RE-CAP

Your design structure will be

subjected to applied loads

DEAD LOADS
- Permanent loads (like the weight of the structural elements, slabs,
beams, columns, walls, etc.)

One can determine these loads using the corresponding material weight

Example
- Reinforced concrete, 23.6 KN/m³
- Ceramic or quarry tile, 1.10 KPa (KN/m²)
- Hardwood flooring, 0.19 KPa (KN/m²)

Note: Reference for some material weights will be available in your Bigksy
 RE-CAP

Your design structure will be

subjected to applied loads

LIVE LOADS
- Movable loads (weight of the occupants, furniture, movable
equipment, etc.)

A publication from the American Society of Civil Engineers has a list of

minimum design loads per occupancy or use

An OFFICE for example has

a design live load of 50 lb/ft2
or 2.4 KPa
Note: For reference, a portion of this section will be available in your Bigksy
RE-CAP

The applied loads can be in the form of

AREA LOADS, force per unit area (KN/m² or KPa, lb/ft²)
LINE LOADS, force per unit length (KN/m, lb/ft)
CONCENTRATED LOADS, point loads (N, KN, lb, kip)

These loads will be carried by

the elements of the structural
frame
RE-CAP

Common elements of a structural framing system

RE-CAP

Common elements of a structural framing system

Purlins
RE-CAP

Common elements of a structural framing system

Trusses
RE-CAP

Common elements of a structural framing system

Roof beams
RE-CAP

Common elements of a structural framing system

Slabs
RE-CAP

Common elements of a structural framing system

Primary and secondary beams

RE-CAP

Common elements of a structural framing system

Columns
RE-CAP

Common elements of a structural framing system

Footings
 RE-CAP

Common elements of a structural framing system

Due to the applied loads, the

elements in the structural frame
are subjected to FORCES,
depending on how the loads are
applied on each member
RE-CAP

Upon carrying the applied loads, the elements in the structural frame are
subjected to FORCES, depending on how the loads are applied
- Forces in Compression
- Forces in Tension
- Forces in Bending
- Forces in Shear
- Forces in Torsion
RE-CAP

In the succeeding presentation, we will review how the loads are distributed
to some of the elements of the structural frame
- SLAB → BEAM
- BEAM → SUPPORTING BEAM
- BEAM → COLUMN
LOAD DISTRIBUTION
TEOSTRC
Engr. Inigo Calixto
LOAD DISTRIBUTION

SLAB → BEAM
The applied loads on the slab (such as the weight of the floor finishes,
occupancy, etc.) including its own weight are distributed to the supports
of the slab which are usually the beams surrounding them.

Example: For the given framing, slab S1 is supported by beams, B1, B3,
B5 and B6 (these beams are carrying slab S1 and the applied loads on it)
LOAD DISTRIBUTION

SLAB → BEAM
The applied loads on the slab (such as the weight of the floor finishes,
occupancy, etc.) including its own weight are distributed to the supports
of the slab which is usually the beams surrounding them.

How the loads are distributed to these beams depends also on the
geometry of the slab
LOAD DISTRIBUTION

ONE-WAY AND TWO WAY SLABS

This describes the behavior of the slab in terms of bending. Slabs that
bend in ONE direction behave as one-way slabs, and slabs that bend in
TWO directions behave as two-way slabs

this is an example
of a two-way slab
LOAD DISTRIBUTION

ONE-WAY AND TWO WAY SLABS

This describes the behavior of the slab in terms of bending. Slabs that
bend in ONE direction behave as one-way slabs, and slabs that bend in
TWO directions behave as two-way slabs

It bends in two
directions
LOAD DISTRIBUTION

ONE-WAY AND TWO WAY SLABS

This describes the behavior of the slab in terms of bending. Slabs that
bend in ONE direction behave as one-way slabs, and slabs that bend in
TWO directions behave as two-way slabs

These are two examples

of one-way slabs
LOAD DISTRIBUTION

ONE-WAY AND TWO WAY SLABS

This describes the behavior of the slab in terms of bending. Slabs that
bend in ONE direction behave as one-way slabs, and slabs that bend in
TWO directions behave as two-way slabs

They bend in one

direction
LOAD DISTRIBUTION

ONE-WAY SLABS
- Slabs that have 2 supports opposite each other
LOAD DISTRIBUTION

ONE-WAY SLABS
- Slabs that have 2 supports opposite each other
LOAD DISTRIBUTION

ONE-WAY SLABS
- Slabs supported on all 4 sides, can be assumed to behave as one-way
slabs if the length of the short side less than or equal to half the
length of the long side

𝑠𝑠
𝑙𝑠
𝑙𝑠
𝑠𝑠 ≤
2
LOAD DISTRIBUTION

LOAD DISTRIBUTION – ONE WAY SLABS

The loads from the slabs are then carried by the elements supporting
them (beams)

Note the Tributary Area

that the supporting
𝐿 element will carry

𝐿
2
LOAD DISTRIBUTION

LOAD DISTRIBUTION – ONE WAY SLABS

The loads from the slabs are then carried by the elements supporting
them (beams)

