Analysis of negative-R assisted integrators Rz

R Rz . (Rz /R)/1 + (va /B)(1 + (Rz /R)). However, the effect of

v
and differentiators 1+ Ba1+ R
opamp bandwidth is still present.
P.V. Ananda Mohan✉

Exact analysis of recently proposed negative-R assisted technique for

compensating the non-idealities of opamp-based lossless and lossy R2
R
integrators is presented. VG

– C
Vi en
Introduction: Recently Jang et al., [1] have described a negative-R + VO
assisted integrator and its application to realise a low-power ZN
Continuous-time Delta–sigma modulator. The idea of using negative-R
technique was proposed also in [2, 3]. It has been claimed that the com-
a
pensation of the effect of finite bandwidth of the opamp, noise and distor-
tion on active-RC integrator is possible following the same technique R
used for compensation of the inverting amplifier [4–8]. In this Letter, C
we present an exact derivation and analysis of the transfer function of Vi
–
the negative-R compensated lossless integrator using an opamp as well O VG VO
+
as Gm. We extend the negative-R compensation for lossy integrators ZN
also. We also refer to earlier literature where the exact compensation RL
has been shown to be possible only by using a negative resistance and
negative capacitance at the virtual ground input of the OTA [9]. b

Analysis of negative-R compensated opamp-based integrator: We con- C

sider the single-pole model for the finite frequency-dependent gain of R
the opamp given as A(s) = −B/(s + ωa) where B is the unity-gain band- Vi –
width of the opamp, ωa is the first-pole of the opamp and s = jω where +
ZN
ω is the complex frequency variable. Using this model, writing the Vo
equation at node A in the integrator of Fig. 1a gives

 c
Vi 1 1
+ Vo sC = VG + + sC (1)
R R ZN
Fig. 1 Compensated integrators using Negative-R
   
where VG = − Vo (s + va )/B . Evidently when ZN = − 1/R , from (1) a Integrator using opamp
we have b Integrator using Gm
c Differentiator
VO 1
=−   (2) Differentiators: We consider the compensation of opamp-based
Vi sCR 1 + (s + va )/B
differentiator of Fig. 1c using negative-R. The transfer function with
showing that the effect of finite bandwidth of the opamp B is not can- compensation is given as
celled. It may be noted that without the use of ZN, the transfer function Vo sCR
of the integrator can be obtained from (1) as =− 2 (7)
V1 s (CR/B) + s(CRva /B) + 1
VO 1
= − 2       (3) whereas without compensation, the transfer function is given as
Vi s CR/B + s CR + 1 + CRva /B + va /B
  Vo sCR
Thus, the integrator dc gain in the uncompensated case is B/va =−   (8)
V1 CR
which has been made infinite by using negative-R compensation. s2 + s 1 + CRva /B + 1 + (va /B)
B
However, an additional pole is present in both the uncompensated and
compensated cases. Both (7) and (8) realise bandpass transfer functions [10, 11]. While the
On the other hand, from (1), it can be noted that an ideal lossless inte- pole frequencies are about the same, the mid-band gain for the compen-
grator can only be realised when 1/R + 1/ZN + sC = 0 implying that sated and uncompensated cases are given as B/va and B/1 + CRva ,
respectively. With exact compensation given by (4), however, an ideal


1 1 differentiator is realised with transfer function V0/Vi = −sCR.
=− + sC (4)
ZN R
Analysis of negative-R compensated Gm-based integrator: In the case of
This means that a negative resistance shall be in parallel with a negative Gm-based integrator shown in Fig. 1b, the equation at node VG is same as
capacitance [9]. The application of such a technique in the case of (1) and an additional equation is needed relating VG, Vo, Gm and C:
OTA-C integrators has been discussed in [9].
 
