 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬

٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 J ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ o
 J‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ o
 JE
 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬o
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٦
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   J١
K‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

- ٥٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Types of Fluid Flow‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
  ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬EParticlesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،E١٤FE Laminar FlowF‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٤FETurbulent FlowF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 


  
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٤F   ‫א‬‫א‬E١٤F
 

- ٥٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

WFluids in Motion‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬،Steady Uniform Flow‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬EConvergentF  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٢٤F
‫א‬‫א‬ E٢ ٤F‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 KESteady Non-Uniform FlowF‫א‬‫א‬
 


  
 E٢٤F   E‫א‬٢٤F
 
 Rate of Flow‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٣ ٤F‫א‬
 KQ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٤F
 

- ٦٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Q
.
A= ×ν
 ‫א‬‫א‬Z Q ،‫א‬ZA،‫א‬Zν
.

 m3/sec‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⋅
  m ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬ × ‫א‬Z‫∴ א‬
 
 ∴ m = V × ρ
 
⋅
 Q = ρ ×
.
m

 
 
 ‫א‬. 0.6 m/sec 15mm‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Q A = ν
.
×

.
 π = Q (0.015)2X0.6 = 106.02X10-6 m3/sec
4
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⋅ ⋅
 Q = ρ × m
 
⋅
  = 1000 × (106.02×10-6) = 0.106 kg/sec m

- ٦١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

Continuity EquationE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
⋅
m = ρ1 × A1 × ν1 = ρ2 × A2 ×ν2
 
Continuity EquationE‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KLaw of Conservation of Mass‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ρ1 = ρ2 = ρ
 W
 A1 × ν1 = A2 × ν2
 
⋅ ⋅
∴Q = Q
1 2
 W
 EConverging PipeF 
E٤ ٤F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،0.15m‫א‬0.46m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،0.3m3‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬E٤٤F
 
- ٦٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
.
  Q A 1 = × ν1
 KE٤٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⋅

ν1Z
Q

A1
 
 WA1‫א‬‫א‬
 (0.462) = 166.19×10-3 m2 π = d12 π A1 =
4 4
0.3
∴ν1 = = 1.8 m/sec
1.66019 × 10 −3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
⋅
0.3
 ν2Z Q
17m/sec ≅ = 16.98
A2 π
4 (
0.15 2 )=
 
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
A1× ν1 = A2 × ν2

A ×ν π
× d12 ×ν 1
 ∴ν2 = 1 1 = 4
A2 π
4
× d 22
 
 
× 0.462 × 1.8
π

∴ν2 = π
4
= 16.93 m
× 0.15 2 sec
4

 
 

- ٦٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W
kg
5cm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬998 /m3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬3.75cm ‫א‬7.5cm
 W‫א‬،E٥٤F‫א‬0.15 m3/sec‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬o
 

 
 ‫א‬E٥٤F
 
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
⋅
= ρ×Α1×ν1 m1
 
⋅ ⋅
m1 = ρ × Q
 
⋅

⎝ ⎠
(
 ∴ m1 = ⎛⎜ 998 kg m3 ⎞⎟ 0.015 m
3

sec
)
 
⋅
 ∴ m1 = 14.970 kg sec
- ٦٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
.
⋅ ⋅
  m1 = 2 × m3
 
⋅ ⋅
 ∴ m 3 = × m 1 1
2

 
⋅
  m3 = 12 × 14.97 = 7.485 kg sec
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KA1‫א‬
  A =1 × d12 = π4 × (0.05) 2 = 0.001963m 2
π
4
 
⋅
Q1 = A1 ×ν 1

 ν 1 = Q1
A1

3
0.015 m
V1 = sec = 7.6 m
0.001963m 2 sec
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 A3‫א‬
 
π 2 π
A3 = ×d3 = × (0.0375) 2 = 0.001104m 2
4 4
  ⋅
m 3
Q 3 0.0075 sec
ν3 = = = 6.76 m
sec
A3 0.001104m 2
 

- ٦٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 : Energy of a Liquid in Motion‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬، 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
"the capacity to do ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 .work"
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ E١
 K‫א‬ E٢
 K‫א‬ E٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Potential EnergyW‫א‬
 
Datum Z m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٦٤F‫א‬Line
 
⎛ m ⎞
 Potential Energy = ‫א‬ m × g × Z ⎜ kg × 2
× m⎟ =
⎝ sec ⎠
 
‫א‬،?J?‫א‬‫א‬ ''Joule'' ?‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 ‫א‬m ‫א‬E٦٤F
⎛ J ⎞
  g × z⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ Potential Energy per Unit Mass =
⎝ kg ⎠
 
