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 Classification

Characters Artificial System of Natural System of Classification Phylogenetic System of

Classification Classification

Proposed by 1. Aristotle 1. George Bentham and Joseph 1. Engler and Prantl

2. Linnaeus Dalton Hooker 2. Hutchinson
3. Takhtajan

Basis 1. Morphological 1. Based on natural affinities 1. It includes

characters for grouping 2. consider not only external but also evolutionary
of organisms. internal features. relationships.
2. Earliest (Ultrastructure, anatomy, 2. Fossils play an
3. Vegetative characters or embryology,phytochemistry) important role
androecium structure
 Classification

Characters Artificial System of Natural System of Classification Phylogenetic System of

Classification Classification

Advantages 1. Easy to use 1. Avoid heterogenous grouping of 1. Clear view of

2. Easy to change unrelated organisms organisms
2. Indicate natural relationship evolutionary
among organisms relationship
 Branches of taxonomy
Numerical Taxonomy or
Phenetics
1. It involves usage of
numerical methods for the
evaluation of similarities and
differences between species
with the help of computers.
2. Hundreds of characters can
be considered at the same
time
Cytotaxonomy or
Karyotaxonomy
1. It is based on cellular
structure and function
2. Cytological information like
chromosome number,
structure, behavior, etc.
Chemotaxonomy
1. It is based on the chemical
constituents of the plant .
2. For example DNA sequence
chemical nature of proteins,
crystal and aromatic
compounds are used by
scientists to resolve
confusions in classification.
Plant evolution
 Terminology

VASCULAR
EMBRYO BUNDLES

NON- TRACHEOPHYTES ATRACHEOPHYTES

EMBRYOPHYTES
EMBRYOPHYTES
 Terminology

SEED FORMATION FLOWER

SPERMATOPHYTES ASPERMATOPHYTES CRYPTOGAMS PHENEROGAMS

Alternation of generation
Life cycle : Haplontic
Life cycle : Haplo-Diplontic
Life cycle : Diplontic
 Introduction

1. NON EMBRYOPHYTES (no embryo formation)

2. Non-Vascular (ATRACHEOPHYTES)
3. THALLOID
4. Study of algae is called PHYCOLOGY
LIFE CYCLE
 General characteristic

Occurrence: Aquatic (marine /fresh water)

Body organization is CELLULAR:

Unicellular: Chlamydomonas
Colonial: Volvox
Filamentous: Ulothrix and Spirogyra
Large and massive: kelps

Simple, Thalloid (plant body not well differentiated into root,

stem and leaf).
 Mode of reproduction

Mode of reproduction:
Vegetative reproduction: Fragmentation
Asexual reproduction: Zoospores
Motile
Biflagellate
Pyriform (pear-shaped)
Endogenous in origin (formed inside a covering)
 Sexual reproduction

Isogamy: Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra (shows conjugation), Cladophora

Oogamy: Volvox, Fucus, Chara
Anisogamy: some species of Chlamydomonas
 CHARACTERS CHLOROPHYCEAE PHAEOPHYCEAE RHODOPHYCEAE
ALSO KNOWN AS Green algae Brown algae Red algae

HABITAT Freshwater Marine Marine

Salt water (with abundance in warmer
Brackish water area, well lighted area and great
depts of the ocean)
(found in shallowest depths)
HABIT Unicellular Simple branched Multicellular complex body
Colonial Filamentous organization

Filamentous Kelps (profusely branched),

larger forms have air bladders for
buoyancy
Plant body divided into:
Holdfast: attaches to substratum
Stipe: stalk like
Frond: leaf-like photosynthetic
organ
 CELL WALL Inner layer- cellulose Cellulose Cellulose
Outer layer- pectose Covered with gelatinous ALGIN Pectin
(hydrocolloid i.e. compounds that Hydrocolloids (polysulphated) –
have good water holding capacity) Agar, carrageen and funori
PIGMENTS Chlorophyll a, b Chlorophyll a, c Chlorophyll a, d
Carotene Carotenoids r-phycoerythrin
Xanthophyll Xanthophylls r- phycocyanin
COLOURATION Chloroplast shape differs: Olive green to shades of brown Red colour (absorbs blue light)
Discoid, plate like, (due to xanthophyll – fucoxanthin)
Reticulate –Oedogonium
Cup-shaped – Chlamydomonas
Spiral or ribbon shaped –
Spirogyra
Crown shaped – Vaucheria
Girdle/ C shaped – Ulothrix
Star-shaped – Zygnema
RESERVE FOOD Storage body – pyrenoids Complex carbohydrates – Floridean starch
MATERIAL (protein granule surrounded by laminarin or mannitol (alcoholic (structurally similar to amylopectin
starch) in chloroplast sugar)
and glycogen)
Oil droplets

VEGETATIVE Fragmentation Fragmentation Fragmentation

REPRODUCTION

ASEXUAL Zoospores Zoospores Non motile spores

REPRODUCTION • Motile • Motile (no motile structures are present
• Biflagellate • Biflagellate in Rhodophyceae members)
• Equal, Apically placed flagella • Unequal, laterally placed
flagella
 SEXUAL Isogamy Isogamy Oogamy
REPRODUCTION Anisogamy Anisogamy (gametes non-motile)
Oogamy Oogamy

EXAMPLES Chlamydomonas Fucus (diplontic life cycle) Polysiphonia (haplo-diplontic life

Volvox (rolling alga- colony called Laminaria cycle)
coenobium) Ectocarpus (haplo-diplontic life Porphyra (edible)
Ulothrix cycle) Gracillaria (extraction of agar)
Spirogyra Dictyota Gelidium
Chara (stone-wort, has jacketed Sargassum (gulf weed) Chondrus (irish moss)
sex organs)
Batrachospermum (fresh water
and not red in colour)
 Chara Volvox Zygnema

Chlamydomonas Spirogyra Ulothrix

 Dictyota
Laminaria Fucus

Ectocarpus Sargassum
Porphyra Polysiphonia Gelidium

Gracilaria Chondrus Batrachospermum

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