area of jet at vena contracta a c

Cc  
8. ORIFICES AND MOUTHPIECES area of orifice a
Cc varies from 0.61 to 0.69 depending on shape, size and head of liquid, and
may be generally taken as 0.64.
(A) ORIFICES (iii) Coefficient of discharge, Cd – is the ratio of the actual discharge from an orifice
8.1 Introduction to Orifices to the theoretical discharge.
An orifice is an opening provided in the side or bottom of a tank, through which a fluid actual discharge
flows and is used for measuring the discharge. Cd 
Orifices may be classified as follows: theoretical discharge
(a) Based on size actual velocity  actual area

(i) Small orifice: An orifice is termed small when its dimensions are small compared to theoretical velocity  theoretical area
the head causing flow. If the head of liquid from the centre of orifice is more than five actual velocity actual area
times the depth of the orifice, the orifice is termed a small orifice. Velocity does not  
theoretical velocity theoretical area
vary appreciably from top to bottom edge of orifice.
(ii) Large orifice: An orifice is termed large when the head of liquid is less than i.e. Cd  Cv  Cc , where Cd varies from 0.61 to 0.65, and generally may be
five times the depth of the orifice. Velocity varies appreciably from top to bottom taken as 0.62.
edge of orifice.
(b) Based on shape: Circular, triangular, rectangular or square. Experimental Determination of Coefficients
(c) Based on shape of upstream edge of orifice: Sharp-edged, rounded, bell-mouthed. (a) Determination of coefficient of discharge, Cd
(d) Based on discharge conditions: Free discharging, drowned/submerged – further By maintaining a constant head of water in the tank over the orifice, the jet of
classified as fully submerged or partially submerged. water discharged by the orifice is collected in a measuring tank. The rise in level of
8.2 Discharge Through a Small Orifice water in the measuring tank is measured in a known interval of time.
The flow through a small orifice will be as shown in Fig 8.1. The point at which Actual discharge, Qa =
area of measuring tank  rise in water level
streamlines are straight and parallel to each other is called the vena-contracta. interval of time
Theoretical discharge, Qt = a 2gH
Qa Qa
H C 2, Vena contracta
 Cd  
Q t a 2gH
●1 ● The experiment is repeated a number of times and the average value of Cd obtained.
C
(b) Determination of coefficient of velocity, Cv
Constant head of water is maintained over the orifice.
Fig 8.1: Small Orifice
Consider any point P on the centre line of the jet as shown in Fig 8.2.
Consider the two points, 1 and 2 when the flow is steady and at a constant head H. Let: v = velocity of the jet at the vena contracta, the horizontal and vertical
Applying Bernoulli’s equation to points 1 and 2: ordinates of P being x and y with respect to the centre of the jet at vena-
p1 v12 p v2 contracta as origin.
  z 1  2  2  z 2 where
w 2g w 2g t = time taken by a particle of water to move from vena-contracta to P.
p1 v12 p 2 v 22
     z1  z2 
w 2g w 2g Inflow to maintain constant level
p p
Now, 1  H and 2  0 (atmospheric pressure), v1 is very small compared to v2, as the tank H C x
w w
area is very large when compared to that of the jet of the liquid.
v 22 C y
H  0  0  P •
2g
Fig 8.2
Hence, v 2  v th  2gH , (where vth = theoretical velocity) Horizontal displacement, x = vt ...(i)
Hydraulic coefficients: Vertical displacement, y = ½gt² ...(ii)
(i) Coefficient of velocity, Cv – is the ratio of the actual velocity of the jet at vena From equation (i) and (ii),
contracta to the theoretical velocity of the jet. g x2 gx 2
actual velocity of jet at vena contracta v y  , or v 
Cv   2 v2 2y
theoretical velocity 2gH
Theoretical velocity, v  2gH
Cv varies from 0.95 to 0.99 for different orifices depending on size, shape and
head. For sharp edged orifice, Cv = 0.98.  Coefficient of velocity,
(ii) Coefficient of contraction, Cc – is the ratio of the area of jet at vena contracta to
the area of the orifice.
1 pmk 2 pmk
 v gx 2 1 x2  Cd  b  dh  2gh
Cv     1
V 2y 2gH 4yH  Cd  b  2g  h 2 dh
The experiment may be repeated taking other points on the centre line of the jet Total discharge through the orifice may be obtained by integrating between the limits, H1
and the values of Cv obtained averaged. and H2.
(c) Determination of the coefficient of contraction, Cc H2

