Scaling Solar Uzbekistan Hydraulic Report

SCALING SOLAR UZBEKISTAN ROUND 2
TECHNICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONSULTANT
◼ QUALITY CONTROL SHEET

DOCUMENT Hydrology and Hydraulic Report
PROJECT SP6349
CODE SP6349-RP-HE-HyStd-D03.docx
FIRMA JOC JOC
AUTHOR
FECHA 28/04/2020 28/04/2020
FIRMA EMG EMG
VERIFIED
FECHA 28/09/2020 14/10/2020
CLIENT IFC
NOTES D03 reviewed edition after IFC comments
SP6349-RP-HE-HyStd-D03.docx
Hydrology and Hydraulic Report
October - 2020
INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................................6
2. OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................................6
3. HYDROLOGY ..........................................................................................................................................6
3.1. SPATIAL CHARACTERIZATION............................................................................................................................ 6
3.1.1. Location ............................................................................................................................................. 6
3.1.2. Cartographic Information ................................................................................................................... 7
3.2. CLIMATE............................................................................................................................................................. 7
3.2.1. Climate stations network .................................................................................................................... 7
3.2.2. Climatic parameters............................................................................................................................ 9
3.2.3. Relative humidity, evaporation and wind velocity ............................................................................. 17
3.3. PRECIPITATION ................................................................................................................................................ 17
3.3.1. Rain gauge stations network ............................................................................................................ 17
3.3.2. Precipitation gradient ....................................................................................................................... 18
3.3.3. Spatial precipitation ......................................................................................................................... 19
3.4. SECTORS CLIMATOLOGY ................................................................................................................................. 20
3.4.1. SECTOR 01 ....................................................................................................................................... 20
3.4.2. SECTOR 02 ....................................................................................................................................... 21
3.5. CONCLUSIONS................................................................................................................................................. 22
4. HYDRAULIC ..........................................................................................................................................22
4.1. STUDY AREA DESCRIPTION .............................................................................................................................. 22
4.1.1. SECTOR 01 – North west of Samarkand ........................................................................................... 24
4.1.2. SECTOR 02 – West of Jizzakh............................................................................................................ 31
4.2. PROPOSED MEASURES FOR THE CONTROL OF THE EROSION PROBLEMS ...................................................... 35
4.2.1. Surface conditioning ........................................................................................................................ 35
4.2.2. Construction of dykes ...................................................................................................................... 35
4.3. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................................................................... 36
MAPS .......................................................................................................................................................37
FIGURES
Figure 1. Map of the Climate stations over the study areas. ........................................................................8
Figure 2. Maximum monthly temperature variability (ºC) ............................................................................9
Figure 3. Relation between maximum annual temperature and elevation .................................................10
Figure 4. Minimum monthly temperature variability (ºC) ...........................................................................11
Figure 5. Relation between minimum annual temperature and elevation ................................................12
Figure 6. Average monthly temperature variability (ºC) .............................................................................13
Figure 7. Relation between average annual temperature and elevation ....................................................14
Figure 8. Average annual isotherms on sector 01 .....................................................................................15
Figure 9. Average annual isotherms on sector 02 ......................................................................................16
Figure 10. Average monthly precipitation variability (mm) ........................................................................18
Figure 11. Relation between precipitation and elevation ...........................................................................19
Figure 12. Isohyet map on the study area ..................................................................................................20
Figure 13. Average monthly precipitation an temperature variability in Sector 01 ....................................21
Figure 14. Average monthly precipitation an temperature variability in Sector 01 ....................................21
Figure 15. Uzbekistan is located in central Asia, study areas are indicated by the red circle. Source:
Google Earth. .............................................................................................................................................23
Figure 16. Sector 01 is located on the Samarkand region and Sector 02 is to the west of Jizzakh. Source:
Google Earth. .............................................................................................................................................23
Figure 17. Sector 01 location (satellite imagery from June 2019). Source: Google Earth. ..........................24
Figure 18. Rivers and lakes network in Samarkand and Jizzakh regions. Source: USGS GloVis. .................25
Figure 19. Sector 01 satellite imagery from 1986. Source: USGS GloVis ....................................................25
Figure 22. Sector 01 satellite imagery from 2004. Source: Google Earth ...................................................27
Figure 24. Sector 01 satellite imagery from 2014. Source: Google Earth....................................................28
Figure 26. Deep gullies (blue lines), drainage ditches (light blues lines), gullies with depths less than 1.50
meters (orange lines) and a watercourse (red line). Source: Google Earth. ................................................29
Figure 27. Aerial picture of the gullies on the north side of sector 01, it is observed an access very close
to the gully. ................................................................................................................................................30
Figure 28. Subsurface water flows over the gullies headwater (left). Gullies with saturated soils where
fines migration takes place (right). .............................................................................................................30
Figure 29. Sector 02 location. Source: Google Earth ..................................................................................31
Figure 35. Aerial picture of a deep gully located on the west side of sector 02. ........................................34
Figure 36. Confluence of two gullies on the south side of the study area .................................................34
Figure 37. Gabion baskets (on the left) and dykes distributed transversally on the gully (on the right) ....35
TABLES
Table 1. Geographic location of the study areas ..........................................................................................6
Table 2. Climate stations ..............................................................................................................................7
Table 3. Stations with maximum temperature..............................................................................................9
Table 4. Maximum monthly temperature data.............................................................................................9
Table 5. Stations with minimum temperature. ...........................................................................................10
Table 6. Minimum average temperature data ............................................................................................11
Table 7. Stations with average temperature. ..............................................................................................12
Table 8. Average monthly temperature data .............................................................................................13
Table 9. Climatic parameters in the study areas. Source: Study of the Akdarya reservoir, Uzbekistan .......17
Table 10. Rain gauge stations. ...................................................................................................................17
Table 11. Average monthly precipitation data ...........................................................................................18
Table 12. Climatic parameters in Sector 01 ................................................................................................20
Table 13. Climatic parameters in Sector 02 ................................................................................................21
MAPS
MAP 01: LOCATION OF THE BASINS ON THE SECTOR 01 STUDY AREA.
MAP 02: LOCATION OF THE BASINS ON THE SECTOR 02 STUDY AREA.
MAP 03: SECTOR 01 STUDY AREA.
MAP 04: SECTOR 02 STUDY AREA.
MAP 05: LOCATION OF THE CLIMATE STATIONS.
MAP 06: ISOTHERM OF THE SECTOR 01 STUDY AREA.
MAP 07: ISOTHERM OF THE SECTOR 02 STUDY AREA.
MAP 08: ISOHYETS MAP.
ANNEX
ANNEX 1: CLIMATIC PARAMETERS.
ANNEX 2: HISTORICAL PRECIPITATION.
1. INTRODUCTION
The International Finance Corporation (IFC) has been invited by the Government of Uzbekistan (GoU) to provide
transaction advisory services in relation to utility-scale solar Photovoltaic (PV) IPP (Independent Power
Producer) projects. In this framework, IFC has engaged TYPSA to provide consulting services in relation to
energy engineering, environmental and social aspects.
The hydrology and hydraulic are part of the basic studies carried out for the installation of solar photovoltaic
(PV) plants in Uzbekistan. Scaling Solar Uzbekistan Round 2 will consist of two solar PV projects, named Katta
Kurgan and Jizzakh and located in different areas of the regions of Samarkand and Jizzakh respectively
(hereinafter called “sectors”). Sector 01 is located between two dry riverbeds that flow into the Zerevshan River
to the northwest of Samarkand, while Sector 02 is located to the west of Jizzakh and is located near a
watercourse.
2. OBJECTIVES
The main objectives of this study are the following:
• Description of the climate on the study area.
• Evaluation of flood issues on study area.
• Evaluation of existing erosive problems in the study sectors.