We next consider the application of the Negative-R compensation sC + 1/RL
VG = Vo (9)
scheme to the case of a lossy integrator realised by shunting the capa- sC − Gm
citor C with a resistor R2 as shown in dotted lines in Fig. 1a. The result-
Thus, from (1) and (9), the transfer function of the integrator of Fig. 1b
ing transfer function without NIC-based compensation is given as
can be derived as
V0 R2 /R
=−

  1 

  Vo sC − Gm
V1
s2 (CR2 )/B + s CR2 1 + (va /B) + 1 + (R2 /R) + 1 + (va /B) 1 + (R2 /R) =−    
B Vi sCR Gm + (1/ZN ) + (1/R) + (1/RL ) + 1/RL 1/ZN + 1/R
(5) (10)
   
In the case of using RN such that 1/RN = 1/R + 1/R2 , the resulting In the case of negative-R compensation, i.e. 1/ZN = − 1/R , (12)
transfer function is given as becomes
VO R /R Vo sC − Gm
=− 2  2  (6) =−    (11)
Vi s (CR2 /B) + s CR2 1 + (va /B) + 1 Vi sCR Gm + 1/RL
Comparing (5) and (6), it can be seen that only dc gain is made exactly showing that a transmission zero is existing. On the other hand, for exact
R2/R in the case of compensation whereas, without compensation, it is compensation, under the condition (4), we have V0/Vi = −1/(sCR).

ELECTRONICS LETTERS 6th February 2020 Vol. 56 No. 3 pp. 123–125

 80
frequency response of integrators showing that the output referred noise is shaped by a first-order
CI low-pass function (transfer function of a unit gain buffer) whereas
75 UCI
the integrator is affected by additional real pole (same as in (2)).
70 On the other and, in the case of choice defined in (4), an
exact cancellation of noise of the opamp is possible as can be seen
65
from (7).
60

Simulation results: The frequency responses of the lossless integrator

gain, dB

55
with and without negative-R compensation are presented in Fig. 2a
50 using R = 75 KΩ,C = 88 pF, B = 2π × 5 × 106 rads/s, ωa = 2π × 2500
45
rads/s showing that the dc gain is enhanced due to compensation
while the frequency response at higher frequencies is similar. The
40
frequency responses of a lossy integrator with R = R2 are presented
35 in Fig. 2b. The gain at all frequencies is enhanced compared to the
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
uncompensated case. In the case of frequency responses of differentiator
frequency
shown in Fig. 2c, the mid-band gain is enhanced due to negative-R
a
compensation whereas still the circuit behaves like a bandpass filter
frequency response of lossy integrators
0 and not an ideal differentiator.
UCLI
–0.05 CLI
Conclusion: It has been shown that compensation of opamp or
–0.10
OTA non-idealities using negative-R will not be exact. Exact com-
–0.15 pensation can only be achieved in case of all circuits considered
–0.20 using a negative resistance and negative capacitance in parallel.
gain, dB

The use of actual negative resistance and negative capacitance needs

–0.25
active devices and whose non-idealities need to be considered as
–0.30 well [5].
–0.35

–0.40 © The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2020

–0.45
Submitted: 05 September 2019 E-first: 14 November 2019
doi: 10.1049/el.2019.2905
–0.50
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 One or more of the Figures in this Letter are available in colour online.
frequency
P.V. Ananda Mohan (R&D, Centre for Development of Advanced
b
Computing, #1, Knowledge Park, Bayappanahalli, Bangalore 560038,
frequency response of differentiators
70 KA, India)
65
UCD
CD
✉ E-mail: anandmohanpv@live.in
60
References
55
1 Jang, M., Lee, C., and Chae, Y.: ‘Analysis and design of low-
50
power continuous-time Delta-Sigma modulator using negative
gain dB

45 R assisted integrator’, IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, 2019, 54, (1),

40
pp. 277–287
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25
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×105
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uncompensated (UC) lossless integrators pp. 192–194
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Effect of negative-R compensation on noise, offset and distortion of the of opamp virtual ground imperfections by a negative conductance
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‘Comments on ‘cancellation of OpAmp virtual ground imperfections
the opamp in Fig. 1a as shown in the dotted circle. Taking this noise by a negative conductance applied to improve RF receiver linearity’,
source en into account, (1) is modified as IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, 2014, 49, (9), p. 2083


 9 Kamat, D.V., Ananda Mohan, P.V., and Prabhu, G.K: ‘Active-RC
Vi Vo s 1 1
+ Vo sC = en − + + sC (12) filters using two-stage OTAs with and without feed-forward
R B R zN compensation’, IET Circuits Devices Syst., 2011, 10, (6),
    pp. 527–535
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from (8) we have operational amplifier pole’, IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, 1977, 12,
(4), pp. 429–430
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ELECTRONICS LETTERS 6th February 2020 Vol. 56 No. 3 pp. 123–125