 Pressure Energy W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬P‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ P) × (A ‫א‬
 W،Q‫א‬
⋅
  Q = A ×ν
⋅

KE F V = Q ‫א‬P) × (A‫א‬

 
A
 W‫א‬‫א‬Ework)‫א‬
Work = Force × Distance

 Work = p×A×ν
 
⋅
Q
work = p × A ×
A
 
⋅
work = p × Q

- ٦٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

⋅
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ m ‫א‬‫א‬
. .
 m = ρ ×Q
 WEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⋅
p×Q p⎛J ⎞
work done per unit mass = = ⎜ ⎟
ρ ×Q
⋅
ρ ⎝ kg ⎠

 
  J kg ،‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
⎛ p⎞
  ⎜⎜ ρ ⎟⎟ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
⎝ ⎠
 
p
=
 Pressure Energy= ‫א‬ ρ

 
 Kinetic EnergyW‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬،ν m‫א‬‫א‬
 KE½ ×m×ν2 FE‫א‬F
 W
 
Kinetic Energy = ½× m × ν2
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
2⎛ J ⎞
  Kinetic Energy Per Unit MassZ ×ν ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ 1
2
⎝ kg ⎠
 
- ٦٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

،
 ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 WK‫א‬
 ‫א‬H‫א‬H‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
p
  g×z+ + 12 ×ν 2 Total Energy Per Kg =
ρ
 
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WEheight or headF‫א‬
 KEPotential HeadF‫א‬ o
 KEPressure HeadF‫א‬ o
 KEVelocity HeadF‫א‬ o
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WK‫א‬
p ν2
  Total head Per kg = z + +
ρ × g 2g
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
N m3 sec 2 m 2 sec 2
  Total head Per kg = m + × × + ×
m 2 kg m sec 2 m
 W
 
Total Head Per kg = m + m + m = m

- ٦٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

  Bernoulli Equation 

‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?W‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬E‫א‬
 W?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬H‫א‬H‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
p1 ν 12 p2 ν 22
  + gZ1 = + + gZ 2
ρ 2 ρ 2
 
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 E٧٤F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ ٤F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KCBA‫א‬Kh‫א‬‫א‬v
 KC ‫א‬‫א‬ZB ‫א‬‫א‬ZA ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
pA ν A2 pB ν B2 pc ν c2
  + + gZ A = + + gZ B = + + gZ c
ρ 2 ρ 2 ρ 2

- ٧٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ B‫א‬ ‫א‬A 
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬

 
 
‫א‬B‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬C ‫א‬
  p A + ν A + gZ A Z pB + ν B + gZ B
2 2

ρ 2 ρ 2
 
BA‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
pA ν A2 pB ν B2
  + + gZ A = + + gZ B + energy loss between A and B
ρ 2 ρ 2
 
 W
1.52 m/sec‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K9.14 m/sec‫א‬‫א‬
K2.339kPa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K15.2m‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬K993 kg/m3‫א‬‫א‬998 kg/m3‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

P1 ν 12 P2 ν 22
+ gZ1 = + gZ 2
ρ1 2 ρ2 2

  2.339 × 1000 + 1.52

2
P2 9.14 2
+ 9.81 × 0 = + + 9.81 × 15.2
998 2 983 2

P2
2.344 + 1.155 + 0 = + 41.77 + 149.112
983
  P2 = 983(2.344 + 1.155 − 41.77 − 149.112) = −184.2 KPa
 K‫؟‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
htZ hνHhs
 
‫א‬K‫א‬ hν  ‫א‬‫א‬hs
 ‫א‬‫א‬ht
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 
ν2
hν =
2g
 
ν = 2 gh
W
 Em/secF‫א‬ν
 EmF‫א‬hν

- ٧٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫؟‬K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ 21.6m22m‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
hν= ht - hs

hν = 22-21.6 = 0.4 m
 
 ∴ν = 2 ghν = 2 × 9.81 × 0.4 = 2.8 m
sec
 

‫א‬‫א‬
13600kg/m3‫א‬1.2kg/m3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K20mm
 ‫؟‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Pν = ρ ghHg

= 13600 × 9.81 × 0.02 = 2668.32 N/m2

 W

Pν ν2
=
ρ air 2
Pν
ν 2 = 2×
ρ air
266.32
ν = 2× = 66.7 m
sec
1 .2
 

- ٧٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
 Pitot Tube
E٨٤F‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬E٢FE١F‫א‬
  P1 + ν 1 ν 22
2
P2
+ gZ 1 = + + gZ 2
ρ 2 ρ 2
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 
P1 ν 12 P2
+ =
ρ 2 ρ