• Recommended measures to adopt to face the erosive problems in the soil.
3. HYDROLOGY
Climate on sectors 01 and 02 is cold and semiarid. Sector 01 is located between two dry riverbeds which flow
into the Zerevshan River and sector 02 is located parallel to a watercourse. Surface elevations on sector 01
ranges between 520 and 540 meters above mean sea level, while on sector 02 is between 620 and 760 meters.
There are two subbasins in sector 01 formed by dry riverbeds with gentle slopes, the areas of the two subbasins
are 17.1 km² and 12.24 km². There is a 16.9 km² subbasin on sector 02 with a small watercourse.
In the following chapters a review of the climate features is presented.
3.1. SPATIAL CHARACTERIZATION
3.1.1. Location
Table 1 shows the geographic coordinates (WGS 84) of both sectors. The locations of both sectors are shown
on maps 01 and 02, after the descriptive sections of this report.
Geographic Coordinates
Sector Datum Components
Min. Max.
South Latitude 39.85° 39.86°
Sector 01
West Longitude 66.43° 66.46°
WGS 84
South Latitude 40.10° 40.15°
Sector 02
West Longitude 67.50° 67.55°
Table 1. Geographic location of the study areas
SP6349-RP-HE-HyStd-D03.docx 6
3.1.2. Cartographic Information
The information from the following sources was used in this study:
https://download.geofabrik.de/asia/uzbekistan.html
http://www.cawater-info.net/bk/1-1-1-1-3-uz_e.htm
http://www.geospatial.com.co/imagenes-de-satelite/alos-palsar.html
The subbasin locations of sector 01 and 02 are shown on maps 03 and 04 respectively.
3.2. CLIMATE
Air temperature, relative humidity, wind velocity and evaporation are analyzed in this chapter. This data was
obtained from climate stations around the study areas.
3.2.1. Climate stations network
Climate data is important for the assessment of the water availability and for the climatic description of the
basins. Air temperature, relative humidity, wind velocity and evaporation are key parameters for the
hydrological cycle and that’s why they are evaluated in this study. The climate data was obtained from the
Central Asia Temperature and Precipitation Data, which is operated by the National Snow and Ice Data Center
(https://nsidc.org/data/G02174/versions/1).
Average monthly parameters from 17 climate stations were used in this study. Data from these stations are
helpful to correctly represent the spatial variation of the parameters over both sectors. Table 2 shows the list
of the climate stations used, where Tavg, Tmin and Tmax are average, minimum and maximum monthly
temperature respectively.
Station Longitude Latitude Elevation Parameters
Agalyk 67.0 39.5 1240 Monthly Precipitation

Bazardzhoy 67.2 40.0 880 Monthly Precipitation
Bogarnoe 67.5 39.9 748 Tavg
Dzhikav 67.8 40.1 344 Tavg, Tmax
Gallyaaral 67.6 40.0 601 Tavg, Tmax
Karakia 66.8 40.1 600 Monthly Precipitation
Karatash 67.5 40.2 963 Monthly Precipitation
Kattakurgan 66.3 39.9 515 Monthly Precipitation, Tavg
Kushrabad 66.6 40.2 737 Monthly Precipitation, Tavg
Minchukur 66.9 38.7 2132 Tavg, Tmax, Tmin
Nurata 65.7 40.6 485 Tavg, Tmax
Samarkand 67.0 39.7 726 Monthly Precipitation, Tavg, Tmax, Tmin
Sanzar 68.0 39.7 1313 Tavg, Tmax, Tmin
Sazagan 66.7 39.5 800 Monthly Precipitation
Severtsova 67.7 39.1 2780 Tavg, Tmax, Tmin
Ulus 66.3 39.6 527 Monthly Precipitation, Tavg
Yangi-akchob 66.5 40.3 810 Monthly Precipitation
Table 2. Climate stations
The following map shows the location of the climate stations used in this study.
Figure 1. Map of the Climate stations over the study areas.
3.2.2. Climatic parameters
3.2.2.1. Maximum air temperature
The maximum temperature from 7 stations was evaluated. Data between 1915 and 2003 was used.
Station Longitude Latitude Elevation Period
Dzhikav 67.8 40.1 344 1915-1965
Gallyaaral 67.6 40.0 601 1933-1935/1939-1965
Minchukur 66.9 38.7 2132 1950-1990
Nurata 65.7 40.6 485 1933-1965
Samarkand 67.0 39.7 726 1936-2003
Sanzar 68.0 39.7 1313 1934/1936-1990
Severtsova 67.7 39.1 2780 1959-1990
Table 3. Stations with maximum temperature.