(i) First method  Q   dQ   Cd  b  2g h 1 2 dh

The area of the jet at vena contracta is measured using a micrometer, as shown in Fig H1

8.3. The instrument consists of a ring with four radial screw gauges, equally spaced. The  h3 2 
H2

screws are adjusted such that the sharp points just touch the jet. The instrument is then  Cd  b  2g  
 3 2 H1
removed, and the spacings between the screws measured accurately.Shortcomings noted
include: (i)-Jet is not absolutely circular (ii)It is not possible to adjust all four screws at the 2
 Cdb 2g  H 32 2  H13 2 
same time. 3
(ii) Second method 8.4 Discharge Through a Submerged Orifice
Coefficients of discharge and velocity are first determined. Coefficient of A Submerged Orifice (or Totally Drowned Orifice) discharges at the outlet to another
contraction is then found by dividing the coefficient of discharge by the coefficient of liquid of the same kind as shown in Fig 8.5.
C Let: H1 = height of liquid above top of orifice on upstream side.
velocity.  C c  d H2 = height of water above bottom of orifice.
Cv H = difference in water level.
b = width of orifice
Screw gauge
Cd = coefficient of discharge.
Water jet Height of water above centre of orifice on upstream side,
H  H1 H1  H 2
 H1  2 
2 2
Height of water above centre of orifice on downstream side,
H  H2
 1 H
2

Fig 8.3
8.3 Discharge Through a Large Orifice. H
H1
In the case of a large orifice, the velocity is not constant over the entire cross-section of H2
the jet. ●1 ●2
Consider a large rectangular orifice in one side of a tank, discharging freely into
atmosphere under a constant head, H, as shown in Fig 8.4.
Fig 8.5: Submerged Orifice

Applying Bernoulli’s equation at sections 1 and 2, we get

p1 v12 p 2 v 22
H
H1 h
    z1  z 2 
w 2g w 2g
H2
dh d p H  H 2 p 2 H1  H 2
Now, 1  1 ,   H , and v1 is negligible.
w 2 w 2
b H1  H 2 H  H2 v2
 0 1 H 2
Fig 8.4: Large Orifice 2 2 2g
Let: H1 = height of liquid above top of the orifice. v2
H2 = height of liquid above bottom edge of orifice. Or H 2
2g
b = breadth of orifice.
d = depth of orifice = (H2 – H1)  v 2  2gH
Cd = coefficient of discharge of the orifice. Area of orifice  b  H 2  H 1 
Consider an elementary strip of thickness dh, at a depth of h below the free surface of Discharge  Cd  area  velocity
liquid in the tank as shown.
Area of strip = b×dh.  Cd  bH 2  H 1   2gH
Theoretical velocity of water through the strip = 2gh Or Q  Cd bH 2  H 1  2gH
Discharge through the elementary strip,
dQ = Cd×area of strip×velocity.
3 pmk 4 pmk
8.5 Discharge Through a Partially Submerged Orifice  Adh  h 1 / 2 dh  A
This has the outlet partially submerged under the liquid as shown in Fig 8.6. Or dT   k  where k  
C d  a  2gh  C  a  2g  C  a  2g
 d  d

By integrating the above equation between limits H1 to H2, total time T is obtained:
H H2
 h1 2 
 
T 2
H2
H1 H T =  dT  k  h 1 / 2 dh  k    k 2h
12
H1
H2
●1 ●2
0 H1  1 2  H1
Or T  k  2 H12 2  H11 2 