ν 12 P 2 − P1
=
  2 ρ

P2 − P1
ν2 = 2×
ρ
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬P2  ‫א‬‫א‬P1
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬E٨٤F
 
 WVenturi-Meter‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
KE٩ ٤F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢FE١F‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬E٩٤F
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬
- ٧٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

P1 ν 12 P2 ν 22
  + + gZ 1 = + + gZ 2
ρ1 2 ρ2 2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
P1 ν 12 P2
∴ + = + gz2
ρ1 2 ρ2
 
ν 22 − ν 12 P1 − P2
=
2 ρ
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A2
 ν 1 = ×ν 2
A1
 W‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
2( P1 − P2)
 ν 2 =
⎛ A22 ⎞
ρ − ⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟
⎝ A12 ⎠
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢FE١F‫א‬‫א‬A2 A١
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K25Co‫א‬
E
‫א‬‫א‬2.5cmE٢F‫א‬7.5cmE١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬42.1cm
 ‫؟‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 E٢F‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

2 × ∆Ρ 2 g × ∆h
ν2 = =
A22 A2
ρ (1 − 2 ) (1 − 22 )
A1 A1

2 × 9.81 × 0.421
 ∴ν 2 = 2
⎛ 0.025 2 ⎞
1 − ⎜⎜ 2
⎟⎟
⎝ 0.075 ⎠

8.08
ν2 = = 8.18 = 2.86 m
sec
0.988
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
m3
0.0014
⋅ π m3
  Q = A2 × v2 = 4 × (0.025) × 2.86 = 0.0014 sec =
2 sec = 1.4 lit = 84 lit
m3 sec min
0.001
lit
 
 WOrifice MeterE‫א‬F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬KE١٠ ٤F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
2(P1 − P2 )
 ν 2 =
⎛ A22 ⎞
ρ × ⎜1 − 2 ⎟⎟
⎜
⎝ A1 ⎠

- ٧٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 ‫א‬E١٠٤F
 
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬0.3m/secE١٠٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 0.06 m‫א‬0.3 m
 K Cv= 0.82‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
2 × ∆Ρ
ν 2 = Cν 2
⎛ A ⎞
ρ × ⎜⎜1 − 2 ⎟⎟
⎝ A1 ⎠

  W‫א‬‫א‬ ν ‫א‬

 
 ν 2 = ν 1 × A1
A2
 
 ν2 = 7.5 m/sec ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
A22
ν × ρ × (1 − 2 )
2
2
A1
  ∆P = = 73048.9 Pa ≈ 73KPa
2 × Cν2

 
- ٧٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬30 C0 ‫א‬1.5bar‫א‬‫א‬EF
،250mmB ‫א‬، 400mm × 300mm A ‫א‬
‫א‬B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،BA0.2bar‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K18m/secA‫א‬‫א‬R=287 J/kg K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⋅
 K‫א‬ Q ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٧٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
ρ1 × A1 × v1 = ρ 2 × A2 × v2

 W‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬

A1 × v1 = A2 × v2
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
EBF‫א‬EAF‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١F‫א‬ A‫א‬
P1
ρ1
RT1
 
1.5 × 105 Kg
ρ1 = = 1.725 3
287 × (30 + 273) m
 WE٢F‫א‬B‫א‬
P2
ρ2
RT2
 
(1.5 − 0.2) × 105 = 1.495 Kg
ρ2 =
287 × (30 + 273) m3
 E٢FEBF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ρ1 × A1 × v1 = ρ 2 × A2 × v2

- ٨٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬،v2‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
ρ1 × A1 × v1 1.725 × (0.4 × 0.3) × 18 m
  v2 = = = 39.87
ρ 2 × A2 1.495 × (0.25)
2
sec
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  P1 + v1 + Z1 g = P2
+
v2
+ Z2 g
ρ 2 ρ 2
 E١F‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢FE١F ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
2
  v2 = Z1 g − Z 2 g = g (Z1 − Z 2 )
2
 W‫א‬‫א‬،4m(Z1-Z2)
 
v2 = (2 × g × (Z1 − Z 2 ))
  m
v2 = 2 × 9.8 × 4 = 8.86
sec
⋅
 W Q ‫א‬‫א‬

⋅
Q = A2 × v2
π π
( ) m3
⋅
Q = × d × v2 = (0.1) × 8.86 = 0.0695
2 2
2
4 4 sec
⋅ m
∴ Q = 0.0695 3
sec

- ٨١ -