The historical maximum average temperature was obtained from the stations on table 3. This temperature data
is shown in Annex 1.
Table 4 shows the maximum average monthly temperature (°C) data from the 7 stations.
Station Elevation Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Set. Oct. Nov. Dec. Mean (°C)
Samarkand 726 6.6 8.7 13.5 20.5 26.3 31.6 33.7 32.3 27.9 21.5 14.4 8.6 20.5
Dzhikav 344 4.8 7.9 14.0 21.0 27.8 33.5 36.2 34.5 28.7 21.7 12.7 6.0 20.7
Gallyaaral 601 4.0 7.6 12.9 19.8 26.7 32.7 35.7 33.7 28.1 20.9 11.6 5.6 19.9
Minchukur 2132 1.4 1.6 5.3 11.3 16.3 22.0 25.0 24.0 19.3 12.9 7.6 3.6 12.5
Nurata 485 5.4 8.9 13.2 20.3 27.4 32.5 34.9 33.1 27.5 20.4 12.1 6.7 20.2
Sanzar 1313 4.1 5.5 10.0 16.5 21.5 26.9 30.1 29.1 24.4 17.5 11.1 6.6 16.9
Severtsova 2780 -2.7 -2.1 1.8 7.4 11.6 16.7 19.8 19.4 15.1 8.8 3.9 -0.6 8.3
Table 4. Maximum monthly temperature data
Figure 2. Maximum monthly temperature variability (ºC)
From the last figure it can be concluded that temperature variation is similar for all the stations. Also, high
temperatures are presented on those stations located at low elevations.
With the mean of monthly maximum temperature data, a relation between temperature and elevation was
obtained.
T = -0.0052H + 23.193
Where:
T = Mean of monthly maximum temperature (°C)
H = Elevation
r = Regression coefficient
Elevation vs Mean of monthly maximum temperature

25,0
20,0 y = -0.0052x + 23.193

Temperature (°C)
r² = 0.9823
15,0
10,0
5,0
0,0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Elevation
Figure 3. Relation between maximum annual temperature and elevation

In figure 3 it is observed the high correlation between the mean of monthly maximum temperature and
elevation, so a thermal gradient can be established (-0.52 °C / 100 meters).
3.2.2.2. Minimum air temperature
The minimum temperature from 4 stations was evaluated. Data between 1936 and 2003 was used.
Minchukur 66.9 38.7 2132 1936-2003

Samarkand 67.0 39.7 726 1966-1990
Sanzar 68.0 39.7 1313 1966-1990
Severtsova 67.7 39.1 2780 1966-1990
Table 5. Stations with minimum temperature.
The historical minimum average temperature was obtained from the stations on table 5. This temperature data
Table 6 shows the minimum average monthly temperature (°C) data from the 4 stations.
Station Elevation Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Set. Oct. Nov. Dec. Mean (°C)
Samarkand 726 -3.1 -1.5 2.8 8.5 12.6 16.0 17.5 15.9 11.1 6.0 1.7 -1.4 7.2
Minchukur 2132 -6.7 -6.7 -2.7 3.4 7.8 13.0 15.5 14.5 9.9 4.1 0.3 -3.6 4.1
Sanzar 1313 -6.6 -5.8 -0.1 6.1 9.5 13.5 16.1 15.5 10.8 5.1 0.9 -2.9 5.2
Severtsova 2780 -11.6 -11.1 -7.4 -1.5 2.1 6.0 8.5 7.8 3.7 -1.0 -4.7 -8.7 -1.5
Table 6. Minimum average temperature data
Figure 4. Minimum monthly temperature variability (ºC)
From the last figure it can be concluded that temperature variation is similar for all the stations. Also, high
temperatures are presented on those stations located at low elevations.
With the mean of monthly minimum temperature data, a relation between temperature and elevation was
obtained.
T = -0.0038H + 10.41
Where:
T = Mean of monthly minimum temperature (°C)
H = Elevation
Elevation vs Mean of monthly minimum temperature

10,0
8,0
y = -0.0038x + 10.41
Temperature (°C)
r² = 0.8755
6,0
4,0
2,0
0,0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
-2,0
Elevation
Figure 5. Relation between minimum annual temperature and elevation
In figure 5 it is observed the high correlation between mean of monthly minimum temperature and elevation,
so a thermal gradient can be established (-0.38 °C / 100 meters).
3.2.2.3. Average air temperature
Average temperature data from 11 stations was evaluated. Data between 1913 and 2003 was used.
Bogarnoe 67.5 39.9 748 1931-1999
Dzhikav 67.8 40.1 344 1881-1883/1885-2003
Gallyaaral 67.6 40.0 601 1933-1936/1938-1999
Kattakurgan 66.3 39.9 515 1913-1917/1919-1999
Kushrabad 66.6 40.2 737 1957-1999
Minchukur 66.9 38.7 2132 1951-1999
Nurata 65.7 40.6 485 1956-2003
Samarkand 67.0 39.7 726 1891-1918/1920-2003
Sanzar 68.0 39.7 1313 1935-1999
Severtsova 67.7 39.1 2780 1959-1999
Ulus 66.3 39.6 527.0 1956-1999
Table 7. Stations with average temperature.
The historical average monthly temperature was obtained from the stations on table 7. This temperature data
Table 8 shows the maximum average monthly temperature (°C) data from the 11 stations.
Station Elevation Jan. Feb. Mar. Abr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Set. Oct. Nov. Dec. Mean (°C)
Samarkand 726 0.6 2.9 7.6 14.2 19.5 24.0 26.0 24.2 19.3 12.9 7.2 3.0 13.4
Bogarnoe 748 -0.7 1.3 6.1 13.2 18.7 24.6 27.3 25.5 20.1 13.0 6.0 1.4 13.1
Dzhikav 344 -0.1 2.2 8.0 15.1 21.2 26.4 28.5 26.5 20.9 13.8 7.0 2.2 14.3
Gallyaaral 601 -2.2 0.6 6.1 13.1 18.4 24.0 26.8 24.6 18.3 11.1 4.4 0.1 12.1
Kattakurgan 515 0.0 2.4 7.5 14.5 20.3 25.6 28.0 25.9 20.1 12.9 6.5 2.0 13.8
Station Elevation Jan. Feb. Mar. Abr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Set. Oct. Nov. Dec. Mean (°C)
Kushrabad 737 -1.3 0.6 6.1 13.1 18.0 24.3 27.3 25.5 19.5 11.9 5.7 1.3 12.7
Minchukur 2132 -3.2 -2.7 0.8 6.9 11.5 17.0 19.9 18.9 14.1 8.0 3.2 -0.5 7.8
Nurata 485 0.4 2.1 7.9 15.8 22.1 28.4 30.6 28.4 22.4 14.7 7.6 2.6 15.2
Sanzar 1313 -2.0 -0.6 3.9 10.6 15.2 20.2 23.4 22.2 17.1 10.5 4.7 0.5 10.5
Severtsova 2780 -7.4 -6.8 -3.1 2.8 7.0 11.7 14.3 13.6 9.2 3.6 -1.0 -4.5 3.3
Ulus 527 1.1 3.3 8.3 15.4 20.7 26.6 28.9 27.2 21.5 14.0 7.9 3.4 14.9
Table 8. Average monthly temperature data
Figure 6. Average monthly temperature variability (ºC)

