FRONT PAGE

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CERTUIFICATE

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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 ABSTRACT
Kendriya Vidyalaya Aska, a renowned school in Aska provides best education facilities to

more than 400 students. It was set up in August 2010 by the Govt. of India. Till now 3

batches passed out of the school completing their 10 th class. The VMC wants to know which

is the academically best batch among the three. But the data available is in big numbers. A

large number of big figures are confusing to mind. It is also difficult to analyse them. In order

to reduce the complexity of the data and to make them comparable, it is essential that the

various figures which are being compared are reduced to one single figure each. The single

figure which represents the whole set of data is called an average. Averages are also called

measures of central tendency. Measures of central tendency aim at finding a single value

from among the mass data that is likely to posses the features of the mass. It helps us to have

a better understanding of situation and does away with confusion. Different methods used for

finding central values are called measures of central tendency where, measures refer to

methods and central tendency refers to central value.

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 CONTENTS

SL. NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

01 INTRODUCTION 06

02 OBJECTIVES OF AVEARGES 07

03 TYPES OF AVERAGES 07

04 MEAN :MEANING, MERITS, DEMERITS AND USES 08

05 MEDIAN:MEANING, MERITS, DEMERITS AND USES 09

06 MODE: :MEANING, MERITS, DEMERITS AND USES 10

07 ANALYSIS OF THE SITUATION 11-13

08 CONCLUSION 14

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 INTRODUCTION

Kendriya vidyalaya aska is a premier educational institution in the educational district of

aska. It is the only school in the area which focuses on all round development of the children.

It has a vast campus including a big playground & also has facilities like labs, computer

rooms, library, music and dance classes, smart education, etc. for students. It has volley of

highly experienced teachers to teach the students in the best possible manner. The principal

of the institution Dr. Ramesh Chandra Padhi is a ‘Rajyapal Puraskar’ award winner teacher

under whose guidance the school is running successfully and touching the skies. In the field

of academics, every year the students top the list in the area. Being a successful institution,

the VMC of the school wants to know which batch brought them most glory in the

matriculation results. Since the VMC wants to know the best batch of the school, they need to

use measures of central tendency. Before its application, we should have detailed knowledge

about measures of central tendency.

Measures of central tendency refer to a group of statistical methods those are

being used to find out the central value or average value or the indicator of a frequency

distribution. A measure of central tendency is a single value that attempts to describe a set of

data by identifying the central position within that set of data. Measures of central tendency

are sometimes called measures of central location.

According to Croxton & Cowden, “An average value is a single value within the range of

the data that is used to represent all the values in the series.”

According to Clark, “Average is an attempt to find one single figure to describe the whole

of figures”.

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 


OBJECTIVES OF AVERAGES

To describe a distribution or series in a precise manner by determining the central

value.

To facilitate comparison between different distributions by reducing mass data to one

single value

To help in computation of other statistical measures like dispersion, skewness,

kurtosis, etc.

DIFFERENT MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

There are various measures of central tendency or kinds of statistical averages. They are as

follows:

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D
M
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V
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Out of all, we will discuss in detail mainly about arithmetic mean or mean, median and mode.

MEAN:-

The mean (or average) is the most popular and well known measure of central tendency.

Arithmetic mean is the sum of all the observations of a given series divided by the number of

observations. So, if we have n values in a data set and they have values x 1, x2, ..., xn, the

mean, usually denoted by   (pronounced x bar), is:

MERITS OF MEAN:


(OR)

It is easy to calculate and simple to understand.

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D
M
S
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  It is rigidly defined and based on all the observations of the series.

 It is least affected by fluctuation in sampling.

 It is capable of further algebraic treatment and expressed in mathematical formula.

DEMERITS OF MEAN:

 It is much affected by extreme values in the series.

 It is theoretical and can’t be represented in actual data i.e. it may give an absurd value.

 It can’t be determined by inspection or be located graphically.

USES OF MEAN:

 It is the best measure to compare two or more series.

 It is extensively used in practical statistics.

 It is used to determine in every field, government/private, economic/ non-economic.

MEDIAN:-

The median is that value which divides the group into two equal parts, one part comprising

all values greater, and the other, all values less than median. In other words, the median of a

sequence of numbers is the value that lies in the middle of the sequence when sorted from

smallest to largest or vice versa. The median is an example of positional average. It is

denoted by the letter ‘M’.

Median = item

MERITS OF MEDIAN:

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  It is easy to understand and simple to calculate.

 It is not affected by extreme values of the series.

 It can also be graphically located.

 It can be easily located in open ended series.

DEMERITS OF MEDIAN:

 It is not based on all the observations of the series.

 It is not capable of further algebraic treatment and requires arranging of data.

 It is very much affected by fluctuation in sampling.

USES OF MEDIAN:

 It is useful when the series is open ended or all the observations are not available.

 It is useful in cases where numerical measurements are not possible.

 It is considered as the most appropriate average for calculation of mean deviation.

MODE:-

The mode refers to that value in a distribution which occurs most frequently. It is an actual

value, which has the highest concentration of items in and around it. Mode is that in a series

which occurs maximum number of times. In other words, mode represents the value which

most frequently occurs in a set of observations. It is also known as ‘norm’. It is denoted by

the letter ‘Z’. The mode can be calculated by mere inspection itself. When the mode is ill-

defined,

Mode = 3Median – 2Mean.