𝐿
𝐿
2
LOAD DISTRIBUTION

LOAD DISTRIBUTION – ONE WAY SLABS

For a slab that is supported on all 4 sides but behaves as a one way slab,
we can assume that the loads from this slab are distributed to the
supports along its long side

𝑠𝑠
𝑙𝑠
𝑠𝑠
2

𝑙𝑠
𝑠𝑠 ≤
2
LOAD DISTRIBUTION

LOAD DISTRIBUTION – TWO WAY SLABS

For two way slabs, the loads from the slab are distributed to all of its
supporting elements (beams)

𝑙𝑠 𝑠𝑠

𝑙𝑠
𝑠𝑠 >
2
LOAD DISTRIBUTION

LOAD DISTRIBUTION – TWO WAY SLABS

For two way slabs, the loads from the slab are distributed to all of its
supporting elements (beams)

Note the Tributary Area

𝑠𝑠 that the supporting
𝑙𝑠 element will carry
𝑠𝑠
ൗ2

𝑠𝑠
ൗ2

𝑙𝑠
𝑠𝑠 >
2
LOAD DISTRIBUTION

LOAD DISTRIBUTION – TWO WAY SLABS

For two way slabs, the loads from the slab are distributed to all of its
supporting elements (beams)

Note the Tributary Area

𝑠𝑠 that the supporting
𝑙𝑠 element will carry
𝑠𝑠
ൗ2

𝑠𝑠
ൗ2

𝑙𝑠
𝑠𝑠 >
2
LOAD DISTRIBUTION

SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
Going back to slab S1 in our previous framing. Illustrate the load
distribution of slab S1
 LOAD DISTRIBUTION

SOLUTION TO SAMPLE PROBLEM 1

Going back to slab S1 in our previous framing. Illustrate the load
distribution of slab S1

We first check on the possible behavior of slab S1. From the dimensions of
this slab, slab S1 will bend in two directions (two-way slab)
𝑠𝑠

𝑙𝑠 6000
=
2 2
𝑙𝑠
= 3000𝑚𝑚
2
𝑠𝑠 > 3000mm 𝑙𝑠

𝑆1 𝑏𝑒ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑠 𝑎
𝑡𝑤𝑜 − 𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏
LOAD DISTRIBUTION

SOLUTION TO SAMPLE PROBLEM 1

Going back to slab S1 in our previous framing. Illustrate the load
distribution of slab S1

For two-way slabs supported on all sides, the loads on the slab will be
distributed as such

The loads in this triangular

area of slab S1 will be
carried by beam B1
LOAD DISTRIBUTION

SOLUTION TO SAMPLE PROBLEM 1

Going back to slab S1 in our previous framing. Illustrate the load
distribution of slab S1

For two-way slabs supported on all sides, the loads on the slab will be
distributed as such
𝑠𝑠 /2

𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 0

𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 𝑠𝑠 /2

Note that the tributary

width of this area is
increasing from 0 to ss/2
LOAD DISTRIBUTION

SOLUTION TO SAMPLE PROBLEM 1

Going back to slab S1 in our previous framing. Illustrate the load
distribution of slab S1

For two-way slabs supported on all sides, the loads on the slab will be
distributed as such
Beam B3, will carry a
similar triangular area
LOAD DISTRIBUTION

SOLUTION TO SAMPLE PROBLEM 1

Going back to slab S1 in our previous framing. Illustrate the load
distribution of slab S1

For two-way slabs supported on all sides, the loads on the slab will be
distributed as such
Beams B5, and B6 will carry
the loads in the remaining
trapezoidal areas of the slab
LOAD DISTRIBUTION

SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
Illustrate the load distribution of slab S2, and the cantilever slab CS3
 LOAD DISTRIBUTION

SOLUTION TO SAMPLE PROBLEM 2

Illustrate the load distribution of slab S2, and the cantilever slab CS3

Again, we check on the possible behavior the slabs. From the dimensions of
slab S2, it will bend in one direction (one-way slab). The cantilever slab CS3
will also bend in one direction
𝑠𝑠
𝑙𝑠 6000
=
2 2
𝑙𝑠
= 3000𝑚𝑚
2
𝑠𝑠 = 3000𝑚𝑚𝑙𝑠

𝑆2 𝑏𝑒ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑠 𝑎
𝑜𝑛𝑒 − 𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏
LOAD DISTRIBUTION

SOLUTION TO SAMPLE PROBLEM 2

Illustrate the load distribution of slab S2, and the cantilever slab CS3

For one-way slabs supported on all sides, the loads on slab S2 will be
distributed as such Note that the loads are
distributed to the supports
along the long side of the slab
LOAD DISTRIBUTION

SOLUTION TO SAMPLE PROBLEM 2

Illustrate the load distribution of slab S2, and the cantilever slab CS3

For one-way slabs supported on all sides, the loads on slab S2 will be
distributed as such We can say that beams B2
and B4 are not carrying any
loads from slab S2
LOAD DISTRIBUTION