From the last figure it can be concluded that annual temperature variation is similar for all the stations. Also,
high temperatures are presented on those stations located at low elevations.
With the average annual temperature data, a relation between temperature and elevation was obtained.
T = -0.0045H + 16.332
Where:
T = Average annual temperature (°C)
H = Elevation
Elevation vs Average temperature

16,0
14,0
12,0
Temperature (°C)
y = -0.0045x + 16.332
10,0 r² = 0.9504
8,0
6,0
4,0
2,0
0,0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Elevation
Figure 7. Relation between average annual temperature and elevation

In figure 7 it is observed the high correlation between average annual temperature and elevation, so a thermal
gradient can be established (-0.45 °C / 100 meters).
3.2.2.4. Spatial temperature
The spatial temperature (isotherms) of the study areas was obtained using the locations of the stations and the
maximum annual temperature data.
These isotherms could be obtained using different interpolation methods such as triangulation, natural
neighbor, Kriging, Thiessen, Topo to raster, spline, etc. All these methods yield similar results, that’s why the
method to be chosen is the one which generates an isotherm suitable to the surface elevation of the study
area.
Figure 8. Average annual isotherms on sector 01
Figure 9. Average annual isotherms on sector 02
3.2.3. Relative humidity, evaporation and wind velocity
In order to know the variation of this parameters a review of the research paper “Geostatistical approach for
the assessment of the water reservoir capacity in arid regions: A case study of the Akdarya reservoir,
Uzbekistan” was carried out.
Parameter Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Set. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year
Temperature(°C) -1.9 1.8 7.2 13.9 20.0 24.9 27.2 25.1 19.1 11.0 5.9 1.4 13.0
Precipitation (mm) 42 42 56 48 22 4 0 0 1 11 23 33 282
Maximum daily Precipitation (mm) 30 38 43 62 88 18 1 7 3 23 25 26 88
Relative humidity (%) 80 77 76 67 54 38 34 36 39 52 66 80 58
Evaporation (mm) 30 20 16 33 110 200 254 223 142 75 54 43 1200
Average wind velocity (m/s) 2.1 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.5 2.1 2.0 1.8 2.0 1.9 2.3
Table 9. Climatic parameters in the study areas. Source: Study of the Akdarya reservoir, Uzbekistan
3.3. PRECIPITATION
3.3.1. Rain gauge stations network
Precipitation data obtained from 10 stations from the Central Asia Temperature and Precipitation Data was
used in this analysis. Table 10 shows the main characteristics of the stations.
Estación Longitude Latitude Elevation Period
Agalyk 67.0 39.5 1240 1985-1999

Bazardzhoy 67.2 40.0 880 1953-1998
Karakia 66.8 40.1 600 1948-1991
Karatash 67.5 40.2 963 1977-1999
Kattakurgan 66.3 39.9 515 1901-1999
Kushrabad 66.6 40.2 737 1957-1999
Samarkand 67.0 39.7 726 1891-2000
Sazagan 66.7 39.5 800 1937-1999
Ulus 66.3 39.6 527 1956-1999
Yangi-akchob 66.5 40.3 810 1947-1999
Table 10. Rain gauge stations.
The average monthly precipitation was obtained from the stations on table 10. This precipitation data is shown
in Annex 2.
Table 11 shows the average monthly precipitation (mm) data from the 10 stations.
Station Elevation Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Set. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total (mm)
Agalyk 1240 78.5 70.7 101.8 78.2 58.2 11.3 2.4 2.5 8.5 19.5 36.4 85.5 553.4
Karakia 600 58.9 52.1 87.2 69.2 35.5 5.5 5.3 3.7 2.4 23.3 36.1 58.3 437.4
Kattakurgan 515 44.6 42.3 64.4 53.5 25.5 4.2 1.3 0.3 1.9 13.0 24.0 39.4 314.4
Kushrabad 737 52.6 50.9 83.8 61.8 34.8 7.0 2.9 0.9 2.4 16.1 32.3 49.8 395.2
Samarkand 726 41.6 42.0 66.4 60.8 34.6 6.5 2.1 0.8 1.8 19.2 28.1 35.4 339.3
Sazagan 800 58.0 61.1 91.5 67.3 40.3 5.2 2.1 1.8 2.5 19.9 35.2 53.9 438.7
Station Elevation Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Set. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total (mm)
Ulus 527 55.1 52.9 88.2 58.9 26.2 3.9 2.2 0.6 2.3 16.7 33.3 49.7 389.9
Yangi-akchob 810 37.7 42.0 63.7 56.8 27.3 5.9 3.8 1.5 3.6 15.4 26.9 38.5 323.1
Bazardzhoy 880 54.0 59.7 94.4 74.0 46.5 9.3 2.1 1.1 1.2 16.1 30.0 49.3 437.7
Karatash 963 45.5 51.4 77.3 90.6 56.1 15.9 5.0 3.4 6.8 36.4 43.6 52.4 484.4
Table 11. Average monthly precipitation data
Figure 10. Average monthly precipitation variability (mm)

