Brayton Cycle with

Regeneration
MEC152: Thermodynamics 2

Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: June 11, 2021
Ideal Brayton Cycle with Regeneration

Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: June 11, 2021
Ideal Brayton Cycle with Regeneration

Perfect Regenerator Real Regenerator

T4 = T5 T5 < T4
T2 = T6 T6 > T2

Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: June 11, 2021
Ideal Brayton Cycle with Regeneration

Perfect Regenerator Real Regenerator

(not possible) (our regenerator)
T4 = T5 T5 < T4
T2 = T6 T6 > T2

Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: June 11, 2021
Ideal Brayton Cycle with Regeneration
for variable specific heats for constant specific heats

Compressor q = 0 : ωC = h2 − h1 ωC = cp T2 − T1
Combustion qin = h3 − h5 qin = cp T3 − T5
Chamber ω = 0 :

Turbine q = 0 : ω T = h3 − h4 ωT = cp T3 − T4

Heat Exchanger
qout = h6 − h1 qout = cp T6 − T1
(environment)
ω=0 :
ωnet ωnet
Thermal Efficiency: ηth = ηth =
qin qin
ωT − ωC ωT − ωC
ηth = ηth =
qin qin
h3 − h4 − h2 − h1 T3 − T4 − T2 − T1
ηth = ηth =
h3 − h5 T3 − T5

Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: June 11, 2021
Ideal Brayton Cycle with Regeneration
We can′ t find h5 and T5 from thermodynamics.
We need a heat transfer relationship in the regeneration process.

actual heat input to air in regenerator

ϵ=
maximum possible heat input to air in regenerator

for variable specific heats for constant specific heats

Regenerator h5 − h2 T5 − T2
ϵ= ϵ=
effectiveness h4 − h2 T4 − T2

Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: June 11, 2021
Ideal Brayton Cycle with Regeneration

The Thermodynamics Book by Cengel and Boles

has presented the following formula

𝑇1 𝑘−1
𝜂𝑡ℎ =1− 𝑟𝑝 𝑘
𝑇3

only applies to perfect regenerator and ideal gas

of constant specific heats

Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: June 11, 2021
Non-Ideal Brayton Cycle with Regeneration

2s 4s
6

Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: June 11, 2021
Non-Ideal Brayton Cycle with Regeneration
for variable specific heats for constant specific heats

Compressor q = 0 : ωC = h2a − h1 ωC = cp T2a − T1

Combustion qin = h3 − h5 qin = cp T3 − T5
Chamber ω = 0 :

Turbine q = 0 : ωT = h3 − h4a ωT = cp T3 − T4a

Heat Exchanger
qout = h6 − h1 qout = cp T6 − T1
(environment)
ω=0 :
ωnet ωnet
Thermal Efficiency: ηth = ηth =
qin qin
ωT − ωC ωT − ωC
ηth = ηth =
qin qin
h3 − h4a − h2a − h1 T3 − T4a − T2a − T1
ηth = ηth =
h3 − h5 T3 − T5

Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: June 11, 2021
Non-Ideal Brayton Cycle with Regeneration
We can′ t find h5 and T5 from thermodynamics.
We need a heat transfer relationship in the regeneration process.

actual heat input to air in regenerator

ϵ=
maximum possible heat input to air in regenerator

for variable specific heats for constant specific heats

Regenerator h5 − h2a T5 − T2a

ϵ= ϵ=
effectiveness h4a − h2a T4a − T2a

Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: June 11, 2021
 Brayton Cycle with
Intercooling
MEC152: Thermodynamics 2

Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: June 11, 2021
Ideal Brayton Cycle with Intercooling

Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: June 11, 2021
Ideal Brayton Cycle with Intercooling
• Involves compression in stages with cooling in between
compression stages
• Compress in stages with equal pressure ratios per stage
𝑟𝑝,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑃2 𝑃4
• 𝑟𝑝,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = =
𝑃1 𝑃3
• Intercooling from state 2 to 3 results in the same
temperature at state 3 as we had at state 1 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 , thus
𝑇2 = 𝑇4
• If 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 so ℎ1 = ℎ3 then, if 𝑇2 = 𝑇4 so ℎ2 = ℎ4
• Why do we need it?
• Minimizes compressor work
• Lowers the peak cycle temperature (material issues on
turbine)
Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021
Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: June 11, 2021
Ideal Brayton Cycle with Intercooling
• Intercooling is done at constant pressure
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑟𝑝,𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 =
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑃4
𝑟𝑝,𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 =
𝑃1
𝑃4 𝑃3
𝑟𝑝,𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ∙
𝑃3 𝑃1
𝑃4 𝑃2
𝑟𝑝,𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ∙
𝑃3 𝑃1
𝑟𝑝,𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑟𝑝,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑝,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
2
𝑟𝑝,𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑟𝑝,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑟𝑝,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑟𝑝,𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙

Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: June 11, 2021
Brayton Cycle with Intercooling
Ideal Non − ideal

Compressor q = 0 : ωC = h2 − h1 + h4 − h3 ωC = h2a − h1 + h4a − h3

variable specific
heats Since: Since:
h1 = h3 h1 = h3
h2 = h4 h2a = h4a

ωC = 2 h2 − h1 ωC = 2 h2a − h1

Compressor q = 0 : ωC = cp T2 − T1 + T4 − T3 ωC = cp T2a − T1 + T4a − T3

constant specific
heats Since: Since:
T1 = T3 T1 = T3
T2 = T4 T2a = T4a

ωC = 2cp T2 − T1 ωC = 2cp T2a − T1

Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021
Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: June 11, 2021
 Brayton Cycle with Reheat
MEC152: Thermodynamics 2

Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: June 11, 2021
Ideal Brayton Cycle with Reheat

Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: June 11, 2021
Ideal Brayton Cycle with Reheat
• Similar to compression in stages with intercooling, we
can maximize turbine work output if we expand in
stages with equal pressure ratios across each stage, and
reheat in between the turbine up to the temperature that
we had entering the first turbine thus

• 𝑇6 = 𝑇8 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 ℎ6 = ℎ8
• 𝑇7 = 𝑇9 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 ℎ7 = ℎ9

• Reheat is done at constant pressure

𝑟𝑝,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑟𝑝,𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙

Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: June 11, 2021
Brayton Cycle with Reheat
Ideal Non − ideal

Turbine q = 0 : ω T = h6 − h7 + h8 − h9 ωT,a = h6 − h7a + h8 − h9a

variable specific
heats Since: Since:
h6 = h 8 h6 = h8
h7 = h 9 h7a = h9a

ω T = 2 h6 − h7 ωT,a = 2 h6 − h7a
Turbine q = 0 : ωT = cp T6 − T7 + T8 − T9 ωT,a = cp T6 − T7a + T8 − T9a
constant specific
heats Since: Since:
T6 = T8 T6 = T8
T7 = T9 T7a = T9a

ωT = 2cp T6 − T7 ωT,a = 2cp T6 − T7a

Note: Total heat input will include heat input in the reheater and combustion chamber

Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: June 11, 2021
Ideal Brayton Cycle with Intercooling, Regeneration and Reheat

Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: June 11, 2021
Ideal Brayton Cycle with Intercooling, Regeneration and Reheat
for variable specific heats for constant specific heats

Compressors q = 0 : ωC = h2 − h1 + h4 − h3 ωC = cp T2 − T1 + T4 − T3
ωC = 2 h2 − h1 ωC = 2cp T2 − T1
Combustion
Chamber and qin = h6 − h5 + h8 − h7 qin = cp T6 − T5 + T8 − T7
Reheater ω = 0 :

Turbines q = 0 : ω T = h6 − h7 + h8 − h9 ωT = cp T6 − T7 + T8 − T9
ω T = 2 h6 − h7 ωT = 2cp T6 − T7
ωnet ωnet
Thermal Efficiency: ηth = ηth =
qin qin
ωT − ωC ωT − ωC
ηth = ηth =
qin qin
2 h6 − h7 − 2 h2 − h1 2 T6 − T7 − 2 T2 − T1
ηth = ηth =
h6 − h5 + h8 − h 7 T6 − T5 + T8 − T7

h5 − h4 T5 − T4
Effectiveness: ϵ= ϵ=
h9 − h4 T9 − T4

Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: June 11, 2021
Non-Ideal Brayton Cycle with Intercooling, Regeneration and Reheat

Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: June 11, 2021
Non-Ideal Brayton Cycle with Intercooling, Regeneration and Reheat
for variable specific heats for constant specific heats

Compressors q = 0 : ωC,a = h2a − h1 + h4a − h3 ωC,a = cp T2a − T1 + T4a − T3

ωC,a = 2 h2a − h1 ωC,a = 2cp T2a − T1
Combustion
Chamber and qin,a = h6 − h5 + h8 − h7a qin,a = cp T6 − T5 + T8 − T7a
Reheater ω = 0 :

Turbines q = 0 : ωT,a = h6 − h7a + h8 − h9a ωT,a = cp T6 − T7a + T8 − T9a

ωT,a = 2 h6 − h7a ωT,a = 2cp T6 − T7a
ωnet,a ωnet,a
Thermal Efficiency: ηth = ηth =
qin,a qin,a
ωT,a − ωC,a ωT,a − ωC,a
ηth = ηth =
qin,a qin,a
2 h6 − h7a − 2 h2a − h1 η 2 T6 − T7a − 2 T2a − T1
ηth = th =
h6 − h5 + h8 − h7a T6 − T5 + T8 − T7a

h5 − h4a T5 − T4a
Effectiveness: ϵ= ϵ=
h9a − h4a T9a − T4a

Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: June 11, 2021
Brayton Cycle with Intercooling, Regeneration and Reheat

