Internship Report

Habak Grid Station 132/33 KV 120 MVA Capacity

Contents:
1) Primary Purpose of a Grid Station and Control Panels
2) Power Distribution: 132 KV Line
3) Power Distribution: 33KV Line
4) Bay and Bus in Power System
5) Various Components of Bay
6) Types of Faults and SOP’s followed
7) Transformers
8) Parts of Transformer
9) DC Battery Bank
10) Relays:
a) Differential Relay
b) Distance Relay
Primary Purpose of a Grid Station and Control
Panels:
• An electrical grid station is a collection of electrical equipments used to control
the flow of electricity. It houses transformers, wires, control systems, and a
variety of other components.
• The primary function of a grid station is to transfer electricity to consumers. They
also connect all of a country's power plants so that even if one fails, people will
still have access to electricity.
• The control panels provide a safety feature on input side as well as on output
side.
• Control panels also show various types of electrical readings in terms of power,
voltage, current etc. It also shows if any kind of fault has occurred such as earth
fault and overcurrent fault.
Power Distribution: 132 KV
Line
Habak Grid Station gets input
as 132KV from Alusteng (1 &
2) as a double circuit and it
feeds the same voltage to
Cheshmahi (1 & 2),
Wanganpora (1 & 2) and
Badampora.
The capacity of the Grid
Station is 120MVA comprising
of two 50 MVA transformer’s
and one 20 MVA transformer.
Power Distribution: 33KV
Line
33 KV line is provided to Ellahi
Bagh, Zakoora, Habak, BAMK
and Lal Bazar substations.
Bus Coupler panel is used if
any other panel becomes
faulty.
Auxillary Transformer is used
to give supply to the Grid
Station itself.
In total there are 10 panels
for 33KV line (excluding
Ganderbal panel as it is out of
service).
Bay and Bus in Power System:
• A bay is a power line within an electrical substation which connects a circuit (such
as a power line or transformer) to a busbar. Each bay typically includes, isolators,
circuit breakers, CVT’s, voltage transformers and surge arresters.
• It is a rectangular piece of land with standard width as 12.2 meter for 132KV and
4.7 meter for 33KV.
• Every control panel has its own bay in the yard, as bay houses safety equipments.
• A bus in a power system is defined as the vertical line at which the several
components of the power system like loads, feeders etc., are connected.
• There is Main Bus and Reserve Bus for 132 KV line as well as 33 KV line.
• Our primary purpose is to charge the bus safely which is made possible by the
safety equipments installed in bay.
• All the electric components in the bay are connected to a common ground to
prevent leakage current.
Various Components of Bay:
1. Lightning Arrester: The
primary purpose of this
component is to ground
any unwanted surges.
2. Current Transformer(CT):It
is used as a device used to
convert high transmission
class current into
measurable values.
3. Capacitor Voltage
Transformer (CVT):It is
device which is used to
convert high transmission
class voltage into
measurable values.
4. Isolator: Isolator switches, in particular, are used in power
grids and substations to efficiently isolate very high voltage
apparatuses. They are used in off-load condition. They are
placed on each side of the circuit breaker to provide
isolation.These switches are generally used for the repair or
replacement of a circuit breaker. It acts as a switch that
disconnects the required part from the circuit where the
repair has to be done. There are four isolators used in a bay:
a) Line Isolator (Isolates the main 3-phase line from Circuit
Breaker).
b) Main Isolator (This is where from taps are taken to charge
the main bus), known as 29a. Isolator
c) Transfer Isolator (Used in case reserve bus is to be used
thus transfers power from main bus to reserve bus), known
as 29b.
d) Reserve Isolator (Used in case of other faulty isolator’s).
5.Cable Trenches: All the wires in
the bay go into a specific area
called the trenches. We have three
types of trenches,namely main
trench,sub trench and T off. These
wires are connected from the yard
to the control panels.
6. Circuit Breaker: A circuit breaker
is a switching device which can be
operated manually and
automatically for controlling and
protecting an electrical power
system.
• It acts as a fuse, as the power
system deals with huge Cable Trenches
currents. It is operated on load.
• During a short circuit fault or any other type of
electrical fault,a high fault current will flow
through this equipment as well as the power
network itself.
• This high current may damage the equipment
and networks permanently. For saving these
pieces of equipment and the power networks,
the fault current should be cleared from the
system as quickly as possible.
• The isolator switches cannot be opened unless
circuit breaker is open and circuit breaker cannot Circuit Breaker
be closed unless the isolator is closed.
Types of Faults and SOP’s followed:
1. Overcurrent fault: In case of an overcurrent fault, the relay for overcurrent is set
and circuit breaker is off. To rectify this fault, first the line and main isolator’s are
put in off position, secondly circuit breakers are checked whether they are in off
postion or not (via the display connected to them) and lastly the line is grounded to
prevent induction from other lines. Now the fault is repaired. All these steps are
followed at the grid station that this fault has occured and the grid station from
where the main input line is being given simultaneously.
2. Earth fault: In case of an earth fault, the relay for earth fault is set and is shown
on the control panel. To rectify this fault, patrolling parties are sent from the the
grid station at which fault has occurred to the grid station from which he line is
coming. Once the fault has been identified, again the above steps are followed to
repair this fault.
• When any fault occurs, bus coupler bay is utilised using the transfer isolator, so
that power connectivity is not disturbed. Bus coupler bay has only two isolator’s.
• The only fault in which power connectivity is disturbed especially in winter’s is
when Current Transformer (CT) has to be repaired or replaced as CT is essential
for reading current values.
Transformers:
• Habak Grid stattion has 3 transformer’s with 50 MVA, 50 MVA and 20 MVA
capacity respectively.
• The transformers are used to step down voltage from 132KV to 33KV level.