From the last figure it can be concluded that major precipitation occurs between November and May, with
March being the month with most precipitation (65 to 102 mm). Low precipitation occurs during June to
October being August with least precipitation (0.3 to 3.7 mm).
3.3.2. Precipitation gradient
With the precipitation data from the 10 rain gauge stations, a relation between precipitation and elevation was
obtained.
In figure 11 it is observed the correlation between precipitation from the 10 stations and elevation.
Y = Total annual precipitation (mm)
X = Elevation
r = Coefficient of determination
Elevation vs Precipitation
600,0
500,0
Precipitation (mm)
400,0
300,0
200,0
y = 0.2578x + 210.34
r² = 0.5603
100,0
0,0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Elevation
Figure 11. Relation between precipitation and elevation

3.3.3. Spatial precipitation
The spatial precipitation (isohyets) of the study areas was obtained with GIS tools using the locations of the
stations and the precipitation data.
These isohyets could be obtained using different interpolation methods such as triangulation, natural neighbor,
Kriging, Thiessen, Topo to raster, spline, etc. All these methods yield similar results, that’s why the method to
be chosen is the one which generates an isohyet suitable to the surface elevation of the study area. In this case
the Topo to Raster interpolation method was chosen.
Figure 12 and map 08 show the isohyet map on the study area.
Figure 12. Isohyet map on the study area
3.4. SECTORS CLIMATOLOGY
3.4.1. SECTOR 01
Sector 01 climatology was obtained from the stations located close to the study area and the assessment of
the parameters on the previous chapters, such as average monthly precipitation, average monthly temperature,
relative humidity and evaporation, which are shown in the next table.
Temperature(°C) 0.00 2.41 7.46 14.30 20.07 25.29 27.63 25.62 19.87 12.78 6.39 1.97 13.7
Precipitation (mm) 46.8 44.4 67.6 56.1 26.8 4.4 1.3 0.3 2.0 13.6 25.2 41.4 330.0
Relative humidity (%) 80 77 76 67 54 38 34 36 39 52 66 80 58.25
Evaporation (mm) 30 20 16 33 110 200 254 223 142 75 54 43 1200
Average wind velocity (m/s) 2.1 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.5 2.1 2 1.8 2 1.9 2.3
Table 12. Climatic parameters in Sector 01
80 30
Precipitation (mm)
70
Temperature(°C) 25
60
Precipitation (mm)
Temperature ( C)
20
50
40 15
30
10
20
5
10
0 0
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Set. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Figure 13. Average monthly precipitation an temperature variability in Sector 01
3.4.2. SECTOR 02
Sector 02 climatology was obtained from the stations located close to the study area and the assessment of
the parameters on the previous chapters, such as average monthly precipitation, average monthly temperature,
relative humidity and evaporation, which are shown in the next table.
Temperature(°C) 0.58 2.78 7.26 13.64 18.74 23.08 24.90 23.22 18.47 12.36 6.87 2.90 12.9
Precipitation (mm) 45.1 50.9 76.6 89.8 55.6 15.8 4.9 3.3 6.7 36.1 43.2 51.9 480.0
Relative humidity (%) 80 77 76 67 54 38 34 36 39 52 66 80 58.25
Evaporation (mm) 30 20 16 33 110 200 254 223 142 75 54 43 1200
Average wind velocity (m/s) 2.1 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.5 2.1 2 1.8 2 1.9 2.3
Table 13. Climatic parameters in Sector 02
100 30
90 Precipitation (mm)
Temperature(°C) 25
80
Precipitation (mm)
Temperature ( C)
70
20
60
50 15
40
10
30
20
5
10
0 0
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Set. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Figure 14. Average monthly precipitation an temperature variability in Sector 01
3.5. CONCLUSIONS
The following points could be concluded based on the analysis of the climatic data.
• Climate on sectors 01 and 02 is cold and semiarid. Sector 01 is located on the north west of Samarkand
with surface elevations ranging between 520 and 540 meters above mean sea level, also it is located
between two dry riverbeds which flow into the Zerevshan River. Sector 02 is located to the west of
Jizzakh with surface elevations ranging between 620 and 760 meters above mean sea level.
• Climatic data from 17 stations were used in the analysis. The information from these stations were
helpful to obtain a representation of the spatial variation of the climatic parameters.
• It is observed a high correlation between maximum annual temperature and elevation, so a thermal
• It is observed the high correlation between minimum annual temperature and elevation, so a thermal
• It is observed the high correlation between average annual temperature and elevation, so a thermal
• Major precipitation occurs between November and May being March the month with most
precipitation (65 to 102 mm). Low precipitation occurs during June to October being August with least
precipitation (0.3 to 3.7 mm).
• The climatology of sectors 01 and 02 was assessed using data from stations located close to these
sectors. Average annual precipitation is 330 mm and 480 mm for sector 01 and 02 respectively, and
the average annual temperature is 13.7 °C and 12.9 °C for sector 01 and 02 respectively.
4. HYDRAULIC
4.1. STUDY AREA DESCRIPTION
Sector 01 and Sector 02 are located on the central part of Uzbekistan (figures 15 and 16). Sector 01 (Katta
Kurgan) is located on the Samarkand region and is near the Zerevshan river irrigation system. Sector 02 is
located in Jizzakh region and is near a watercourse. These areas have a cold and semi-arid climate, and the
surface elevation is similar for both sectors.
Figure 15. Uzbekistan is located in central Asia, study areas are indicated by the red circle. Source: Google
Earth.
Figure 16. Sector 01 is located on the Samarkand region and Sector 02 is to the west of Jizzakh. Source:
Google Earth.
4.1.1. SECTOR 01 – North west of Samarkand
This sector is located in an agricultural valley, to the south of the Zerevsham River. The cities located on the
valley are Gallarol, Osmat, Urgut, Samarkand, Katakorgon, Ishtixon, Payariq, Payshanba, Navoy. Surface
elevation ranges between 520 and 540 meters above the mean sea level.
Figure 17 shows this sector encircled by the blue line.
Figure 17. Sector 01 location (satellite imagery from June 2019). Source: Google Earth.
As explained in the following sections, due largely to adverse gradients and deep gullies with erosion processes
in the north of the sector 01, this part of the site is not useable to host a PV plant. Moreover, according to the
updated information received from the Ministry of Energy (MoE) on February 19, two areas of 31.6 Ha and 2.52
Ha respectively located on the north part of the site (encircled by orange lines in figure 17 above), are not
available for the PV project. Approximately 450 Ha are therefore considered to be useable to host a PV plant.
4.1.1.1. REVIEW OF HISTORICAL SATELLITE IMAGERY
In order to know the land use of this sector and the influence of the natural processes related to run off,
hydrodynamic and morphology of the Zerevshan River, satellite imagery from Google Earth and USGS GloVis
were used to identify these processes. Google Earth has data from 2002 until now and USGS GloVis from the
seventies until 2010.
