Simple Rankine Cycle

MEC152: Thermodynamics 2

Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: March 23, 2021
 Given: 𝑃2 = 𝑃3 = 6000𝑘𝑃𝑎 Find: 𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 =?
𝑇3 = 450℃ 𝑊ሶ 𝑃 =?
𝑃1 = 𝑃4 = 50 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑊ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡 =?
𝜂 𝑇 = 0.94 𝜂𝑡ℎ =?
𝑇1 = 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡@50𝑘𝑃𝑎 − 6.3℃
𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ = 20
𝑠

Based on Table A-5, 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡@50𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 81.32℃, so

𝑇1 = 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡@50𝑘𝑃𝑎 − 6.3℃
𝑇1 = 81.32℃ − 6.3℃ = 75.02℃ ≈ 75℃
𝑇 ℃
𝑃 = 6000 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Since state 1 is a compressed (subcooled liquid), we’ll use Table A-7 to find its 373.95
properties. However, since the lowest pressure is at 5MPa, we’ll approximate the
275.59
compressed liquid properties using saturated liquid properties from Table A-4. 𝑃 = 50 𝑘𝑃𝑎

Using Table A-4, at 𝑇1 = 75℃, we find that 1

81.32
𝑘𝐽 75
ℎ1 ≈ ℎ𝑓@75℃ = 314.03
𝑘𝑔 𝑠
𝑚3 1.0158
𝑘𝐽
𝑣1 ≈ 𝑣𝑓@75℃ = 0.001026 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾
𝑘𝑔
Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021
Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: March 23, 2021
 Given: 𝑃2 = 𝑃3 = 6000𝑘𝑃𝑎 Find: 𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 =?
𝑇3 = 450℃ 𝑊ሶ 𝑃 =?
𝑃1 = 𝑃4 = 50 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑊ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡 =?
𝜂 𝑇 = 0.94 𝜂𝑡ℎ =?
𝑇1 = 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡@50𝑘𝑃𝑎 − 6.3℃
𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ = 20
𝑠

Pump work will be evaluated as 𝑘𝐽 𝑇 ℃

𝑃 = 6000 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝜔𝑃,𝑖𝑛 = 𝑣1 𝑃2 − 𝑃1 ℎ2 − ℎ1 = 6.1047
𝑘𝑔 373.95
𝑚3 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝜔𝑃,𝑖𝑛 = 0.001026 6000𝑘𝑃𝑎 − 50𝑘𝑃𝑎 ℎ2 − 314.03 = 6.1047 275.59
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑃 = 50 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 2
𝜔𝑃,𝑖𝑛 = 6.1047 ℎ2 = 320.1347
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 1
81.32
75

𝑠
𝑘𝐽
1.0158
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾

Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: March 23, 2021
 Given: 𝑃2 = 𝑃3 = 6000𝑘𝑃𝑎 Find: 𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 =?
𝑇3 = 450℃ 𝑊ሶ 𝑃 =?
𝑃1 = 𝑃4 = 50 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑊ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡 =?
𝜂 𝑇 = 0.94 𝜂𝑡ℎ =?
𝑇1 = 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡@50𝑘𝑃𝑎 − 6.3℃
𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ = 20
𝑠

From Table A-5, at 50𝑘𝑃𝑎

Since 𝑃3 = 6000𝑘𝑃𝑎 and 𝑇3 = 450℃, we 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
find that State 3 is at superheated vapor. 𝑠𝑓 = 1.0912 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑔 = 7.5931
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾
Using Table A-6, we find that 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑇 ℃
𝑘𝐽 ℎ𝑓 = 340.54 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ𝑔 = 2645.2 𝑃 = 6000 𝑘𝑃𝑎
ℎ3 = 3302.9 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 450 3
𝑘𝑔 373.95
𝑘𝐽 Since 𝑠𝑓 < 𝑠4𝑠 < 𝑠𝑔 ,
𝑠3 = 6.7219 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 4 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 275.59
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 𝑃 = 50 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 − 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒. 2
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑠
For an isentropic expansion in the 81.32 1
turbine, we have 𝑠4𝑠 = 𝑠𝑓@50𝑘𝑃𝑎 + 𝑥4𝑠 𝑠𝑓𝑔@50𝑘𝑃𝑎 75 4𝑠

𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑠
𝑠4𝑠 = 𝑠3 = 6.7219 6.7219 = 1.0912 + 𝑥4𝑠 6.5019 𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 1.0158 6.7219 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾
𝑥4𝑠 = 0.866
Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021
Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: March 23, 2021
 Given: 𝑃2 = 𝑃3 = 6000𝑘𝑃𝑎 Find: 𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 =?
𝑇3 = 450℃ 𝑊ሶ 𝑃 =?
𝑃1 = 𝑃4 = 50 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑊ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡 =?
𝜂 𝑇 = 0.94 𝜂𝑡ℎ =?
𝑇1 = 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡@50𝑘𝑃𝑎 − 6.3℃
𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ = 20
𝑠