 T

2A H 11 2  H 12 2 
Fig 8.6: Partially Submerged Orifice
Cd  a  2g
Total discharge is equal to that of the submerged portion and free portion. To empty tank completely, H2 = 0
Discharge through submerged portion is given by: 2A H 11 2
Q1  Cd bH 2  H1  2gH (submerged portion)  T
Cd  a  2g
Discharge through the free portion is given by:
(b) Hemispherical tank
Q 2  Cd b 2g H 32 2  H13 2  (free portion)
2
Consider a hemispherical tank as shown in Fig 8.8
3 Let R = radius of tank
Total discharge, a = area of orifice.
Q  Q1  Q 2 H1 = initial height of water in tank.
Or Q  Cd bH 2  H 1  2gH  Cd b 2g H 32 2  H 13 2 
2 H2 = height of water in tank after time T
3 h = head of liquid over orifice at any instance of time, x being the radius of the
8.6 Time of Emptying a Tank Through an Orifice liquid surface.
(a) Cylindrical tank
Consider a circular tank with an orifice at the bottom as shown in Fig 8.7.
Let : A = area of tank top surface.
a = area of orifice. O
H1 = initial height of liquid.
R R
H2 = final height of liquid dh
T = time in seconds for level to fall from H1 to H2.
C D H1
h
H2
dh Orifice
H1 Fig 8.8: Hemispherical Tank
h

H2
Area of liquid surface, A = πx²
Theoretical velocity of liquid through orifice,v = 2gh
Orifice
Let liquid level fall down by dh in time dT.
Fig 8.7: Cylindrical Tank Volume of liquid leaving tank in time dT,
= A(-dh) = -πx²dh … (i)
Let at any time, height of liquid above orifice be h, and liquid surface fall by dh in Also, volume of liquid flowing through orifice,
time dT. = Cd×area of orifice×velocity
Volume of liquid leaving tank in time dT = A×(-dh) …(i)
= Cd  a  2gh
(negative sign indicates level is falling)
Volume of liquid flowing through orifice in time dT,
Theoretical velocity through orifice, v = 2gh
= Cd  a  2gh dT … (ii)
Discharge through orifice in time dT,
dQ = Cd×area of orifice×theoretical velocity Equating equations (i) and (ii)
 C d  a  2gh  dT …(ii)  πx 2  dh   Cd  a  2gh dT
As volume of liquid leaving tank is equal to volume of liquid flowing through orifice (negative sign introduced since with increase of T, h decreases)
in time dT,   πx 2 dh  Cd  a  2gh dT …(iii)
A  dh   C d  a  2gh  dT From figure and considering ΔOCD, OC = R, and DO = R-h
 CD  x  OC 2  OD 2  R 2   R  h 
2

5 pmk 6 pmk
 or x 2  R 2   R  h   R 2   R 2  h 2  2Rh   2Rh  h 2 Also volume of liquid flowing through orifice in time dT,
2

= Cd×area of orifice×velocity in time dT

Substituting value of x² in equation (iii):
But velocity of liquid at time considered = 2gh
 π 2Rh  h 2 dh  Cd  a  2gh  dT
Volume of liquid flowing through orifice in time dT,
or dT  
π

π

2Rh  h 2 h 1 2 dh   Cd  a  2gh  dT … (ii)
Cd  a  2g Cd  a  2g
Equating equations (i) and (ii):

π

2Rh 1 2  h 3 2 dh  2L 2Rh  h 2  - dh   Cd  a  2gh  dT
Cd  a  2g
(negative sign introduced as with increase of T, height h decreases)
Total time T required to bring level from H1 to H2 is obtained by integrating the above
2L 2Rh  h 2
equation between limits H1 to H2:  dT   dh
H2 H2 Cd  a  2gh
T  
π
  
