Gop phiin tim hiéu vin d? ngudn géc nguoi Vist VE MOI QUAN HE co sO TAI peu RONG sé nhitng din ‘lée it agai & nee ta, ngwéi Murérng voi dan 36 chung 42 van 1a mgt dan te ddng ¥30 hang thir hai sau ngiral Tay, Bing bio Mtrong, kB bén ngwrai Vigt, sng kha 1p trung. tal mién therong du vi trung du Bie bg Viét-nsm thude cic tinh Nyhia-I6, Yén-bil, Phi-tho, Son-tay, Hoa- binh, Ninh-Uinh v.v... va_hai tink Thanh-hda, Nghé-an. Gidi han eye Bac cia vilng Murong la mét sé huyénthuge tinh Nghia-I6 (Phi-yén, Vin-chin), gldi han ete nam c6 the toi tn mt, sé dja phutong phia Bic tinh Quing-binh, Virgt khdi dja gioi muroe ta, khOng thdy noi nao 6, ngiéi Miréng cir tri nia. DA tir lau, khi nghién citu v8 ngwéi Madng, nhiéu tac gla d& néu lén vin dé vé mdi quan Né ngudn gde gitka ngwai Vidt voi ngwoi Mong, vi néi chung déu cho ring Vigt va Mugng Ih dng toe: dan ide Murerng ngiy may di te din Igo Viel tich ra. DE dau chitng-cho nhan,djnh nay, cae nha nghién ctu di dya vio nhiéu ngudn tai khée nhau, truoc hét 1a cée tai Neu ngén ngir hoc, rdi_ dén cde, tai liga din Oe hge, khao cd hoc v.v... (Maspéro, 1912, Przylaski, 1924; Goloubew, 1937; Hauricourt; 1953; NguyEn ThE Phong, 1958; Vong Hoang Tuyén, 1963). Nhiing tal liu thuge cae Hin vye khoa hoc trén day @éu cé y nghia quan trong trong vige tin hiéu vin 48 quan hé Viel — Mirong v8 m§t ngudh gée dan te.” Song ad 1— pic pia ning THAr Tailigu vé-hinh thai Mugag trurée day; elitra dirge.nghi phan ching nguéi ertu nhidu. VIET_MUONG TREN NHAN CHUNG HOC NGUYEN PINIT KHOA quyét viin dé nay, dije BIg La vE mot quan hé ngudn gécy ching toc lie quan hé huyét thdng gitta Vigt va Mirong tht digu khong thé thigu duge la nhimg din ching vé mit uhan hoe. Cho dén nay tai liéu nghién erru ve phiro ng dign nhan hoe @6i voi cde dan tc Viél-nam con rit nghéo ndn. Riéng ddI voi ngwoi Meng Tal cang thin sét. PB gidl quyét vin d 06 hay khong méi quan hé ngudn géc gitta Vigt va ngirdi Mirdng,vé mit hinh théf nhan ching, xée dinh thinh phin ching toe ciia ho, roi tin hanh mOt sy so sinh vA phn tich than trong d@ rit ra nhitng Rét Iugn c&n thiét. VE ngudi Vist, ching 101 43 tine hién vide nghién ctu mot sé nhém thuge may dia phiro ng trén mign Bae miroe ta (1968), V2 ngiroi Murding ehiing tal cling 48 céng bé mol 6 Lai ligu trong mot Nisan ciia Hot hinh that hoc do Tong hot y hoe Viet-ram xuit bin (1968), ‘Thoi gian via qua ching tot Higp tye Um bidu we nguwol Miréng vd trong, sédua ra toin bo tai lidu. vé ngwéi Mung més ching toi thu thap. dire. ‘Trén co sé so sinh vi phfn tich nhieng Las ign trém day, ching Ui hy vong gop mot phin vio vige itm hitu wa gial quyét vin dé quan he v8 mal chiing toe glia ngurdi ngwoi Mirong, dng thoi: cung cdp th Tigu cho vide xéc niinh mai quan hé gli vé mit cong ding dan te. NUAN CHENG NGUOT MUONG Cadn sich day trén 600 trang cita mot tie gid ngtroi Phap — Ca-di-ni-é, viét v8 nguéi Muong aLes Mirongs) xuét bin & Pa-ri nim 1948 cfing chi nghién ciu ngwoi Murong chi yéu ve mat dan tQe hoc. MOt sé dic ditm hinh thal nguéi Miréng durge néu én trong chirong MI cia cudn sich thi qui so sit khién Khong gitp gi nhigu cho vide nghién ciru. Vi nhir v8 nam loi ngwoi Mirong thi tit cd nbn xét turong 41 cy thé cia tae gla la doan sau day:«Nguol nam glol Miréng cao trung Dinh 1,58m (min-max: 1,44'— 17,74m), e6 toe den, 10ng may ering, long trén than it phat trith ; so vél nik gil thi s6 nguat cd toe udn thong gip nhigu hon, vol tt 1é 16% trin thi thing hay Idi,c6 khi vit; m6i trén do song khong bidu hign rd nhw & nit gli. Pa 36 06 da sing mau (56,5%), ngwroi cd da ngim ft hon (29%), nhieng ngtroi rit sing da (9,5%) hode rat den (4%) chi 1a 86 it” (I. Culsinier, 1948). Vé thanh phin ching tc cia _ngwoi Murong, tac gid nhan xét 1 «...nguol Muong khong ding nit, bi’u hign c6 sy hén ching Yol cic din tc khic», vA din chitng cho nban xét trén bang cich phat bigu rdt dal khat, nhw:e... chi quan sit trén nam giét thi 6 th n6i khOng ¢6 mot loal hinh Meng, hoge 1d cé r&t_nhiGu cing durge. Néu ngiu nhién dem tap hgp 8 hoke 10 nguol & cing mOt ling thi thay ngwél nay 06 de aim cite ngwaot Viel, ngiri kia cia nguoi Lao hay ngirol Kh, gl cO nga tong ty nguol Trung-quéc hay Kho-me®. Tiép a6 lei co nbitng ¥ rét mau thudin voi 101 phat bigu trén, nhir: Ngirot Muréng it quan hé vol che dan t0c khac...