• All the safety equipments such as Lightning Arrester, Circuit Breaker, Isolator are
present at input of transformer as well as output.
• Transformers can be operated on single phase supply or three phase supply, we
have three phase supply at our grid station.
Parts of Transformer:
1. Core:
• Power transformer cores are constructed of sheets of grain-oriented silicone
steel, designed to have a very low resistance to the flow of magnetic flux
(reluctance). These sheets of silicone steel have a very thin coating of varnish or
enamel on them so they are magnetically coupled, but electrically separate.
2. Windings:
• The transformer’s windings are wound around the core, with the low-voltage
winding wound against the core and the high-voltage winding wound over it. This
arrangement reduces the dielectric stress between the low- and high-voltage
windings and between windings and core. Transformers will be wound as core-
form or shell form types.
3. OIL:
• Transformer oil or insulating oil is an oil that is stable at high temperatures and
has excellent electrical insulating properties. It is used in oil-filled transformers.
• The dielectric strength of transformer oil is also known as the breakdown voltage
(BDV) of transformer oil. BDV is an important and popular test of transformer oil,
as it is the primary indicator of the health of oil and it can be easily carried out at
the site.
• Moisture or water content in transformer oil is highly undesirable as it affects the
dielectric properties of the oil adversely.
• Dry and clean oil gives BDV results, better than the oil with moisture content and
other conducting impurities. Minimum breakdown voltage of transformer oil or
dielectric strength of transformer oil at which this oil can safely be used in
transformer, is considered as 30 KV.
• Dissolved gas analysis (DGA) is the study of dissolved gases in transformer oil. It is
also referred to as a DGA test. Whenever a transformer undergoes abnormal
thermal and electrical stresses, certain gases are produced due to the
decomposition of the transformer oil. When the fault is major, the production of
decomposed gases are significant and they get collected in a Buchholz relay. But
when abnormal thermal and electrical stresses are not significantly high the
gasses due to decomposition of transformer insulating oil will get enough time to
dissolve in the oil.
• In a DGA test, the gases in oil are extracted and analyzed to determine the
quantity of gasses in a specific amount of oil. By observing the percentages of
different gasses present in the oil, you can predict the internal condition of the
transformer.
• Generally, the gasses found in the oil in service are hydrogen (H2), methane
(CH4), Ethane (C2H6), ethylene (C2H4), acetylene (C2H3), carbon monoxide (CO),
carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen (N2) and oxygen(O2). Their levels are compared
with the normal levels in the oil.
4. Conservator tank:
• This is a cylindrical tank mounted on supporting structure on the roof the
transformer main tank.
• The main function of conservator tank of transformer is to provide adequate
space for expansion of oil inside the transformer. When transformer is loaded and
when ambient temperature rises, the volume of oil inside transformer increases.
• A conservator tank of transformer provides adequate space for expansion of oil
inside the transformer.
• The working of the conservator tank is, once the transformer insulating oil
increases because of the ambient temperature and load, then the vacant space
on top of the oil level in the conservator is incompletely occupied through the
extended oil. As a result, the equivalent amount of air in that gap is pushed away
using a breather. Once the transformer load reduces, then the transformer is
turned off similarly, once the ambient temperature reduces, the transformer oil
contracts. This mainly occurs due to the outside air because it enters the tank
through a silica gel breather.
5. Bushing tube:
• In electric power, a bushing is an insulated device that allows an electrical
conductor to pass safely through a grounded conducting barrier such as the case
of a transformer or circuit breaker. Bushings are typically made from porcelain;
though other insulating materials are also possible, generally porcelain is used.
We have HV bushing on input side and LV bushing on output side.
6. Tap changer:
• Tap changer is used to increase or decrease the voltage by increasing the taps of
power transformer . The purpose of a tap changer is to regulate the output
voltage of a transformer. It does this by altering the number of turns in one
winding and thereby changing the turns ratio of the transformer.
7. Cooling fans:
• These fans also help in transformer cooling. They are fitted below or at the side
of radiator tubes and provide cool air. These are automatically turned on when
the control panel detects temperature has increased in the windings or
transformer oil.
8. Buchholz Relay:
• Buchholz relay is a type of oil and gas actuated protection relay universally used
on all oil immersed transformers having rating more than 500 kVA. Buchholz relay
is used for the protection of transformers from the faults occurring inside the
transformer. Short circuit faults such as inter turn faults, incipient winding faults,
and core faults may occur. Buchholz relay will sense such faults as it detects
different levels of gases present and closes the alarm circuit. Flame test is then
done to determine whether the gases present are inflammable or not.
9. Radiator Tubes: They are used for cooling of the transformers.
1. Transformer Tank
2. High Voltage
Bushing
3.Low Voltage
Bushing
4.Cooling Fins
5. Cooling Fans
6. Conservator Tank
7. System Ground
Terminal
8. Drain Valve
9. Breather
10. Oil Temperature
Gauge
11. Bushing Current
Transformer
12. Control Panel
13.Lightning Arrester
DC Battery Bank:
• A DC battery bank is also known as
the heart of the grid.
• All the control panels work on this
supply and it is exremely important
that the DC battery bank is always
functional.
• A backup DC battery bank is also
present and used in case of an
emergency or repair in which the
main battery bank fails.
• 110v DC supply is used comprising of
55 (2v) batteries.
Relays:
• A relay is a device that “detects” the fault and “directs” the circuit breaker to
isolate the faulty part/equipment from the system.