2Rh 1 2  h 3 2 dh  k  2Rh 1 2  h 3 2 dh ,  2L 2R  h 
H1 Cd  a  2g H1  dh taking h as common 
π Cd  a  2g
where k  
Cd  a  2g  2L2R  h 
H2 12

H2
Total time, T   Cd  a  2g
dh
 h3 2 h5 2  H1
Or T  k 2   H2 H2
 3 2 5 2  H1  2L
 2R  h  dh  k  2R  h  dh
12 12

4 2  Cd  a  2g
 k  R  H 32 2  H13 2    H52 2  H15 2  
H1 H1

 2R  h 3 2
H2
3 5  
π 4 2 52   k  1
 R  H1  H 2    H1  H 52 2  
32 32
 3 2  H1
Cd  a  2g  3 5 
Or T
4L
3Cd  a  2g

2R  H 2 3 2  2R  H 1 3 2 
For complete emptying of tank, H2 = 0;
π 4 2  For complete emptying of the tank,
 T RH13 2  H15 2 
Cd  a  2g  3 5  T
4L
3Cd  a  2g

2R 3 2  2R  H 1 3 2 
(c) Time of Emptying a Circular Horizontal Tank
Consider a circular horizontal tank as shown in Fig 8.9, of length L, and radius R,
containing liquid up to a height H1. 8.7 Time of Flow From One Vessel to Another
Consider two tanks with communicating orifice in the common wall as shown Fig 8.10.

O h
dh Area, A1
R A B C Area, A2
h H1 a,v

L H2
Fig 8.10
Fig 8.9: Circular Horizontal Tank Let: A1 and A2 be the areas of the two tanks
Let a = area of orifice at bottom of the tank. Time required to bring level from H1 to a = area of the orifice.
H2 is obtained as follows: Let at any instant the water level in the tank of area A1 be h units above the
Let at any time, height of liquid over orifice be h, and in time dT, let height fall by water level of the other tank, i.e. h = head causing the flow.
dh. Let in a small interval of time dT the fall in water level of the first tank be dh1,
Let at this time width of liquid surface = L×AC and the corresponding rise in water level of the other tank be dh2.
 
But AC  2  2AB  2 AO 2  OB 2  2 R 2  R  h 
2 Quantity discharged in dT seconds,
= A1dh1 = A2 dh2
 2 R 2  R 2  h 2  2Rh   2 2Rh  h 2  
A
dh 2  1 dh 1
 Surface area, A  L  AC  L  2 2Rh  h 2 
A2
Change in the head causing the flow,
Volume of liquid leaving tank in time dT,
A  A 
 A(-dh)  2L 2Rh  h 2  (dh) … (i) dh  dh 1  dh 2  dh 1  1 dh 1  1  1 dh 1
A2  A 2 

7 pmk 8 pmk
 dh  kh 1/2 dT , where k = Cd a 2g
 dh 1 
 A1  Increase of liquid in tank,
1  A  = Adh = QdT-kh1/2dT = (Q-kh1/2)dT
 2 

Since the quantity discharged from the first tank equals the quantity that has Adh
 dT 
passed through the Orifice, Q  kh 1/2  
A 1dh 1  Cda 2gh dT Let T be the interval of time in which the head of water increases from H1 to H2;
H2
A 1dh 1 Adh
 dT  h 1 2  T 
H1 Q  kh
1/2
Cda 2g
A1 dh Put: Q  kh 1/2  z
 h 1 2
Cda 2g  A1 

Qz
h 1/2  or h 
Q  z  2

1  
 A2  k k2
A  2Q  z dz
 h 1 2 dh  dh 
 A1  k2

Cda 2g 1  
 dh  2Q  z dz
 A2  or  Q  kh 1/2

k 2z
Suppose initially the difference of water levels in the tanks is H1. Let after time
2 Q 
T the difference of water level in the tanks be H2.  2    1dz
Integrating the above equation between the lower and upper limits of h, k z 
2
 2 Qlog e z  z 
H1
A1
 h dh
1 2
T k
 A1  H2
Cda 2g 1  
 A2 
2