* (Sach @i din, trang 41). Tuy nbién, tat Tiga cia Cu-di-ni-@ la tat ligu day nhat cung cép nhitng dic aiém binh thal ngwoi Muong bang sO liéu eg thd. Nhung rd rang 14 nhifog tal Méu may vi qua so sal nén nhiéu 1m cing chi cho phép binh dung dire vai nét dai th8 v8 ngwd! Mudng, chit khong cho phép xc dinh duge thanh phan nhan ching cia ngwoi Muong, vi tri phan Ioyi cita ho, do dé khong giip gi cho vige gial quyét vin d& quan hé Viét—Muong. Cho nén khi d& cap dén vin a8 nay cie nha nghién ciku du ding Iai & nhan dinh cho ring ngwzol Vigt va Muéng co cing mot ngudn géc chiing tc vi du thude ngwroi In- 46-né-dién (Virong Hoang Tuyén, 1960), hay theo danh tir cia Mac-nep vi Bo-da-xi-é tht du 14 ngwéi in-do-né-dién — Mong-cd (Marneffe ct Bezacier, 1940). T&t nhién két Juan 46 khéng théa man durge yéu clu dit ra vi nhw vay thi khong cit gl ngwol Viél, nguéi Mirong ma ci nguéi Thal, ngwai Tay, nguoi L.0-10 cho dén ngirdt Van-kiéu, nguot Khia, ngiroi Ba-na, Xé-@ing v.v... déu co thd cling mOt_ngudn g6c vi theo che nha nghién cir treoc day th! ho au 1a ngual In-0-né-dién | B8 Uén hanh ngbién eu nhan ching hoe ngwéi Mong, chiing ti @i thu thp tal ligu Igi nbi8u xf thuge cée huygn mi8n nit tinh Hda-binh va Phi-tho (theo tén gol ci). & huyén Tan-Igc thi Uién hanh tal ving Thech: bi tite Muréng-bi trén hai xi k6 c€n nhau: xi Phong-phii va Bich-giao. O& huyén Lac-thity thi tign hanb tai vong Chi-né cing trén hai xi ké en nhau—Phi-lio va C6-nghia. Cac huyén Tan-lge va Lac-thiy d8u thuge nh Hda-bink. & Phi-tho thi tién hanh nghién ctru tal xd V6-miéu thuge huyén Thanh-son. Nhu vay 12 c6 6 nhém (3 nam, 3 ni) vol tng sO wong I 696 ngioi (342, 354 ni) phan phOi nhur sau: Nh6m Tan-Igc: 160 nam, 125 nik; ting cong 185 ngwol. Nhom Lgc-thity :93 nam, 125 nit; tng cong 218 ngurdi. Nhém Thanb-son:89 nam, cng 193 ngwat 108 ni; tng Gidi han tud! cae d6i trong nghién cu — tir 18 tr lén. Thanh phan lira tudt cde nhém duge gbi trong bing IIT (phan phe lye). Tudt trung binb cia cée nhém nay (ed nam In nit) vio kho&ng 39 ~ 40. Kal ngbién crru v8 ngwrot Murong chiing tot 4H chon nhitng ving ma ddng bao & that tap trung. Trong s6 nay c6 ving Thach-bi (Murong- bi) tinh Héa-binb la nol ma nbiZu nba nghién citu v8 ngirdi Murong vin cho 6 1a m9t ving «Murong géc», tire 1a ving ma ngwot Murdng cw tra rét Iu dot. Hign nay thi Gdng bao Mong & nbigu dja phwong khac nhir Phi tho, Thanh-héa, Nghé-an.., eding win col tinh HAa-binh 1a gée gac td tidn ciia ho. Két qua sO ligu v8 dgc dit hinb thai ngwot Muéng trinh bay & cudi bai viét, trong phin phy Ive (Bang I, II, III). Phan tich cdc s6 ligu 46 ching toi rit ra nhitng két lugn ehinh sau day: 1.Nhin chang ching ta th’y co sy phan hoa glita cae nhOm Mirong (nam va nit) v8 mit Dinh thai. Hai nhom Lgc-thy va Thanh-sen, —V8 ic ditm métric, déu co kich thirdc giim so véi nhom TAo-lgc: ngirdi thip hia, kich (hire giim so voi nhdm Tan-lac: ngirei thip hon, kich thee Au mgt abd hon thé hign tren abiéu die ditm ome bs rong hd nbat tran, be rong gi ma, be rong ham iid, bE cao mat vv... Sy khée biel nay & eae ahom nit efiag theo cling mgt htrong nhir ete mhom nam, tri mot wii trirding hop rit cd biét, Tuy nbién ciing €6 nhiu die aitm it pao hoa nh: b8 ngang du, b8 rong mit, de dito métric ving migng, miu toc vi hinh toc, mite 46 phat trign lng trén than, binh dign phing mit v. Riéng mhom Murony TAn-lae thi eo mot s6 @Gec trung nh sau: Nhisu die dim imétric co kich thirée virgt lén ete nhom kia (ehi8n cao than, bé rong nhd nha tran, be rong gd mi, bE rong him divi. kich thyGe 8 dal mgt, bE day haf md, nhibu dje dikin mo ti cd 1F 16 cao (khe mat xién, ngp mi goe_ nép mi trén phat trio, tran thing, mal phdng ngang, gi ma dO nhiéu). Neo°i ra cding ¢6 mot sd it duc Aim ma sx bién dj khang theo mdt chigu hurong 16 rét lim gitta cde nhom Mirong ndi chung hoite Ita cée nhom nam va nik, Vi nh & nhom Lac-thay thi kieh three bE doe diu & nam giam nhiéu nhit so vt cdc nhom khdc, nhtng & nif thi Iai khOng c6 sir phan hoa ro ret, hove & nhém Thanh-son thi sé nam co khe mt hep chiém tf 1¢ cao nbat (chudn sé trung binh 153) nhtng & nit thl con 86 nay lal th4p nha: (chuin 85 trang binh 1.75). 