Solving for ℎ4𝑎 , we have 𝑇 ℃

And ℎ4𝑠 will be calculated as
ℎ3 − ℎ4𝑎 𝑃 = 6000 𝑘𝑃𝑎
ℎ4𝑠 = ℎ𝑓@50𝑘𝑃𝑎 + 𝑥4𝑠 ℎ𝑓𝑔@50𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝜂𝑇 = 450 3
ℎ3 − ℎ4𝑠 373.95
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
ℎ4𝑠 = 340.54 + 0.866 2304.7 3302.9 − ℎ4𝑎 275.59
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑃 = 50 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑘𝐽 0.94 =
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 2
ℎ4𝑠 = 2336.4102 3302.9 − 2336.4102
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 1
81.32
𝑘𝐽 75 4𝑠
ℎ4𝑎 = 2394.3996
𝑘𝑔 𝑠
𝑘𝐽
1.0158 6.7219 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾

Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: March 23, 2021
 Given: 𝑃2 = 𝑃3 = 6000𝑘𝑃𝑎 Find: 𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 =?
𝑇3 = 450℃ 𝑊ሶ 𝑃 =?
𝑃1 = 𝑃4 = 50 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑊ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡 =?
𝜂 𝑇 = 0.94 𝜂𝑡ℎ =?
𝑇1 = 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡@50𝑘𝑃𝑎 − 6.3℃
𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ = 20
𝑠

Since hf < h4a < hg , state 4 is a saturated liquid −

𝑇 ℃
vapor mixture. Thus, state 4a will be located 450
𝑃 = 6000 𝑘𝑃𝑎
3
at the saturated liquid vapor region with a quality of 373.95

ℎ4𝑎 = ℎ𝑓@50𝑘𝑃𝑎 + 𝑥4𝑎 ℎ𝑓𝑔@50𝑘𝑃𝑎 275.59

𝑃 = 50 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
2394.3996 = 340.54 + 𝑥4 2304.7 2
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
1
𝑥4𝑎 = 0.8912 81.32
4𝑠 4𝑎
75

𝑠
𝑘𝐽
1.0158 6.7219 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾

Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: March 23, 2021
 Given: 𝑃2 = 𝑃3 = 6000𝑘𝑃𝑎 Find: 𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 =?
𝑇3 = 450℃ 𝑊ሶ 𝑃 =?
𝑃1 = 𝑃4 = 50 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑊ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡 =?
𝜂 𝑇 = 0.94 𝜂𝑡ℎ =?
𝑇1 = 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡@50𝑘𝑃𝑎 − 6.3℃
𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ = 20
𝑠

𝑇 ℃
𝑃 = 6000 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Solving for the heat input, we have Solving for the rate of heat input, we have 450 3
𝑞𝑖𝑛 = ℎ3 − ℎ2 𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑞
ሶ 𝑖𝑛 373.95

𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 275.59
𝑞𝑖𝑛 = 3302.9 − 320.1347 ሶ
𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 20 2982.7653 𝑃 = 50 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑠 𝑘𝑔 2
𝑘𝐽 𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 59655.306 𝑘𝑊 ≈ 59660 𝑘𝑊
𝑞𝑖𝑛 = 2982.7653 1
𝑘𝑔 81.32
4𝑠 4𝑎
75

𝑠
𝑘𝐽
1.0158 6.7219 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾

Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: March 23, 2021
 Given: 𝑃2 = 𝑃3 = 6000𝑘𝑃𝑎 Find: 𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 =?
𝑇3 = 450℃ 𝑊ሶ 𝑃 =?
𝑃1 = 𝑃4 = 50 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑊ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡 =?
𝜂 𝑇 = 0.94 𝜂𝑡ℎ =?
𝑇1 = 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡@50𝑘𝑃𝑎 − 6.3℃
𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ = 20
𝑠

Solving for the power required to operate 𝑇 ℃

the pump, we have 𝑃 = 6000 𝑘𝑃𝑎
450
𝑊ሶ 𝑃 = 𝑚𝜔
ሶ 𝑃,𝑖𝑛 373.95
3

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
𝑊ሶ 𝑃 = 20 6.1047 275.59
𝑃 = 50 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑠 𝑘𝑔
𝑊ሶ 𝑃 = 122 𝑘𝑊
2