Consider a gas turbine cycle with 2 stages of

compression and 2 stages of expansion. The
pressure ratio across each stage of the
compressor and turbine is 3. The air enters each
stage of the compressor at 300 K and each stage
of the turbine at 1200 K. Determine the back
work ratio and the thermal efficiency of the cycle,
assuming a regenerator with 75% effectiveness is
used and isentropic efficiencies of 80% and 85 %
for the compressor and turbines respectively. Use
variable specific heats.

Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: June 11, 2021
 Consider a gas turbine cycle with 2 stages of compression and 2 stages of expansion. The pressure ratio across each stage of the
compressor and turbine is 3. The air enters each stage of the compressor at 300 K and each stage of the turbine at 1200 K.
Determine the back work ratio and the thermal efficiency of the cycle, assuming a regenerator with 75% effectiveness is used
and isentropic efficiencies of 80% and 85 % for the compressor and turbines respectively. Use variable specific heats.
Given: 𝑟𝑝,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 3 Find: 𝑟𝑏𝑤 =?
𝑇1 = 𝑇3 = 300 𝐾 𝜂𝑡ℎ =?
𝑇6 = 𝑇8 = 1200 𝐾
𝜖 = 0.75
𝜂𝐶 = 0.80
𝜂 𝑇 = 0.85

Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: June 11, 2021
 Consider a gas turbine cycle with 2 stages of compression and 2 stages of expansion. The pressure ratio across each stage of the
compressor and turbine is 3. The air enters each stage of the compressor at 300 K and each stage of the turbine at 1200 K.
Determine the back work ratio and the thermal efficiency of the cycle, assuming a regenerator with 75% effectiveness is used
and isentropic efficiencies of 80% and 85 % for the compressor and turbines respectively. Use variable specific heats.
Given: 𝑟𝑝,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 3 Find: 𝑟𝑏𝑤 =?
𝑇1 = 𝑇3 = 300 𝐾 𝜂𝑡ℎ =?
𝑇6 = 𝑇8 = 1200 𝐾
𝜖 = 0.75
𝜂𝐶 = 0.80
𝜂 𝑇 = 0.85

Using Table A-17 at 𝑇1 = 300 K, we find that

𝑃𝑟1 = 1.3860 = 𝑃𝑟3 𝐾
𝑘𝐽
ℎ1 = 300.19 = ℎ3 1200
𝑘𝑔

300

𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾
Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021
Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: June 11, 2021
 Consider a gas turbine cycle with 2 stages of compression and 2 stages of expansion. The pressure ratio across each stage of the
compressor and turbine is 3. The air enters each stage of the compressor at 300 K and each stage of the turbine at 1200 K.
Determine the back work ratio and the thermal efficiency of the cycle, assuming a regenerator with 75% effectiveness is used
and isentropic efficiencies of 80% and 85 % for the compressor and turbines respectively. Use variable specific heats.
Given: 𝑟𝑝,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 3 Find: 𝑟𝑏𝑤 =?
𝑇1 = 𝑇3 = 300 𝐾 𝜂𝑡ℎ =?
𝑇6 = 𝑇8 = 1200 𝐾
𝜖 = 0.75
𝜂𝐶 = 0.80
𝜂 𝑇 = 0.85

Using Table A-17 at 𝑇1 = 300 K, we find that

𝑃𝑟1 = 1.3860 = 𝑃𝑟3 𝐾
𝑘𝐽
ℎ1 = 300.19 = ℎ3 1200
𝑘𝑔
Solving for 𝑃𝑟2𝑠
𝑃2 𝑃𝑟2𝑠
= 𝑟𝑝,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 =
𝑃1 𝑃𝑟1
𝑃𝑟2𝑠 = 𝑟𝑝,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑃𝑟1
𝑃𝑟2𝑠 = 3 1.3860
300
𝑃𝑟2𝑠 = 4.158 = 𝑃𝑟4𝑠

𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾
Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021
Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: June 11, 2021
 Consider a gas turbine cycle with 2 stages of compression and 2 stages of expansion. The pressure ratio across each stage of the
compressor and turbine is 3. The air enters each stage of the compressor at 300 K and each stage of the turbine at 1200 K.
Determine the back work ratio and the thermal efficiency of the cycle, assuming a regenerator with 75% effectiveness is used
and isentropic efficiencies of 80% and 85 % for the compressor and turbines respectively. Use variable specific heats.
Given: 𝑟𝑝,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 3 Find: 𝑟𝑏𝑤 =?
𝑇1 = 𝑇3 = 300 𝐾 𝜂𝑡ℎ =?
𝑇6 = 𝑇8 = 1200 𝐾
𝜖 = 0.75
𝜂𝐶 = 0.80
𝜂 𝑇 = 0.85 Interpolating at Table A−17 using
obtained value of 𝑃𝑟2𝑠 , we have
Using Table A-17 at 𝑇1 = 300 K, we find that 𝑇2𝑠 = 410.1355 𝐾 = 𝑇4𝑠
𝑃𝑟1 = 1.3860 = 𝑃𝑟3 𝑘𝐽 𝐾
𝑘𝐽 ℎ2𝑠 = 411.2574 = ℎ4𝑠
ℎ1 = 300.19 = ℎ3 𝑘𝑔 1200
𝑘𝑔
Solving for 𝑃𝑟2𝑠
𝑃2 𝑃𝑟2𝑠
= 𝑟𝑝,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 =
𝑃1 𝑃𝑟1
𝑃𝑟2𝑠 = 𝑟𝑝,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑃𝑟1 410
𝑃𝑟2𝑠 = 3 1.3860
300
𝑃𝑟2𝑠 = 4.158 = 𝑃𝑟4𝑠

𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾
Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021
Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: June 11, 2021
 Consider a gas turbine cycle with 2 stages of compression and 2 stages of expansion. The pressure ratio across each stage of the
compressor and turbine is 3. The air enters each stage of the compressor at 300 K and each stage of the turbine at 1200 K.
Determine the back work ratio and the thermal efficiency of the cycle, assuming a regenerator with 75% effectiveness is used
and isentropic efficiencies of 80% and 85 % for the compressor and turbines respectively. Use variable specific heats.
Given: 𝑟𝑝,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 3 Find: 𝑟𝑏𝑤 =?
𝑇1 = 𝑇3 = 300 𝐾 𝜂𝑡ℎ =?
𝑇6 = 𝑇8 = 1200 𝐾
𝜖 = 0.75
𝜂𝐶 = 0.80
𝜂 𝑇 = 0.85 Interpolating at Table A−17 using
obtained value of 𝑃𝑟2𝑠 , we have
Using Table A-17 at 𝑇1 = 300 K, we find that 𝑇2𝑠 = 410.1355 𝐾 = 𝑇4𝑠
𝑃𝑟1 = 1.3860 = 𝑃𝑟3 𝑘𝐽 𝐾
𝑘𝐽 ℎ2𝑠 = 411.2574 = ℎ4𝑠
ℎ1 = 300.19 = ℎ3 𝑘𝑔 1200
𝑘𝑔 Using formula for ηC, we have
Solving for 𝑃𝑟2𝑠 𝜔𝐶,𝑠 h2s − h1
𝑃2 𝑃𝑟2𝑠 𝜂𝐶 = =
= 𝑟𝑝,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝜔𝐶,𝑎 h2𝑎 − h1
𝑃1 𝑃𝑟1 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑃𝑟2𝑠 = 𝑟𝑝,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑃𝑟1 411.2574 − 300.19
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 410
𝑃𝑟2𝑠 = 3 1.3860 0.80 =
𝑘𝐽
𝑃𝑟2𝑠 = 4.158 = 𝑃𝑟4𝑠 h2𝑎 − 300.19 300
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
h2𝑎 = 439.0243 = h4𝑎 𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾
Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021
Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: June 11, 2021
 Consider a gas turbine cycle with 2 stages of compression and 2 stages of expansion. The pressure ratio across each stage of the
compressor and turbine is 3. The air enters each stage of the compressor at 300 K and each stage of the turbine at 1200 K.
Determine the back work ratio and the thermal efficiency of the cycle, assuming a regenerator with 75% effectiveness is used
and isentropic efficiencies of 80% and 85 % for the compressor and turbines respectively. Use variable specific heats.
Given: 𝑟𝑝,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 3 Find: 𝑟𝑏𝑤 =?
𝑇1 = 𝑇3 = 300 𝐾 𝜂𝑡ℎ =?
𝑇6 = 𝑇8 = 1200 𝐾
𝜖 = 0.75
𝜂𝐶 = 0.80
𝜂 𝑇 = 0.85
Interpolating at Table A−17 using obtained
value of ℎ2𝑎 , we have
𝐾
𝑇2𝑎 = 437.4600 𝐾 = 𝑇4𝑎
1200