2, Tuy c6 thay nhitng sir khac bigt trong che nhém Mirdng dure nghtéo ciiu, song tang hop lal van néu lén dirge nhitng nét chung sau day Da sang mau hoc ngtim trung binh, da sb eng vai chun 38 15— 18 theo méu chun Lus- han; tée den, thang; tim ude thtip, chitu cao than trurg. bink khoding 156 — 157 em (wéi nam gidi); kich thie dau va mit trang bink huiic xdp xi trang bink; 08 chi 36 dau thi thoge logi dain dai trung binh, thién vB logi dau ngdn, v8 chi 56 m@t thi thage logi mit ngdn hope qué ngdn ; dic ditm mongéléit 3 ving mat phat tritn (29 — 40% khe mal xién; 45 — 60% nép mi gée); Se miti be va det, séng mili da sb thang & nam g°6i, & n& gidi thi da s6 lm, cénk mit rgng trung bink ; n6i day. m6i trén dé. Nhitng nét die tring trén day giip cho ta saz djuh duge vj ti phan Toat cla ngtri Mirong. Bem so sinh nhitng dije trieny nay vot nhom logl binh in-dd-né-dién c6 «da nghm den, chun sé khoing 15 — 25 theo mau chuan. Lushan ; téc thing howe uén song, tuy ty 1g udn song khOng qua cao; tf 1é np mi gde khoang 20— 40% ; cinh mil rong v.v... »(Nguyén Blah Khoa, 1963) thi r6 ring ¢6 sy khac biét glia ngtrol Miréng voi Logi hinh in-dd-né-dién th hign trén mau da, hinh toc, sy phat tidn nh’ing dje dim mon-4d-16 it & ving mit, die didm ving nil v.¥... C6 nghia I ngtrot Maéng ¢6 da sing au hon, hinh toc thing abiéu hon, LF lg nép mf géc cao hon, cénh mii hep hon (nhat 1a &-nain gigi), DO chink 1A nbitng dic dikm eta nhdm logi hinh Num — A thude tibu ching Mon-g0-l0-it phirong nam trong hg phan logi cia Tré-bdc-xa-rop (Teheboksarov, 1951) Dya vao'nhitng két luja rit ra qua viée nghién cfu dge ditm hinh thal nhan ching ngirol Mirdng dem so sinh vol ngiot Viet chting la sé di vio Um hidu vin G2 dyt ra ve méi quan hg Vigt— Mirong. N—MO6! QUAN HE vitr — MUONG Trong phin nay ching ta hy xst mdi quan hé Vigt— Mudng chi ve mit ching te. Ngh 14 tim higa sy khae bidt vs sy trong dong gla Viet va Muong trén nhitng die trirng hiah thai hoc. V8 ngwoi Vit xin xem bal viét trong lap chi Ngt-én ctu lich sit sd 11% (thang 8-1968), Chung ta th4y co thé tiga banh durge st so sinh cic nhém Vigt va Mudng voi nhan vi Vigt cling nhtr Murdng tach riéng, tay phan hoa, song vin cd nbitng dae tring kha ding hat. V8 nhitng de didm métrie th) cae kich thuée & Mung thuréng glam so voi Viét. CO thé din ra hang loat thi dy. Vi nbw chigu cao than cia cic nhém Muéng thuong thdp hon so voi cic nhom Vigt. Tih trung binh cdc ahém thi Vigt'eao hon Muéng ching trén Tom. Kich thzde dau edng giam & Muéng. nhimng tf 1g glim glita kich thwec b& doc va b& ngang dan khSng ddng éu lam cho ent sé Gin & cic nhom Merong thigh v8 phia oeiu da) trong binb, trong kbi jc trung cha ngwal Vigt 1a nhing ngwrol diu_ngéin. 0 Muong kich thude mit efing giim ef v8 hat chifu ngang doe. Trong uhitng kich three b& ngang chi cd b& rong him dirdi ngiré Muong 1.e6. khuynh hwéng virgt_ngroi Viet ve do lon, Pity nzy duge phan anh ro rét trén cdc chi.sd him duéi~ tran: @6i vol cic ohém Mirong,,nam, ehi sé nay virgt qua 100, Cae Kich thirse b& doc & Muéng cfing giim. Vi vay, Uieo chi sé mit tht cic nhom Murmg thuge loal cO mit qué ngiin hoje & gigi han Jog mit _ngén va qua ngéin. Cac nhém nam ngwai Viet thi thuge loal cd mit ngfa. Su. giim kich thiée doc vi ngang mi, nhung Unh’theo chi's6 tht canh mii cée nhom Mirong Ip! tuong dd! rong hon so voi Viét do sir giim Hich thuéc b8 doc mi Ai virot so vol DE