SOLUTION TO SAMPLE PROBLEM 2

Illustrate the load distribution of slab S2, and the cantilever slab CS3

For one-way slabs supported on all sides, the loads on slab S2 will be
distributed as such Note that the tributary width
of the area carried by beams B6
and B7 is half the short side
𝑠𝑠

𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 𝑠𝑠 /2

𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 𝑠𝑠 /2
LOAD DISTRIBUTION

SOLUTION TO SAMPLE PROBLEM 2

Illustrate the load distribution of slab S2, and the cantilever slab CS3

The loads on the cantilever slab CS3, will all be carried by its support, beam
B7
LOAD DISTRIBUTION

We now have an idea of how the loads from the slab are distributed to the
beams.

Since the loads on the slab are usually expressed as area loads, how do we
translate these loads to the beams?

We convert the area loads into their equivalent linear loads

𝜔 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚

Note: we will be using the symbol “ω” to denote “linear loads”

LOAD DISTRIBUTION

SAMPLE PROBLEM 3
Determine and illustrate the loads carried by beams, B1 and B7, given the
following area loads
at S1 2 KPa
at S2 3 KPa
at CS3 1 KPa

2 𝐾𝑃𝑎

3 𝐾𝑃𝑎

1 𝐾𝑃𝑎
LOAD DISTRIBUTION

SOLUTION TO SAMPLE PROBLEM 3

Determine and illustrate the loads carried by beams, B1 and B7

For beam B1, its tributary width in slab S1 increases from 0 to half the length
of the short side ss
5000/2
2500𝑚𝑚
𝑠𝑠 /2

𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 0

𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 2500𝑚𝑚

𝑠𝑠 /2
2 𝐾𝑃𝑎

3 𝐾𝑃𝑎

1 𝐾𝑃𝑎
LOAD DISTRIBUTION

SOLUTION TO SAMPLE PROBLEM 3

Determine and illustrate the loads carried by beams, B1 and B7

Now solving for the equivalent line load

𝜔 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
2500𝑚𝑚

𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 0

𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 2500𝑚𝑚

2 𝐾𝑃𝑎

3 𝐾𝑃𝑎

1 𝐾𝑃𝑎
LOAD DISTRIBUTION

SOLUTION TO SAMPLE PROBLEM 3

Determine and illustrate the loads carried by beams, B1 and B7

Now solving for the equivalent line load

𝜔𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 = 2 0 = 0
2500𝑚𝑚

𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 0

𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 2500𝑚𝑚

2 𝐾𝑃𝑎

3 𝐾𝑃𝑎

1 𝐾𝑃𝑎
LOAD DISTRIBUTION

SOLUTION TO SAMPLE PROBLEM 3

Determine and illustrate the loads carried by beams, B1 and B7

Now solving for the equivalent line load Note that the tributary width
𝜔𝑎𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑑 = 2 2500Τ1000 = 5 𝐾𝑁/𝑚 was converted into meters since
the loads are in KPa (KN/m²)
2500𝑚𝑚

𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 0

𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 2500𝑚𝑚

2 𝐾𝑃𝑎

3 𝐾𝑃𝑎

1 𝐾𝑃𝑎
LOAD DISTRIBUTION

SOLUTION TO SAMPLE PROBLEM 3

Determine and illustrate the loads carried by beams, B1 and B7

Now illustrating the loads carried by beam, B1

5 𝐾𝑁
LOAD DISTRIBUTION

SOLUTION TO SAMPLE PROBLEM 3

Determine and illustrate the loads carried by beams, B1 and B7

Here beam B7, is carrying loads from slab S2 and the cantilever slab CS3
Solving first for the equivalent line load from slab S2
𝜔𝑎𝑡 𝑆2 = 3 1500Τ1000 = 4.5 𝐾𝑁/𝑚

3000/2
𝑠𝑠 /2
𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 1500𝑚𝑚
2 𝐾𝑃𝑎

3 𝐾𝑃𝑎

1 𝐾𝑃𝑎
LOAD DISTRIBUTION

SOLUTION TO SAMPLE PROBLEM 3

Determine and illustrate the loads carried by beams, B1 and B7

Since all of the loads on the cantilever slab will be carried by beam B7, its
tributary width is 1500mm
𝜔𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑆3 = 1 1500Τ1000 = 1.5 𝐾𝑁/𝑚

𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 1500𝑚𝑚

2 𝐾𝑃𝑎

3 𝐾𝑃𝑎

1 𝐾𝑃𝑎
LOAD DISTRIBUTION

SOLUTION TO SAMPLE PROBLEM 3

Determine and illustrate the loads carried by beams, B1 and B7

Now illustrating the loads carried by beam, B7

𝜔𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑆3 = 1.5 𝐾𝑁/𝑚

𝜔𝑎𝑡 𝑆2 = 4.5 𝐾𝑁/𝑚

Adding the two line loads together

𝜔 = 6.0 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
1.5 + 4.5
END