 2 Qlog e Q  kh 1/2   Q  kh 1/2 
k



2A 1 H1  H 2   T=
-2A 
  
Qlog e Q - kh1/2 - Q - kh1/2 
H2

 A  k2  H1

Cda 2g 1  1 
 A2  =
-2A 
 
 Qloge Q - k H 2 - Q - k H 2
k2 
  - Qloge  Q - k  
H - Q - k H 
1 1 
Duration of flow:
-2A   Q - k H2  
For this condition, put H2 = 0. or T = Qlog e
k2 

Q-k H 
+k  H 2 - H1 


2A1 H1   1 
 T=
 A 
Cda 2g 1  1  Examples 8.1. A circular vertical tank of diameter 4m contains water up to a height of 5m,
 A2  and has an orifice of diameter 0.5m at the bottom. Determine the time required: (a) for water
8.8 Discharge From a Tank With Inflow to fall from 5m to 2m (b) to completely empty the tank. Take Cd = 0.6
Consider a tank receiving an inflow as shown in Fig 8.11.
Q Solution
π 2
dh Diameter of tank, D = 4m,  A   4  12.566m 2
H1 4
π
h Diameter of orifice, d = 0.5m  a   0.52  0.1963m 2
H2 4
Initial height of water, H1 = 5m
q
Case 1 : When final height of water, H2 = 2m;
2A
H11 2  H12 2 
Fig 8.11
T
Let: A = area of tank Cd  a  2g
a = area of orifice
2  12.566
Q = uniform inflow of water into the tank  51/2  21/2   39.58s
q = rate of outflow through the orifice 0.6  0.1963  2  9.81
h = head of water over orifice at an instant of time Case 2 : When final height of water, H2 = 0;
2  12.566
dh = change in level in a small interval of time, dT
Amount of inflow = QdT
T 51/2  0  107.7s
0.6  0.1963  2  9.81
Amount of outflow = qdT
 Cda 2gh  dT

9 pmk 10 pmk
Examples 8.2. A hemispherical tank of diameter 4m contains water up to a height of 1.5m. v1
An orifice of diameter of 0.05m is provided at the bottom. Find the time required: (i) for the  vc 
0.62
water level to fall from 1.5m to 1.0m (ii) to completely empty the tank. Take Cd = 0.6. Due to sudden enlargement at 1-1, there will be head loss hL, given as,
Solution
Diameter of hemispherical tank, D = 4m, Radius, R = 2m hL  c
v  v1 2
π 2g
Diameter of orifice, d = 0.05m  a   0.052  0.001963m 2 But v c  v1 /0.62
4
Initial height of water, H1 = 1.5m; Cd = 0.6  v1
2

Case 1: (H2 = 1m)   v1  2 2 2
hL   0.62   v1  1  1  0.375 v1
T
π 4

R H 13/2  H 3/2 2

 H15/2  H 5/2

 2g

2g  0.62 

2g
Cd  a  2g  3
2 2 
5 
Apply Bernoulli’s equation to point A and 1-1;