ngaig. Nhin chung thi v8 ajc aim mé-tric gi Muréng chi ed hal kich thée 1én hon 1 Vist kha 75: 46 1a bB rong ham dirdt vA DE cao dt trén di8m mo Hi eding cb sy khie biét: V8 mdu da thi Mong cé da ngkm hon, vé mau mal tht Mirong sde mat thim hon, cung may ngirét Miréng a6 hon so voi Viet St-ihiu, tf 1¢ ngwradd ed tran dO 1 & Mueng efing é20 hon, Nhirng efing c6 h2ng loat dic ditin' ma sir phin héa khong rd rét nhw: mau vA tinh tée, sip phat tritn long trén thin, btah‘dién phing mit va a9 6 > ms, mite phit trigu nép mf g6c, 49 cao va binh dién 5c mal, 49 dd moi trén, a) vit chm viv... Bay glo so sinh céc nhom Viel vi Muéng Adch'riéng glita mot sd nhém thi ching ta thdy ngirdi Muréng Lac-thily c6 mOt s6 kich thiee mé-tric glim dl so voi cée nhém Mirémg khdc (cbi8u cao than, DE doe @iu, bs dat mit, bs rong migng): v8 hiréng phan héa nay thi ho gin vol ngirot Vigt Nam-dan 18 ahém 6 nhitu kich thude gidm. Riéng b& rong ham dwéi thi ngwot Muong 06 kich thiée Ion hon so vol Viét n6l chung, va vé de ditm nay ho efing gin v6l niém Viét Nam-dan 1@ nhom Wet 6 kich thuée ham dwt ln hon cd. “Nhung sy tuong ding giita Vigt vi Murong th? hién din hinh nhat trong hal nhém Viét ‘Thanh-trl va Muéng Tan-lge (nam va nit) tren hing loat dic ditm mé-trie va die a8m md th, Bing so saph duéi day chirng minh itu nay: (Xem bang so sink trang 51) 2 trén cho thdy:xét 19 dic ditm mé- tric'¥a cht, s6 thi sr khic bigt gia hal nhom ‘Vigt Thanb-trl va Muong Tan-lgc nét chung khéng dang ké @di voi nhém nam ciing nhw nhém nit. Ki8m nghigm bling cng thire chutin aac m +m aay chi 6 4 die ditm, & nhém ni chi 6 6 dhe aim ma sy khée bIgt xem ed thye. Nghia la 3/4 trong sé die dim Ia tong ing, 1/4 li khac bigt. O nhdm nam thi sy khac bigt la & kich thiroe vi hink dang @iu:nhém Vigt cd kich thide ddu so lon va tron hon (chi so iu 81.3) so voi nhom Murdng (chi $6 diiu 80.4) O nhém né& thi sir khée bigt tap trang vio cae kich thirée b8 doe mijt va mii, din toi sy khae bigt vé cde chi sé turong ing. Nhém dai hon so voi. Muong. Mot nét die tha cia Murong 1A cb duet twong 6 rong hon so vol Viét. khae biét d= 3 thi & nhém nam POi voi cho die aBm mo tA tinh theo Ié phin trim s6 d6i twrong nghién ciru ma dhe trang cia ching Is bién di khd nite gilla ede nhém khze nhau ngay trong cing mot din te thi sir khae bidt giita Vide Mirdng theo mgt si dije itm ghi trong bing 6 Uh8 coi 1a khong nhigu (higu sé khac bigt khong qua 9%). Nine vay xét_ mot eich tng hop nhimg tat héu din ra trong bang co the di 161 két luin sau day :nhém Vigt Thanh-tri va Murong Taz lge, tuy & céch xa nhau trén 100km nbitng rat tirong ding v8 phicong dign dic ditm hink thai. Nu Igi so sin sy khac bigt gita ngurdt Vigt Thanh-tri va Mong TAn-lge wot mie 6) Khie biét trong pham vi glia cic hom Vigt vot nhau (hoje gia eke nhom Muong vor nhau) thi thiy sir khae bigt glia ede nhdm Vigt (hoje Mirgng) tach riéng con Ion hon Cho nén sy khac biét gitta Viét Thanb-tri vi Murong Tan-lge néu 6 thi cha yéu chi c6 link chat khu oye. PO khdng 1a sit khae bigt 66 § nghita ngudn gic. Tom lal trén co $8 sy trong ddng rit cao tlifa cée nhom Vigt Thanh-tri va Mirdng Tan- lac va xét dén mite a9 bin d] cha cic dic m hinh thai gita tat c& cde, nhom Vict va Murdng 4% diroe phan tich va nghtén ciru, kt luan chung nhat rit ra 14:08 mit ngudn gic ching t6c, Vigt va Mudng Ia mot va-cé Ind g6p chung vio mét niém — nhori Vist ~ Mudng. Dem so sinh nbieng nét die treng chung cho ef nhém-Murdng ii-trish bay’ & pbin I cia bal viét nay vot il nét ‘dfe tring chung cho cae nhéin Viét “(Nybién erru lich sir s6 113) thi thay v8 co ban La rét tirong dng. —50—SO SANH NHUNG pic'piitm HINA THAT CHO YEU Gita VIET THANH- TRI VA, MUQNG TAN -LAC Nam | Nit Pe’ didm 7 : ; Nee Muéng | a '3Vet tag] vigt Mong | d [3Vnttnd] : alas $6 rong 200 160 | 158, 125 Chidu cao thin | 1587-03 | 158.3-F0.4 | 0.4) 1.50 | 148.2-b0.4 | r48.02b0.4 {0.2} 1.71 BE dye din | 85.404 | a.0-b05 | 24| 1.02+| 1780-04 | 176.405 | 1.6) 1.92 Ba ngang du | 151.003 | 147.305 wat 143.3405 | 1.9) 1.92 Chi so abu | 8130.2] 8040.2 9.81 | 81.602} 81204 | 04) 1.35 BE rong nn. | tran | 104.920.3 | 105.620.3 | BE rong gd ma | 139.9703 | 139.4205 BS rong ham duet | 101.704 | 107 3404 un+| 97.904] o9.2to5 | 13! 