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MERITS OF MODE:

 It is very easy to understand.

 It can be located by mere inspection and graphical location is also possible.

 It is not affected by extreme values of the series.

 It is possible in case of open ended series.

DEMERITS OF MODE:

 It is not based on all observations of the series.

 It is not capable of further algebraic treatment & not rigidly defined.

 It is affected by fluctuation in sampling.

USES OF MODE:

 It is capable of studying qualitative data and used for the purpose.

 It helps to study the trend in fashion, deciding quantities of different goods to be

produced.

Now we need to find the best batch of the school from the available data with us:

2016 2017 2018

Roll No. % Roll No. % Roll No. %
1 56  1 59  1 72 
2  89 2  58.5 2  91.2
3  53.3 3  62.3 3  89.5
4  64.4 4  64 4  90.2
5  68.6 5  71.8 5  72.3
6  90.5 6  79.3 6  64.3
7  92.6 7  68.2 7  56.8
8  39.5 8  42.5 8 62.9 
9  49 9  39 9  41.8
10  92 10  88.2 10  79.8
11  33.5 11  91.1 11  67.7
12  64 12  80.5 12  57.9
13  65.6 13  78.9 13  65.6

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 14  69.5 14  71.5 14  72.6
15  72.8 15  70 15  78.3
16  76.4 16  52.5 16  59.5
17  59.5 17  63.5 17  42.5
18  82.3 18  74.8 18  74.5
19  74.5 19  81.9 19  68.3
20  68.3 20  33.5 20  57.9
21  57.9 21  64 21  91.8
22  91.8 22  65.6 22  59.6
23  92.3 23  72.8 23  74.6
24  59.6 24  82.3 24  82.4
25  74.6 25  57.9 25  88.9
26  82.4 26  33.9 26  90
27  88.9 27  36 27  72.5
28  90 28  42.6 28  57.9
29  72.5 29  39.8 29  33.9
30  73.8 30  56.7 30  36
31  64.4 31  67.9 31  42.5
32  33.2 32  46.5 32  53.3
33  42.6 33  90.8 33  93.8
34  39.8 34  89 34  82
35 56.7  35  64 35  65.6
36  55 36  96.8 36  64
37  67.9     37  78.8
38  63.9     38  42.5
39  46.5     39  94.9
        40 55
    41 38
        42 75.7
Solution :

We need to find the averages i.e. mean, median and mode of the 3 batches

2016 Batch

Mean of 2016 batch:

= 2615.1/39 = 67.05

Median of 2016 batch: = (N+1)/2th item

= (39+1)/2th item = 20th item = 67.9

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Mode of 2016 batch: = By inspection, Mode = 64.4

2017 Batch

Mean of 2017 batch:

= 2337.6/36 = 64.93

Median of 2017 batch: = [(N/2)th term + (N/2+1)th term]/2

= [(36/2)/th item + (36/2 + 1)th item]/2

= (18th item + 19th item)/2

= (64 + 64)/2 = 64

Mode of 2017 batch: = By inspection, Mode = 64

2018 Batch

Mean of 2018 batch:

= 2763.6/41 = 67.4

Median of 2018 batch: = (N+1)/2th item

= (41+1)/2th item

= 21th item = 67.7

Mode of 2018 batch: = By inspection, Mode = 42.5

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 CONCLUSION

From the data we had we derived the averages i.e. the mean, median and mode. From these

central values it can be concluded that the mean of 2018 is better than two other batches i.e.

67.05% whereas 2016 batch had a mean of 67.05% and 2017 batch had a mean of 64.93%.

But the median of 2016 batch is better than the 2 other i.e. 67.9 % while 2017 batch had a

median of 64% only, 2018 batch gave tough competition and had a mean of 67.7%. In case of

mode also 2016 batch is the best i.e. 64.4 % but here 2017 batch is 2 nd closest to 2016 i.e.

64%. Whereas the 2018 batch has a mode of 42.5% only. The all time highest was recorded

in the 2017 batch which is 96.8% scored by roll no. 36. And the all time lowest was recorded

33. 2% in 2016 batch which was not good for he goodwill of the school. Overall we can

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conclude that the batch of 2018 brought most glory to the school in terms of group

performance and 2017 batch brought glory in terms of individual performance. The

application of measures of central tendency made the work easy to get the required results.

Hence, we can say that these methods of getting the averages and their application is essential

more or less in our daily life.

BIBILIOGRAPHY (REFERENCE)

 BOOKS REFERRED:

 Mishra R, Jena R C, Panda B, Parida P K: 2017: BUSINESS

MATHEMATICS AND SATISTICS Class XII :214 – 333

 Aggarwal S C, Rajput A, Sahoo L, Mallick S K : 2017 : Business

Mathematics and Statistics(+2 Commerce-2nd Year) : 265 – 331

 Parida J K, Dash H: 2017 : BUSINESS MATHEMATICS AND

STATISTICS – II : 8.3 – 8.89

 NEWSPAPERS &JOURNALS:

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  Kendriya Vidyalaya Aska(School Magazine)

 Quanta

 Significance

 WEBSITES:

 en.wikipedia.org

 https://statistics.laerd.com

 www.abs..gov.au

 www.betterevaluation.org

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