π 4
  2
 
 2 1.5 3/2  13/2  1.5 5/2  15/2  p A v 2A

p v2
 z A  1  1  z1  h L
0.6  0.001963  2  9.81  3 5  w 2g w 2g
 921.4s  15min 21.4s But zA = z, vA is negligible, and p1/w = atmospheric pressure = 0 gauge pressure,
Case 2: (H2 =0) pA/w = H.
π 4 2  v2 v2
T RH 13/2  H 15/2   H  0  0  1  0.375 1
Cd  a  2g  3 5  2g 2g
π 4 2  v12
  2  1.5 3/2   1.5 5/2  H  1.375
0.6  0.001963  2  9.81  3 5  2g
 2286.33s  38min 6.33s 2gH
 v1   0.855 2gH
1.375
(B) - MOUTHPIECES Theoretical velocity of liquid at outlet is,
8.9 Introduction to mouthpieces v T  2gH
A mouthpiece is a short length of pipe which is 2 to 3 times the diameter in length, fitted  Coefficient of velocity for mouthpiece,
into the side of a tank or vessel containing liquid and it is used for measuring the discharge.
Mouthpieces are classified as follows: actual velocity 0.855 2gH
Cv    0.855
 Based on position of tank where fitted – Internal or external mouthpiece. theoretical velocity 2gH
 Based on shapes – Cylindrical, Convergent or convergent-divergent. Cc for mouthpiece = 1 as the area of the jet at inlet is equal to area at outlet.
 Based on nature of discharge (for internal mouthpieces only): (Bordas or re-entrant Thus Cd = Cc×Cv =1×0.855 = 0.855
mouthpieces) -Running full or Running free (jet not touching the sides of the Since Cd for mouthpiece is > Cd for orifice, the discharge will be more.
mouthpiece). Discharge, Q  Cda1v1  0.855a1 2gH
8.10 Flow through external cylindrical mouthpiece
Consider an external cylindrical mouthpiece as shown in Fig 8.12. Pressure head at vena contracta:
Apply Bernoulli’s equation at A and C-C:
p A v 2A p v2
Vena contracta   zA  c  c  zc
H C 1 w 2g w 2g
●A pA p
But  Ha  H, v A  0, z A  Zc , c  Hc
C 1
w w
where Ha  atmospheric pressure
v2 v2
Fig 8.12
 Ha  H  0  Hc  c or Hc  Ha  H  c
Let: H = Height of liquid above centre of mouthpiece 2g 2g
vc = velocity of liquid at vena contracta v1
ac = area of flow at vena contracta But v c 
0.62
a1 = area of mouthpiece at outlet 2
Cc = Coefficient of contraction  v  v2 1
 Hc  Ha  H   1  /2g  Ha  H  1 
Applying Continuity equation at C-C and 1-1:  0.62  2g 0.622
a v v v12 v2
a c  v c  a 1 v1 or v c  1 1  1 Also H  1.375 or 1  H/1.375  0.7272H
ac a c /a 1 2g 2g
But a c /a 1  Cc  0.62 1
 Hc  Ha  H  0.7272H 
0.622
11 pmk 12 pmk
 or H C  Ha  H  1.89H
 H C  Ha  0.89H Examples 8.3: A convergent-divergent mouthpiece having a throat diameter of 40mm
discharges water under a constant head of 2m. Determine: (i) the outlet diameter for
maximum discharge. (ii) the maximum discharge. Take Ha = 10.3m of water and Hsep =
8.11 Flow Through a Convergent-Divergent Mouthpiece 2.5m of water (absolute).
Consider a convergent-divergent mouthpiece as shown in Fig 8.13.
Solution
C 1 (i) Given: dc = 40mm, H=2m, Ha = 10.3m, Hsep = Hc = 2.5m absolute
H π
a c   0.042  1.2566  10 4 m 2
a1, v1 4
Ratio of areas at outlet and throat is given by:
C 1 π 2
d1   2
d d
4   1   2.2135 or 1  1.4877
π 2  d c 
Fig 8.13: Convergent-Divergent Mouthpiece
dc
dc
Apply Bernoulli’s equation to the free water surface in the tank and section C-C. 4
p v2 p v2  d 1  1.4877d c  1.4877  40  50.5mm
  z  c  c  zc
w 2g w 2g (ii) Q max  a c 2gH  1.2566  10 4  2  9.81  2  0.00787m 3 /s
Assume datum at centre of mouthpiece: 8.12 Re-Entrant on Borda’s Mouthpieces (or Internal Mouthpieces)
p p  Borda’s mouthpiece running free
 Ha, v  0, z  H, c  Hc, z c  0
w w Consider Borda’s mouthpiece running free as shown in Fig 8.14.
v c2 Let: H = Height of liquid above centre line of mouthpiece.
 Ha  0  H  Hc  0 …(i) a = area of mouthpiece
2g
ac = area of contracted jet
v c2 vc = velocity of jet through mouthpiece
Or  Ha  H  Hc
2g
 v c  2g Ha  H  Hc  …(ii)
H 1
vc