437
410

300

𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾
Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021
Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: June 11, 2021
 Consider a gas turbine cycle with 2 stages of compression and 2 stages of expansion. The pressure ratio across each stage of the
compressor and turbine is 3. The air enters each stage of the compressor at 300 K and each stage of the turbine at 1200 K.
Determine the back work ratio and the thermal efficiency of the cycle, assuming a regenerator with 75% effectiveness is used
and isentropic efficiencies of 80% and 85 % for the compressor and turbines respectively. Use variable specific heats.
Given: 𝑟𝑝,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 3 Find: 𝑟𝑏𝑤 =?
𝑇1 = 𝑇3 = 300 𝐾 𝜂𝑡ℎ =?
𝑇6 = 𝑇8 = 1200 𝐾
𝜖 = 0.75
𝜂𝐶 = 0.80
𝜂 𝑇 = 0.85
Interpolating at Table A−17 using obtained
value of ℎ2𝑎 , we have
𝐾
𝑇2𝑎 = 437.4600 𝐾 = 𝑇4𝑎
1200
Using Table A-17 at 𝑇3 = 1200 K, we find that
𝑃𝑟6 = 238.0 = 𝑃𝑟8
𝑘𝐽
ℎ6 = 1277.79 = ℎ8
𝑘𝑔
437
410

300

𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾
Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021
Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: June 11, 2021
 Consider a gas turbine cycle with 2 stages of compression and 2 stages of expansion. The pressure ratio across each stage of the
compressor and turbine is 3. The air enters each stage of the compressor at 300 K and each stage of the turbine at 1200 K.
Determine the back work ratio and the thermal efficiency of the cycle, assuming a regenerator with 75% effectiveness is used
and isentropic efficiencies of 80% and 85 % for the compressor and turbines respectively. Use variable specific heats.
Given: 𝑟𝑝,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 3 Find: 𝑟𝑏𝑤 =?
𝑇1 = 𝑇3 = 300 𝐾 𝜂𝑡ℎ =?
𝑇6 = 𝑇8 = 1200 𝐾 238.0
𝜖 = 0.75 𝑃𝑟4𝑠 =
3
𝜂𝐶 = 0.80 𝑃𝑟4𝑠 = 79.3333
𝜂 𝑇 = 0.85
Interpolating at Table A−17 using obtained
value of ℎ2𝑎 , we have
𝐾
𝑇2𝑎 = 437.4600 𝐾 = 𝑇4𝑎
1200
Using Table A-17 at 𝑇3 = 1200 K, we find that
𝑃𝑟6 = 238.0 = 𝑃𝑟8
𝑘𝐽
ℎ6 = 1277.79 = ℎ8
𝑘𝑔
437
Solving for 𝑃𝑟7𝑠 410
𝑃6 𝑃𝑟6
= 𝑟𝑝,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 300
𝑃7 𝑃𝑟7𝑠
𝑃𝑟6
𝑃𝑟7𝑠 = 𝑘𝐽
𝑟𝑝,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾
Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021
Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: June 11, 2021
 Consider a gas turbine cycle with 2 stages of compression and 2 stages of expansion. The pressure ratio across each stage of the
compressor and turbine is 3. The air enters each stage of the compressor at 300 K and each stage of the turbine at 1200 K.
Determine the back work ratio and the thermal efficiency of the cycle, assuming a regenerator with 75% effectiveness is used
and isentropic efficiencies of 80% and 85 % for the compressor and turbines respectively. Use variable specific heats.
Given: 𝑟𝑝,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 3 Find: 𝑟𝑏𝑤 =?
