei dai dd dé méi & Dong Bic Déng-dwong néi trén. Cin cir vio bin d3 khdo cd ghi nbirng ja digm thdi Dong thau , Vigt-nam ching ta thay bau hét & cic tinh min Bic bién nay déu phat hién dirge di vat hoje di chi cha van hoa Béng-son (thuge thi agi 3 déng than). Ching tap trong day @ije nhat 8 trung du ya ddng bing Bic-bo va sau 46 Ia dng biing tiah Thanh-hda, O cac tinh khac déu co nhung ithon. Mot si di vat 1é té ohir dao gim, rlu dng lrGi cfn ximg cing phat hién duye & Khu ty tr} ngudi Choung thage tinh Quing-tay (Trung-quéc). Ngoal ra, chting ta con nbéin thay mét digu kha rd: Vang ding bang va trung du cia Bac- bd cling lai la noi tim thiy nhitng di tick thage giai doan sém ciia thoi dai dé déng than é nzde (a. MOL v3 nim triréc Gay loat di tick nay chia duge biét aén Dau vél cia ching chwa thy 6 & nhitng ving phy cin ob: Tay-biic, Dong-bic (BAc-bd) ngiy nay va ke c& Sng bing Thanh-héa hoie ubitag tink phia Bac Trung-bd. Ching téi cho ring voi trinh a4 phat tritn kinh té —x& hi kh4 cao cha minh trong giai dogn hju ky thei dai 4 34 mai, dan ew & bd -lang 44 som tén sang thoi dai db ding thau, som hon bat ky mét nhém toc ndo khac & xung quanh, Viée chuyén sang thoi dai a3 ddng than 1a mot bic tién vot ve chat, nd lam co s& cho nhifng thay ddi co ban, shu ste trong co cduxd hOi & day. Viée sit dung dng thau lam cOng cy sin xuat G& lam fing sr chénk léch vén cd sia gitta« b6» Vun-lang va cdc «bg» xung quanh, Tir Gla vie efia bd Vin-lang, kf thuat leyén dng dan din dwge trayén qua cdc nhom toc lin can con dang & vio thoi dai a3 di méi hu ky. Theat dau & nhimng mign xung quaoh théy xudt hién nhftng bién vat bing adng than WW lot trong dam a3 d4 nbu & di chi Bin Mon (Son-la) ching haa; Sau a6 bat du thiy 6 dau tich viée luyén ding (nhu khuén dic dao , rlu & Di’m-he —Lang-son), cafi cing la cdc di chi cw tri thuge thol dai a3 ddng thau xudt hién (& ving Nghia-ld, Bic Dén mot gial oan nado a, c& ving vin hoa hduky théi d3 G4 moi tS thinh phom vi phin bé cha cfc ditich thude thei ding thau. Sau may, chic chfin cbiing ta sé binh dung dvge My di hon, chinh x4¢ hon v8 c& qua trinh vA nbitng giai Goan riéng bigt eda thoi ky qué 40 tir @4 sang Gong & ving vin hoa hau ky thdi dai dd di moi Dong-bie Déng- dirong. Hién nay cing thdy dige ring: qua trinb nay khOag th8 tach roi voi nhiing anh wéng vin hoa cita bo Van-lang dé1 voi cac nhom tc laa cin. Anh huéng nag khéng th mgt som mgt chiéu md ed ngay dige, nd dé duge chudndj tir truée, ngay trong giai dogn da ky thoi dai dé da méi. Qua tdi ligu khdo cd, ching ta da thay duge co s6 vd chit tao di’ kign cho sy hung khéi cita bg Véin-lang, lam cho b6 nay 6 kha néing phat huy wa thé cia minh trong moi quan hé véi cae nhém t§e khdc trén cdc link vee ki thagt, vin héa... Nhw vay, vige Hing wrong day 1én tir Vin-lang, suy phye cdc bd lac xung quanh, khién bo phy thude minh, rdi goi tedn b6 dit dai duéi quyén lee chink tri cha minh © la nwéc Van-lang (voi 86 15 bé truyén thuyét) nhw ta thay trong truyén Hdng bang la mt sy kign leh sir c6 that. Til ‘Tir nbitng digu 43 trinh bay & c& hai phin trén, cd thé rit ra nbing két lun chink sau day: 1, Truyén tbuyét Hong bang gdm ohidu bd phan 6 gid tri sit ligu khac nhau: a) Phin thir mbit gdm nhitag sir viée chon Iya trong cfc sich vo Trung-quée a ehting minh “thiy td nuée ta I dong dot Than nong”, Nhimg str vige may khong may may phan anh thye t8 lich sir cia dan tc ta, nbdt thiét khong thd ding lam sé ligu durgc, 31 b) Phin thi hai moi thye 1a rruyén thuyét dung vec cita dan toe Ia, a8 duge xy dung Ur lia adi. Vide ngbién eiru ohiing sy kia néu & phan nay a3 lam di bat lén cai chung cia td tién ta vel cic dan Ide Dong Nam A (true bét vol ddug bao Mudng va cde dan téc it ngrdi khac & diy niti Truéng- son). M3t kh4c, khfing @jnh phin lon nhiing sy kin 46 1a nhimg dita c6 that, tia dug, c6 th8 ding lam sir leu, Sach vo ding a8 chinh ly truydn thuyétnay viét vao ad1 Duong —Téng, cho nén cd thé ‘tin ring ngwoi chink, ly séng vao khoing thoi Ly Tria. Tw twéng chi dao clia tac gid khi chinh 1y 1a mudn chitng mink ngadu gde lich sir cia din tée ta efing lau di nbw cia Trung-quéc, tir Iu nude La di 6 bY cbi riéng big. HO ciing la tw trong chi dao cla nhitng ngwdi san nhuao va sit dung truyén thuyét nay & thoi Lé so. 2. Vie nghién citu truy8n thuyét Hing bing chiing minh ‘ring néu ching ta hoan thign phuong phap nghién citu thi cd thé sit dung duge kho tang vin hoc dan gian, biéa n6 thinh kho sir liga vo tin cba sit hoc. Lam theo Iti din cia H3 Téng Théc («néu cho 1a thye thi bil dau ma bist? Néu cho 1a khéng c6 thi do dau ma xét ra?»). Ching ta sé khéng mic phai khuyét ditm « ding truyén thuyét mOt cach ngiy tho» hodc ngwge lai, “gat phiing nd mot cach xd bd, coi nbw nhiog tai Héu khOng gia tri» (1), Cudi cing, viée nghién cttu truyén thuyét Hong bang ciiug nhc chiing ta cin chii y ding mite hon nita déo mdi lién hé giita tO Lién ta vol cic din téc Dong Nam A. Dé cling chiah la cai chia khéa gidp ta tim bigu nhirng vin dé v8 co s& kinh té ya céu tric xi hOi cia nhitng xi hoi dau tién c6 gial cXp trén link thd awéc ta. 1957 (1) Tran Huy Ligu — Mgt sé van dB dé ra trong vige bién soan quyén lich siz Viel-nam. Tap chi “Nghién ctu lich sie», 1966, sb 92, trang 1-5, 32