81.32 1
75 4𝑠 4𝑎

𝑠
𝑘𝐽
1.0158 6.7219 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾

Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: March 23, 2021
 Given: 𝑃2 = 𝑃3 = 6000𝑘𝑃𝑎 Find: 𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 =?
𝑇3 = 450℃ 𝑊ሶ 𝑃 =?
𝑃1 = 𝑃4 = 50 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑊ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡 =?
𝜂 𝑇 = 0.94 𝜂𝑡ℎ =?
𝑇1 = 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡@50𝑘𝑃𝑎 − 6.3℃
𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ = 20
𝑠

Solving for net work, we have

𝜔𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝜔𝑇,𝑎 − 𝜔𝑃,𝑖𝑛
𝜔𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ℎ3 − ℎ4𝑎 − 𝜔𝑃,𝑖𝑛
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑇 ℃
𝜔𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 3302.9 − 2394.3996 − 6.1047 𝑃 = 6000 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 450 3
373.95
𝑘𝐽
𝜔𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 902.3957
𝑘𝑔 275.59
𝑃 = 50 𝑘𝑃𝑎

Solving for the net power produced by the 2

cycle, we have 1
81.32
𝑊ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝜔
ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡 75 4𝑠 4𝑎

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 𝑠
ሶ
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 20 902.3957 𝑘𝐽
𝑠 𝑘𝑔 1.0158 6.7219 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾
𝑊ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 18048 𝑘𝑊 ≈ 18050 𝑘𝑊
Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021
Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: March 23, 2021
 Given: 𝑃2 = 𝑃3 = 6000𝑘𝑃𝑎 Find: 𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 =?
𝑇3 = 450℃ 𝑊ሶ 𝑃 =?
𝑃1 = 𝑃4 = 50 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑊ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡 =?
𝜂 𝑇 = 0.94 𝜂𝑡ℎ =?
𝑇1 = 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡@50𝑘𝑃𝑎 − 6.3℃
𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ = 20
𝑠

Solving for thermal efficiency, we have 𝑇 ℃

𝜔𝑛𝑒𝑡 450
𝑃 = 6000 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝜂𝑡ℎ = 3
𝑞𝑖𝑛 373.95

𝑘𝐽
902.3957 275.59
𝑘𝑔 𝑃 = 50 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝜂𝑡ℎ =
𝑘𝐽 2
2982.7653
𝑘𝑔 81.32 1
𝜂𝑡ℎ = 0.303 75 4𝑠 4𝑎

𝑠
𝑘𝐽
1.0158 6.7219 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾

Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: March 23, 2021
 How can we increase the efficiency of
the Rankine Cycle?
Basic idea behind all the modifications to increase the
thermal efficiency of a power cycle is the same:
1. Increase the average temperature at which heat is
transferred to the working fluid in the boiler, or
2. Decrease the average temperature at which heat is
rejected from the working fluid in the condenser

Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: March 23, 2021
 How can we increase the efficiency of
the Rankine Cycle?

Boiler ω = 0 : q in = h3 −h2

Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: March 23, 2021
 How can we increase the efficiency of
the Rankine Cycle?

Condenser ω = 0 : q out = h4 −h1

Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: March 23, 2021
 How can we increase the efficiency of
the Rankine Cycle?

ωnet = q in − q out = ωT,out − ωP,in

Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: March 23, 2021
 How can we increase the efficiency of
the Rankine Cycle?

ωnet q out
Thermal Efficiency: ηth = =1−
q in q in

Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: March 23, 2021
 How can we increase the efficiency of
the Rankine Cycle?

Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: March 23, 2021
 How can we increase the efficiency of
the Rankine Cycle?

Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: March 23, 2021
 How can we increase the efficiency of
the Rankine Cycle?

Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: March 23, 2021
 How can we increase the efficiency of
the Rankine Cycle?

Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: March 23, 2021
 How can we increase the efficiency of
the Rankine Cycle?

1. Superheat the steam to very high temperatures before it enters the

turbine.

Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: March 23, 2021
 How can we increase the efficiency of
the Rankine Cycle?

1. Superheat the steam to very high temperatures before it enters the

turbine.
2. Expand the steam in the turbine in two stages, and reheat it in between.

Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: March 23, 2021
 Sources
• [1] Borgnakke C, Sonntag R. Fundamentals of
Thermodynamics. 7th ed. United States of America: John
Wiley and Sons, Inc.; 2009. 1026 p.
• [2] Moran MJ, Shapiro HN, Boettner DD, Bailey MB.
Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics. 7th ed. John
Wiley and Sons, Inc.; 2011.
• [3] Cengel YA, Boles MA. Thermodynamics: An Engineering
Approach. 8th Edition. McGraw-Hill; 2015. 1115 p.

Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: March 19, 2021
 Image Attributes
• https://wallpaperaccess.com/full/184358.jpg

Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: March 19, 2021