1.92 Chi sé ham” | | | durgi+tran | 99.gct0.4 | 100.905 | 1-1] 1.92 94.4-£0.4 | 95.4-+0.3 | 1.0 1.50 Chi s6 ham | | | dudi—ga ma | 75.6-40.3 | 7660.3 | 1.0] 1.26 | 73,2403 | 73.640.3 | 04 | 1.26 Bear mat bk. | 181,5-40.5 | 1831-06] 1.6] 234 | 170.0--06 | 170.6E0.6 | 0.6| 2.55 BE dik mAt hat. | 1126404 | 11.305 | 1.3 1.92 | 105.604 | 102.3-b0.4 | 3.3] 1.714 1.26 | 103.8-£0.3 | 104.6404 | 0.8] 1.50 1.74 | 134.0403 | 134.303 | 0.5] 1.74 Chisé mat bk. | 7742 76.340.3 | 1.1 + 79.004 | 0.2) 1.50 Chisd mit hat. | b0.5cb0.3 | 802-405 | 08] Lt | 788-£0.8 | 769:to4 | 26 1-504 BE dat mii 46.440.2 | 45.10.2| 13) 0.814] 4240.2 | 40,040.34 24) ont ne rong mai | 37.5:£0.2 | 96.902 | 0.6] 0.84 | 35.00.2 | a4.0+0.2 | 1.0] 0.84 + 1 56 tit 81,0260.5 to} 21% | 82.6+0.6 | 85.10.6 | 2.5] 2.55 52.4-0.3 0.7} 1.26 | 0.70.2 | 49.8-+0.2| 0.9) 0.81 + AE. 0.6| 0.66 | 13.70.2) 13.7+0.2| 0.0] 0.84 Be day 2 moi 0.2) O84 19.9-£0.2 | 19,10.2 | 0.8 | 0.84 DO xién khe pit %| 28.5 | 7 39.8 azo. | (ag 16 xéen) tin] 2.21 iy 2.38 2.32 : atm mi poo) 528 52.6 83. t a woe} 0.7 iS 0.96 Lot : Binh digén (%) 85.5 | 97.5 see | fy phing mit {m wat 1 1.02 1.03 1 I Chis thich : Trong e&ng thie chudn Khéc bist d= 3Vinb-tme, d 1a hig 6 Ete bien, m 1a ani ab trong bish cong M cla dfe ditm ; déu 4 ghi trang bing dB chi oy “Khée bigt ther de itm gga hai uhém i o6 the. MUONG, HI—XUNG QUANU- VAN BE SU PHAN HOA VIE Mot s6'nha nghién cru, de bigt 1a cae nha A& néu Lén vin d8: Néu qivd nhur Tigh va Mirgrng dan toc hoe, khi gia thiét rang ngwai Vigt va li dbng t6c ‘thy ho da tach ra thanh hal tir ngiol Murdng cé cling mot ngudn géc din toc bao Rid vi trong hoan canb I{ch sir'nao? Xunk =5t—quanh vin d@ nay hign dang co nhidu ¥ kién khae nhau. Tuy nhién bioh nbw pha lon au dng ¥ voi gid thiét cho rang sip phan hoa nay 12 két qua cia thoi ky nude te chju siz 40 hd cia nguoi Trung-quéc. Bai ¥ thi ngwot Muriyng 18 mot bd phan ngirdi Viet & ving rimng ndi, khéng chju anh hirdng cha nén vin hoa Han toc nén con glit dirge tinh chit thu&n nhat ciia ngurdi Viet cd thot xura, trai lai ngurot Viet & ving dng bang thi a8 tiép thu nén vin hoa B&c phirong nén tién bo mau hon (S. Cuisi- nler, 1948; Bao Duy Anh, 1956 ; TrinQuéc Vugng va Nguyén Binh, 1964—65). BO la xét ngwoi Mudng vé phirong dién 1a motcOng ddng dan toc. Nhung v8 mit ching tge thi sao? Co nhitng tac gia ciing diva trén co sé tii ligu dan tc hoc va thOng sir két hop mA cho ring Viét va Mirgng di phan hoa ca v8 th8 chit va sip phan héa nay efing do két qui cia thot ky Bac thuge. Vi nhir ¥ kién sau day cia Mac- nep va Ro-da-xié: «Sy khéc biét hign nay cha ho (chi ngwoi Viet va ngiroi Mudng;N.D. Khoa chi) chi mél bat diu tir nhieng thé ky dau tién céa cong nguyén vdo thoi ky xam lang vA 40 ho cia Trung-quée. Ngwoi Mirong cw trd & min nui rang tir khi téi ving nay... th! khong bi anb hiong cia Trung-quéc ve cae mit ching t6c, vin héa, do a6 cin Iai thin chit hon vi di duoc ai8u kién dia ly che ché... va “dén khi cd sir xtm ling cla ‘Trung-qude thi sy hdn ching a& xdy ra, Co 18 chinh su két hyp cudi cing nay @3 phan hoa ngudi Vigt bién Lai voi ngiroi Muéng Lam cho yu t6 mOn-go-I0-ft & ngurol Viét dim net hoa (Marneffe et Bezacier, 1940). & ay ta chwa ban lot sy phan héa Viet — Mudng v8 mit la mot cong ding dan toe ma bay xél xem cd hay khOng sr phin hoa v8 mat ching tdc. V8 phirong dién nay th tai ligu di phan tich & trén dfn toi mét két uaa khong al6ng nhwr nhitng két Indn dan toc hoe. Nhw di trinh bay thi ve mat ching tc Viét va Miréng co ban la dng nat. Néa c6 nbieng khie bigt hinh thai thi sy khdc biét d6 chi yéu khong phat do sir hdn chiing dwoi thot Bac thude gay ra, Thét vay digu quan trong clin duge hruy & aay