𝑇1 = 𝑇3 = 300 𝐾 𝜂𝑡ℎ =?
𝑇6 = 𝑇8 = 1200 𝐾 238.0
𝜖 = 0.75 𝑃𝑟4𝑠 =
3
𝜂𝐶 = 0.80 𝑃𝑟4𝑠 = 79.3333
𝜂 𝑇 = 0.85 Interpolating at Table A−17 using
Interpolating at Table A−17 using obtained obtained value of 𝑃𝑟7𝑠 , we have
value of ℎ2𝑎 , we have 𝑇7𝑠 = 911.9624 𝐾 = 𝑇9𝑠
𝑇2𝑎 = 437.4600 𝐾 = 𝑇4𝑎 𝑘𝐽 𝐾
ℎ7𝑠 = 946.3578 = ℎ9𝑠
𝑘𝑔 1200
Using Table A-17 at 𝑇3 = 1200 K, we find that
𝑃𝑟6 = 238.0 = 𝑃𝑟8 946
𝑘𝐽
ℎ6 = 1277.79 = ℎ8
𝑘𝑔
437
Solving for 𝑃𝑟7𝑠 410
𝑃6 𝑃𝑟6
= 𝑟𝑝,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 300
𝑃7 𝑃𝑟7𝑠
𝑃𝑟6
𝑃𝑟7𝑠 = 𝑘𝐽
𝑟𝑝,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾
Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021
Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: June 11, 2021
 Consider a gas turbine cycle with 2 stages of compression and 2 stages of expansion. The pressure ratio across each stage of the
compressor and turbine is 3. The air enters each stage of the compressor at 300 K and each stage of the turbine at 1200 K.
Determine the back work ratio and the thermal efficiency of the cycle, assuming a regenerator with 75% effectiveness is used
and isentropic efficiencies of 80% and 85 % for the compressor and turbines respectively. Use variable specific heats.
Given: 𝑟𝑝,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 3 Find: 𝑟𝑏𝑤 =?
𝑇1 = 𝑇3 = 300 𝐾 𝜂𝑡ℎ =?
𝑇6 = 𝑇8 = 1200 𝐾 238.0
𝜖 = 0.75 𝑃𝑟4𝑠 =
3
𝜂𝐶 = 0.80 𝑃𝑟4𝑠 = 79.3333
𝜂 𝑇 = 0.85 Interpolating at Table A−17 using
Interpolating at Table A−17 using obtained obtained value of 𝑃𝑟7𝑠 , we have
value of ℎ2𝑎 , we have 𝑇7𝑠 = 911.9624 𝐾 = 𝑇9𝑠
𝑇2𝑎 = 437.4600 𝐾 = 𝑇4𝑎 𝑘𝐽 𝐾
ℎ7𝑠 = 946.3578 = ℎ9𝑠
𝑘𝑔 1200
Using Table A-17 at 𝑇3 = 1200 K, we find that Using formula for ηT, we have
𝑃𝑟6 = 238.0 = 𝑃𝑟8 𝜔 𝑇,𝑎 h6 − h7𝑎 946
𝑘𝐽 𝜂𝑇 = =
ℎ6 = 1277.79 = ℎ8 𝜔 𝑇,𝑠 h6 − h7s
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 437
Solving for 𝑃𝑟7𝑠 1277.79 − h7𝑎
𝑘𝑔 410
𝑃6 𝑃𝑟6 0.85 =
= 𝑟𝑝,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑃7 𝑃𝑟7𝑠 1277.79 − 946.3578 300
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑃𝑟6 𝑘𝐽
𝑃𝑟7𝑠 = h7𝑎 = 996.0726 = h9𝑎 𝑘𝐽
𝑟𝑝,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾
Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021
Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: June 11, 2021
 Consider a gas turbine cycle with 2 stages of compression and 2 stages of expansion. The pressure ratio across each stage of the
compressor and turbine is 3. The air enters each stage of the compressor at 300 K and each stage of the turbine at 1200 K.
Determine the back work ratio and the thermal efficiency of the cycle, assuming a regenerator with 75% effectiveness is used
and isentropic efficiencies of 80% and 85 % for the compressor and turbines respectively. Use variable specific heats.
Given: 𝑟𝑝,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 3 Find: 𝑟𝑏𝑤 =?
𝑇1 = 𝑇3 = 300 𝐾 𝜂𝑡ℎ =?
𝑇6 = 𝑇8 = 1200 𝐾
𝜖 = 0.75
𝜂𝐶 = 0.80
𝜂 𝑇 = 0.85
Interpolating at Table A−17 using obtained
value of ℎ7𝑎 , we have
𝐾
𝑇7𝑎 = 956.0430 𝐾 = 𝑇9𝑎
1200