Figure 18. Rivers and lakes network in Samarkand and Jizzakh regions. Source: USGS GloVis.
Figure 19. Sector 01 satellite imagery from 1986. Source: USGS GloVis
In Figure 19 (1986) it is observed the large areas used for agriculture in the Samarkand valley. There is a channel
between sector 01 and the Zerevshan River which conveys irrigation water from east to west. The river is
meandering forming small islands, also there are no protection structures along the banks of the river. There
are eroded areas on the north side of this sector including deep gullies which convey the flows into the channel.
In Figure 20 (1991) it is observed that the sector 01 land was used for agriculture purposes. The meanders of
the riverbed have not extended except in the north, this variation doesn’t affect the channel.
Figure 20 and Figure 21 show that there is no sign of general erosion on the agricultural areas between the
Zerevshan River and the channel, therefore it could be concluded that the river doesn’t inundate this sector
(which is close to the river). The meanders show some variations, but they don’t extend outside the limits of
the riverbed, which is shown more clearly in figure 08 (2004). In this figure it is observed that only the right
bank is inundated while the left bank is stable (sector 01 is located on the left bank of the river).
Figure 22 shows that there is erosion on the channel and a reduction of the agricultural areas in the north. Also,
the gullies are more visible, and it can be observed that the direction flow is from the center towards the limits
of sector 01.
Figure 22. Sector 01 satellite imagery from 2004. Source: Google Earth
There is a 5 year difference between Figure 22 and Figure 23, and it is observed that there are not considerable
variations on this sector since this land is not used for agricultural purposes. Also, the erosion and gullies do
not show considerable variations along the years. But, the satellite images from Figure 22, Figure 23 and Figure
24 show that the erosion and gullies are represented by a dark green color, which could indicate that they work
as a natural drainage. The Zerevshan River meanders show a variation towards the right bank. In Figure 24 it is
observed that the irrigation watercourses don’t show shape variations.
Figure 24. Sector 01 satellite imagery from 2014. Source: Google Earth.
In Figure 25 it is observed that the irrigation watercourses have decreased and also sector 01 does not
apparently show cultivated areas. The erosion and gullies have increased in width and possibly in deepness.
The Zerevshan River has small islands and secondary branches along the riverbanks.
Figure 26. Deep gullies (blue lines), drainage ditches (light blues lines), gullies with depths less than 1.50
meters (orange lines) and a watercourse (red line). Source: Google Earth.
Figure 26 shows the location of deep gullies with depths greater than 1.50 meters (blue lines), gullies with
depths less than 1.50 meters (orange lines) and drainage ditches (light blue lines) which are possibly used to
collect and convey rainwater or decrease soil saturation caused by snowmelt, these flows might be used for
irrigation of the surrounding grass land1. The gullies and drainage ditches could be part of the watercourses
network that collect and convey these flows. The watercourse (red line) is on the limit of sector 01. The gullies
depths were estimated based on the pictures taken during the site visit, however, a detailed topographic survey
will be necessary in a future stage of the project.
The pictures taken during the site visit on February 2020 and the films from the drone provided by IFC were
used together with review of historical satellite imagery to conclude the following ideas:
• Sector 01 is located at a high plain area to the south of the irrigation channel. It is distant from the
Zerevshan River and therefore it is not affected by inundations.
• There are irrigation watercourses located at the northeast and southeast of this sector. Since 1990 until
now, this sector has not apparently been used for agricultural purposes.
1
It is presently unclear the historical use of the artificial ditches that cross the potential PV site. Ditches use within the
project area will be discussed with the affected-based and institutional stakeholders during further stages of the Project.
Figure 27. Aerial picture of the gullies on the north side of sector 01, it is observed an access very close to the
gully.
• Surface has gentle slopes, conveying the flows to the limits of the sector. Some of the gullies convey
the flows towards the watercourse on the east, and others to the drainage ditches on the west.
• There have been deep gullies in the north side since 1980. The assessment of the satellite images
indicates that these gullies are not growing towards the study area.
• Gullies are caused by run off. Even though the rainfall – run off process could increase the gullies
dimensions, the satellite images do not show an increase of the size of the gullies.
• Some gullies located north of the PV site have problems related to subsurface water and saturated
soils. The subsurface water flow is causing a fines migration process (sand, clay and silt) which affects
the stability of the gully walls, this process is slower than erosion caused by runoff and could increase
the size of the gully. The next figure shows that some of the gullies located to the northern limit of the
study area, outside the potential PV site, have subsurface flows affecting the stability of the soil, this
problem occurs along with the erosion caused by run off.
Figure 28. Subsurface water flows over the gullies headwater (left). Gullies with saturated soils where fines
migration takes place (right).
• Map 03 was elaborated based on satellite imagery and it shows the natural drainage system and the
deep gullies and watercourses which are part of the fluvial network.
4.1.2. SECTOR 02 – West of Jizzakh
Sector 02 is located 25 kilometers from the west of Jizzakh. In the next figure it is observed that sector 02
(encircled in the red line) is located near a watercourse which flows from north to south. The average surface
elevation is 694 meters above the mean sea level and the surface slopes range between 0.03 and 0.10 m/m.
A review of the historical satellite imagery is carried out to identify the land uses and natural processes similar
to the analysis done for sector 01.
Figure 29. Sector 02 location. Source: Google Earth
Figure 30 shows the location of sector 02. The areas with dark green and red indicate the presence of
vegetation, while the light green areas do not have relevant vegetation. In Figure 31 it is observed the presence
of natural vegetation on the south of sector 02, despite of that it could be concluded that this sector is not
apparently being used for agricultural purposes.
Figure 33 shows the gullies headwaters located on the west side of the sector. The watercourse located on the
east side of the sector does not show considerable changes since 1982. Even though the satellite images show
that sector 02 land has not been used for agricultural purposes, it is possible that this sector has been grass