Function of Relay: A relay performs three functions.

• Sensing.
• Comparing.
• Tripping.

• It senses the “fault”. This is done by the relay to “respond” to the change if any,
in the currents passing through it.It compares the current through it with the
designed value of current. It responds only if the current through it is different
from its designed current rating.If the current through it is different from its
designed current rating, it sends information to the circuit breaker for tripping.
Qualities of a Good Relay:
In order to perform its function successfully, a relay should have the
following qualities:
• Selectivity.
• Speed.
• Sensitivity
• Reliability
• Simplicity.
• Economical
Important terms related to Relays:
• Pickup Level of Actuating Signal: The value of actuating quantity (voltage or
current) which is on threshold above which the relay initiates to be operated.
• Reset Level: The value of current or voltage below which a relay opens its
contacts and comes in original position.
• Operating Time of Relay: Just after exceeding pickup level of actuating quantity
the moving mechanism (for example rotating disc) of relay starts moving and it
ultimately closes the relay contacts at the end of its journey. The time which
elapses between the instant when actuating quantity exceeds the pickup value to
the instant when the relay contacts close.
• Reach of Relay: A distance relay operates whenever the distance seen by the
relay is less than the pre-specified impedance. The actuating impedance in the
relay is the function of distance in a distance protection relay. This impedance or
corresponding distance is called the reach of relay.
Differential Relay:
• The differential relay is one that operates when there is a difference between two
or more similar electrical quantities exceeds a predetermined value.
• In the current differential scheme, there are two sets of current transformer each
connected to either side of the equipment protected by differential relay. The
ratio of the current transformers are so chosen, the secondary currents of both
current transformers matches each other in magnitude.
• The polarities of current transformers are such that the secondary current of
these CTs opposes each other. From the circuit is clear that only if any nonzero
difference is created between this to secondary currents, then only this
differential current will flow through the operating coil of the relay. If this
difference is more than the peak up value of the relay, it will operate to open the
circuit breakers to isolate the protected equipment from the system.
• Differential protection principle is employed for the protection of generators,
generator-transformer units, transformers, feeders (transmission lines), large
motors and bus-bars.
Distance Relay:
• A distance relay is a type of protection relay most often used for transmission
line protection. Distance relays measure the impedance from the installation
side to the fault location and operates in response to changes in the ratio of
measured current and voltage.
• This type of relay is used for backup protection, fault protection, phase
protection, and main protection of transmission and distribution lines.
• The distance relay working principle is very simple and it is based on the ratio of
voltage and current i.e, impedance. This relay contains a potential transformer to
supply voltage and current transformer for the current element, which is
connected in series with the entire circuit. The secondary current of CT produces
the deflecting torque whereas the potential transformer produces restoring
torque.
• As the impedance of the transmission line is directly proportional to its length,
then the relay starts operating if any fault occurs within the length of the
transmission line or predetermined distance.