956
946

437
410

300

𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾
Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021
Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: June 11, 2021
 Consider a gas turbine cycle with 2 stages of compression and 2 stages of expansion. The pressure ratio across each stage of the
compressor and turbine is 3. The air enters each stage of the compressor at 300 K and each stage of the turbine at 1200 K.
Determine the back work ratio and the thermal efficiency of the cycle, assuming a regenerator with 75% effectiveness is used
and isentropic efficiencies of 80% and 85 % for the compressor and turbines respectively. Use variable specific heats.
Given: 𝑟𝑝,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 3 Find: 𝑟𝑏𝑤 =?
𝑇1 = 𝑇3 = 300 𝐾 𝜂𝑡ℎ =?
𝑇6 = 𝑇8 = 1200 𝐾
𝜖 = 0.75
𝜂𝐶 = 0.80
𝜂 𝑇 = 0.85
Interpolating at Table A−17 using obtained
value of ℎ7𝑎 , we have
𝐾
𝑇7𝑎 = 956.0430 𝐾 = 𝑇9𝑎
1200
Calculating ℎ5 using the formula for
effectiveness 956
946
h5 − h4a
ϵ=
h9a − h4a
437
𝑘𝐽 410
h5 − 439.0243
𝑘𝑔
0.75 = 300
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
996.0726 − 439.0243
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
h5 = 856.8105 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾
Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2
𝑘𝑔 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021
Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: June 11, 2021
 Consider a gas turbine cycle with 2 stages of compression and 2 stages of expansion. The pressure ratio across each stage of the
compressor and turbine is 3. The air enters each stage of the compressor at 300 K and each stage of the turbine at 1200 K.
Determine the back work ratio and the thermal efficiency of the cycle, assuming a regenerator with 75% effectiveness is used
and isentropic efficiencies of 80% and 85 % for the compressor and turbines respectively. Use variable specific heats.
Given: 𝑟𝑝,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 3 Find: 𝑟𝑏𝑤 =?
𝑇1 = 𝑇3 = 300 𝐾 𝜂𝑡ℎ =?
𝑇6 = 𝑇8 = 1200 𝐾
𝜖 = 0.75 Interpolating at Table A−17 using obtained
𝜂𝐶 = 0.80 value of ℎ5 , we have
𝜂 𝑇 = 0.85 𝑇5 = 831.6113 𝐾
Interpolating at Table A−17 using obtained
value of ℎ7𝑎 , we have
𝐾
𝑇7𝑎 = 956.0430 𝐾 = 𝑇9𝑎
1200
Calculating ℎ5 using the formula for
effectiveness 956
946
h5 − h4a 832
ϵ=
h9a − h4a
437
𝑘𝐽 410
h5 − 439.0243
𝑘𝑔
0.75 = 300
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
996.0726 − 439.0243
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
h5 = 856.8105 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾
Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2
𝑘𝑔 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021
Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: June 11, 2021
 Consider a gas turbine cycle with 2 stages of compression and 2 stages of expansion. The pressure ratio across each stage of the
compressor and turbine is 3. The air enters each stage of the compressor at 300 K and each stage of the turbine at 1200 K.
Determine the back work ratio and the thermal efficiency of the cycle, assuming a regenerator with 75% effectiveness is used
and isentropic efficiencies of 80% and 85 % for the compressor and turbines respectively. Use variable specific heats.
Given: 𝑟𝑝,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 3 Find: 𝑟𝑏𝑤 =?
𝑇1 = 𝑇3 = 300 𝐾 𝜂𝑡ℎ =?
𝑇6 = 𝑇8 = 1200 𝐾
𝜖 = 0.75 Interpolating at Table A−17 using obtained
𝜂𝐶 = 0.80 value of ℎ5 , we have
𝜂 𝑇 = 0.85 𝑇5 = 831.6113 𝐾
Interpolating at Table A−17 using obtained Calculating the total compressor work
value of ℎ7𝑎 , we have ωC,a = 2 h2a − h1 𝐾
𝑇7𝑎 = 956.0430 𝐾 = 𝑇9𝑎 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
ωC,a = 2 439.0243 − 300.19 1200
Calculating ℎ5 using the formula for 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
effectiveness 𝑘𝐽 956
ωC,a = 277.6686 946
h5 − h4a 𝑘𝑔 832
ϵ=
h9a − h4a
437
𝑘𝐽 410
h5 − 439.0243
𝑘𝑔
0.75 = 300
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
996.0726 − 439.0243
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
h5 = 856.8105 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾
Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2
𝑘𝑔 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021
Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: June 11, 2021
 Consider a gas turbine cycle with 2 stages of compression and 2 stages of expansion. The pressure ratio across each stage of the
compressor and turbine is 3. The air enters each stage of the compressor at 300 K and each stage of the turbine at 1200 K.
Determine the back work ratio and the thermal efficiency of the cycle, assuming a regenerator with 75% effectiveness is used
and isentropic efficiencies of 80% and 85 % for the compressor and turbines respectively. Use variable specific heats.
Given: 𝑟𝑝,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 3 Find: 𝑟𝑏𝑤 =?
𝑇1 = 𝑇3 = 300 𝐾 𝜂𝑡ℎ =?
𝑇6 = 𝑇8 = 1200 𝐾
𝜖 = 0.75 Interpolating at Table A−17 using obtained
𝜂𝐶 = 0.80 value of ℎ5 , we have
𝜂 𝑇 = 0.85 𝑇5 = 831.6113 𝐾
Interpolating at Table A−17 using obtained Calculating the total compressor work
value of ℎ7𝑎 , we have ωC,a = 2 h2a − h1 𝐾
𝑇7𝑎 = 956.0430 𝐾 = 𝑇9𝑎 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
ωC,a = 2 439.0243 − 300.19 1200
Calculating ℎ5 using the formula for 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
effectiveness 𝑘𝐽 956
ωC,a = 277.6686 946
h5 − h4a 𝑘𝑔 832
ϵ=
h9a − h4a Calculating the total turbine work
437
𝑘𝐽 ωT,a = 2 h6 − h7a 410
h5 − 439.0243
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
0.75 = ωT,a = 2 1277.79 − 996.0726 300
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
996.0726 − 439.0243
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝐽 ωT,a = 563.4348 𝑘𝐽
h5 = 856.8105 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾
Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2
𝑘𝑔 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021
Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: June 11, 2021
 Consider a gas turbine cycle with 2 stages of compression and 2 stages of expansion. The pressure ratio across each stage of the
compressor and turbine is 3. The air enters each stage of the compressor at 300 K and each stage of the turbine at 1200 K.
Determine the back work ratio and the thermal efficiency of the cycle, assuming a regenerator with 75% effectiveness is used
and isentropic efficiencies of 80% and 85 % for the compressor and turbines respectively. Use variable specific heats.
Given: 𝑟𝑝,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 3 Find: 𝑟𝑏𝑤 =?
𝑇1 = 𝑇3 = 300 𝐾 𝜂𝑡ℎ =?
𝑇6 = 𝑇8 = 1200 𝐾
𝜖 = 0.75
𝜂𝐶 = 0.80
𝜂 𝑇 = 0.85
Calculating the total heat input
qin,a = h6 − h5 + h8 − h7a
𝐾
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
qin,a = 1277.79 − 856.8105 + 1277.79 − 996.0726 1200
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽 956
qin,a = 702.6969 946
𝑘𝑔 832