lands.
Figure 34 shows the watercourses located on the west and east of the sector (blue lines), the eastern gullies
(brown lines) and the headwaters of the western gullies (yellow line). The gullies (brown lines) are caused by
run off and are distributed in almost all the sector 02 area, these gullies convey the flows towards the eastern
watercourse. The deepness of the gullies should be determined by a detailed topographic survey. The proposed
measures for the control of the erosion are listed in chapter 4.2.
The following ideas could be concluded from the analysis of the site visit, the drone films and the satellite
images:
• Sector 02 is not affected by the inundation of the surrounding watercourses.
• There is a watercourse on the north east side of the sector which collects the flows from the gullies
located inside the study area.
• The headwaters of the gullies are located on the west side of the sector with steep slopes.
• This sector has not been apparently used for agricultural purposes in the last 20 years, but there are
some areas with natural vegetation and grass.
• The gullies have not increased in width from the analysis of the satellite images, but during the site
visit some deep gullies were identified on the south side of the study area.
Figure 35. Aerial picture of a deep gully located on the west side of sector 02.
• It is observed the presence of grass and shrubs on the study area, but the vegetation density is not
enough to protect it from erosion.
• The gullies inside the study area are caused by the run off and the liquefaction due to the snow melt.
Figure 36. Confluence of two gullies on the south side of the study area
• Map 04 was elaborated based on satellite imagery and it shows the natural drainage system and the
deep gullies and watercourses which are part of the fluvial network.
4.2. PROPOSED MEASURES FOR THE CONTROL OF THE EROSION PROBLEMS
The effects of the climatological events on sectors 01 and 02 are the reason for the appearance of erosion and
gullies, which are mainly caused by surface slope, land use, run off, snow melt and subsurface water. Proposed
measures for the control of erosion are shown in this chapter, which are applicable for sectors 01 and 02.
4.2.1. Surface conditioning
Gullies with depths less than 1.50 meters could be filled as part of the surface leveling of the project. The areas
to be leveled include the lateral surfaces to the gullies, which do not need to be extensive. Also, after the filling
process of the gullies, the soils should be compacted in order to provide a better soil stability.
This conditioned surface will have gentle slopes and be completed by a drainage network formed by drainage
ditches and collectors. The gullies with depths less than 1.50 meters will be remedied during the surface
conditioning process. The gullies with subsurface water problems should be further assessed because they may
need a subdrain system.
4.2.2. Construction of dykes
The infrastructure distribution of the solar plant should take into consideration the different factors from all
the engineering areas, according to the risk to be consider in this project. The location of all the PV plant
components and infrastructure should avoid deep gullies (more than 1.50 meters) to decrease the risk
associated to them. Construction of dykes could be considered to prevent the advance of the deep gullies and
control the erosion.
In order to control the erosion, dissipate energy and retain sediments, dykes could be constructed transversally
to the gullies. The dykes could be constructed with gabion baskets or biotechnology elements.
Figure 37. Gabion baskets (on the left) and dykes distributed transversally on the gully (on the right)
The approach to design the dykes should consider the new distribution of the drainage system, since the
collection, conveying and evacuation structures will change the flows. A detailed topographic survey and the
final layout with the distribution of all the elements and structures of the solar plant will be needed for this
purpose.
Some of the gullies could be part of the new drainage system as a complementary measure to the construction
of dykes. For that purpose, the gullies should have adequate protection against erosion. The decision to use
the gullies as part of the planned drainage system depends on the final system configuration, slopes, gullies
dimensions and the design flows.
4.3. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS:
• Sector 01 and 02 are located in the Samarkand and Jizzakh regions respectively and do not have
problems related to inundation from the surrounding rivers.
• It is not observed the presence of large watercourses inside the areas of both sectors planned for the
construction of the solar plants, hence flooding from rivers is not expected in the areas.
• The main problem in both sectors is the erosion that causes deep gullies.
• The historical use of the ditches located on sector 01 that cross the potential PV site is unclear. Ditches
use within the project area will be discussed with the affected-based and institutional stakeholders
during further stages of the Project.
• The shallow and deep gullies located on sectors 01 and 02 convey the flows into the watercourses of
the fluvial network, it is recommended to use different solutions according to the gully´s depth. More
detailed studies and topography surveys are needed to improve those solutions.
• In order to control the erosion of gullies with depths less than 1.50 meters, a surface modification
(grading of located areas in combination with surface tretaments to avoid soil erosion) could be
considered to have more uniform slopes ranging between 0.02 and 0.03 m/m.
• The construction of dykes in order to dissipate water energy and control erosion could be considered
to control the deep gullies (more than 1.50 meters). These dykes should be constructed transversally
to the gullies. The topographic survey and soil study will be helpful to assess the coating of the gullies
bottom as a complementary alternative to the dykes.
• The definitive design of the solar PV plant will have to show the distribution of all the elements of the
necessary drainage system, which could consider to collect and evacuate the flows into the deep gullies
with the construction of the dykes.
• A detailed study of the subsurface water is recommended in order to design the collection and
evacuation structures.
• Maps 03 and 04 show the deep gullies that were considered in the analysis and may need to use the
solutions recommended in this study.
MAPS
66.39 66.41 66.43 66.45 66.47
39.94
39.94
LOCATION MAP MAP 01
64 .3
65 .3
66 .3
67 .3
LOCATION OF THE BASINS ON THE SECTOR 01 STUDY AREA
41.7
41.7
Kazakistán
(
40.7
40.7
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39.92
39.92
39.7
39.7
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38.7
38.7
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64.3 65.3 66.3 67.3 ada
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39.9
39.9
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Area=17.1 km2
39.88
39.88
Study Area
39.86
39.86
39.84
39.84
Datum horizontal : GCS - WGS 84