la obsm Viét Thanb-tri wa Muong Tan- lac din ra lam @i&n hinh so sinh dé tir do rit ra két luan vé sir tong dng cia Viel va Muong 1a nhiing nhom ma dia vue cw tré chang nhi¢ng c&ch nhau xa ma xét vé hoin cinh lich sir cdn c6 ¥ nghfa @¥e bigt adi vot nhéng két lugn rut ra, Vang thir nhat—mdt x thuge huyén Thanb-trl & ngogl vi tha 46 H3-no} Lire [8 m9! ying glita dng bang ma sy tiép xtc va hdn ching vol ngwol Han téc & théi Bde thugc co nhigu kha ning xay ra Ving thir hai — vang Thach-bi huyén Tan-lgc tinh Hda-binh 1a ving vén dire coi la noi cu tri xtra nhat cla ngwol Mirdng. Hoan cdnh ia ly nh trén dang 1é 1a digu kién dé din toi sy phan héa Viét—Muerng v8 mgt th? chat, song tinh chit dng nhit cita cac nhom thude cac dja phirong trén la digu khang djnh. Hon nika xét tal cd cac ohom Viet va Mung df duce ngbién citu ta thay yéu {6 mOn-g6-l0-it & ngudi Viel khéng h8 dam hon so voi ngwéi Murong nhir ¥ kién mot sé ngwoi di nén lén Do 6 coi Muong la mau ngwai « Viel cd» hoe coi Viétla “ngudi Muong Han héa» vb mat chiing téc la mél ditu sai Vim. Tuy nhiénso sinh tng hgp cdc nhém Viét vA Murong, bén canh nbitng nét trong dng khOng khdi thay nhitng bién dj va nbimng khae blét, Nguyéa nhfn gay nén si bat dng mbat nay khéng don nhat ma phire tap. Co th do sy hdn ching voi cic te & ké cfn tay ting noi va voi mot mire 49 nao a6, tat nhién khdng chi duéi thoi Bac thuge. C6 th8 do sir khac biét v8 aidu kign slob hoat vat chit gitta ving nii va ving ding bang, trong dé co iu kign thire Sn Djle biét la tae dong cia sy séng Diet lap (isolement) adi voi cc ett dan ving ritng nu ma & day la 461 voi ngirdi Murdng. Tae dong nay lim cho mét dje digm ahat dinh nao de vémit hinh thai lie @iw chi th® hign & mot sd it ngudi trong edng dong, song a% dirge cling cS va nhan Jén qua nhidu thé hé vi cudi cing tré thiinh phd bién. Chinh nhitng nguyén nbn niy 48 tgo ra nhitng bién dj co Uinh cach hoan toan dja phuong throng chi thé hién trong mt dja ban hep, nhing cing co khi tré thinh dic trang cho mot cng dng kha rong rai. V8 nhitng bién dj co tink cach dia phirong co thé kB tf 16 dot nbién cao cia nhitng ogwaicd mat sing mau & nhém nam nguréi Mirong Tan-lac (30%) ho#e & nhom nam vi nit ngwol Viét Cal-hil (36—39%, Nghién ciru lich sit sé 113). COng trong tyr nhir vay dat voi LY 1@ mhitng aguel cd tran db Jai trong che nhOm ni ngtedi Vict Nam-din (20%) vi ngiei Mung TAn-lac (24%). Nbirag bién dj dja phuong trén day th8 higa & ca cic nhém Viét cling obit cic nhom Mudng. Trong pham vi cacnbom Viét voi nhau (box trong cie ahém Muéng voi nbau) nhitng bién di nay chn 1én hon nbiéu so vol nbizng sy khac biét gira ngwoi Viet Thanb-trl va Muong Tan-lgc 4% chon lam din binh so sinh, Rat c6 thé Ja sy khic biét mang tinh cach dla ~Bphirong glita cic nhém Vigt & cae ving khac nhau trén to&n quée sé lon hon so vol sit khae biét gira cae nhém Murong. Néu co nh vay tht efing khéng phai Li lg bot 18 dja vye cir trad cia ngioi Muréng hep hon nbidu so vél viing phan bé efia ngiroi Vi8t, Bén canh nhitng bién di tap trung trong nbizng dja ban hep Iai co nhikng khac biét n co nét chi bi8u bién trong sd nbitng whom Murong dirge ngbién etru ma it bi8u hién trong che nhom Vigt va co thé Ud thant nhing nat dye treng cita ogudt Murdag. RO rét nbat la kieh thurae @u so giim di, hinh dang dau sy ft nhitu dal hon, be rong ham didi trong dot lon & cae nhom nay. Bay La nhieng phat hi quan trong cin tiép tye theo ddl tréa co si nhiing 121 Iigu thu thap durge v8 sau. VI 18 vin 8 bién dl cia cae dic di8m hinh that trén cét so 1a m@t van @@ 43 durge nhidu nha nhan hoc. trén thé gigi quan tam nghién ettu voi hy vong rit ra durge nhikng vin a8 1y luan vé quy luat bién dj. Sy bién di hink thal dau sg chink 1a mOl trong nhitng d& tal di dirge dé cap toi. ‘True day trong vige sir dung nhitng tal ligu nan hoe ngirdl ta thirgng c6 khuynh hudng gidi thich mol sy bién di nhan thdy trong uhitag dl c6t cita hal thot ky via héa phat hign trén cling mt dja vye bing két qu cia hign turgng di cu va hdn ching. Nhtng thie té cach gidi thich nhw vay khOng phil trong moi trong hop déu ding. Khi nghién ctu chi s6 so cla cae bé lac ngirdi Xla-vo trén dit aire Nga, nha nan logi hoc Lién-x0 Bé-bel-do i phat hign ring chi s5 sp cha cae nhom ew dan mi&n Bong Mgc-tw-khoa tir thé kj XIL cho loi nay da thay GOI ir khoing 73-74 cho Loi 79-81 (nghfa Ja tir loai dau dai thaoh dau ngdn), ma nguyén nhan caa sip bién ddi nay khong phit do mgt sy du nhap ete dan nao lir ving khac tél. Theo tie gla thi dé la ahitag bién G31 c6 Unk cach glal dogn, a tro tanh mot quy luat bién dj ddi voi mot sé die diém inh that (Debetz, 1948), Nbigu nba nghién cts chal stu hun nita v8 quy luat bién dj dau sy, digu ma trong phgm vi bal viét may khdng co di8u kign trinh bay dy di. Nhung nguyén nhan nho di gay nén nhikng bién dBi nay? Bay La mgt edu hal kh, ma sy gid ap hign nay mét child nbieng gli thiét Ngoal nguyén nan thong thudag do hdn ching gay nén cn c6 nguyén nan do digu kign dia ly, do sinh hoat vat chat thay 481 lién quan dén ché dg thite Sn, do sy bién dj tong quan voi cae adm knic. Gin day ngiroi ta cO Khuynh hiong at sau tim higu siuh ly cic hogt déng noi tet gla thidt ec sy cAn bing khae nhau ddi voi cic nhom ngirdi, voi hy vong phat hign nhitog nguyén nhan bén trong cia cae bién dl binh thal, Tré Iai nhitng sir khac bigt v8 hinh dang juvakich thiréc ham duéi cha ngwot Muréng so vol ngwrol Vit digu aT nhién thay dirge 1a chting khong the 1a nhitng bi&n dj cé tinh cach gial Goan ma cbf 1a nhitng khde biét dla phirong. Nguyén nban gay nén nhitng khac bit way [a dtu ma sw gli day doi hél phil thu thap thém tit ligu & mot sé ving khie nik, Két lugn cit ching tol ve si ding nhét trong mdi quan hé ching tc giita nywol Viet va Murong phi hop voi mdt $6 vén dé If luda 4% woe sic nhan. Chiing ta thiy khong abit thigt ph3i co si trang hgp va trong ding vé céc mat (khu wire dja ly, trinh dQ phat Uida viv.) gia eGng Mng dan tc, cong ding vin hoa va ngon ngit vol cong ding chiing tc. Trong khi ngwoi Vig min xudi do nhing nguyén nban lich sie hat djah (vi nh tiép tha dnt hudng cha nén vin hoa Bae phurong) nén v8 mit doi séng x% hol 4G phat rin hon so voi x& hdi ngwoi Mong va din din phin héa than hai dda tge (hie b9 We) tht v8 mit ching toc ho vin ding nhit. Vay 1a yidi hga dja ly eda cong ddng ching tc khong trang voi cng ddng dan toe (hoje bd tge) va eOng dng vin hoa. Cing co truréng hyp ngirgc Iai: nbigu dan toc cé th® chung mgt yu 15 vin hoa hay goo ngit, nhung @igu dd khong bude ho phai co chung thanh phin chiing tge. ‘Tom Iai vol sip nghiéa citu va phan tich ciia ching tdi trén co sé anirng tai liéu di tha thap diroc, két luan chung nhit rat ra VE phuong d en ching tdc, Viét va Mudag Ia dag nhét. MOl s6 bién dy akan thdy trong cae diie dim hink thai khéng dat 161 mike dg tim bding ching cho mgt sit phdn héu v2 phucong dign nay. Nhitu lém thi efing chi c6 th¥ cho rig dé (a mt var.ant (ching tal dang danh tir nay vi chia tim durge mgt lirong dirong tiéng Vigt) cita cing mgt logt hink Vigt Rink thank trong diéu kign sng bigt lap sudt mot thoi gian dai hang ngdn nim. N6i mgt each khée = ngwdi Murdng la mét b6 phan Vit da tach ra trong mt hodn cdnh lich sik whdt dink nao db va da cdu thanh b6 t§e riéng, song tr db dén nay ch Murdng ldn Vig v8 co ban vin git durge co cu th? chat ge cba tb tién trie Lép di sink ra minh trude khi phan chia Trong phan trén hing toi di néu len a8 sy phan hoa Vigt—Murong ve mat ching te = 53 —va di tri loi: Khong co sy phan hoa Viet — Murdng v8 phirong din nay. Song v8 phirong dign 1a mOt edng dng bd toe hole dan toc thi rd ring di c6 sy phan hoa. Vin a8 ai Ia: trong hoan catah Lich sit nao va tir bao gid ngiroi Murdng v8 phirong dign 1a m9t cong dug b9 te di Lach ra khét Vigt ? Ching toi mudn thay phan két ludn eta bal viét bing cach néu gl van 48 nay va gop mgt val phan suy ngbt. Chang ta biét xung quanh vin @8 nay dang con