437
410

300

𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾
Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021
Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: June 11, 2021
 Consider a gas turbine cycle with 2 stages of compression and 2 stages of expansion. The pressure ratio across each stage of the
compressor and turbine is 3. The air enters each stage of the compressor at 300 K and each stage of the turbine at 1200 K.
Determine the back work ratio and the thermal efficiency of the cycle, assuming a regenerator with 75% effectiveness is used
and isentropic efficiencies of 80% and 85 % for the compressor and turbines respectively. Use variable specific heats.
Given: 𝑟𝑝,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 3 Find: 𝑟𝑏𝑤 =?
𝑇1 = 𝑇3 = 300 𝐾 𝜂𝑡ℎ =?
𝑇6 = 𝑇8 = 1200 𝐾
𝜖 = 0.75
𝜂𝐶 = 0.80
𝜂 𝑇 = 0.85
Calculating the total heat input
qin,a = h6 − h5 + h8 − h7a
𝐾
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
qin,a = 1277.79 − 856.8105 + 1277.79 − 996.0726 1200
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽 956
qin,a = 702.6969 946
𝑘𝑔 832

437
Calculating the back work ratio 410
𝑘𝐽
ωC,a 277.6686
𝑘𝑔 300
rbw = = = 0.493
ωT,a 563.4348 𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾
Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021
Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: June 11, 2021
 Consider a gas turbine cycle with 2 stages of compression and 2 stages of expansion. The pressure ratio across each stage of the
compressor and turbine is 3. The air enters each stage of the compressor at 300 K and each stage of the turbine at 1200 K.
Determine the back work ratio and the thermal efficiency of the cycle, assuming a regenerator with 75% effectiveness is used
and isentropic efficiencies of 80% and 85 % for the compressor and turbines respectively. Use variable specific heats.
Given: 𝑟𝑝,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 3 Find: 𝑟𝑏𝑤 =?
𝑇1 = 𝑇3 = 300 𝐾 𝜂𝑡ℎ =?
𝑇6 = 𝑇8 = 1200 𝐾
𝜖 = 0.75
𝜂𝐶 = 0.80
𝜂 𝑇 = 0.85

𝐾
Calculating the thermal efficiency
ωT,a − ωC,a 1200
ηth =
qin,a
956
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 946
563.4348 − 277.6686 832
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
ηth =
𝑘𝐽
702.6969 437
𝑘𝑔 410
ηth = 0.407
300

𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾
Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021
Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: June 11, 2021
 Sources
• [1] Borgnakke C, Sonntag R. Fundamentals of Thermodynamics.
7th ed. United States of America: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.;
2009. 1026 p.

• [2] Moran MJ, Shapiro HN, Boettner DD, Bailey MB.

Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics. 7th ed. John
Wiley and Sons, Inc.; 2011.

• [3] Cengel YA, Boles MA. Thermodynamics: An Engineering

Approach. 8th Edition. McGraw-Hill; 2015. 1115 p.

Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: June 11, 2021
 Image Attributes
• https://wallpaperaccess.com/full/184358.jpg

Subject: MEC152: Thermodynamics 2 Semester/Academic Year: 2nd Semester AY 2020 – 2021

Instructor: Irene Lara M. Abad, ME, MSME Date: June 11, 2021