Now, Apply Bernoulli’s equation at section C-C and 1-1;

p c v c2 p v2 1
  z c  1  1  z1
w 2g w 2g Fig 8.14: Borda’s Mouthpiece Running Free
p1
But z c  z 1 and  Ha Pressure force on entrance to mouthpiece,
w
2  w a h  w a H …(i)
v v2
 Hc  c  Ha  1 where h = distance of centre of gravity of area ‘a’ from free surface=H.
2g 2g The net force is equal to the rate of change of momentum:
Also from equation (i), Mass of fluid flowing/s = ρ·ac·vc
v2 Liquid in tank is initially at rest, (v = 0), but final velocity is vc
Hc  c  Ha  H
2g Rate of change of momentum,
= mass of fluid flowing/s ×change of velocity (final-initial velocity)
v2
 Ha  1  Ha  H = ρ·ac·vc×(vc-0)
2g  ρ  ac  v c2 …(ii)
or v1  2gH …(iii) Equate equations (i) and (ii):
By continuity equation, w  a  H  ρ  ac  v c2

a1 v c 2gHa  H  Hc   Ha Hc  
w
 ac  v c2 (since ρ 
w
) …(iii)
a c v c  a 1 v1 or     1  g g
a c v1 2gH  H H 
Applying Bernoulli’s equation to free surface of liquid and section 1-1,
a1  Ha  Hc  p v2 p v2
or  1   …(iv)   z  1  1  z1
ac  H  w 2g w 2g
Discharge, Q = Cd×area×velocity, with Cd = 1 for this mouthpiece. Taking datum at centre of mouthpiece,
 Q  a c 2gH …(v) p
 Ha  0 (gauge pressure), v  0, z  H, p1  0, v1  v c , and z1  0
w

13 pmk 14 pmk
 v c2 v c2  Cd  Cc  Cv  1.0  0.707  0.707
0  0 H  0  0 Or H 
2g 2g Discharge, Q  Cd  a  2gH
 v c  2gH or Q  0.707a 2gH
Substitute vc in equation (iii),
w
w a H   ac  2gH , Or a  2 ac for the mouthpiece
g
ac
  0.5
a
Since there is no loss of head, Cv = 1.0
 Cd  Cc  Cv  0.5  1.0  0.5
Discharge, Q  Cd  a  2gH  0.5a 2gH
 Borda’s mouthpiece funning full:
Consider Borda’s mouthpiece as shown in Fig 8.15.
Let H = height of liquid above centre of mouthpiece
v1 = velocity at outlet, 1-1
a = area of mouthpiece
ac = area of flow at C-C
vc = velocity of liquid at vena-contracta

C
H 1

C 1

Fig 8.15: Borda’s Mouthpiece Running Full

Since jet enlarges suddenly after C-C, there is loss of head due to sudden
enlargement.
v  v1 2
 hL  c (derived in chapter 9) …(i)
2g
From continuity equation,
a1 v1 v v
ac  v c  a1v1 or v c   v1   1  1 (  Cc  0.5)
ac ac /a1 Cc 0.5
 v c  2v1
Substitute the value in equation (i);

hL 
2v1  v1 2  v12
2g 2g
Applying Bernoulli’s equation to free surface of liquid in tank and section 1-1;
p v2 p v2
  z  1  1  z1  h L
w 2g w 2g
Taking datum at centre line of mouthpiece,
v2 v2 v2 v2 v2
0  0  H  0  1  0  1 or H  1  1  1
2g 2g 2g 2g g
 v1  gH
where v1 is the actual velocity since losses have been considered.
 v T  2gH
v1 gH 1
Coefficient of velocity, Cv =    0.707
vT 2gH 2
Since area of jet at outlet = area of mouthpiece, Cc = 1

15 pmk 16 pmk