co nbiéu ¥ kién tranh lugn. Lam-Tam da Um each gli quyét vin dé trén qua tén got celia ngwei Mong va di toi két luan: *tén yol nguol Muong khong th8 xudt hign tise khi cO ngwol Thai dt cu sang Viét-nam, eting khong thé c6 trurde khtc6 thanh Thing-long mi ngn kinb té phat trign hdi 46 ak din toi sy phan héa glita mi8n nOog thOn va mign thanh thi, gita.mitn ngirgc va mi8n xudl» (Lam-Tam, 1961. Trong m§t bin bio co doe tai hi nghj khoa hoe thirdng niéa cia khoa sit trong Bal hoe TSng hyp Ha-ngi (1961— 65), cic Ong Trin Quée Vuong va Nguyéa Binh thi chi trirong rfing dén cui thot Bac thuge nguoi Vigt vA Muong di phan hoa rdt tuy ring tén gol«Muong” chi xudt hign rat mugn v8 sau nay vt cho dén thé kj X—XI nguéi Viet ¢% coi ngiol Muong 1a dj tc va gol ho la ngwol Man, ngwol Lio. Dya vio thi Nga Kkhio cd hoe thdi dat a3 ddng va vio trayn Uhuyét nguoi Muong, cae tac gia cdn @ixa hon va git thiét sy phan hoa Viét — Muong ai di&n ra ngay tir sau thot ky vin hoa Dong-son, ngbia 1a tir triréc thoi Bée thuge (111 triéc cOng nguyén). Git dap dat khoat van a8 nay trong cho nhitu vio cic nha nghién offu Heh si—xa hdl, cdc aha dan tc hoe, kh’o cd hoe. Khi ning tai ligu nan hge thi cé phiin han ché. Tuy nhién diya vio tat ligu higa c6 vi d& phn tich ciing voi nhitng két lu@n co bin rat ra va trinh bay & tréu, chung tdi eiing thi néu mot val ¥ kién nbw sau: Do-sy twong dng con rét dam nét glita Vidt va Mong trén ohitng de aim hinh thal uén vige day lal mde théi gian cia sy phao hoa Vigt—Muong (v8 mit cong ddng x2 bol) tol nbing thoi ky qua xa sim eiia Meh sit li @idu khong phi hyp. Cing that kho néu muda xe dink cy th trong mét khodng thoi gian qué hep xem tir bao gid Muéng di tach kdl td hinh thanh mot cong ddng xi hdl vot day di nhitng die trung cita nb, Nhung co th’ lin diye nbing sv kign ich sit Lim co sb cho sy phan héa may va xée djnh mgt cach tuong AO rng rif thol ky ma sy phan hoa 46 col nbir di xac 1p v8 cin bin. Trong Neh Sir dan tOc ta mot thoi ky e6 Anh hong kha sau sie dén do1 sdng x3 hdi vé cae mit kinh é, chinh trl, vin héala thoi ky Bae thade. Cho nén 61a mgt d8u kign lich sir a titng lam eo s& cho sy phan bda cia xi hoi Viel— Murdng. Song diréi thoi Bae thude vol chink sich an ap béc Igt ha khée eda ngoal bang tht sy doan két dan tge chdng ngoai xdm cling 1 iu kign han ché siz phan hoa dan tc. Cho nén rat c6 th8 1a phai tral qua mgt thot ky hing thinh eda dit nude sau khi da gianh durge age lap thi Muang méi tach hin khdt Vigt va digu chide chin cé thE noi dirye 18 cong dng Vidt — Murong khong th® phan how sau khi x4 hgi Vigt 42 phat trimti hin thie mot b9tdc tro thanh motdan te vol day da nhitng yutd dije tring cho n6, Mgt thoi ky hung thinh cfia,@at nwoe ta sau kbl gianh Girge age lap, theo Lam-Tam, durge dink déu bling vige xy dung thanh Thing-long (thé ky XI, doi Ly). Gln day Ong Vin Tan, khi nghiéa ctru “Qua trinh binh thanh va phat tribn ci dan toc Vist? di di toi két lug 1a dén thé ky XI thi da tc Vigt, v8 phurong dién 12 mot cQng ddng dan thc, 4% trudéng thanh hoda chinh va c6 ¥ thtke My di ve sire manh va vga mang cia minh (Vin Tan, 1988), Néu qui dung nbur vay thi It cd thé n6i thém rang khong th8 sau khi dan toe Viét, v8 phuong dign 1a mot eOng Ging dan toc, 4% binh thanh thi mot bd phan cia nd ma sau nay thanh ngwoi Mirdng mél téch ra, ma sy phan boa Vigt —Muong da xae 1ap trirge 46. V8 sau thi chink sich chia ré dan t9¢ thot phong kién vu thol thage Phip eal tri eng lam cho st phan héa nay thém sQu. Trai lal ti sau Cach mang thing Tam ehinh sich dan toc cia Dang chi truong cic din toc doan két va gap ao Vin nhau lam cho ngwoi mién nil én kip mito xudi di thie dy sy phat tri cac ving dbng bio mikn nuit v8 cée mat ehioh tr}, kinh (é, vin hoa va Lim cho céc bd toc va dan toc trén dat atrée ta nich lal gin nhau vol tée 49 ngby cang nbanh hon. Sy kign chinh tr} — xi boi quan trong nay ebac chan roi day sé auge phan anh ci trén céu tgo v8 th chat con ngwrdl. -—a—