Linear Elasticity & Mechanic of Materials

and Structures
Hooke’s Law
SEAU 2212

Semester II
2021/2022

DR. RAHIMAH MUHAMAD

Tension test
 Stress-strain diagram
• Is a characteristic of the particular material being tested
and conveys important information about the mechanical
properties and type of behavior.
•A stress-strain diagram for a typical structural steel in
tension is shown below:-
 True area True area- Actual
area of the bar.
Ultimate stress D
Nominal area
Yield stress B C E Fracture
Proportional A Nominal area- Initial
limit area of the specimen is
used in the test.
O ε
Linear region yielding Strain necking
hardening
 Stress-strain diagram
• OA is a straight line and also proportional, is called the
modulus of elasticity.
•Beyond A, proportionality is no longer exists, hence the
stress at A is called the proportional limit.
•Beginning at point B, the curves becomes horizontal, mean
that elongation of the test specimen occurs with no increase
in the tensile force (BC). This phenomenon is known as
yielding of the material and the material becomes perfectly
plastic, which means that it deforms without an increase in
the applied load.
•Then, the steel begins to strain harden, during this process,
elongation requires an increase in the tensile load , and its
reaches maximum value at point D (ultimate stress) and
fracture finally occurs at a point E.
 Stress-strain diagram
• Lateral contraction of the specimen occurs when it is
stretched, resulting a in a decrease in the cross-sectional
area.
•Beyond the point C, the reduction of cross-sectional area
begins to alter the shape of the diagram and it becomes
clearly visible ( Necking of the bar occurs).
•Materials that undergo large strains before failure are
classified as ductile. An advantage of ductility is that
visible distortions may occur if the loads become too large,
thus providing an opportunity to take remedial action before
an actual fracture occurs.
•Ductile materials include mild steel, aluminum, alloys,
copper, magnesium, lead, nickel, nylon, bronze, teflon etc.
Linear relationship between stress and strain diagram
 = E Hooke’s Law – by Robert Hooke in 1676
ε = δ/L Strain equation
 = P/A Stress equation
Thus,
 = P/A = E = Eδ/L

Thus, deformation of an axially loaded member;

δ = PL/AE
Example 5.1: Displacement
Example 5.2 : Displacement