0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Legend
Kilometers
Channel
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39.82
39.82
Railways
Roads
Basin 01
Basin 02
Study Area 01
39.8
66.39 66.41 66.43 66.45 66.47

67.5 67.52 67.54 67.56
LOCATION MAP MAP 02

65 .4
66 .4
67 .4
68 .4
LOCATION OF THE BASINS ON THE SECTOR 02 STUDY AREA
42
42
Kazakistán
Study Area
(
41
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40.19
40.19
Uzbekistán
40
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65.4 66.4 67.4 68.4
40.17
40.17
40.15
40.15
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40.13
40.13

0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Kilometers
40.11
40.11
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River Network Basin 03
Area=16.85 km2
Roads
Study Area - Sector 02
Basin 03
40.09
67.5 67.52 67.54 67.56

66.43 66.44 66.45 66.46
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39.9
39.9
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Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS,
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39.84
66.43 66.44 66.45 66.46

67.5 67.52 67.54
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65.3 66.3 67.3 68.3

SECTOR 02 STUDY AREA
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40.17
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42.1
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40.13
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40.11
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40.09
67.5 67.52 67.54

65.63 66.63 67.63
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65.3
66 .3
67.3
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42.2
42.2
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41.7
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39.86
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39.8
66.39 66.41 66.43 66.45 66.47

67.5 67.52 67.54 67.56
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65 .4
66 .4
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67.5 67.52 67.54 67.56

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Scaling Solar Uzbekistan Hydraulic Report

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Scaling Solar Uzbekistan Hydraulic Report

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SCALING SOLAR UZBEKISTAN ROUND 2

TECHNICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONSULTANT

◼ QUALITY CONTROL SHEET

• Evaluation of existing erosive problems in the study sectors.

3.1.2. Cartographic Information

Station Longitude Latitude Elevation Parameters

Agalyk 67.0 39.5 1240 Monthly Precipitation

Figure 1. Map of the Climate stations over the study areas.

3.2.2. Climatic parameters

3.2.2.1. Maximum air temperature

Station Longitude Latitude Elevation Period

Dzhikav 67.8 40.1 344 1915-1965

Gallyaaral 67.6 40.0 601 1933-1935/1939-1965

Minchukur 66.9 38.7 2132 1950-1990

Nurata 65.7 40.6 485 1933-1965

Samarkand 67.0 39.7 726 1936-2003

Sanzar 68.0 39.7 1313 1934/1936-1990

Severtsova 67.7 39.1 2780 1959-1990

Table 3. Stations with maximum temperature.

Table 4. Maximum monthly temperature data

Figure 2. Maximum monthly temperature variability (ºC)

Elevation vs Mean of monthly maximum temperature

20,0 y = -0.0052x + 23.193

Figure 3. Relation between maximum annual temperature and elevation

Station Longitude Latitude Elevation Period

Minchukur 66.9 38.7 2132 1936-2003

Table 6. Minimum average temperature data

Figure 4. Minimum monthly temperature variability (ºC)

Elevation vs Mean of monthly minimum temperature

Figure 5. Relation between minimum annual temperature and elevation

Table 8. Average monthly temperature data

Figure 6. Average monthly temperature variability (ºC)

Elevation vs Average temperature

Figure 7. Relation between average annual temperature and elevation

Figure 8. Average annual isotherms on sector 01

Figure 9. Average annual isotherms on sector 02

3.2.3. Relative humidity, evaporation and wind velocity

Precipitation (mm) 42 42 56 48 22 4 0 0 1 11 23 33 282

Maximum daily Precipitation (mm) 30 38 43 62 88 18 1 7 3 23 25 26 88

Relative humidity (%) 80 77 76 67 54 38 34 36 39 52 66 80 58

Evaporation (mm) 30 20 16 33 110 200 254 223 142 75 54 43 1200

3.3.1. Rain gauge stations network

Estación Longitude Latitude Elevation Period

Agalyk 67.0 39.5 1240 1985-1999

Table 11. Average monthly precipitation data

Figure 10. Average monthly precipitation variability (mm)

Figure 11. Relation between precipitation and elevation

Figure 12. Isohyet map on the study area

3.4. SECTORS CLIMATOLOGY

Relative humidity (%) 80 77 76 67 54 38 34 36 39 52 66 80 58.25

Evaporation (mm) 30 20 16 33 110 200 254 223 142 75 54 43 1200

Table 12. Climatic parameters in Sector 01

Figure 13. Average monthly precipitation an temperature variability in Sector 01

Relative humidity (%) 80 77 76 67 54 38 34 36 39 52 66 80 58.25

Evaporation (mm) 30 20 16 33 110 200 254 223 142 75 54 43 1200

Table 13. Climatic parameters in Sector 02

Figure 14. Average monthly precipitation an temperature variability in Sector 01

4.1.1. SECTOR 01 – North west of Samarkand

4.1.2. SECTOR 02 – West of Jizzakh

Figure 29. Sector 02 location. Source: Google Earth

4.2. PROPOSED MEASURES FOR THE CONTROL OF THE EROSION PROBLEMS

4.3. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: