LMNÐP LE
DLBFVJ
JBH@NHCLE
Mjal mj
`hbjr l thmls dhrls
y `hcsniuj tu pjsh nmjle snc mnjtls
Elnl Pheî

6?<>
 

© 6?<>. Elnl Pheî

© 6?<>. Mje prðehih, mh`thrl @lrbjc P. Lejirâl
© Ghthirlgâl mj el luthrl1 © Plrld Wls`h mj Oehsutne
© 6?<>. Mj jstl jmn`nðc, Jmnthrnle JMLG, P. E. Z.

Mnsjüh mj el `ufnjrtl1 Blrtl Jezl

_rnbjrl jmn`nðc jc enfrh jej`trðcn`h 1 lfrne 6?<>

NPFC1 >94-4=-=<=-0>=7-9
 

 L Ahlc y ]jrjsl, bns plmrjs, phr sjr je tjrrjch gîrtne 

quj bj dl pjrbntnmh lprjcmjr l vlejrbj phr bâ bnsbl
y gehrj`jr.
 L Ejðc, mhcmj qunjrl quj jstîs.
 

«Je dlbfrj phr je lbhr js bìs mngâ`ne mj sl`nlr 

quj je dlbfrj phr je plc».
Blmrj ]jrjsl mj @le`utl
 

_rðehih
«\uj el `hbnml sjl tu lenbjcth
y je lenbjcth tu bjmn`ncl».
Dnpð`rltjs

@ulcmh Elnl bj prhpush dl`j uchs mâls js`rnfnr je prðehih mj jstj enfrh, eh
prnbjrh quj sjctâ guj shrprjsl, phrquj ch eh jspjrlfl. Jcsjiunml bn shrprjsl
sj thrcð jc lejirâl; snjbprj js uc pel`jr `helfhrlr `hc leiunjc quj tnjcj tlctl
euz nctjrnhr, quj js `lplz ch sheh mj leubfrlr su prhpnh jspl`nh, snch quj
neubncl y bjahrl el vnml mj thmls els pjrshcls quj el rhmjlc.
”Dj pjcslmh jc tn, phrquj qunjrh quj je prðehih eh js`rnfl ucl pjrshcl
rjlebjctj `hcvjc`nml mj quj ch dly bjahr bjmn`ncl quj je Lbhr.
”_ujs ch sj dlfej bìs.
Jgj`tnvlbjctj, je lbhr js el bjahr bjmn`ncl, phrquj rjplrl nc`eush els
djrnmls
snjbprj,quj ch sjmje
je hrnijc vjc, jsls
rjsth mj quj sujejchriìcn`ls.
plthehiâls sjr els mj pjhr prhcðstn`h y, `lsn
Zch mj ehs ðrilchs mnlcl quj bìs sj rjsnjctjc `ulcmh els jbh`nhcjs sj
qujmlc ltls`lmls js je snstjbl mnijstnvh. Vj`ujrmh l ucl cnül quj sugrnð
murlctj mhs lühs uc tjrrnfej mhehr mj jstðblih quj ch dlfâl ghrbl mj `leblr 
`hc ehs gìrbl`hs dlfntulejs. @urnhslbjctj, ej mjslplrj`âl `ulcmh `hbjczlfl
l flnelr. Pu blmrj sj eejvlfl els blchs l el `lfjzl1 «Mh`thrl, ¸quî pjcslrâl
ustjm sn el vnjrl phstrlml jc el `lbl, eehrlcmh snc plrlr y mj rjpjctj pjil uc
sleth y sj phcj l flnelr `hbh eh`l, y bj bnrl y bj mn`j quj yl ch ej mujej8».
El blmrj ch `rjâl quj jxnstnjrl mhehr cnciuch. @hbprjcmâ je prh`jsh `ulcmh
supj quj je mhehr jrl prhvh`lmh phr el blel rjel`nðc quj tjcâl `hc su tuthrl
mje
lrtj `hejinh.
mj blinlZcl
y je vjz quj tjrbncð
jstðblih sulpjrnhmh
ch vhevnð mhejrej. jstumnlctne, sj `urð `hbh phr 
Pn guîrlbhs `hcs`njctjs mj quj jc je tufh mnijstnvh dly bìs cjurhcls quj
jc el bnsbâsnbl bîmuel jspncle y quj js austlbjctj jc els trnpls mhcmj sj
«`uj`jc» el blyhrâl mj els sustlc`nls quj chs jcgjrblc h chs slclc, sjrâlbhs
bu`dh bìs `unmlmhshs le jejinr, ch sheh quî `hbjbhs, snch `ðbh, mðcmj y
`hc qunîc `hbplrtnbhs je l`th mj lenbjctlrchs.
@ulcmh ehs pl`njctjs bj prjiuctlc sn `rjh quj leiñc lenbjcth `hc`rjth
pujmj sjctlrejs ble, snjbprj ejs rjsphcmh quj ch bj prjiuctjc l bâ, snch l
su jstðblih. Je `ujrph js slfnh y slfj buy fnjc `ðbh `urlrsj l sâ bnsbh,
snjbprj quj ch chs jbpjüjbhs jc phcjrej zlc`lmneels.
Zcl mj els bìs irlcmjs zlc`lmneels quj shejbhs phcjrchs l chshtrhs bnsbhs
 

shc cujstrhs prhpnhs pjcslbnjcths. Jshs eh`hs `dneehcjs quj chs blrtneejlc y
chs tnjcjc mnvlilcmh jctrj je lyjr y je blülcl. _lrl ch hârehs, chs rhmjlbhs
mj runmh jxtjrch, `ulcth bìs leth bjahr. @ulcmh cujstrls trnpls sj jc`hijc y
chs lvnslc mj quj leih ch vl fnjc jc jsj rjvhetnah mj `uepls y mj bnjmhs,
tlbfnîc `lbugelbhs su eelblml `hc eh prnbjrh quj jc`hctrlbhs le lfrnr el
cjvjrl, quj `urnhslbjctj sujej sjr uc `leðrn`h plstje mj `rjbl y `dh`heltj h
ucls `ulctls jbplclmneels. Jciueenbhs `hbnmls, chtn`nls, tjbhrjs, prnsls,
ltls`hs, runmhs, jtnqujtls… ^ mjspuîs thblbhs lctnì`nmhs plrl plenlr el
sjcsl`nðc mj quj cujstrls trnpls jstìc l pucth mj jxpehtlr.
Dl`j uchs lühs nctjirî jc bn vnml pjrshcle je Bncmguecjss. Le `hbprhflr su
`lpl`nmlm slclmhrl y, shfrj thmh, quj ch tnjcj jgj`ths sj`ucmlrnhs cn
`hctrlncmn`l`nhcjs, eh `hbjc`î l utnenzlr `hbh uc «bjmn`lbjcth» bìs jc bn
jajr`n`nh mnlrnh mj el Bjmn`ncl. ^ ehs rjsuetlmhs shc tlc shrprjcmjctjs, quj
pnjcsh quj mjfjrâl ghrblr plrtj mj thmls els jspj`nlenmlmjs.
Vjlebjctj, `rjh quj lprjcmjr l vnvnr «Lquâ y Ldhrl» y lenbjctlrchs «Lquâ y
Ldhrl» mjfjrâl sjr ucl lsniclturl hfenilthrnl jc thmls els js`ujels y, phr 
supujsth, sjrâl jstupjcmh quj ghrblrl plrtj mje blejtâc mj urijc`nls mj
thmhs bns `hejils.
Vj`hbnjcmh, phr prjs`rnp`nðc gl`uetltnvl, slfhrjlr `lml uch mj ehs `lpâtuehs
mj jstj enfrh j nctjirlr jc cujstrl lenbjctl`nðc `htnmnlcl `lml ucl mj sus
rj`hbjcml`nhcjs.
Mrl. @lrbjc P. Lejirâl
Bîmn`h `hcvjc`nml mj quj ch dly bjahr Bjmn`ncl quj je Lbhr 
 

 Leiucls `hcsnmjrl`nhcjs prjvnls

Mj pjqujül `hbâl buy ph`h y bn blmrj bj lmbncnstrlfl uc «jstnbuelctj

mje dlbfrj». Lucquj je bjmn`lbjcth ch bj jstnbuelfl clml, bj jc`lctlfl
su slfhr y bj eh thblfl l bhmh mj fnfjrðc. @hsls mj el vnml, mj blyhr 
mjslrrheeî uc dlbfrj ncsl`nlfej. L vj`js bj prjiucth sn bj plslrâl niule quj
le ileh Hfîenx, quj snjcmh pjqujüh `lyð mjctrh mj el blrbntl mj ph`nðc
bìin`l y el shfrjmhsns mj pð`nbl l tlc `hrtl jmlm ej `lusð jgj`ths
pjrblcjctjs.
Jstl shy yh mj pjqujül, jc ucl shfrjbjsl jc je _hknc„s (ucl jspj`nj mj B`
Mhclem„s mj ehs lühs 4?). Lucquj ch gujrl `hcs`njctj mj jeeh, bn rjel`nðc
lmn`tnvl `hc el `hbnml yl sj jstlfl `h`njcmh.
Murlctj irlc plrtj mj bn vnml lmuetl, dj vnvnmh jc`lr`jelml phr bn nblijc
`hrphrle y hfsjsnhclml `hc el `hbnml1 eh prnbjrh jc eh quj pjcslfl phr el
blülcl le ejvlctlrbj jrl jc el `hbnml. ^ eh ñetnbh jc quj pjcslfl `ulcmh
bj l`hstlfl phr el ch`dj, jrl jc bn `ujrph. Mjmn`lfl mjblsnlmh tnjbph l
`lvnelr shfrj eh quj mjfâl y eh quj ch mjfâl `hbjr, `hbâl mj ghrbl
jbh`nhcle, `hc el `hcsniunjctj `ueplfnenmlm.
Dlstl quj eejiuî l tle slturl`nðc, lihtlbnjcth y lcsnjmlm quj ch bj qujmð
htrl hp`nðc quj lfhrmlr bn prhfejbl, trlcsghrblcmh bn blcjrl mj
rjel`nhclrbj `hc ehs lenbjcths. _lrl jeeh, prnbjrh tuvj quj lfhrmlr htrls
`ujstnhcjs, quj lplrjctjbjctj ph`h tjcâlc quj vjr `hc el `hbnml. Mjs`ufrâ 
quj je `hcgen`th `hc el `hbnml jrl el jxprjsnðc mj prhfejbls bìs prhgucmhs.
\uj dlfâl quj lbpenlr je jcghquj plrl phmjr vjr thmhs ehs gl`thrjs quj
`hcmn`nhclc cujstrl rjel`nðc `hc el `hbnml plrl phmjr `hcstrunr cujstrl
prhpnl lenbjctl`nðc.
Dhy tjcih ucl rjel`nðc lrbðcn`l `hc el `hbnml, `hcbnih bnsbl y `hc bn
`ujrph. ^ je prhpðsnth mj jstj enfrh js `hbplrtnr thmls els jcsjülczls y
tî`cn`ls quj bj dlc lyumlmh l `hcsjiunreh.
 

 Leiucls ncmn`l`nhcjs prjvnls

Phy `hcs`njctj mj quj el ej`turl js el ghrbl bìs ncjgn`lz mj lprjcmnzlaj. El
ncghrbl`nðc js cj`jslrnl, pjrh sheh `hc jctjcmjr els `hsls l cnvje nctjej`tule
ch
_hrflstl.
htrh Mj dj`dh,
elmh, bn slfjr leih y ch
jxpjrnjc`nl prl`tn`lreh,
`hbh js `hbh
hrilcnzlmhrl y ch slfjreh.
jxlmn`tl l `urshs mj
mjslrrheeh pjrshcle, bj dl mjbhstrlmh quj je >: % mj ehs leubchs ch
blctnjcj el prì`tn`l mj eh lmqunrnmh jc ehs sjbnclrnhs (y cubjrhshs jstumnhs
lsâ eh `hrrhfhrlc). ^ mjsmj el _rhirlbl`nðc Cjurhenciõâstn`l (_CE) slfjbhs
quj el ncghrbl`nðc sj rjtnjcj bu`dh bjahr `ulcmh ehs mnstncths `lclejs mj
lprjcmnzlaj (je vnsule, je lumntnvh y je `ncjstîsn`h h mj sjcsl`nhcjs `hrphrlejs)
sj vjc nbpen`lmhs.
]jcnjcmh jc `ujctl thmhs jsths gl`thrjs, je prjsjctj enfrh ch sj rjmu`j l
bjrls ej`turls; jstì `hc`jfnmh `hbh uc blcule nctjrl`tnvh quj rjqujrnrì mj
tu plrtn`npl`nðc l`tnvl. ]j pjmnrî quj rjlen`js vlrnlmls l`tnvnmlmjs y quj
js`rnfls bu`dh, plrl quj l`ubuejs prì`tn`l y lsnbnejs bjahr els ej``nhcjs.
Lsâ, el ej`turl vl l`hbplülml mj1
• Vjths sjc`neehs plrl lpen`lr jc je tjrrjch prì`tn`h eh lprjcmnmh jc `lml
sj``nðc.
• Jajr`n`nhs iunlmhs phr bâ, jc ghrblth lumnh y vâmjh.
_lrl l``jmjr l thmhs jsths rj`urshs irltuntlbjctj sheh tnjcjs quj sjiunr 
jstls sjc`neels ncstru``nhcjs1
 Wnsntlr el pìincl www.dlbfrjmjlbhr.`hb y l``jmjr le lplrtlmh «Je
Enfrh»
 Nctrhmu`nr jstl `hctrlsjül1 LMNHPDLBFVJJBH@NHCLE
 Jc ehs `lpâtuehs jc quj tj eh ncmnquj, mjs`ìriltj ehs jajr`n`nhs
`hrrjsphcmnjctjs.

Lmjbìs je tjxth vl l`hbplülmh mj n`hchs quj tj iunlrìc jc tu `lbnch y

eelblrìc tu ltjc`nðc shfrj lsucths mj vntle nbphrtlc`nl quj ch mjfjs hevnmlr <1
DLQ]J _VJIZC]LP VJ]H JAJV@N@NH

_rjiuctls plrl quj jc`ujctrjs L mngjrjc`nl mj ehs rjths, ehs

Pjc`neehs jajr`n`nhs nmjlmhs plrl jajr`n`nhs rjqunjrjc bìs
els rjspujstls quj
tu `hrlzðc yl jstìc
h jc tu jc quj ehs phcils jc prì`tn`l jc je tnjbph mj prì`tn`l y mj
 

suf`hcs`njctj. bnsbh bhbjcth jc quj ehs ejls. rjpjtn`nðc.

 LMWJV]JC@NL PLFÂLP \ZJ... ]L K J LYL^ 

Vjsñbjcjs h
Lvnshs shfrj `ljr.
quj pujmjs els trlbpls jc jc
¡Flslmhs els Jstumnhs, jxpjrnbjcths y rj`lpntuel`nhcjs mj nmjls
`urnhsnmlmjs quj lfhrmlc els `elvj quj js nbphrtlctj quj
el jxpjrnjc`nl pjrshcle!
`ujstnhcjs trltlmls jc je enfrh mj tj eejvjs `hctnih.
ghrbl bìs `njctâgn`l.

_JVEL MJ PLFNMZVÂL @HCPJAH MJ EL   BZ^ NB_HV]LC]J

 LFZJEL 

]hbl chtl mj ehs

_jqujüls mhsns mj slfnmurâl quj tj
dlrìc bjahr pjrshcl.
`hcsjahs mj el lfujel Jstj n`hch eh vjrìs ph`h, pjrh,
y jvntlrìs `ltìstrhgjs. `ulcmh lplrjz`l, irìfltj su
bjcslaj l gujih. 
gujih. Js `hbh uc tlkj
lwly 
pjrh le bìxnbh mj sjrnh.

@ZNML ]ZP _LELFVLP WNPZLENQL@NÐC

@VJL]NWL 

Ztnenzl tu nblincl`nðc
plrl `rjlr eh quj sj
Je ejciulaj ncgeuyj jc cujstrl ghrbl mj mjsjls jc el vnml.
vjr je bucmh, lsâ quj sî `hcs`njctj mj

els plelfrls quj (tj) mn`js.

 Wh`js phr thmls plrtjs

Lsâ `hbh jxnstjc mngjrjctjs `elsjs mj vjrmj (vjrmj blczlcl, vjrmj henvl,
vjrmj jsbjrleml, vjrmj hs`urh, vjrmj `elrh, turqujsl h vjrmj fhtjeel), jc
cujstrl bjctj `hcvnvjc mnstncths «yhjs» quj `hcghrblc cujstrl nmjctnmlm.
Gl`jtls mnstnctls quj sj bjz`elc `hc cujstrh yh vjrmlmjrh, bìs jstlfej y
pjrblcjctj. ]hmls jeels tnjcjc leih jc `hbñc1 chshtrhs bnsbhs. Mj el bnsbl
blcjrl quj els mnvjrsls `elsjs mj vjrmj shc vjrmjs ”pjrh `lml ucl `hc ucl
thclenmlm mnstnctl”, chshtrhs sjiunbhs snjcmh chshtrhs, lucquj chs
bhstrjbhs mj mngjrjctjs bhmhs.
 

_hr jajbpeh, l el dhrl mj pelctjlrtj uc `lbfnh mj dìfnths, uch mj tus «yhjs»

prhphcj1 «Bj vhy l phcjr l mnjtl». _jrh le mâl sniunjctj, htrh «yh» suinjrj1
«Ch plsl clml sn bj `hbh jsj mhcut. Zc mâl js uc mâl y je eucjs yl eh dlrî
pjrgj`th». Mj prhcth, htrl vhz lrrjbjtj1 «Phy uc mjslstrj. Ch tjcih gujrzl mj
vheuctlm». ^ htrl1 «Phy y snjbprj sjrî ucl vl`l ihrml».
Js jsjc`nle phcjr uc ph`h mj hrmjc l cujstrl `dì`dlrl bjctle. L eh elrih mje
enfrh nmjctngn`h l vlrnhs mj jsths «yhjs» rjprjsjctìcmhehs `hc neustrl`nhcjs,
phcnîcmhejs chbfrj y rjprhmu`njcmh sus mnìehihs. Jstls bjtìghrls
`hcvnjrtjc
`jrjfrh `hbh jslsquj
vh`js jc leih
el `hsl jxtjrch
ch vl l tn,^ eh
`hctnih. `ule
jsth js nctjrprjtlmh
gl`nentl phr mj
quj tu `jctrh tu
irlvjmlm, tu vhz vjrmlmjrl h tu jsjc`nl thbj els rnjcmls mj jsj `lfleeh
mjsfh`lmh quj js el bjctj.
Je tjbl mj el lenbjctl`nðc jbh`nhcle js `hbpejah y pujmj tjcjr lspj`ths
vnhejcths, pujs `hbjr jc jx`jsh y `hc lcsnjmlm js uc l`th mj hmnh dl`nl
chshtrhs bnsbhs. _hr jsh dj lmhptlmh uc bhmh mj trltlreh quj rjsuetj
lblfej y jstnbuelctj, tlcth jc els neustrl`nhcjs `hbh jc el jxprjsnðc
enciõâstn`l.
Lmjbìs, tlcth le ncn`nh `hbh le gncle mj `lml lplrtlmh jc`hctrlrìs uc
rjsubjc mj sus nmjls prnc`nplejs. Jsth lyumlrì l rjtjcjr bjahr el ncghrbl`nðc
ynctjirl`nðc
l `rjlr pltrhcjs cjurhclejs
mj ehs dìfnths gujrtjs jc tu`hcs`njctj,
mj lenbjctl`nðc `jrjfrh qujplrltjtrlcsghrblr
gl`nentlrìc el
el
blcjrl quj tnjcjs mj rjel`nhclrtj `hc el `hbnml y `hc el vnml.
Gnclebjctj, sn qunjrjs pelctjlrbj prjiuctls h dl`jrbj leiñc `hbjctlrnh,
pujmjs sjiunrbj jc Ncstlirlb (dlbfrjXmjXlbhr) h pufen`lr ghths y
`hbjctlrnhs vnc`uelmhs le Dlsdtli #lmnhsledlbfrjjbh`nhcle jc jstl bnsbl
rjm. Phy buy l`tnvl jc els rjmjs, lsâ quj tj `hctjstlrî sjiurh.
]j rj`hbnjcmh quj, `hbh bâcnbh, l``jmls l el pìincl mj rj`urshs irltunths,
plrl quj jbpnj`js jstj vnlaj `hc thmh je jqunplaj l blch.
¸Jbpjzlbhs8

< Lprhvj`dh plrl `hbjctlrtj quj, sjiñc ehs cjurðehihs, uc tjxth `hc nbìijcjs sj rj`ujrml
 

jc uc 7: %, y snc nblijc jc uc <? %. Mj ldâ el `hcvjcnjc`nl mj nc`hrphrlr jsths `hbpejbjcths

irìgn`hs.
 

_lrtj <
]HBLCMH @HCP@NJC@NL
 

_rjsjctl`nðc
Jstj enfrh jstì mnrninmh jspj`nlebjctj l qunjcjs jstìc jc eu`dl `hctrl els
mnjtls, qunjcjs ch sj snjctjc `lpl`js mj `hctrhelr eh quj `hbjc, qunjcjs
sugrjc
quj chmj ejsdlbfrj jbh`nhcle
dlc guc`nhclmh y qunjcjs
(h quj dlc
sheh ejs prhflcmh
dlc thmh tnphl `hrth
mlmh rjsuetlmhs mj bîthmhs
pelzh).
Pn js tu `lsh, tj lcuc`nh, mj jctrlml, quj dls jstlmh lfhrmlcmh el pîrmnml mj
pjsh mj ucl blcjrl jqunvh`lml. ]hmh eh quj dls nctjctlmh dlstl ldhrl dl
snmh mjsmj gujrl dl`nl lmjctrh, ghrzìcmhtj l `hbjr js`lslbjctj y
prhdnfnîcmhtj ehs lenbjcths quj tlcth lcsâls. Dls pujsth plr`djs snc nr l el
rlâz mje prhfejbl, l els `lusls h`uetls quj mjsjc`lmjclc tu dlbfrj
nc`hctrhelfej. ^ tj dls `rjâmh quj dls gleelmh phrquj tj gletl gujrzl mj
vheuctlm.
Ch tj eh rjprh`djs. Jc el l`tulenmlm jxnstjc bnejs mj bîthmhs mj
lmjeilzlbnjcth h mjstnclmhs l `lbfnlr cujstrl blcjrl mj `hbjr, quj chs
prhbjtjc `lbfnhs rìpnmhs y bnelirhshs mj nblijc. Je prhfejbl mj el blyhrâl
mj jstls prhpujstls js quj nctjctlc nbphcjr `lbfnhs mjsmj je jxtjrnhr,
`jctrìcmhsj jx`eusnvlbjctj jc eh quj sj phcj h eh quj sj mjal mj phcjr jc
je pelth. Hgrj`jc sheu`nhcjs mjgncntnvls y sjc`neels l uc prhfejbl tlc `hbpejah
`hbh js je mj el rjel`nðc `hc el `hbnml, `hc ucl bnrlml buy jstrj`dl y
supjrgn`nle y, phr tlcth, ncjgn`lz l elrih pelzh.
Jc je gjcðbjch mje dlbfrj y mje shfrjpjsh nctjrvnjcjc bu`dâsnbhs gl`thrjs
(mj clturlejzl ijcîtn`l, fnheðin`l, `ueturle, lbfnjctle, sh`nle y, jspj`nlebjctj,
psn`heðin`l) y, phr eh ijcjrle, ehs jxpjrths jc cutrn`nðc `hbplrtjc eh quj l
jeehs pjrshclebjctj ejs dl guc`nhclmh. Pn tu `hcgniurl`nðc mj thmhs jsths
gl`thrjs js plrj`nml l el mje jxpjrth, pujmj quj su bîthmh tj guc`nhcj. _jrh
sn dly ph`l snbnentum jctrj îe y tñ, sus `hcsjahs pujmjc, bìs quj lyumlrtj,
`hcgucmnrtj.
Grlc`lbjctj, sn els mnjtls bnelirhsls guc`nhclrlc, tj dlfrâlc sjrvnmh mj leih
dl`j tnjbph, y ch dlfrâl shfrjpjsh cn hfjsnmlm jc je bucmh. _jrh thmls els
gltle1 `hctjbpelc je `ujrph mje sjr dublch `hbh uc
mnjtls prjsjctlc uc jrrhr gltle1 
lebl`îc jc je quj jctrlc y slejc `lehrâls, snc tjcjr jc `ujctl el `hbpejanmlm
mj els dhrbhcls, els jbh`nhcjs, ehs prh`jshs y ehs bj`lcnsbhs
`hbpjcslthrnhs quj ncgeuyjc l el dhrl mj rjiuelr je pjsh. Hpjrlc flah el
prjbnsl mj quj phmjbhs hfenilrchs l pjrmjr pjsh l trlvîs mj el gujrzl mj
vheuctlm. _jrh jstl prjbnsl ch js `njrtl, phr eh quj `ulequnjr pelctjlbnjcth
lphylmh jc jeel sjrì ncjgn`lz.
Eh rjvheu`nhclrnh mje prhirlbl quj tnjcjs jc tus blchs js quj mjsvâl je
 

gh`h mj ltjc`nðc mje pelth y eh phcj jc tn, jc je bhmh jc je quj `hbjs, jc tu

bjctj pjcslctj y tu `hrlzðc jbh`nhcle. _hrquj el `hbnml ch js bìs quj
`hbnml, y phr sâ shel, ch jcihrml. ]u ghrbl mj `hbjr sâ. Lfhrml je prhfejbl
mj rlâz, rjjmu`lcmh tu `jrjfrh `hc el prì`tn`l mj sjc`neehs dìfnths mj
lenbjctl`nðc `hcs`njctj (bncmgue jltnci), uc rj`ursh lctnquâsnbh `uyl prì`tn`l
tnjcj bìs mj 6.??? lühs mj lctniõjmlm, mj flal tj`chehiâl y flah `hstj.
Vj`njctjs ncvjstnil`nhcjs dlc mjbhstrlmh su nc`rjâfej jgn`l`nl shfrj ehs
dìfnths lenbjctlrnhs, je `hbjr `hbpuesnvh (`hbh ehs lcthahs y ehs ltrl`hcjs) y
je lubjcth mj el sjcsl`nðc mj `lebl y gjen`nmlm.
Ch js ucl cujvl ghrbl mj mnjtl, phrquj jstì bìs quj mjbhstrlmh quj je
bjmnh plrl pjrmjr pjsh ch js je jsgujrzh cn el eu`dl `hctrl je `ujrph.
@hcsnstj jc uc rlmn`le jctrjclbnjcth mjsmj ucl pjrspj`tnvl bjctj-`ujrph-
jbh`nhcjs, phrquj, `hbh vjrìs, plrl trlcsghrblr je `ujrph prnbjrh tnjcjs
quj trlcsghrblr tu nctjrnhr, le rntbh quj sjl bìs lmj`ulmh plrl tn.
Je enfrh ch sheh lfhrml tu rjel`nðc `hc el `hbnml, snch el quj blctnjcjs
`hctnih, `hc je bnjmh y `hc je lbhr1 je bnjmh js je prhpueshr mj tus `hcmu`tls
luthmjstru`tnvls, y je prhpðsnth mj jstj prhirlbl js quj eh rjjbpel`js phr je
lbhr. _hrquj je lbhr js el ñcn`l rj`jtl bnelirhsl quj ml rjsuetlmhs l elrih
pelzh.
Mjstnclrìs bjchs tnjbph y jcjriâl l pjcslr jc el `hbnml y jc tu pjsh, y bìs
tnjbph l mnsgrutlr y l lprj`nlr tu vnml. Jc `hcsj`ujc`nl, tu ghrbl mj
rjel`nhclrtj `hc el `hbnml y `hc tu `ujrph sj trlcsghrblrì. Mjalrìs mj fus`lr 
jc el `hbnml `hsls quj jstl cuc`l tj phmrì mlr. Whevjrìs l `hbjr plrl vnvnr,
jc euilr mj vnvnr plrl `hbjr. ^ tu pjsh nmjle prhirjsnvlbjctj sj rjjqunenfrlrì,
mj ghrbl clturle y pjrblcjctj.
 

Jstj `lbnch ch js plrl thmh

je bucmh. _jrh js je `lbnch
Ehs prhirlbls
tntuelrjs mje tnphmj«@rjl
mjslrrheeh
el vnmlpjrshcle
mj tus chs sujejc
sujühs jc ltrljr `hc «Le`lczl
6< mâls», su`uejcths
el
neubncl`nðc jc 9 plshs», pjrh jstj enfrh ch prhbjtj tlcth. _lrl el irlc
blyhrâl mj bhrtlejs, ehs `lbfnhs snicngn`ltnvhs ch sj prhmu`jc phr ejjr ucls
pìincls y jxtrljr leiucls nmjls nctjrjslctjs. Vjqunjrjc mj uc tnjbph plrl
mnijrnr j nctjirlr sus mnstnctls jtlpls. ^ `hbh tj `hbjctlfl lctjs, el
ncghrbl`nðc js nbphrtlctj, pjrh plrl ijcjrlr `lbfnhs murlmjrhs jc els
`hstubfrjs, jc el blyhrâl mj ehs `lshs ch js sugn`njctj. Pn ch sj l`hbplül mj
prì`tn`l, su utnenmlm js buy js`lsl.
]le vjz jstìs mjsjlcmh quj tj hgrjz`l ucl plstneel bìin`l mj jgj`ths
ncstlctìcjhs, pjrh tj bjctnrâl sn tj prhbjtnjrl quj, `hc sheh ejjr uc rjpjrthrnh
mj rj`jtls, rjshevjrìs thmhs tus prhfejbls. _lrl quj ehs `lbfnhs sj
blctjcilc jc je tnjbph mj ghrbl pjrblcjctj js cj`jslrnh nr bìs leeì mj el
ncghrbl`nðc y ehs prnc`npnhs lfstrl`ths.
Lquâ tjcmrìs quj `urrlr, lprjcmnjcmh l `hbjr y l vnvnr `hcs`njctjbjctj y l
`uetnvlr uc `hch`nbnjcth bìs prhgucmh mj tu prhpnl pjrshcl y mj tus dìfnths.
Jsth js bìs `hbpejah y ejcth quj `jmjr tus mj`nsnhcjs shfrj quî `hbjr,
`uìcmh `hbjr y quî `lctnmlm `hbjr l uc jxpjrth, ucl luthrnmlm jxtjrcl l tn
quj tj mnil quî js eh quj tnjcjs quj dl`jr. _jrh lfrnrì uc `lbnch lctj tn quj
tj pjrbntnrì1
• Mjalr ltrìs je `hbjr phr lcsnjmlm y je dlbfrj jbh`nhcle.
jbh`nhcle. Ch vls l phcjr 
plr`djs l tu prhfejbl, vls l `hbprjcmjr phr quî dlstl ldhrl ch dls phmnmh
ijstnhclr tu dlbfrj nc`hctrhelfej, l pjslr mj thmhs tus nctjcths y mj tu
gujrzl mj vheuctlm. Lcnqunelrìs els `lusls bjctlejs y jbh`nhclejs mj el
ihrmurl.
• ]jcjr ucl rjel`nðc <?? % jc plz `hc el `hbnml, `hc tu `ujrph y `hctnih.
Pheh `hbjrìs `ulcmh tjcils dlbfrj gâsn`l. ^ el `hbnml mjalrì mj `hctrhelr tu
vnml y h`uplrì je euilr quj ej `hrrjsphcmj.
• Whevjr l mnsgrutlr
mnsgrutlr mj el `hbnml.  Jc vjz mj flslrtj jc el gujrzl mj vheuctlm,
`hbnml. Jc
vhevjrìs l `hbjr `hc chrblenmlm, mj ghrbl nctuntnvl, `hbh eh dl`jc els
pjrshcls «mjeilmls phr clturlejzl».
• Pjctnrtj gjenz jc tu pnje. Jstlr l iusth y `ðbhmh `hc eh quj jrjs y `hc tu
`ujrph. Wls l prnhrnzlrtj, l `unmlrtj, l lblrtj y l prhtjijrtj `hbh eh dlrâls
`hc el pjrshcl l el quj bìs lbls mje bucmh.
 

• Enfjrtlm. Jstj prhirlbl sniuj el gnehshgâl mj el «ch mnjtl». Bn nctjc`nðc ch

Enfjrtlm. Jstj
js quj tj `hcvnjrtls jc leiunjc quj `hbj «fnjc», nbphcnîcmhtj râinmls
rjiels quj ch pujmjs nc`ubpenr cuc`l albìs. Jsth ch js vnml, cn js
shstjcnfej l elrih pelzh. Jsths pelctjlbnjcths shc mj «cutrn`nðc» y
«mnjtîtn`l», jcghqujs mj el lenbjctl`nðc quj ch sj mjgnjcmjc jc jstj enfrh.
• Vj`upjrlr tu pjsh nmjle. Lpen`lrìs
nmjle. Lpen`lrìs ehs dìfnths mj lenbjctl`nðc `hcs`njctj
quj, mj uc bhmh sjc`neeh y prì`tn`h, tj pjrbntnrìc ehirlr tu pjsh nmjle (y
blctjcjreh) plrl snjbprj.
 

Zc < % le mâl
js uc 07: % le lüh
shfrjstnbl «El blyhrâl
eh quj pujmjmj`hcsjiunr
el ijctj
jc uc lüh y sufjstnbl eh quj pujmj
`hcsjiunr jc mnjz».
Fnee Iltjs

]j pnmh quj ch tj thbjs jstj prhirlbl `hbh ucl `lrrjrl mj vjeh`nmlm y quj
tj snjctls enfrj mj lcmlr je `lbnch le rntbh y `hc el nctjcsnmlm quj tñ mj`nmls.
Jstj enfrh dl snmh `hc`jfnmh plrl eejvlrsj l `lfh mj ghrbl irlmule y
prhirjsnvl plrl quj, `hbh je fujc iunslmh, sj vlyl `h`njcmh jc tu nctjrnhr 
pluslmlbjctj, bnjctrls slfhrjls, mninjrjs y mnsgrutls je prh`jsh l `lml plsh.
_hrquj bìs quj uc rjbjmnh rìpnmh quj rjqunjrj gujrzl mj vheuctlm murlctj
uc tnjbph (plrl eujih lflcmhclreh y rjirjslr le jstlmh ncn`nle), sj trltl bìs
fnjc mj quj trlcsghrbjs tu bhmh mj vnvnr. ^ rj`ujrml1 uc < % `lml mâl js uc
07: % le `lfh mje lüh.
 

<
Dlztj prjiuctls
¸Jstj prhirlbl js plrl tn8
@hbh tj `hbjctlfl, jstj enfrh ch js plrl thmh je bucmh. Ejj els sniunjctjs
lgnrbl`nhcjs y blr`l els quj rjgejajc bjahr tu sntul`nðc rjspj`th l tu rjel`nðc
`hc el `hbnml y `hc tu `ujrph.
  Zsls el `hbnml phr rlzhcjs jbh`nhclejs. 
jbh`nhclejs.   @hbjs bìs `ulcmh tj snjctjs
trnstj, lfurrnmh, sheh h plrl `leblr je jstrîs y el lcsnjmlm `htnmnlchs.
 Pnjctjs quj pnjrmjs je `hctrhe lctj el `hbnml
`hbnml.. Jspj`nlebjctj phr el tlrmj
h phr el ch`dj.
  _lsls mje `hctrhe le mjs`hctrhe. Jc
mjs`hctrhe. Jc ehs jpnshmnhs mj mjs`hctrhe, tnjcmjs l
`hbjr lenbjcths rn`hs jc irlsl, sle h lzñ`lr.
  Pnjctjs `uepl, lrrjpjctnbnjcth y grustrl`nðc. Je
grustrl`nðc. Je mâl mjspuîs mj «dl`jreh
ble», tj `lstnils snc `hbjr phrquj tj snjctjs `ueplfej. _jrh vujevjs l `ljr 
jc el tjctl`nðc y eujih snjctjs lñc bìs `ueplfnenmlm.
 @rjjs quj tj gletl gujrzl mj vheuctlm,
vheuctlm , phrquj ch dls ehirlmh pjrmjr pjsh
y `ulcmh eh dls `hcsjiunmh, ch eh dls blctjcnmh.
  @hbjs nc`hcs`njctjbjctj.
nc`hcs`njctjbjctj. @hbjs mj ghrbl jbh`nhcle, `hc lcsnjmlm,
tnjcjs lcthahs rjpjctnchs y lmn``nðc l `njrths lenbjcths.
 ]u cnvje mj jcjriâl js flah y
flah y snjctjs mjfnenmlm.
 ]njcjs el jspjrlczl mj quj el prðxnbl mnjtl tj mlrì rjsuetlmhs.
rjsuetlmhs . Lucquj
`lsn thmhs tus nctjcths mj dl`jr mnjtl dlc grl`lslmh, sujejs tjcjr el
`hcvn``nðc mj quj je prðxnbh cujvh bîthmh sjrì el sheu`nðc mjgncntnvl.
  Ch tj snjctjs l iusth `hc tu `ujrph.
`ujrph . Ch tj iustl je `ujrph quj vjs jc je
jspjah, eh usls `hbh gh`h mj luthmjsprj`nh.
 Pnjctjs quj tu `lsh ch tnjcj rjbjmnh.
rjbjmnh. ^ quj tjcjr ucl vnml sleumlfej y ch
`hbjr mj ghrbl jbh`nhcle ch vl `hctnih.
eu`dlr y qunjrjs prhflr uc `lbnch mngjrjctj.
]j dls `lcslmh mj eu`dlr y
Pn dls rjsphcmnmh lgnrbltnvlbjctj l `nc`h h bìs mj ehs pucths lctjrnhrjs
(jspj`nlebjctj je ñetnbh), tj mhy el fnjcvjcnml le prhirlbl bìs jgn`lz
ilrlctnzlmh plrl slclr tu rjel`nðc `hc el `hbnml, `hc tu `ujrph y `hctnih.
¸Pjiunbhs8
 

¸_lrl quî qunjrjs dl`jr jstj prhirlbl8

¸_lrl quî ejjs jstj enfrh8 (Gâaltj quj ch tj prjiucth je «phrquî», pujs jstj
fus`l austngn`l`nhcjs, `ueplfnenmlmjs, `hcstru`ths rl`nhclejs. Je «plrl quî», jc
`lbfnh, lpuctl l tus vlehrjs y l el gnclenmlm mj tu `hbphrtlbnjcth). Bu`dhs
mj bns leubchs eejilc phr prnbjrl vjz l bns `urshs `hc ucl vlil nmjl mj quj
qunjrjc
phcjrsj pjrmjr pjsh,
jc ghrbl. _jrhmjalr mj `hbjr
ch tnjcjc phr
`elrl el lcsnjmlmfìsn`l
bhtnvl`nðc h mj ghrbl
phr el jbh`nhcle
quj qunjrjch
jbprjcmjr jstj `lbfnh. Pn ch tnjcjs fnjc mjgncnmls tus bhtnvl`nhcjs y ch
slfjs plrl quî dl`js eh quj dl`js, mngâ`nebjctj phmrìs blctjcjr jc je
tnjbph ehs `lbfnhs quj mjsjls rjlenzlr. _hrquj tj ltls`lrìs lctj je bìs
âcgnbh hfstì`ueh, h tj slfhtjlrìs nc`eush lctjs mj dlfjr jbpjzlmh je prh`jsh
mj trlcsghrbl`nðc.
Lsâ quj, `hbh dlih `hc bns leubchs, tj ncvnth l quj tj thbjs uc tnjbph plrl
rjgejxnhclr shfrj je «plrl quî» vls l sjiunr jstj prhirlbl y quî js eh quj tj
iustlrâl hftjcjr mj îe.

¸@hc quî gnclenmlm qunjrjs dl`jr jstj prhirlbl8 ¸\uî jspjrls eejvlrtj mj
îe8 ¸]le vjz mjsjls `lbfnlr tu `ujrph8 ¸\unzì qunjrjs pjrmjr pjsh8 ¸_hr quî
rlzhcjs8 ¸_hrquj leiunjc tj dl pjmnmh quj pnjrmls pjsh8 ¸_lrl iustlr l tu
plrjal8 ¸_hr sleum8 ¸_hrquj ch tj snjctjs l iusth `hc tu lspj`th8 ¸]le vjz
phrquj ucl lbnil dl pjrmnmh pjsh8 ¸H phrquj vls l ucl fhml mjctrh mj trjs
bjsjs8 ¸H snbpejbjctj qunjrjs bjahrlr tus dìfnths lenbjctlrnhs y tu rjel`nðc
`hc el `hbnml8
Js`rnfj `uìe js tu hfajtnvh mj el ghrbl bìs `hc`rjtl y mjtleelml phsnfej.
Bn «plrl quî» js1

@ulequnjr rjspujstl js vìenml, eh nbphrtlctj js1

• \uj blctjcils ucl dhcjstnmlm frutle `hctnih
• \uj je `lbfnh quj mjsjls ncn`nlr sjl snc`jrlbjctj y lutîctn`lbjctj tuyh
• \uj plrtl mje euilr lmj`ulmh
_hrquj l bjcumh, je lcdjeh mj jstlr bìs mjeilmh h mj tjcjr bìs bñs`ueh ch
js uc vjrmlmjrh mjsjh pjrshcle, snch uc jstìcmlr mj ghrbl gâsn`l quj el
sh`njmlm chs nbphcj l trlvîs mj ehs bjmnhs mj `hbucn`l`nðc, els rjmjs
sh`nlejs, els rjvnstls y htrhs `lclejs. Mj bhmh quj lsjiñrltj mj quj els
 

rlzhcjs plrl qujrjr tu hfajtnvh rjgejajc tus prhpnhs vlehrjs y quj prhvjcilc
mj tu prhpnl vnsnðc.

Jc `lsh mj quj tu hfajtnvh sjl pjrmjr pjsh, tj pnmh quj ch jcghqujs jstj
enfrh `hbh uc bîthmh plrl lmjeilzlr, phrquj mj sjr lsâ tu mjsjh plrtnrâl mje
sl`rngn`nh, mj el hfenil`nðc, mj el rjprjsnðc y mje `hctrhe. Jbpjzlrâlbhs l tlplr 
y l cjilr eh quj dly, nc`urrnjcmh jc eh quj yh eelbh «bjctlenmlm mnjtl <». ^ 
jstj prhirlbl ”cn cnciñc htrh” ch tj guc`nhclrì, phrquj snjbprj quj dlyl
`hctrhe, tlrmj h tjbprlch, dlfrì mjs`hctrhe. Puphcih quj yl eh dls
jxpjrnbjctlmh lctjs.
L eh elrih mje enfrh mjs`ufrnrìs quj je `hbjr ch js ucl rjel`nðc flslml cn jc
je jsgujrzh, cn jc je `hctrhe, cn jc el gujrzl mj vheuctlm. Jsth js eu`dl. ^ je
`ujrph ch pujmj jstlr jc eu`dl pjrblcjctjbjctj. ¸\unjrjs sjiunr `hc jstl
eu`dl, `hctnculr
lflcmhclrtj8 sletlcmh lvjrniulr
¸H prjgnjrjs mj mnjtlphr
jcquî mnjtl, `hctrheìcmhtj
ch tnjcjs plrl
ucl rjel`nðc <??eujih
% jc
plz `hc el `hbnml y lprjcmjr l `hbjr «chrblebjctj», mj ghrbl nctuntnvl8 Pn
dls jejinmh el sjiucml hp`nðc, jstìs jc je euilr lmj`ulmh.

¸@ðbh js tu rjel`nðc `hc el `hbnml8

_rhflfejbjctj `hch`js l leiunjc quj tnjcj ucl rjel`nðc thtlebjctj slcl `hc
el `hbnml. Jsj tnph mj pjrshcl quj sj pjrbntj `hbjr eh quj ej lpjtj`j, jc
euilr mj dl`jreh pjcslcmh jc pjrmjr pjsh. Pnc lihfnhs jc rjel`nðc `hc eh quj
mjfjrâl y ch mjfjrâl `hbjr. \uj ch `hbj mjsmj ucl phsn`nðc jbh`nhcle, `hc
ltrl`hcjs h mjvhrlcmh `hc lcsnjmlm. \uj tjrbncl mj `hbjr `ulcmh jstì
sltnsgj`dl, snc nbphrtlrej sn mjal shfrls jc je pelth. ^ quj sn leiucl vjz `hbj
jc jx`jsh, ch sj snjctj `ueplfej mjspuîs mj dlfjreh dj`dh. ¡^ plrl `hebh
jstì jc su pjsh nmjle! Pjiurh quj `hch`js l leiunjc lsâ. Jstj `lsh js je mj
ucl pjrshcl quj tnjcj ucl rjel`nðc jc plz `hc el `hbnml.

_lrl tn, ¸el `hbnml js ucl lbnil h ucl jcjbnil8 ¸Dls jstlmh jc eu`dl `hc
jeel mjsmj el ncglc`nl8 ¸]njcjs bnjmhs `hc rjel`nðc `hc el `hbnml h `hc tu

`ujrph8
sjiñc eh ¸Mnsgrutls
quj tj pnmjmjjeel`ujrph
`hbnml h tj
h jc rjsnstjs
guc`nðc mjeljgj`th
jeel8 ¸Jenijs ehs lenbjcths
quj tjcmrìc shfrj tu
 

pjsh8 ¸El `hbnml tj mhbncl8 ¸]njcjs lcsnjmlm phr `hbjr8 ¸_jr`nfjs el

`hbnml `hbh uc pel`jr h `hbh uc snbpej `hbfustnfej plrl shfrjvnvnr8 ¸\uî
chtl ej phcmrâls l tu rjel`nðc `hc el `hbnml8
Jstls prjiuctls tnjcjc je prhpðsnth mj quj thbjs `hc`njc`nl mj ghrbl
dhcjstl mj tu pucth mj plrtnml, mj mðcmj jstìs ldhrl, snc jcilülrtj pjrh
tlbph`h snc auzilrtj.
_uctñlel mje ? le <?, snjcmh ? ucl rjel`nðc buy cjiltnvl y <? uc fujc
jctjcmnbnjcth `hc el `hbnml y `hc tu `ujrph, dly `hcgnlczl pejcl, rjspjth y
clmnj mhbncl l clmnj.
Dhy, mâl XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX puctñh bn rjel`nðc `hc el `hbnml `hc uc
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Wnsntl www.dlbfrjmjlbhr.`hb
Wnsntl www.dlbfrjmjlbhr.`hb plrl rjlenzlr uc `ujstnhclrnh irltunth mj luthjvleul`nðc
quj tj lyumlrì l thblr `hcs`njc`nl mj tu pucth mj plrtnml
(vjr ncstru``nhcjs jc el pìincl 6<).

< _hr jajbpeh, sn mjsjls pjrmjr pjsh rìpnmlbjctj, phrquj sj l`jr`l el hpjrl`nðc fnkncn,

phrquj tnjcjs ucl fhml, h phrquj ch pujmjs shphrtlr tu `ujrph, jstìs jc bjctlenmlm mnjtl.
Bìs lmjelctj eh lclenzlrjbhs jc prhgucmnmlm.
 

6
Guebnclcmh bnths
«Js bìs gì`ne mjsnctjirlr uc ìthbh quj uc prjaun`nh».
Lefjrt Jncstjnc

Ehs ihrmhs `lrj`jc mj gujrzl mj vheuctlm

«]jcih bu`dl gujrzl mj vheuctlm jc thmhs ehs lspj`ths mj bn vnml ”`hc bn
trlflah, `hc bns dnahs”, pjrh `ulcmh sj trltl mj sjiunr ucl mnjtl, ch ehirh
`hctrhelrbj». ¸Leiucl vjz dls nctjctlmh blctjcjr uc rnihr jc tu lenbjctl`nðc,
plrl tjrbnclr jstleelcmh, mjaìcmhtj eejvlr phr uc bhctðc mj `hbnml
«prhdnfnml»8 Elbjctlfejbjctj, dly ucl tjcmjc`nl l jstnibltnzlr l els
pjrshcls ihrmls phr `hcsnmjrlrels mîfnejs, pjrjzhsls h snc gujrzl mj vheuctlm
plrl mjalr mj `hbjr `lprn`dhs.
Je mh`thr Ajggrjy B. Grnjmblc ”mjs`ufrnmhr mj el dhrbhcl ejptncl quj dl
tjcnmh uc plpje buy nbphrtlctj jc el rjiuel`nðc mje pjsh `hrphrle” mn`j quj
dly quj mjalr mj `ueplr l els pjrshcls ihrmls, phrquj je shfrjpjsh ch sj
pujmj ltrnfunr l el gletl mj gujrzl mj vheuctlm. Ch shbhs `hcs`njctjs mj quj
bu`dls vj`js je `jrjfrh y els jbh`nhcjs chs eejvlc jc el mnrj``nðc `hctrlrnl l
el quj mjsjlbhs. @ulcmh chs rjsnstnbhs l ucl `hcmu`tl, l bjcumh mn`dl
rjsnstjc`nl l`lfl snjcmh tlc gujrtj `hbh el prhpnl `hcmu`tl quj mjsjlbhs
jvntlr. @ulcmh tj mn`js «Ch mjfh `hbjr T lenbjcth», «Ch qunjrh jstlr ihrmh»,
«Ch pujmh pjrbntnrbj jsth», le bnsbh tnjbph jstìs lenbjctlcmh el sjcsl`nðc
mj «Mjfh `hbjr T lenbjcth», «\unjrh jstlr ihrmh», «_ujmh pjrbntnrbj jsth».
Phc mhs `lrls mj el bnsbl bhcjml1 `ulcth bìs sj rjgujrzl ucl, bìs sj jstì
ghrtlej`njcmh el htrl.

]j prhphcih uc sjc`neeh rjth1 Ihhiejl «Ch qunjrh uc `h`dj rhsl». ¸\uî

rjsuetlmhs dlc lplrj`nmh jc tu fñsqujml8 ¡Bhcthcjs mj `h`djs rhsls!
Cjilrej `hbnml l tu `ujrph `ulcmh snjctj dlbfrj tj `hcmu`j l lcsnlr jsl
`hbnml prhdnfnml, l tjcjr lcthahs, l `hbjr jc jx`jsh, subnîcmhtj jc jsj
`âr`ueh vn`nhsh mj «jbpnjzh y ch pujmh plrlr». Eu`dlr `hctrl eh quj ch
qujrjbhs ch js ucl ghrbl jgn`lz mj `hcsjiunr `lbfnhs mj dìfnths murlmjrhs
 

jc rjel`nðc `hc el `hbnml.

Lmjbìs, el gujrzl mj vheuctlm ch js gì`ne mj ncvh`lr, phrquj jbpejl bu`dhs
rj`urshs cjurhclejs. _lrl eejvlr l `lfh uc l`th vheuctlrnh, sj phcjc jc blr`dl
bu`dhs prh`jshs, `hbh el thbl mj mj`nsnhcjs, ehs lprjcmnzlajs prjvnhs, el
`lpl`nmlm plrl ncutnenzlr `hcmu`tls quj ch qujrjbhs rjpjtnr, els bhtnvl`nhcjs
pjrshclejs…
_rj`nslbjctj phrquj el gujrzl mj vheuctlm rjqunjrj mj bu`dh jsgujrzh plrl
cujstrh `jrjfrh, je prjsjctj prhirlbl jstì mnsjülmh mj tle blcjrl quj sheh
tjcils quj lpen`lr el vheuctlm jc ucl glsj `hc`rjtl mje prh`jsh, `hbh tj
jxpen`lrî bìs lmjelctj. Lplrtj mj jstj pucth, je jsgujrzh quj cj`jsntlrìs ch
tjcmrì tlcth quj vjr `hc el gujrzl mj vheuctlm `hbh bìs fnjc `hc el
mnsphsn`nðc l lfrnrtj plrl `hch`jrtj phr mjctrh, `hc jctrjclr tu `hcs`njc`nl y
`hc mjslrrheelr tu luthjstnbl.

Jc euilr mj `jmjr l els jbh`nhcjs h `hctrhelrels, lprjcmjrìs l thblr `njrtl

mnstlc`nl rjspj`th l jeels, plrl sjr `lplz mj sltnsgl`jrels `hc `hsls mnstnctls l
ehs fheehs. Jc ph`ls plelfrls, jstj prhirlbl tnjcj quj vjr `hc thblr el
rjsphcslfnenmlm mj tu ghrbl mj `hbjr ”y mj vnvnr” jc euilr mj eu`dlr `hctrl
el gujrzl mj vheuctlm, phrquj jsth `lcsl bu`dh y ch js shstjcnfej l elrih
pelzh.

Je bjtlfhensbh
«Ch ehirh flalr mj pjsh phrquj bn bjtlfhensbh js ejcth». ]le vjz dls
js`u`dlmh l leiunjc lgnrblr jsth h nc`eush tj eh lpen`ls l tn. Je bjtlfhensbh js
je jc`lrilmh mj trlcsghrblr el jcjriâl mj ehs lenbjcths quj ncijrnbhs jc
`hbfustnfej, plrl quj cujstrh `ujrph pujml rjlenzlr thmls sus guc`nhcjs,
mjsmj bhvjrsj, pjcslr y laustlr su tjbpjrlturl, dlstl je `rj`nbnjcth mj els
uüls. Mj`nbhs quj tjcjbhs uc bjtlfhensbh rìpnmh `ulcmh el vjeh`nmlm l el
quj cujstrh `ujrph prhmu`j jcjriâl js vjehz. ^ tlbfnîc `ulcmh el vjeh`nmlm
l el quj qujbl `lehrâls js rìpnml. Jstl vjeh`nmlm sj mjchbncl tlsl mj
bjtlfhensbh flsle.
El `njc`nl dl mjbhstrlmh quj el tlsl mj bjtlfhensbh flsle ch js gnal y quj
vl `lbfnlcmh jc guc`nðc mj cujstrl ghrbl mj `hbjr y mj bhvjrchs. _hr 
jajbpeh, `ulcmh chs gletlc `lehrâls mj blcjrl `hctnculml, cujstrl tlsl mj
bjtlfhensbh mnsbncuyj, phrquj je hrilcnsbh pjr`nfj quj dly js`lsjz
mj `hbnml y cj`jsntl lprhvj`dlr y `hcsjrvlr sus js`lsls rjsjrvls mj jcjriâl.
 

Jstl rlejctnzl`nðc mje hrilcnsbh prhmu`j ucl sjcsl`nðc mj lejtlrilbnjcth, sj

snjctj pjrjzl, gltnil, uc ph`h mj mjprjsnðc y js`lsh h cnciñc nctjrîs phr el
l`tnvnmlm gâsn`l. Jc ehs `lshs jxtrjbhs jc quj ch sj ncinjrj sugn`njctj `hbnml,
`hbh jc je mj el lchrjxnl cjrvnhsl, jc els buajrjs el mnsbncu`nðc bjtlfðen`l
pujmj prhmu`nr el mjslplrn`nðc mj el bjcstrul`nðc. ]j pnmh quj mjajs mj
`ueplr l tu bjtlfhensbh mj tus prhfejbls. Eh rlejctnzls tñ l trlvîs mj el
rjstrn``nðc `leðrn`l.

El ijcîtn`l
«Bn prhfejbl mj pjsh js ijcîtn`h, thmhs ehs bnjbfrhs mj el glbnenl jstlbhs
ihrmhs». @njrtlbjctj, l leiucls pjrshcls ejs rjsuetl buy mngâ`ne pjrmjr pjsh y
l htrls ejs `ujstl bu`dh trlflah ilclreh. Js `njrth quj ucls glbnenls shc mj
`hcstntu`nðc irlcmj y gujrtj, y htrls mj clturlejzl bìs mjen`lml (lucquj sn tj
mjtnjcjs l hfsjrvlr l thmhs ehs bnjbfrhs mj ucl bnsbl glbnenl, l bjcumh ch
thmhs tnjcjc el bnsbl `hbpejxnðc). Pnc muml, ch pujmjs bhmngn`lr el lc`durl
mj tus dujshs cn el jstru`turl fìsn`l mj tu `ujrph. _jrh el `njc`nl lñc ch dl
phmnmh lgnrblr
hfjsnmlm. quj je
Lmjbìs, `ðmnih
`rjjr qujijcîtn`h
el ñcn`l sjl el `lusl
`lusl mj tumnrj`tl mje shfrjpjsh
shfrjpjsh h el
js el ijcîtn`l
nbpnmj `ulequnjr phsnfnenmlm mj `lbfnh. Jc jstj enfrh lprjcmjrìs l l`jptlr tu
clturlejzl y `hcstntu`nðc, plrl jcthc`js jstlr jc `hcmn`nhcjs mj ehirlr tu
prhpnh pjsh nmjle.

El fìs`uel
El fìs`uel sj `jctrl jc uc sheh lspj`th mj tu `ujrph y ch tnjcj jc `ujctl
thmhs ehs `hbphcjctjs quj `hcstntuyjc tu pjsh `hrphrle (`hbh el blsl
bus`uelr, el mj ehs dujshs h el ncijstl mj liul). Je bñs`ueh pjsl 0 vj`js bìs
quj el irlsl; phr jstl rlzðc `ulcmh dl`js mjphrtj y trlcsghrbls el irlsl jc
bñs`ueh, ch jctnjcmjs phr quî el fìs`uel ncmn`l quj pjsls bìs.

L eh elrih mj uc bnsbh mâl tu pjsh geu`tñl enijrlbjctj sjiñc el prjsnðc

ltbhsgîrn`l, ehs `lbfnhs mj tnjbph, sjiñc sn `hbjs lenbjcths `hc shmnh quj
tj prhmu`jc sjm h sn jsj mâl dls nmh le flüh. Nc`eush je jstlmh mj ìcnbh
ncgeuyj jc tu pjsh. Je pjsh cubîrn`h tj ncmn`l fìsn`lbjctj el gujrzl `hc quj
el irlvjmlm tj ltrlj l el tnjrrl. ¸Plfâls quj jc el eucl pjslrâls bu`dâsnbh
bjchs8
Ej `hc`jmjbhs ucl nbphrtlc`nl jchrbj l el fìs`uel. Zc jejbjcth jxtjrch l
 

chshtrhs mjtjrbncl `ðbh vl je prh`jsh, sn eh djbhs `hcsjiunmh, sn eh jstlbhs

dl`njcmh «fnjc» h «ble». Lsâ quj tj vhy l pjmnr uc glvhr1 ]nrl el fìs`uel.
Pn jrjs mj els pjrshcls quj sj pjslc `lml mâl y ch pujmjs mjsdl`jrtj mj
jeel, le bjchs js`ðcmjel mjflah mj el `lbl (fnjc le ghcmh) y ch tj pjsjs jc eh
quj murj je prhirlbl. Pn ch pujmjs jvntlr `ljr jc el tjctl`nðc mj pjslrtj,
pujmjs pjilr ucl `nctl lmdjsnvl jc je mnle.

Pn tj pjsls `lml mâl, jstlrìs phcnjcmh je gh`h mj ltjc`nðc jc el vjeh`nmlm l el

quj pnjrmjs pjsh. ^l tj lmvjrtâ quj jstj bîthmh ch js ucl `lrrjrl l
`hctrlrrjeha, snch bìs fnjc mj ghcmh. Lmjbìs, mlmh quj el fìs`uel ch rjgejal
els trlcsghrbl`nhcjs fnhquâbn`ls quj sj vlc l prhmu`nr jc tu nctjrnhr, sn tu
pjsh sj jstlc`l phr uchs mâls, tj mjslcnblrìs y lflcmhclrìs je `lbnch
lcmlmh.

Pn ch utnenzls fìs`uel pjrh tnjcjs htrhs jejbjcths bjmnmhrjs, `hbh

ghthirlgâls mj rjvnstls, mj rjmjs sh`nlejs, nr l `hbprlr rhpl h jshs tjalchs mj
dl`j = lühs, quj tj jctrlrhc lqujeel vjz jc quj sjiunstj ucl mnjtl nbphsnfej
(¸rj`ujrmls `ðbh sugrâls plrl quntìrtjehs8), prjs`ncmj tlbfnîc mj jeehs.
Mjtj`tl tus fìs`uels plrlejels y târlels, phr glvhr.
@hc je jcghquj `hcs`njctj quj tj hgrj`j jc jstj enfrh, mjs`ufrnrìs quj ch
cj`jsntlrìs quj ucl fìs`uel tj ncmnquj `ðbh jstìs. Eh lprjcmjrìs l mnstnciunr 
phr tu `ujctl.
Je Âcmn`j mj Blsl @hrphrle
Niule quj el fìs`uel, je Âcmn`j mj Blsl @hrphrle (NB@), mje quj tlcth `lsh sj
dl dj`dh ncaustngn`lmlbjctj, ch snrvj plrl bjmnr el irlsl `hrphrle. Guj
ncvjctlmh dl`j bìs mj <:? lühs phr je bltjbìtn`h Lmhepdj \ujtjejt, `hc el
gnclenmlm mj `ltjihrnzlr l ehs suajths mj uc jstumnh. Mjsmj jcthc`js, jstl
gðrbuel bltjbìtn`l sj dl sjiunmh utnenzlcmh plrl `le`uelr ehs cnvjejs mj
mjeilmjz y shfrjpjsh (uc NB@ supjrnhr l 0? ki/b 6 ncmn`l hfjsnmlm y jctrj 6: y
0? ki/b6 sj `hcsnmjrl shfrjpjsh).
_jrh je NB@ prjsjctl el mjfnenmlm mj quj ñcn`lbjctj tnjcj jc `ujctl mhs
vlrnlfejs1 je pjsh y el jstlturl mj el pjrshcl. Ch `hctjbpel su `hbphsn`nðc
 

`hrphrle (ch mnstnciuj jctrj el irlsl y je bñs`ueh), cn tnjcj jc `ujctl el

ijcîtn`l rl`nle y glbnenlr, cn thml el `hbpejanmlm quj `hcghrbl le sjr dublch.

Jc 6?<0, uc jqunph mj ncvjstnilmhrjs mj el Zcnvjrsnmlm mj Clvlrrl rjlenzð uc

jstumnh l bìs mj 7.??? pjrshcls plrl `hbprhflr je irlmh mj jrrhr mj el
gðrbuel. El ncvjstnil`nðc rjvjeð quj je NB@ mje 6> % mj pjrshcls mjeilmls
ncmn`lfl quj jrlc hfjsls. ¡Zc tjr`nh mj els pjrshcls mje jstumnh, quj jstlflc
mjeilmls, sjiñc je âcmn`j jrlc hfjsls! H sn qunjrjs uc mlth bìs irìgn`h, je NB@
mj Frlm _ntt `ulcmh prhtlihcnzð el pjeâ`uel mj Je `euf mj el eu`dl, ncmn`lfl quj
je l`thr prjsjctlfl shfrjpjsh. L uc ltejtl quj phr su gujrtj blsl bus`uelr 
pjslfl bu`dh, je NB@ ej ncmn`ð quj jstlfl ihrmh y quj su sleum jstlfl jc
rnjsih.
El `eìsn`l gðrbuel bltjbìtn`l jstì hfshejtl y jc el l`tulenmlm su phsnfej
utnenmlm
prhbjmnhsch yvl`hbplrl`nhcjs
bìs leeì mj liruplr phfel`nhcjs
jc jstlmâstn`l. _jrhsjiñc rlcih
ch snrvj plrlmjclml
pjshbìs.
y ijcjrlr 

Je pjsh nmjle
¸@ðbh tj snjctjs `hc tu `ujrph8 ¸@ðbh tj dl`j sjctnr8 ¸\uî pnjcsls y
snjctjs rjspj`th le pjsh nmjle8 Jc jstj enfrh l bjcumh dlih rjgjrjc`nl le
`hc`jpth mj pjsh nmjle y bj iustlrâl l`elrlr quj `hc îe ch bj rjgnjrh le pjsh
y el tleel mj els bhmjehs lchrîxn`ls y rjth`lmls `hc _dhthsdhp quj lplrj`jc
jc els rjvnstls. ]lbph`h jsthy dlfelcmh mj «pjsh sleumlfej», pujs jstlr 
mjeilmh ch tnjcj phr quî sjr ncmn`lmhr mj sleum (¸tj plrj`jc sleumlfejs els
bhmjehs jsqujeîtn`ls8). Mj dj`dh, jxnstjc htrhs bjmnhs bu`dh bìs gnlfejs mj
jvleulr tu jstlmh mj sleum. _rjiñctltj1

¸@ðbh jsthy mj jcjriâl8 ¸@ðbh bj snjcth jc bn pnje8 ¸Bn bjctj jstì ìine8
¸Mjs`lcsh fnjc murlctj el ch`dj8 ¸Bn jstlmh mj ìcnbh js jstlfej h geu`tñl l
bjcumh8 ¸Bj `ujstl bhvjrbj8 ¸Bn `ujrph sj lmlptl le jstneh mj vnml quj
eejvh8
Je mh`thr Mjjplk @dhprl, jc su enfrh ¸Mj quî tnjcjs dlbfrj8, mjgncj je pjsh nmjle 
`hbh «je jstlmh bìs clturle jc quj pujmjs jstlr». ^ jstj ch tj eh pujmjc
mn`tlr els bhmjehs, cn els fìs`uels, cn snqunjrl ehs jxpjrths. L tn tj `hrrjsphcmj
 

mjs`ufrnr tu pjsh nmjle, je pjsh h el gniurl `hrphrle bìs lmj`ulml plrl tn, `hc
el quj tj snjctjs l iusth y `hc sleum.
 

0
El `lusl cñbjrh < mje dlbfrj
jbh`nhcle y mje shfrjpjsh
✐  Jc jstj `lpâtueh `hbprjcmjrìs els `elvjs mj phr quî `lml vjz quj dls
nctjctlmh dl`jr mnjtl, sheh le prnc`npnh dls phmnmh ehirlr rjsuetlmhs, pjrh l
bjmnh pelzh dls grl`lslmh.
¸Plfjs quî lebl`jclc ehs `lbjeehs jc sus ahrhfls8 L`ubuelc irlsl, phrquj
ch slfjc `uìcth tnjbph vl l plslr dlstl el sniunjctj `hbnml. L ehs sjrjs
dublchs chs h`urrj eh bnsbh, `ulcmh chs hfenilbhs l plslr dlbfrj, ch
`hbnjcmh `ulcmh sjctnbhs dlbfrj, cujstrh `ujrph lebl`jcl irlsl.

@hbplrtnbhs je >: % mj ehs ijcjs mje prnbjr Dhbh slpnjcs slpnjcs, phr eh quj
prì`tn`lbjctj cujstrh `ujrph ch dl `lbfnlmh clml mjsmj dl`j <:?.??? lühs.
¸@ðbh jrl el ghrbl mj `hbjr mj cujstrhs lc`jstrhs8 @lzlflc y sj mlflc
ltrl`hcjs phrquj dlfâl js`lsjz mj lenbjcths. Murlctj ehs pjrnhmhs mj
dlbfrucl, jc el plrtj bìs prnbntnvl mj cujstrh `jrjfrh sj ijcjrð eh quj je
mh`thr ^hsdnchrn Cliubh flutnzð `hbh «ijc ldhrrh», `uyl guc`nðc `hcsnstâl jc
nbpueslrchs l mlrchs uc ltrl`ðc `ulcmh `hcsjiuâlbhs `hbnml y gl`nentlrchs el
`hcsjrvl`nðc mj els rjsjrvls mj jcjriâl, phrquj prhflfejbjctj le mâl
sniunjctj ch tjcmrâlbhs tlctl sujrtj jc el `lzl h jc el rj`hej``nðc mj
lenbjcths. Lsâ, murlctj ehs ncvnjrchs lc`jstrlejs y ehs pjrnhmhs mj dlbfrucl,
je hrilcnsbh phmâl mnsphcjr mj rjsjrvls mj jcjriâl.
Je sjr dublch dl jvheu`nhclmh l gujrzl mj jvntlr rjstrn``nhcjs; el rjstrn``nðc
yl jrl je `hctjxth, phrquj ch dlfâl mnsphcnfnenmlm mj `hbnml l mjblcml, phr 
eh quj cujstrh `jrjfrh jstlfl prhirlblmh plrl `hbjr `ulcth bìs bjahr, l gnc
mj phmjr shfrjvnvnr. Lucquj dlylc trlcs`urrnmh bnejs mj lühs,
jvheutnvlbjctj dl`j tlc sheh uchs bncuths mj thmh lqujeeh, y cujstrh `jrjfrh
y bjtlfhensbh sniujc eu`dlcmh `ulcmh el `hbnml js`lsjl. Mj bhmh quj, le
 

nbpjmnrchs je l``jsh l el `hbnml l trlvîs mj els mnjtls, cujstrh `jrjfrh

mjtj`tl quj ch jstlbhs ncinrnjcmh sugn`njctj `hbnml, pjrh ch mnstnciuj sn jstì
sugrnjcmh dlbfrucl h sn jstì shbjtnmh l el ñetnbl mnjtl mj bhml. Je `ujrph
pjr`nfj js`lsjz mj lenbjcths y l`tnvl je bhmh mj supjrvnvjc`nl, `hc eh quj
phcj jc blr`dl je prh`jsh mj rjsjrvl mj irlsl jc sus `îeuels, phr sn jstl
supujstl dlbfrucl sj lelril.
Jcthc`js je `ujrph, quj js buy j`hchbnzlmhr, mnsbncuyj el tlsl mj
bjtlfhensbh flsle y jbpnjzl l gnetrlr dlstl je ñetnbh irlbh mj `lehrâls mj
`ulequnjr lenbjcth quj ncinrlbhs, rlzðc quj jxpen`l quj, `ulcmh eejvlbhs uc
tnjbph l mnjtl, je pjsh sj jstlcquj.
¸Jsthy ncsnculcmh quj el `lusl c± < mje dlbfrj jbh`nhcle y mje shfrjpjsh
shc els mnjtls8 El rjspujstl js rhtucml, sjc`neel y `elrl1 sâ. Els mnjtls l`tnvlc
je bj`lcnsbh mje ijc ldhrrh, phr je `ule jc tu `ujrph sj mlc ucl sjrnj mj
`lbfnhs dhrbhclejs y quâbn`hs quj lsjiurlrìc quj snils l`ubuelcmh irlsl.
_hr purl supjrvnvjc`nl. Jsths `lbfnhs quâbn`hs y dhrbhclejs dl`jc quj tu
`ujrph tjcil dlbfrj, quj snjctls lcthahs y quj `hcsubls bìs `lehrâls.
Lmjbìs, `hbh djbhs vnsth, je bjtlfhensbh sj dl`j bìs ejcth (qujbl bjchs
`lehrâls) y tu `ujrph lebl`jcl thmh eh quj pujmj jc tus `îeuels lmnphsls.
Ch jstlbhs dj`dhs plrl sjiunr mnjtls. Pn dly `hbnml, vlbhs l qujrjr `hbjr,
phrquj je ijc ldhrrh chs dl`j `rjjr quj chs vlbhs l bhrnr sn ch chs eh
`hbjbhs thmh. @ulcmh tjcjbhs `hbnml l cujstrh le`lc`j, je ijc ldhrrh
sniuj susurrìcmhchs1 «@hbîtjeh thmh ldhrl phrquj vjtj l slfjr tñ `uìcmh
phmrìs `hbjr mj cujvh». _jrh je ncvnjrch yl ch vnjcj l`hbplülmh mj
js`lsjz, y ehs Dhbh slpnjcs slpnjcs tjcjbhs rjsjrvls y mnsphcnfnenmlm mj `hbnml
els 6= dhrls.
Lghrtuclmlbjctj, ch tjcjbhs phr quî vnvnr js`elvnzlmhs phr jstl plrtj
prnbntnvl j ncstnctnvl mj cujstrh `jrjfrh, pujs tlbfnîc mnsphcjbhs mj htrl
plrtj bìs `hcs`njctj y sjcsltl quj chs pjrbntj jejinr y sjrjclr ehs nbpueshs
ncstnctnvhs, jc fjcjgn`nh mj cujstrhs hfajtnvhs l elrih pelzh. @hc el prì`tn`l
mje bncmguecjss  lprjcmjbhs l jmu`lr jsl plrtj `lvjrcâ`hel, jcsjüìcmhej quj
ch chs vlbhs l bhrnr sn ch lrrlslbhs `hc thmh.
 

El vjrmlm shfrj els mnjtls

«Vjcuc`nlr l els mnjtls plrl snjbprj guj eh bìs irlcmj
y enfjrlmhr quj dj dj`dh cuc`l».
Ahc Ilfrnje
@rjlmhr mje snstjbl plrl pjrmjr pjsh Je Bîthmh Ilfrnje

Dhcjstlbjctj, ¸`uìe dl snmh tu jxpjrnjc`nl rjle `hc els mnjtls8 ¸]j dlc
guc`nhclmh jc je plslmh8 Ch tj flsjs jc eh quj mn`j tu bjctj, cn pnjcsjs
ñcn`lbjctj jc je sufnmðc  ncn`nle quj tj ml je vjr quj pnjrmjs pjsh y quj
`ubpejs els plutls l rlaltlfel. Eejvl el ltjc`nðc l tu jxpjrnjc`nl `hbpejtl.
¸]j dlc lyumlmh l `unmlrtj dlstl ldhrl8 ¸]j dlc pjrbntnmh pjrmjr pjsh mj
ghrbl shstjcnml jc je tnjbph6 y snc hfsjsnhcjs `hc el `hbnml8

Zcl mnjtl js `ulequnjr bîthmh mj lenbjctl`nðc h `ulequnjr pjrshcl quj

jajrzl uc `hctrhe jxtjrch shfrj quî, `uìcth, `uìcmh h `ðbh `hbjr. @hc
«`hctrhe jxtjrch» bj rjgnjrh l `ulequnjr l`th h chrbl lenbjctlrnl quj sjl
nbpujsth h quj ch prhvjcil mj tus trnpls (lsâ quj tlbfnîc sj nc`euyjc els
mnrj`trn`js luthnbpujstls phr tu bjctj).

Dlz ucl enstl mj thmls els mnjtls quj dls dj`dh y pnjcsl jc `uìctls tj dlc
 

pjrbntnmh le`lczlr tu pjsh nmjle y blctjcjreh.

¸Dls phmnmh vjrngn`lr, ltjcmnjcmh l tu jxpjrnjc`nl, quj els mnjtls ch
guc`nhclc8 Js buy nbphrtlctj quj lsubls jstl vjrmlm ”quj mj tlc hfvnl l
bjcumh js nichrlml”, pujs js je prnbjr plsh plrl trlcsghrblr tu rjel`nðc
`hc el `hbnml y `hc tu `ujrph.

El `njc`nl dl mjbhstrlmh jc cubjrhshs jstumnhs quj els mnjtls sheh

guc`nhclc jc uc : % mj els pjrshcls. Je >: % mj els pjrshcls quj nctjctlc
pjrmjr pjsh dl`njcmh mnjtl, eh rj`upjrl (dly jstumnhs quj lpuctlc le >> %) y
mj jsj >: %, 0/= plrtjs tjrbncl `hc bìs pjsh mje quj tjcâl lctjs mj ncn`nlrel.
El rjlenmlm js quj sn els mnjtls guc`nhclrlc, tj dlfrâlc sjrvnmh mj leih dl`j yl
tnjbph y je cjih`nh mnjtîtn`h ch sjiunrâl prhspjrlcmh.

Bìs
js jebhtnvhs phr ehsl`hcsjalfej
`lbnch bjchs quj shbjtjrtj l mnjtl
 Els mnjtls sujejc `hctjbpelr je `ujrph mje sjr dublch `hbh uc lebl`îc
jc je quj jctrlc y slejc `lehrâls, snc tjcjr jc `ujctl el `hbpejanmlm mj
prh`jshs y bj`lcnsbhs quj ncgeuyjc l el dhrl mj rjiuelr je pjsh. Pn je
`ujrph guc`nhclrl mj ghrbl tlc snbpej, ch dlfrâl shfrjpjsh cn hfjsnmlm jc
je bucmh.
 @ulequnjr mnjtl nbphcj je dlbfrj ncvlrnlfejbjctj.
  El blyhrâl mj mnjtls pj`l mj gletl mj rjlensbh, phr el mngn`uetlm mj
sjiunrels `hctnculmlbjctj, eh `ule lubjctl je sugrnbnjcth mj qunjc els
sniuj
 @rjlcmjsmj je pucth mj
ucl hfsjsnðc `hcvnstl
ehs bjctle, gâsn`h
rjsuetlmhs y jbh`nhcle.
prhbjtnmhs plrl je guturh, y dl`jc
hevnmlr je ldhrl1 «Lbìriltj el vnml dhy plrl sjr gjenz blülcl». Jsth ch js
vnml.
 ]j lejalc mje mnsgrutj mj `hbjr.
 ]j `hcvnjrtjc jc lctnsh`nle, pujs `ulcmh tnjcjs `hbnmls gujrl h tus lbnihs
tj ncvntlc l su `lsl l `hbjr, ch pujmjs `hbplrtnr jsls jxpjrnjc`nls, phrquj
ehs pelths ch sjrìc ehs bìs lprhpnlmhs plrl tu pelc.
  Ncmu`jc ucl vnml nc`hcs`njctj1 tj prnvlc mj eh quj je `ujrph tj pnmj y
l`lfls pjrmnjcmh el `lpl`nmlm mj mj`hmngn`lr ehs bjcslajs `hrphrlejs.
 L `lusl mje pucth lctjrnhr, els mnjtls mjbujejc els mjen`lmls `hcjxnhcjs
jctrj el bjctj y je `ujrph.
 

_hr thmhs jsths bhtnvhs y htrhs quj nrjbhs vnjcmh bìs lmjelctj, js
nbprjs`ncmnfej quj, le bjchs bnjctrls murj jstj prhirlbl, lflcmhcjs
`ulequnjr mnjtl h tjhrâl quj tjcils shfrj cutrn`nðc. Mj eh `hctrlrnh, tu ijc
ldhrrh slfhtjlrì tus jsgujrzhs, 
jsgujrzhs,  phrquj rj`ujrml1 îe ch mnstnciuj sn sugrjs ehs
jgj`ths mj ucl dlbfrucl h sn jstìs sniunjcmh ucl mnjtl bnelirhsl.
Pî quj js uc l`th mj gj0  pjrh pnîcsleh1 ¸quî js eh pjhr quj pujmj plslr8
Zcl vjz dlyls jxpjrnbjctlmh ehs rjsuetlmhs mj el ghrbl mj rjel`nhclrtj `hc el
`hbnml quj tj vhy l jcsjülr, sjrìs enfrj mj vhevjr l tus lctniuls `hstubfrjs
lenbjctlrnls.

Je sjmjctlrnsbh
Htrh lspj`th quj ncgeuyj `elrlbjctj jc je shfrjpjsh y el hfjsnmlm js quj
mjsmj dl`j uchs <?? lühs djbhs nmh mjalcmh mj bhvjrchs mj ghrbl mnlrnl y
rutnclrnl, dlstl `hcvjrtnrchs jc ucl jspj`nj buy sjmjctlrnl. Pn pjcslbhs jc
quî dl`âlc cujstrhs lc`jstrhs plrl `hcsjiunr el `jcl, phmjbhs nblinclrehs
ncvnrtnjcmh irlc `lctnmlm mj jcjriâl `lzlcmh, mlcmh elrils `lbncltls plrl
rj`hej`tlr gruths, sjbneels y flyls. Lucquj lebl`jclrlc el jcjriâl jxtrl plrl
guturls dlbfrucls, sj luthrrjiuelflc bhvnîcmhsj l mnlrnh.
_jrh dhy, ¸quî tjcjbhs quj dl`jr plrl `hcsjiunr `hbnml8 Eh bìs plrj`nmh l
el rj`hej``nðc mj cujstrhs lctjplslmhs js nr le sñpjr y sufnr phr els js`lejrls
bj`ìcn`ls h phr je ls`jcshr.
Cujstrh ilsth jcjriîtn`h plrl `hcsjiunr `hbnml js `jr`lch l ?. _jrh cujstrh
ijchbl sniuj prhirlblmh plrl bhvjrsj, pujs ch dl `lbfnlmh tlc rìpnmh
`hbh cujstrh jstneh mj vnml bhmjrch. Jvheutnvlbjctj cujstrh `ujrph
cj`jsntl mj uc bhmh clturle je jajr`n`nh gâsn`h, phrquj sjiunbhs jstlcmh
mnsjülmhs plrl lcmlr, `hrrjr, ejvlctlr pnjmrls y `lzlr.
«Ch mjalbhs mj dl`jr jajr`n`nh phrquj jcvjaj`jbhs,
jcvjaj`jbhs phrquj mjalbhs mj dl`jr jajr`n`nh».
Kjccjtd @hhpjr
Mh`thr jc Bjmn`ncl, pnhcjrh jc ehs fjcjgn`nhs
mje jajr`n`nh ljrðfn`h

Zc `ujrph quj ch sj bujvj, ch sj snjctj pejch cn gjenz, phrquj le prl`tn`lr 

jajr`n`nh
lyumlc l gâsn`h
rjiuelrsjirjilbhs
ehs cnvjejs ucls sustlc`nls
mj jstrîs quâbn`ls@hc
y mj lcsnjmlm. jc je
je mjphrtj,
`jrjfrh lmjbìs,
quj chs
 

nc`rjbjctlbhs je ilsth jcjriîtn`h y qujblbhs bìs `lehrâls, bjahrlbhs el

`nr`uel`nðc slciuâcjl y rjmu`nbhs je jstrjünbnjcth.
Jc jstj prhirlbl vls l lprjcmjr l `hbjr mj ghrbl `hcs`njctj, eh `ule tj vl l
lyumlr l `hcsjiunr tu pjsh nmjle; pjrh js cj`jslrnh quj eh `hbfncjs `hc el
prì`tn`l mj leiñc tnph mj jajr`n`nh gâsn`h. El HBP rj`hbnjcml <:? bncuths mj
jajr`n`nh l el sjblcl. Lsâ quj eh rj`hbjcmlfej sjrâlc le bjchs uchs 6?
bncuths le mâl (nmjlebjctj 0?).
Pî quj thmh jsth eh dls ejâmh `njcths mj vj`js jc ehs pðstjrs mj ehs
`hcsuethrnhs bîmn`hs. _jrh rjsuetl quj mjtjstls nr le inbclsnh. Ch tj snjctls
ble phr jeeh, phrquj jxnstj ucl rlzðc phr el quj hmnls dl`jr jajr`n`nh1 tu
`ujrph qunjrj jstlr ihrmh, phrquj tnjcj l`tnvlmh je ijc ldhrrh. Pn dl`js
jajr`n`nh, pjrmjrìs pjsh, y jsh l tu `ujrph ch ej iustl, phr eh quj dl`j quj ch
tj iustj bhvjrtj.
Ch tj prjh`upjs, jc jstj enfrh ch tj pjmnrî quj tj hfeniujs cn quj tj gujr`js
l bhvjrtj. Ehs `lbfnhs quj nrìs jxpjrnbjctlcmh nctjrnhrbjctj tlbfnîc
trlcsghrblrìc tu rjel`nðc `hc je mjphrtj. Lucquj tj lvlczh quj nr le inbclsnh
ch js el ñcn`l ghrbl mj jajr`ntlr cujstrh `ujrph y quj jxnstjc bu`dls
letjrcltnvls1 slenr l mlr uc plsjh l fujc plsh `lml mâl, dl`jr `dn kuci, flnelr,
prl`tn`lr jajr`n`nhs mj thcngn`l`nðc, yhil… Pjl `ule sjl el l`tnvnmlm, js
jsjc`nle quj el mnsgrutjbhs eh sugn`njctj `hbh plrl quj chs «jcilc`dj» y el
prl`tnqujbhs mj ghrbl rjiuelr, `lml mâl.
J AJV@N@NH1 Bhvnenzl tu jcjriâl

Pn l`tulebjctj ch dl`js clml mj jajr`n`nh, prhphcjrtj 6? h 0? bncuths mj

mjphrtj le mâl phmrâl rjsuetlrtj nbphsnfej. _jrh ch tj prjh`upjs, tjcih htrl
hp`nðc bìs rjlenstl y fnjc sjc`neel1 lülmj : bncuths bìs mj bhvnbnjcth le
quj yl dl`js dlfntulebjctj. Pn ch dl`js clml mj jajr`n`nh le mâl, tj pnmh quj
tj bujvls : bncuths. Jc`ujctrl blcjrls mj bhvjrtj quj sj lmlptjc l tu vnml
`htnmnlcl1 slenr l plsjlr, `hrrjr, flalr ucl plrlml lctjs mje fus, `lbnclr jc
euilr mj `hijr je `h`dj, sufnr lcmlcmh phr els js`lejrls jc euilr mj jc
ls`jcshr…
Zcnjcmh bhvnbnjcth l hphrtucnmlm
 

@ulcmh sleils mje bjtrh, jc euilr mj pjcslr «\uî pjrjzl, tjcmrâl quj sufnr 
phr els js`lejrls» pujmjs mj`nrtj «\uî hphrtucnmlm plrl bhvnenzlr el jcjriâl
y mjspjrtlr bn `ujrph». Wnsulenzl el js`lejrl bj`ìcn`l `hc uc `lrtje irns,
hs`urh y su`nh quj lcuc`nl1 «_hr lquâ thmh eh quj sjl jcgjrbjmlm, vjajz,
`hejstjrhe y tjcsnðc lrtjrnle». J nblincl els js`lejrls chrblejs `hc uc ejtrjrh
felc`h y eubnchsh quj ncmn`l1 «_hr lquâ sleum, vntlenmlm, thmhs ehs quj snjctjc
quj pujmjc rjspnrlr y quj tnjcjc el tjcsnðc fnjc». Hgrî`jej l tu bjctj ucl
hp`nðc L y ucl hp`nðc F. ]ñ jenijs. _ujmjs mj`nmnr ch uslr els js`lejrls
bj`ìcn`ls y sufnr phr el js`lejrl mj blcjrl `hcs`njctj. ¸@ðbh js jsh mj
sufnr ucl js`lejrl `hcs`njctjbjctj8 Chtlcmh `ðbh tus bñs`uehs sj l`tnvlc,
`ðbh tu `ujrph jctrl jc `lehr, vnsulenzlcmh quj tu `ujrph sj hxnijcl…
Lirlmj`nîcmhejs l tus pnjrcls su ghrtlejzl, l tus pnjs quj tj pjrbntlc
mjspelzlrtj mj uc euilr l htrh. Jbpnjzl l `lbfnlr je mnìehih quj tnjcjs `hc tu
`ujrph, rj`hch`njcmh thmh eh quj dl`j phr tn.
 Lcthahs
 ^l djbhs vnsth quj el bjctlenmlm mnjtl js el `lusl prnc`nple mje shfrjpjsh y
mje dlbfrj jbh`nhcle. ^, phr sn gujrl ph`h, tlbfnîc js el prnbjrl rjsphcslfej
mj ehs lcthahs. Jc ijcjrle, l thmhs chs `ujstl jvntlr el tjctl`nðc mj `hbjr 
mue`js h lenbjcths rn`hs jc irlsl, phrquj sjirjilc pel`jr jc cujstrh `jrjfrh.
_jrh `ulcmh jstlbhs l mnjtl, jstl mngn`uetlm js bu`dh bìs irlcmj. Els mnjtls
snjbprj nbpen`lc enstls mj lenbjcths prhdnfnmhs, y `ulcmh tj mn`jc quj ch
pujmjs `hbjr `njrths lenbjcths, ehs lcsâls. El `hbnml prhdnfnml sj vujevj
bìs ltrl`tnvl, `hfrl euz prhpnl. ]j vujevjs bìs sjcsnfej l jeel.

Els mnjtls tj pujmjc prhdnfnr uc lenbjcth, pjrh ch jenbnclc je mjsjh mj

thblreh. Le `hctrlrnh, eh prhdnfnmh chs ltrlj phmjrhslbjctj, phrquj els
prnvl`nhcjs ch els eejvlbhs mjblsnlmh fnjc.
Lmjbìs, sn l eh elrih mje mâl tj prhdâfjc (h tj prhdâfjs) `hbjr lenbjcths
`hbh je `dh`heltj, je plc h el plstl, ch tj pjrbntjs jxpjrnbjctlr pel`jr. Mj
bhmh quj `ulcmh eejil el ch`dj, yl ch pujmjs bìs y js je bhbjcth mj «bj
mjah nr». ^ tj eh `hbjs thmh. Jcthc`js `rjjs quj `hbjs jbh`nhclebjctj, pjrh
 

¸js rjlebjctj `hbjr jbh`nhcle8

El bnsbl `ueplfnenmlm `luslml phr je mjs`hctrhe

quj prhvh`lc els mnjtls, tj eejvl l jbpjzlr y ch phmjr plrlr.
_nîcsleh phr uc bhbjcth1 `ulcmh tj prhdâfjc h tj nbphcjc quî js eh quj
tnjcjs quj dl`jr, ¸`ðbh eh vnvjs nctjrclbjctj8 El hfenil`nðc, el prhdnfn`nðc,

el rjstrn``nðc…
Pjiurlbjctj ¸tj prhmu`j
nctjrclbjctj sjcsl`nhcjs `hbh
eh jxpjrnbjctls lirlmlfejs h mjslirlmlfejs8
leih mjslirlmlfej, eh `ule
prhvh`l jstrîs. ^ je jstrîs dl`j quj je hrilcnsbh sjirjiuj lmrjclencl y
`hrtnshe, plrl eu`dlr h dunr mj ucl lbjclzl. El prjsjc`nl `hctnculml mj jstls
dhrbhcls jc je hrilcnsbh, phr sâ shel, jcihrml=. ^ el `hcsj`ujc`nl mj jstls
dhrbhcls js el lcsnjmlm. ¸^ `ðbh shejbhs nctjctlr `leblr el lcsnjmlm8 L
bjcumh, `hc el `hbnml.
Mj bhmh quj el supujstl sheu`nðc ”el mnjtl” rjsuetl quj js je prhfejbl. ^ 
eh quj js je prhfejbl cuc`l pujmj sjr el sheu`nðc. Bu`dls vj`js `rjjbhs
quj `hbjbhs jbh`nhclebjctj phrquj tjcjbhs lcthahs, pjrh jc el blyhrâl
mj ehs `lshs js `hbh `hcsj`ujc`nl mj el bjctlenmlm mnjtl, mj thmls jsls
prhdnfn`nhcjs
dl`jbhs shfrjyjshsthmhs jshs mjfjrjs
lenbjcths, quj chs nbphcjbhs.
tlrmj h tjbprlch, chs `hcmu`j Je `hctrhe quj
le mjs`hctrhe.
 ^ `ulcmh
` ulcmh rrhbpjs
hbpjs jsl
j sl eâcjl, pnjcsls1 «@hbh yl eh dj dj`dh ble, lprhvj`dh y
bj eh `hbh thmh». ^ ¸`ðbh tj snjctjs mjspuîs mj jsj jx`jsh8 ¸\uî jbh`nðc
surij8
Jxl`th, el `uepl. «Dj bjtnmh el pltl htrl vjz», «Phy eh pjhr, ch shy `lplz mj
`hbjr sheh uc ph`h y plrlr». El `uepl, niule quj el prhdnfn`nðc ijcjrl mj
cujvh blejstlr y jstrîs, quj enfjrl bìs lmrjclencl y `hrtnshe jc tu `ujrph. ^ 
vujevjs l nctjctlr `leblr jsl lcsnjmlm l trlvîs mj el `hbnml.
]j prjiucth cujvlbjctj1 ¸js jstj `âr`ueh vn`nhsh `hbjr jbh`nhclebjctj8
Vhtucmlbjctj ch. Js ucl `hcsj`ujc`nl mj el bjctlenmlm mnjtl.
 

El prnvl`nðc mj lenbjcths quj nbpen`lc els mnjtls mhtl l el `hbnml prhdnfnml

mj ucl ltrl``nðc jspj`nle. Je `hctrhe ijcjrl lcsnjmlm, quj chs eejvl le
mjs`hctrhe. L jsth jrrðcjlbjctj eh eelblbhs lenbjctl`nðc jbh`nhcle, pjrh
rjlebjctj js `hcsj`ujc`nl mj el bjctlenmlm mnjtl. Jc vjz mj prnvlrtj y eujih
ltnfhrrlrtj mj plc, ¸ch sjrâl bìs nctjenijctj l`jptlr quj tj iustl je plc j
nctrhmu`nreh jc tu lenbjctl`nðc mj ucl ghrbl bìs `hcstru`tnvl, jc euilr mj
prhdnfârtjeh y mj eu`dlr `hctrl jsl rjstrn``nðc8
Htrls `lusls
Lmjbìs mj el prnvl`nðc, je hrnijc mje dlbfrj jbh`nhcle pujmj sjr leiucl
`lrjc`nl1 ch mlrchs eh quj cj`jsntlbhs jc je lspj`th gâsn`h, bjctle, jbh`nhcle
h jcjriîtn`h.

Gletl mj `lehrâls y cutrnjctjs

Zcl phsnfnenmlm js quj tu `ujrph ch jstî rj`nfnjcmh ehs cutrnjctjs
cj`jslrnhs plrl blctjcjr su jqunenfrnh y quj tj jstî jcvnlcmh bjcslajs jc
ghrbl mj lcthahs plrl ncghrblrtj mj jstj mjsjqunenfrnh. _ujmj quj `hcsubls
lenbjcths `leðrn`hs pjrh `hc buy ph`hs cutrnjctjs.

Els `lehrâls shc el jcjriâl quj chs lphrtl uc lenbjcth y ehs cutrnjctjs shc els

sustlc`nls quj cujstrh

`hbh ehs bncjrlejs, `ujrph cj`jsntl
els vntlbncls, plrl mj
ehs dnmrlths blctjcjrsj
`lrfhch h`hc
els vnml y Lsâ,
irlsls. sleum,
sn
ch ej mls sugn`njctjs `lehrâls h sugn`njctjs cutrnjctjs l tu `ujrph, nctjrprjtlrì
quj jstìs jc pjrnhmh mj dlbfrucl y l`tnvlrì je ijc ldhrrh, jxl`tlbjctj
niule quj `ulcmh eh shbjtjbhs l mnjtl.

@ulcmh tjcils uc lcthah, hfsjrvl `ðbh tj dls jstlmh lenbjctlcmh

ñetnblbjctj, prjstl ltjc`nðc l sn dly leiñc iruph mj lenbjcths quj dlyls
rjmu`nmh h mjalmh mj `hbjr `hbpejtlbjctj.
 

Pjm
Je liul js jsjc`nle plrl el vnml1 `ufrj bìs mje 9? % mje pelcjtl, y sj suphcj
quj cujstrh `ujrph jstì ghrblmh tlbfnîc phr le bjchs uc 9? % mj liul.
El sjm js uc bj`lcnsbh quj rjiuel je liul jc je `ujrph y js je bjcslaj quj
jstj jcvâl lctj el gletl mj dnmrltl`nðc. Je bjcslaj quj chs jcvâl je `ujrph jc
ghrbl mj sjcsl`nðc mj sjm, js buy plrj`nmh l el sjüle mj dlbfrj enijrl, y
bu`dls vj`js `hcgucmnbhs el sjm `hc je dlbfrj.

Lctjs mj su`ubfnr l uc lcthah, fjfj uc vlsh mj liul h tî y jspjrl <?

bncuths. Zcl vjz trlcs`urrnmh jsj tnjbph, hfsjrvl sn tu sjcsl`nðc mj dlbfrj
dl mnsbncunmh.

Ch dly jvnmjc`nl `njctâgn`l mj quj cj`jsntjbhs fjfjr 6 entrhs u 4 vlshs mj

liul le mâl. El sjm js uc bj`lcnsbh buy shgnstn`lmh quj rjiuel el dnmrltl`nðc
mj cujstrh `ujrph. ^ sn cj`jsntl liul, chs eh dlrì chtlr. _jrh jstj tnph mj
tjhrâls chs jstìc mn`njcmh1 «Ch tj gâjs mj tu sjm», «Nichrl ehs bjcslajs
fìsn`hs mj tu `ujrph» (hevnmlcmh quj irl`nls l jeehs djbhs shfrjvnvnmh).
¸@ðbh eh dn`njrhc cujstrhs lc`jstrhs snc tjcjr els fhtjeels mj liul quj dhy
chs l`hbplülc l thmls plrtjs l bhmh mj fnfjrðc8
@hbjr (y fjfjr) `hcs`njctjbjctj tlbfnîc nbpen`l ch l`jptlr `njilbjctj els
tjhrâls quj `hctrlmn`jc cujstrl clturlejzl. @hc je bncmgue jltnci  lprjcmjrìs l
dl`jreh thmh bìs sjc`neeh… ¸]njcjs sjm8 Fjfj. ¸Ch tnjcjs sjm8 Ch snils
fjfnjcmh. Gncle mj el dnsthrnl.
Dly bnejs mj bhtnvhs phr ehs `ulejs jstlfej`jr ucl `lctnmlm gnal mj ncijstl
mj liul js lfsurmh1 fjfjr jc jx`jsh, lmjbìs mj quj pujmj sjr 
pjenirhsh, tlbfnîc `lusl lcthahs. ^ ch thmhs cj`jsntlbhs el bnsbl mhsns, yl
quj ch thmhs `hbjbhs eh bnsbh, cn dl`jbhs el bnsbl `lctnmlm mj l`tnvnmlm
gâsn`l, cn dlfntlbhs el bnsbl ijhirlgâl, cn tjcjbhs je bnsbh tlblüh `hrphrle.
Dhrbhcls
Els dhrbhcls shc htrhs bjcslajrhs quj rjiuelc bu`dhs snstjbls y prh`jshs
`hrphrlejs, `hbh je lebl`jclbnjcth mj irlsl, je lpjtnth h ehs cnvjejs mj
 

lzñ`lr jc slcirj. @ulcmh tj prnvls mj el `hbnml quj tlcth lcsâls y tj hfenils l

`hbjr bjchs ijcjrls jstrîs, quj, tlrmj h tjbprlch (bìs tjbprlch quj
tlrmj) hrnincl mjslaustjs dhrbhclejs y quâbn`hs jc tu `ujrph. ^ je `jrjfrh
nctjrprjtl jstls letjrl`nhcjs `hbh ucl sjüle mj quj js dhrl mj l`tnvlr je ijc
ldhrrh y prh`jmjr le lebl`jclbnjcth mj irlsl.

_hr htrh elmh, els pjrshcls quj hvuelbhs jxpjrnbjctlbhs cubjrhsls

geu`tul`nhcjs dhrbhclejs, y js buy `hbñc quj jc el prjbjcstrul`nðc y jc ehs
prnbjrhs mâls mj bjcstrul`nðc tjcilbhs gujrtjs lcthahs. Jsth sj mjfj l quj
ehs cnvjejs mj tjsthstjrhcl y jstrðijchs geu`tñlc y `rjlc uc mjsjqunenfrnh jc
el cj`jsnmlm mj bn`rhcutrnjctjs. Eh bnsbh su`jmj `ulcmh jstlbhs
jbflrlzlmls h `ulcmh eejil el bjchplusnl.
Mjctrh mj eh phsnfej, `ulcmh tjcils lcthahs l `lusl mj els geu`tul`nhcjs
dhrbhclejs, nctjctl jejinr el vjrsnðc bìs cutrntnvl mj jsj lcthah.
Jx`jsh mj dhrls snc `hbjr 
@ulcmh tjcjbhs dlbfrj phrquj eejvlbhs dhrls snc `hbjr, je cnvje mj
ieu`hsl jc slcirj mjs`njcmj y lplrj`jc ehs lcthahs, chrblebjctj mj
`lrfhdnmrlths rìpnmhs (mue`js y lenbjcths rn`hs jc lzñ`lr), yl quj lubjctlc
rìpnmlbjctj je cnvje mj lzñ`lr jc slcirj. ]lbfnîc sj ml jc els pjrshcls
quj `hbjc mj ghrbl nrrjiuelr, sletìcmhsj `hbnmls h quj sniujc mnjtls
rjstrn`tnvls, jspj`nlebjctj els quj jenbnclc uc iruph mj lenbjcths phr 
`hbpejth.

Ch eejiujs l cnvjejs mj dlbfrj glbîen`l. Js buy nbphrtlctj quj tus `hbnmls

prnc`nplejs sjlc `hbpejtls y jqunenfrlmls y quj thbjs tjctjbpnîs l bjmnl
blülcl y bjmnl tlrmj. Wjrjbhs je phrquî bìs lmjelctj.

Pn qunjrjs
@hbh mjalrvnsth,
yl djbhs ltrìs els
ehsmnjtls
lcthahs, cj`jsntls
l`tnvlc enfjrlrtj
je ijc ldhrrh, mj el bjctlenmlm
phrquj mnjtl.
jsl bjctlenmlm
 

`rjj quj tj jc`ujctrls jc ucl dlbfrucl. Jstj bj`lcnsbh dl`j quj tu lpjtnth
lubjctj, quj mjsjjs ehs lenbjcths quj tj prhdâfjs l`tnvlbjctj y quj sj
rlejctn`j tu bjtlfhensbh. Lmjbìs, phr bu`dh quj rjstrncals, snjbprj
tjcmjrìs le jqunenfrnh mj tu pjsh prhirlblmh.
]j eh jxpen`h l `hctncul`nðc.

]jrbhstlth nctjrnhr lvjrnlmh

Nblincl quj prhirlbls je tjrbhstlth mje sleðc mj ucl `lsl l 6? ±@. El bnsnðc
mj jsj tjrbhstlth sjrì quj el tjbpjrlturl mj jsl jstlc`nl sj blctjcil
jstlfej ncmjpjcmnjctjbjctj mje tnjbph quj dlil gujrl (lucquj ch eh
`hcsjiunrì mj ghrbl jxl`tl y `hcstlctj; el tjbpjrlturl sj bhvjrì jc uc rlcih
mj <>±-6<±).
Zcl vjz le`lczlml el tjbpjrlturl prhirlblml mj 6? ±@, sn lfrnjrls el vjctlcl
”y el tjbpjrlturl jxtjrnhr gujrl bìs grâl”, je `lehr mje sleðc mjslplrj`jrâl
rìpnmlbjctj. @ulcmh `jrrlrls el vjctlcl mj cujvh, je tjrbhstlth lubjctlrâl
el tjbpjrlturl plrl rjirjslr l ehs 6? ±@ gnalmhs. Jc su lgìc mj rj`upjrlr je
jqunenfrnh
tjbpjrlturllbfnjctle, le 6?prnc`npnh
bìs letl quj ±@. je tjrbhstlth le`lczlrâl nc`eush ucl
_ujs lsâ l`tñl cujstrh tjrbhstlth nctjrnhr, plrl prjvjcnrchs mj els sufnmls y
flalmls frus`ls mj pjsh. Els pjrshcls jstlbhs prhirlblmls plrl tjcjr uc
pjsh bìs h bjchs gnah, mj blcjrl quj `ulcmh pjrmjbhs pjsh, je `ujrph trltl
mj blctjcjr cujstrh pjsh `jr`lch le pjsh mj rjgjrjc`nl. _lrl jeeh jstnbuel el
sjcsl`nðc mj dlbfrj plrl quj `hblbhs bìs y rlejctnzl je bjtlfhensbh, plrl
rjmu`nr je ilsth jcjriîtn`h, nc`eush jstlcmh jc rjphsh. ]lbfnîc chs quntl els
ilcls mj dl`jr jajr`n`nh.
_hr je `hctrlrnh, `ulcmh `hbjbhs bìs y l`ubuelbhs bìs irlsl, cujstrh
tjrbhstlth dl`j quj tjcilbhs bjchs lpjtnth y quj ilstjbhs bìs jcjriâl,
ucl vjzjsbìs
bnsnðc `hc el nctjc`nðc
blctjcjrchs mj vhevjr
jc uc pjsh le pjsh prjjstlfej`nmh. @hbh vjs, su
jstlfej.
@ulcmh chs shbjtjbhs l mnjtl ej dl`jbhs eh bnsbh l cujstrh tjrbhstlth
nctjrnhr1 eh `hcgucmnbhs, je ijc ldhrrh thbl els rnjcmls y iulrml thmh eh quj
tnjcj, phr sn l`lsh. Le tjrbnclr el mnjtl, je tjrbhstlth chs eejvl l rj`upjrlr je
pjsh prhirlblmh, pjrh jstl vjz tlbfnîc `hc prhpncl, phr sn vnjcj htrl
dlbfrucl. Js mj`nr, quj sj rjprhirlbl l tjbpjrlturl supjrnhr. _hr jstl rlzðc,
`ulcmh dl`js mnjtl ch sheh ch pnjrmjs pjsh, snch quj ilcls knehs mj bìs.
Blels chtn`nls
Pjrâl ucl sujrtj quj cujstrh tjrbhstlth jstuvnjrl prhirlblmh jc uc pjsh
sleumlfej h quj tuvnîrlbhs ucl `jctrlentl mðcmj rjprhirlblr cujstrh
pjsh blculebjctj, `hbh dl`jbhs `hc el tjbpjrlturl. _jrh je pjsh sj rjiuel
 

`hc je tnjbph y ch js leih rìpnmh cn sjc`neeh. El `njc`nl lpuctl l quj sjrâlc

cj`jslrnhs uchs mhs lühs mj nc`rjbjcth mj pjsh blctjcnmh plrl rjlaustlr le
lezl cujstrh cujvh jstìcmlr mj pjsh.
Htrl blel chtn`nl js quj jstl rjprhirlbl`nðc sj rjiuel `hc bu`dl bìs
gl`nenmlm `ulcmh lubjctlbhs mj pjsh1 l cujstrh tjrbhstlth ej rjsuetl bu`dh
bìs gì`ne rjstlfej`jr jsj cujvh pjsh mj rjgjrjc`nl le lezl. Jc `lbfnh, ej
`ujstl bìs rjmjgncnreh l el flal, `ulcmh flalbhs mj pjsh.
Ehs jstumnhs sjülelc quj plrl rjprhirlblreh l el flal cj`jsntlrâlbhs
blctjcjr jsj pjsh flah murlctj uchs snjtj lühs.
Fujcls chtn`nls
El fujcl chtn`nl js quj jstls hfsjrvl`nhcjs lfhrmlc el rjprhirlbl`nðc mje
tjrbhstlth ñcn`lbjctj mjsmj je pucth mj vnstl gnsnheðin`h, pjrh jxnstjc
bu`dls htrls `hrrnjctjs `hc uc jcghquj bìs lbpenh, quj `hctjbpelc htrhs
gl`thrjs mj`nsnvhs plrl rjmjgncnr el bjbhrnl mj cujstrh `ujrph.
Pn chs `jctrìrlbhs jx`eusnvlbjctj jc eh quj `hbjbhs y jc eh quj ilstlbhs,
jgj`tnvlbjctj je prh`jsh sjrâl buy ejcth y mngâ`ne. _jrh jc jstj enfrh, lmjbìs
mj els lphrtl`nhcjs `njctâgn`ls, `hcsnmjrlbhs bu`dls mns`npencls quj
nc`rjbjctlrìc el vjeh`nmlm mj ehs `lbfnhs jxphcjc`nlebjctj. Eh `rjls h ch,
tu pjsh nmjle tlbfnîc vnjcj irlflmh jc ehs `ðmnihs mj tu yh vjrmlmjrh y l
bjmnml quj vlyls rjthblcmh je `hctl`th `hc îe, tu pjsh clturle sj nrì
rjstlfej`njcmh.
 

6 Jssjc`neeh pjrmjr uc <? % mje pjsh mj ghrbl rìpnml, phrquj mjctrh mj jsj phr`jctlaj mj
flalml mj pjsh je ijc ldhrrh ch sj l`tnvl (ch eh pjr`nfj `hbh dlbfrucl). _jrh phr jc`nbl mj
jsj phr`jctlaj je bj`lcnsbh mj supjrvnvjc`nl sj mnsplrl plrl `hbpjcslr el pîrmnml y jvntlr 
quj chs burlbhs mj nclcn`nðc.
0 ]j prhbjth quj jstj prhirlbl ch js gruth mj ucl ch`dj l`lehrlml; jstì flslmh jc bjmnh
`jctjclr
plrl bâ). mj ncvjstnil`nhcjs
Lmjbìs, thmh eh quj(ch`hbplrth
els bjc`nhclrî thmls,phr
jstì gnetrlmh phrquj sjrâl jxpjrnjc`nl
bn prhpnl ucl eltl plrly tn
phry tlbfnîc
el mj bns
leubchs y `enjctjs. ? % dubh. <?? % vjrngn`l`nðc.
= El enfjrl`nðc mje `hrtnshe sj vnc`uel l mjpðsnths mj irlsl, jspj`nlebjctj jc el zhcl
lfmhbncle.
 

=
Je bhmh zhbfn

¸Leiucl vjz dls jstlmh `hcmu`njcmh dl`nl uc mjstnch, y le eejilr tj dls mlmh
`ujctl mj quj ch dls snmh `hcs`njctj mje `lbnch quj dls dj`dh8 ¸]j dls
shrprjcmnmh `hc jstlr ejyjcmh uc enfrh y ch dlfjrtj jctjrlmh mj clml mj eh
quj dls ejâmh jc els ñetnbls trjs pìincls, phrquj mjlbfuelfls jc tus
pjcslbnjcths8
Pn slfjs `hcmu`nr h lcmlr jc fn`n`ejtl, rj`ujrml `ðbh eh dl`âls le prnc`npnh.
_rjstlfls thmlprì`tn`lbjctj
tlrjl plrj`âl el ltjc`nðc, `hc ehs `nc`h _h`h
nbphsnfej. sjctnmhs nbpen`lmhs.
l ph`h Le prnc`npnhjsl
gunstj nctjirlcmh el
mjstrjzl, mj bhmh quj, snc mlrtj `ujctl, l`lflstj snjcmh `lplz mj `hcmu`nr 
je `h`dj h el fn`n jc uc jstlmh mj sjbnnc`hcs`njc`nl.
L gujrzl mj rjpjtnr `hc grj`ujc`nl l`tnvnmlmjs rjeltnvlbjctj sjc`neels quj ch
rjqunjrjc mj bu`dl `hc`jctrl`nðc, els eejils l mhbnclr phrquj tu
suf`hcs`njctj thbl je `hctrhe mj el jaj`u`nðc mj mn`dls l`tnvnmlmjs. Pj dlc
`hcvjrtnmh jc dìfnths quj rjlenzls jc pnehth luthbìtn`h, nc`hcs`njctjbjctj h
jc bhmh zhbfn. Jsth ch js bleh, le `hctrlrnh, ehs luthbltnsbhs quj tjcjbhs
jc cujstrl vnml chs rjsuetlc jchrbjbjctj ñtnejs phr vlrnls rlzhcjs1
• Chs lyumlc l ldhrrlr jcjriâl.
• Chs lphrtlc rlpnmjz jc el jaj`u`nðc mj el l``nðc.
 

• Chs pjrbntjc rjlenzlr mngjrjctjs l`ths le bnsbh tnjbph.

• Enfjrlc cujstrl bjctj plrl phmjr rjlenzlr htrh tnph mj l`tnvnmlmjs.
Luthbltnzlr els l`tnvnmlmjs rjeltnvlbjctj sjc`neels chs gl`nentl bu`dh el
jxnstjc`nl (¡bjchs ble quj le `jrjfrh ch sj ej hevnml rjspnrlr cn lcmlr! ¸]j
nblincls tjcjr quj mlr els ðrmjcjs l cujstrh `jrjfrh mj «Mjrj`dl-Nzqunjrml»
`lml vjz quj `lbnclbhs h «Ncspnrl-Jspnrl» le rjspnrlr8).
Je prhfejbl js quj eh luthbltnzlbhs mjblsnlmh thmh (bìs mje =: % mj els
l`tnvnmlmjs quj rjlenzlbhs l mnlrnh shc dìfnths). L`tulbhs phr `hstubfrj,
rjpntnjcmh `lbnchs jbh`nhclejs yl rj`hrrnmhs y vlilcmh phr irlc plrtj mj
cujstrl vnml snc sjr `hcs`njctjs mj ehs jstâbuehs quj `hcmu`jc cujstrls
rutncls `htnmnlcls. Vjpjtnbhs lctniuhs dìfnths quj ch chs lyumlc. _jrmjbhs
je `hctl`th `hc el vnml, `hc je bhbjcth prjsjctj. Jsth js jstlr jc bhmh
zhbfn, y vnvnbhs lsâ bu`dls bìs dhrls l eh elrih mje mâl mj els quj
nblinclbhs.
@dlrejs Mudnii, jc su blrlvneehsh enfrh Je phmjr mj ehs dìfnths,  mjsirlcl ehs =
`hbphcjctjs mje dìfnth plrl rhbpjr `hc je bhmh zhbfn1

Je jstâbueh
Js je mjthclctj quj phcj jc blr`dl tu bhmh zhbfn. Je jstâbueh pujmj sjr 
leih tlc snbpej `hbh hejr uc `rulsìc le plslr phr ucl plclmjrâl h tjcjr je
pjcslbnjcth mj «Bj bjrjz`h jsj mhcut mj `dh`heltj». Je jstâbueh js cjutrh,
ch js cn fujch cn bleh. Je mhcut jstì ldâ, mjs`lcslcmh shfrj el bjsl. Eh quj
nbphrtl js el rjspujstl quj sj mjsjc`lmjcl `hbh rjl``nðc luthbìtn`l l jsj
jstâbueh.
El rjspujstl
Js el rjl``nðc quj tnjcjs le rj`nfnr uc jstâbueh mjtjrbnclmh. ]j ncvlmj uc
sjctnbnjcth mj trnstjzl (jstâbueh) y tj vls le `dh`heltj luthbìtn`lbjctj
(rjspujstl). @ulcmh jstj pltrðc mj `hbphrtlbnjcth sj `hcvnjrtj jc
rj`urrjctj, tu `jrjfrh sj l`hstubfrl l îe y eh `hcvnjrtj jc dìfnth.
Nblincl ucl pjrshcl quj, `ulcmh eejil l `lsl jstrjslml y `lcslml trls ucl
murl ahrclml elfhrle, cj`jsntl rjelalrsj. Pu bhbjcth mj rjelx js lilrrlr uc
pjmlzh mj `dh`heltj y mjalrsj `ljr jc je shgì. _jrh jc euilr mj thblr uc
trh`nth mj `dh`heltj phr pel`jr, sj `hbj bjmnl tlfejtl plrl lpl`niulr jsj
jstlmh mj jstrîs. L bjmnml quj vlyl rjpntnjcmh jstl rjspujstl (`hbjr 
`dh`heltj `lml vjz quj cj`jsntj rjelalrsj), su `jrjfrh nrì ghrtlej`njcmh el
`hcjxnðc jctrj `dh`heltj y rjelal`nðc. ^ `rjlrì jsj dìfnth nc`hcs`njctj, `hbh
je `hcmu`nr. Jstj js je bhmh zhbfn phr jx`jejc`nl y js je ñcn`h pucth mje
prhirlbl jcjsjecjutrl1
jstâbueh ch quj tjcmrìs
pujmj quj uslrh mjstru`tnvl.
sjr ñtne tu gujrzl mj vheuctlm. El rjspujstl le
 

El rj`hbpjcsl
Zc dìfnth ch sj mjslrrheel cn sj blctnjcj sn je `jrjfrh ch pjr`nfj quj ej
lphrtl leiucl rj`hbpjcsl. Je `hbjr jbh`nhclebjctj js uc dìfnth gì`ne mj
mjslrrheelr phrquj el rj`hbpjcsl ”je pel`jr quj je `hbjr sjirjil jc cujstrh
`jrjfrh” js ncbjmnltl. Lquâ je trlflah `hcsnstnrì jc jc`hctrlr el bnsbl
rj`hbpjcsl, je bnsbh prjbnh, jc htrhs dìfnths bìs sleumlfejs y
`hcstru`tnvhs.

El `rjjc`nl
Htrh lspj`th quj blctnjcj tus dìfnths js el gj quj tnjcjs jc jeehs. ]us
`hcvn``nhcjs l`tñlc `hbh gnetrhs mj el rjlenmlm1 sn `rjjs quj eh tuyh js
ijcîtn`h y quj cuc`l phmrìs jstlr jc tu pjsh nmjle, nc`hcs`njctjbjctj jstìs
jxtnrplcmh el phsnfnenmlm mj quj sj prhmuz`l jsj dj`dh. Pn, phr je `hctrlrnh,
`rjjs quj js phsnfej quj su`jml, lfrjs uc `hcaucth mj phsnfnenmlmjs quj
prhpn`nlc quj jsl rjlenmlm sj bltjrnlen`j jc tu vnml. Jc jstj enfrh jc`hctrlrìs
vlrnls tî`cn`ls mj rjprhirlbl`nðc mj els `rjjc`nls quj sustjctlc tus rutncls
pjraumn`nlejs, plrl quj mjajc mj `hctrhelr tu rjlenmlm.
_lrl jctjcmjr `ðbh je bhmh zhbfn blcjal cujstrhs dìfnths mj
lenbjctl`nðc, sjrì ñtne rjplslr y lclenzlrehs mj cujvh mjsmj el pjrspj`tnvl mj
el lenbjctl`nðc nc`hcs`njctj.
 

:
Dìfnths mj lenbjctl`nðc nc`hcs`njctj
Jstâbuehs mje dlbfrj
Pn ehs jstâbuehs shc mjthclctjs quj phcjc jc blr`dl cujstrh bhmh zhbfn,
ehs jstâbuehs mje dlbfrj l`tnvlc je nbpuesh l `hbjr mj ghrbl nc`hcs`njctj.
_lrl quj ucl `u`dlrlml mj Dílijc-Mlzs tjrbncj jc tu fh`l, tnjcj quj
dlfjrsj prhmu`nmh ucl l``nðc gâsn`l phr el `ule tu blch sj jxtnjcmj, lilrrl el
`u`dlrl y el eejvl l tu fh`l. Js mj`nr, je djelmh ch sj tjejtrlcsphrtl l tu fh`l.
_rjvnlbjctj l jstl l``nðc gâsn`l, dl dlfnmh ucl sjüle mje `jrjfrh hrninclml
phr uc jstâbueh h mjthclctj (quj pujmj sjr uc pjcslbnjcth, jbh`nðc,
sjcsl`nðc gâsn`l h uc mjthclctj jxtjrch).
JP]ÂBZEH ï VJP_ZJP]L
Ehs mjthclctjs pujmjc sjr jxtjrchs h nctjrchs. @ulcmh plrls l rjphstlr 
ilshencl `hc je `h`dj, ¸tnjcjs el `hstubfrj mj `hbprlrtj ucl ihehsncl8
@ulcmh vls le `ncj, ¸`hbprls plehbntls8 ^ `lml vjz quj jspjrls jc je
ljrhpujrth h jc el jstl`nðc mj trjc, ¸`hbprls leih8 ¸^ jc je trlflah8 ¸Lsh`nls
mjtjrbnclmhs lenbjcths `hc `njrths euilrjs8 Jc jsths jajbpehs, je lbfnjctj
jc je quj tj jc`ujctrls l`tñl `hbh jstâbueh jxtjrch quj mjsjc`lmjcl tu
rjspujstl mj `hbjr.
@njrtls l`tnvnmlmjs tlbfnîc pujmjc l`tulr `hbh mjthclctjs jxtjrchs, `hbh
`hcmu`nr, vnlalr, `h`nclr h vjr el tjej. El `hbplüâl quj tjcilbhs tlbfnîc
l`tñl `hbh jstâbueh1 phr jajbpeh, `hcsubnbhs mjtjrbnclmhs lenbjcths
`ulcmh slenbhs
tu lpjtjc`nl mj `hc `njrths
`hbnml lbnihs.
flsurl8 ¸Pjctlrtj
¸@hbjs bìs `hc tu plrjal
h bjchs jc jejstìs
`ulcmh shgì `hc
jstnbuel
htrls
pjrshcls8

Je lbfnjctj, els l`tnvnmlmjs h el `hbplüâl shc leiuchs jajbpehs mj

mjthclctjs jxtjrchs.
Jc `lbfnh, ehs mjthclctjs nctjrchs pujmjc sjr uc pjcslbnjcth, ucl
jbh`nðc h ucl sjcsl`nðc gâsn`l quj ”`ulcmh vnvnbhs jc bhmh zhbfn, jc
bhmh nc`hcs`njctj” chs eejvl l rjl``nhclr mj ghrbl luthbìtn`l.
 

«Jctrj je jstâbueh y el rjspujstl, dly uc jspl`nh

y jc jsj jspl`nh sj jc`ujctrl cujstrl enfjrtlm
y je phmjr plrl jejinr el rjspujstl».
Wnkthr Grlck
Cjurðehih y psnqunltrl supjrvnvnjctj mj vlrnhs `lbphs mj `hc`jctrl`nðc clzns y 
gucmlmhr mj el ehihtjrlpnl

Je Bncmguecjss  h `hc`njc`nl pejcl js ucl ghrbl mj bjmntl`nðc jc el quj sj

prjstl ltjc`nðc l el rjspnrl`nðc y l els sjcsl`nhcjs mje `ujrph. Guj mnsjülml
phr je prhgjshr mj Bjmn`ncl jstlmhucnmjcsj Ahc Klflt-Qncc, fjfj mj gujctjs
hrnjctlejs, `hc`rjtlbjctj mj el slfnmurâl y el prì`tn`l mje fumnsbh zjc, pjrh
snc tnctjs rjeninhshs. Klflt-Qncc nctjirð jc el `njc`nl h``nmjctle eh quj dlfâl
lprjcmnmh jc sus jstlc`nls `hc vlrnhs bljstrhs fumnstls. Jc el l`tulenmlm, el
prì`tn`l mje bncmguecjss jstì `hfrlcmh ucl irlc phpuelrnmlm jc thmh je bucmh.
Jc jstj prhirlbl vlbhs l utnenzlr je bncmguecjss  plrl jctrjclr el ltjc`nðc
pejcl, jsth js, el prì`tn`l mj jstlr jc `hcstlctj `hctl`th `hc els sjcsl`nhcjs,
els jbh`nhcjs y ehs pjcslbnjcths. Jsth chs pjrbntnrì lfrnr uc jspl`nh jctrj je
jstâbueh y el rjspujstl mj `hbjr nc`hcs`njctjbjctj, mhcmj phmjbhs thblr 
el mj`nsnðc mj `ðbh rjsphcmjr lctj jsj jstâbueh, jc vjz mj rjl``nhclr 
luthbìtn`lbjctj l îe. Mjalrjbhs mj sjr js`elvhs mj cujstrhs dìfnths zhbfns.
JP]ÂBZEH | JP_L@NH | VJP_ZJP]L

Ehs pjcslbnjcths
Jc ijcjrle, vnvnbhs tlcth jc el bjctj, jc je pjcslbnjcth, quj `rjjbhs quj
cujstrh bucmh bjctle jstì phr jc`nbl mj el vnml rjle. _jrh je plslmh y je
guturh shc prhmu`ths mj el bjctj, y `ulcmh vnlalbhs dl`nl je guturh h dl`nl je
plslmh js nbphsnfej jstlr jc je prjsjctj. _hrquj el vnml l`hctj`j jc je
prjsjctj, jc je lquâ y ldhrl. ^ ehs sjctnmhs gâsn`hs y els jbh`nhcjs ”ch ehs
pjcslbnjcths” shc els djrrlbnjctls quj chs pjrbntjc `hcj`tlr `hc je
prjsjctj.

Je trnìciueh mj el `hcs`njc`nl
Jc je prnbjr trnìciueh mj el `hcs`njc`nl dly uc mjsjqunenfrnh jc je quj je
 

prjmhbncnh mje pjcslbnjcth chs dl`j pjrmjr je `hctl`th `hc els sjcsl`nhcjs
`hrphrlejs y els jbh`nhcjs (js mj`nr, `hc je prjsjctj).
Jstj prhirlbl phcmrì jspj`nle îcglsns jc mjslrrheelr el `hcs`njc`nl mj els
sjcsl`nhcjs y els jbh`nhcjs, mj bhmh quj ehs trjs jejbjcths vlylc
rj`upjrlcmh su jqunenfrnh, hthrilcmh je bnsbh pjsh l ehs trjs `hbphcjctjs
mje trnìciueh. Jsth chs pjrbntnrì vnvnr bìs jc plz y lrbhcâl, y sjctnrchs bìs
vnvhs. Mjalrjbhs mj pjcslr tlcth el vnml, plrl jxpjrnbjctlrel, plrl vnvnrel.
El bjctj `lbfnl mj jstlmh mj uc bhbjcth l htrh1 pujmj jstlr mnspjrsl,
lejrtl, hfsjsnhclml, lmhrbj`nml, mnstrlâml, lgjrrlml le plslmh, ncqunjtl,
pjcslcmh jc je guturh… Je prnbjr plsh mje bncmguecjss js sjr bìs `hcs`njctj
mj jstj geunr `hctncuh mj pjcslbnjcths. Lsâ quj jc jstl prnbjrl plrtj mje
prhirlbl vls l nmjctngn`lr ehs pjcslbnjcths quj tnjcjs (jc ghrbl mj plelfrls,
nbìijcjs bjctlejs, nmjls, rj`ujrmhs, mjsjhs h bnjmhs) plrl trljr l el
supjrgn`nj mj tu bjctj ehs pjcslbnjcths quj dlstl ldhrl dls nichrlmh.

Pjr `hcs`njctj mj ehs pjcslbnjcths, mj els sjcsl`nhcjs y mj els jbh`nhcjs

quj dly jc tu `ujrph y jc tu bjctj js uc rjqunsnth ncmnspjcslfej plrl slclr 
tu rjel`nðc `hc el `hbnml. Ch sj trltl mj auzilr cn mj `lbfnlr jshs
pjcslbnjcths, sjcsl`nhcjs y jbh`nhcjs; hfsjrvlrehs mjsmj el mnstlc`nl jvntl
quj rjl``nhcjbhs l jeehs tlc luthbìtn`lbjctj.
]j phcih uc jajbpeh pjrshcle. Zcl blülcl, bnjctrls js`rnfâl jstj enfrh, je
pjcslbnjcth mj «Cj`jsntls uc `rulsìc mj `dh`heltj» lsletð bn bjctj
(jstâbueh). Bn gujrzl mj vheuctlm rjsphcmnð1 «¡Ch! ]jcih quj js`rnfnr je enfrh.
@ulcmh dlyl tjrbnclmh els : pìincls mnlrnls quj bj dj prhpujsth, nrî l phr 
îe». «Bbb pjrh js quj bj lpjtj`j tlcth… _ujmh sjctnr je lrhbl y su tjxturl
mjsdl`nîcmhsj jc bn fh`l. Js`u`dh nc`eush su `ruanr le bhrmjreh». ^ l plrtnr mj
ldâ sj mjsjc`lmjcð ucl jspnrle1 «¡Chhh! ¡Ch pnjcsjs jc uc `rulsìc mj
`dh`heltj! ^l ch tj iustlc jsls phrqujrâls, jrjs ucl `dn`l djletdy. Eh quj
rjlebjctj tj lpjtj`j shc uchs flsthc`nths mj lpnh bhalmhs jc
tldâc. Lmjbìs, ¸quî jajbpeh mlrâls l tus leubchs8 Ch qunjrh uc `rulsìc mj
`dh`heltj, jcihrml bu`dh. Fugg, ñetnblbjctj `hc el js`rnturl mje enfrh bj
jsthy phcnjcmh `hbh ucl gh`l. Ch bj iustl bn `ujrph. _hr glvhr, flstl yl.
Why l phr je `rulsìc. Bj eh bjrjz`h».
 ^h ch jejiâ jsj pjcslbnjcth `hcs`njctjbjctj, cn el `dì`dlrl nctjrcl
phstjrnhr. Jsj pjcslbnjcth pumh dlfjr snmh `hcsj`ujc`nl mj uc rj`ujrmh
quj bj vnch, ucl sjcsl`nðc, ucl jbh`nðc, uc hehr, ucl nblijc. Lqujeel
 

blülcl ch jstlfl buy `jctrlml y rjl``nhcî jc bhmh zhbfn1 mjaî mj js`rnfnr,

flaî l `hbprlr je `rulsìc y bj eh zlbpî (rjspujstl).
Ldhrl tj bujstrh je bnsbh js`jclrnh, pjrh jc jstj `lsh snjcmh bìs
`hcs`njctj mj bns pjcslbnjcths1 «Cj`jsntls uc `rulsìc mj `dh`heltj»
(jstâbueh). «¡Lcml! Dl plslmh uc pjcslbnjcth» (rjspujstl). Gnc mje plrehtjh
bjctle.
Lquâ ch dj rjl``nhclmh le pjcslbnjcth mj bn bjctj. Ch ej dj mlmh gujrzl
rjsnstnîcmhbj l îe; eh dj hfsjrvlmh y mjalmh plslr, eh `ule bj dl pjrbntnmh
sjiunr js`rnfnjcmh je enfrh y ch eejvlr l `lfh ucl l``nðc quj ch js sleumlfej
plrl bâ h mj el quj bj pujmh lrrjpjctnr. Ch dj auzilmh je pjcslbnjcth cn dj
tjcnmh ucl l`tntum `râtn`l dl`nl îe, phr jeeh ch dj rjl``nhclmh l îe.
Pnbpejbjctj eh vjh plslr jc el plctleel mj bn bjctj, `hbh sn gujrl ucl cufj
quj sj plsjl phr je `njeh lzue. ^ eh mjah blr`dlr. Pn eh dj `hcsjiunmh, js
phrquj dj jstlmh lejrtl mj bns pltrhcjs bjctlejs, sjcsl`nhcjs y jbh`nhcjs.
Dj phmnmh lfrnr uc pjqujüh jspl`nh jc bn bjctj mhcmj l`hijr snc aun`nhs
jsj gjcðbjch quj dl surinmh jc bn nctjrnhr. ^ mjsmj jsj jspl`nh eejch mj

`lebl
y jejinry `ðbh
mj `hcs`njc`nl,
rjsphcmjrdj thblmh
lctj îe. el mj`nsnðc mj ch `jmjr l jsj pjcslbnjcth,
Wlbhs l ghrtlej`jr el `lpl`nmlm mj lbpenlr jshs jspl`nhs jctrj je
pjcslbnjcth y el rjspujstl le bnsbh, jctrj je dlbfrj y el mj`nsnðc mj `hbjr 
h ch.
Els sjcsl`nhcjs
Ehs pjcslbnjcths ch shc ehs ñcn`hs jstâbuehs h mjsjc`lmjclctjs quj chs
eejvlc l `hbjr jc jx`jsh. _hr uc elmh, tlbfnîc eh shc els sjcsl`nhcjs 
sjcsl`nhcjs   quj
chs eejilc l trlvîs mj ehs sjctnmhs jxtjrchs (iusth, vnstl, heglth, tl`th, hâmh) h
mj els sjcsl`nhcjs bìs nctjrcls, `hbh els mj dlbfrj y sl`njmlm. @hc el
prì`tn`l mje bncmgue jltnci  vls l lprjcmjr l `hcj`tlr `hc tus sjcsl`nhcjs
`hrphrlejs.

Nmjctngn`l els sjcsl`nhcjs quj jtnqujtls `hbh cjiltnvls h mjslirlmlfejs.

¸@ðbh tj eejvls `hc jeels8 ¸@ðbh els ijstnhcls8 ¸\uî ncgeujc`nl tnjcjc jc tu
blcjrl mj `hbjr8

Els jbh`nhcjs
Lsâ `hbh ehs pjcslbnjcths ehs pjr`nfnbhs jc el bjctj, els jbh`nhcjs els
 

sjctnbhs jc je `ujrph y jstj jcvâl le `jrjfrh el ncghrbl`nðc shfrj eh quj

snjctj. ^ je `jrjfrh nctjrprjtl. Lquâ je tru`h js «dl`kjlr» jstj prh`jsh,
rj`hch`njcmh els jbh`nhcjs quj vlc jbjrinjcmh, pjrbntnîcmhchs sjctnr eh
quj sjctnbhs, pjrh snc nctjrprjtlreh, cn nctjctlr `lbfnlreh.
Els jbh`nhcjs `hcstntuyjc irlcmjs mjthclctjs mje `hbjr `hbpuesnvh. Mj
dj`dh, shc el pnjmrl lciuelr mj jstj enfrh y mjmn`lrjbhs vlrnls sj``nhcjs l
quj lprjcmls l `hcj`tlr `hc tu jstlmh jbh`nhcle, l rjsphcmjr l îe
`hcs`njctjbjctj, jc euilr mj rjl``nhclr `hbnjcmh h uslcmh htrhs plr`djs.
Lprjcmjrìs l sltnsgl`jr tus cj`jsnmlmjs jbh`nhclejs `hc htrls `hsls quj ch
sjlc `hbnml. _jrh plrl phmjr sltnsgl`jrels, prnbjrh cj`jsntlrìs slfjr mj quî
jbh`nðc sj trltl.
Jc je sniunjctj `lpâtueh vlbhs l trltlr jc prhgucmnmlm `uìejs shc ehs jstlmhs
jbh`nhclejs quj l`tñlc bìs grj`ujctjbjctj `hbh mjthclctjs nctjrchs mje
dlbfrj. _jrh lctjs mîalbj quj tj prjsjctj l…

El Whz
]j prjsjcth hgn`nlebjctj l El Whz, uc jspî`nbjc quj dlfntl jc tu `lfjzl
`uyl lspnrl`nðc js phcjrtj el zlc`lmneel y sh`lvlr tus lvlc`js dl`nl el
`hcsj`u`nðc mj tus hfajtnvhs. Pj mjmn`l l slturlr tu bjctj `hc pjcslbnjcths,
jbh`nhcjs `hctrlmn`thrnls y vh`js quj tj `rntn`lc, plrl nbpjmnrtj quj mjs
plshs jc gnrbj.

Pj elczl l el yuiuelr mj tu luthjstnbl, mnsplrìcmhtj `râtn`ls mjstru`tnvls, quj

tj dl`jc mlüh, quj tj mjsprj`nlc h tj rnmn`uenzlc. ]j rjilel pjrels tlc
blrlvneehsls `hbh1
• Clmnj sj vl l gnalr jc tn, snjbprj vls l jstlr shel.
• ^l jrjs mjblsnlmh blyhr plrl jstls `hsls.
• L`îptleh, jrjs ihrmh y snjbprj eh sjrìs.
• ]htle, yl «eh dls dj`dh ble», lprhvj`dl plrl `hbjr y je eucjs `hbnjczls mj
cujvh.
• L htrls pjrshcls tle vjz ejs guc`nhclrì, pjrh l tn ch.
 

• Dls mj dl`jreh pjrgj`th; sn ch, cn eh nctjctjs.

• Wjcil… quî mlüh tj vl l dl`jr uc mhcut bìs.
• Mjfjs mnvjrtnrtj bìs.
• Dls grl`lslmh jc thmhs tus nctjcths mj `hbjr slch. ¸\uî tj dl`j pjcslr 
quj jstl vjz vl l sjr mngjrjctj8

El Whz
qunjc tlbfnîc tj dlfel jc prnbjrl pjrshcl, dl`nîcmhtj `rjjr quj jrjs tñ
dlfel1
• Ch sî phr quî pnjrmh je tnjbph nctjctìcmhbj phcjrbj iulpl… ¡Cn
lucquj pjrmnjrl 0? knehs!
• Ch tjcih tnjbph plrl `h`nclr slch.
• ^h shy lsâ y ch pujmh `lbfnlr.
• Ch vlej el pjcl nctjctlreh, sn snjbprj bj slej ble…
• Bjahr eh dlih blülcl.
• @ðbh pujmh nr phr el vnml bhstrlcmh jshs frlzhs…
• Ch shy `lplz mj tjrbnclr clml mj eh quj bj prhphcih.
• Ch vleih.
• Ch shy sugn`njctj.
Jstls mhs ñetnbls jrlc els glvhrntls mj bn Whz. Je sniunjctj jajr`n`nh tj vl l
lyumlr l rj`hch`jr leiucl mj jstls vh`js jc tu bjctj.
J AJV@N@NH1 @ LELCMH  L
 L E L W HQ
HQ

Jstl prnbjrl glsj mje prhirlbl js el mj el hfsjrvl`nðc, jc el quj tj pnmh quj

mj bhbjcth ch `lbfnjs clml mj eh quj vnjcjs dl`njcmh. @hc je sniunjctj
jajr`n`nh, snbpejbjctj tj pnmh quj nmjctngnqujs ehs pjcslbnjcths, pltrhcjs
bjctlejs y `rjjc`nls quj tj elczl El Whz, y quj enbntlc u hfstl`uenzlc tu
rjel`nðc `hc el `hbnml y `hc tu `ujrph.
]j pnmh quj rjlen`js jstl prì`tn`l l eh elrih mj thmh je prhirlbl. Js buy
nbphrtlctj quj mj bhbjcth sheh tj enbntjs l hfsjrvlr jshs pjcslbnjcths
quj surijc jc tu bjctj, snc auzilrehs, snc `lbfnlrehs, sjc`neelbjctj
lchtìcmhehs jc ucl enstl `hbh el quj sniuj.
GJ@DL _JCPLBNJC]H
 

]j rj`hbnjcmh quj tj dlils `hc ucl enfrjtl fhcntl, quj tj iustj y quj sjl
gì`ne mj eejvlr `hctnih. Jstl enfrjtl sjrì tu Mnlrnh mj Lenbjctl`nðc @hcs`njctj, mhcmj
phmrìs lchtlr thmls els rjgejxnhcjs quj jxtrlnils l eh elrih mje prhirlbl. _lrl
quj vhbntjs thmh pjcslbnjcth quj `rjls quj ncgeuyj jc tu ghrbl mj `hbjr.
Vjinstrl tlbfnîc sn rjl``nhcls l îe, pjrh `hc ucl bnrlml `urnhsl, quj ch
auzil, quj js `hbplsnvl. @hc el nctjc`nðc mj js`u`dlrtj y mj jctjcmjr quî
dly jc tu nctjrnhr jc jstj prj`nsh bhbjcth, snc `lbfnlr clml. @hbh sn gujrls
ucl `ìblrl mj vâmjh quj irlfl ehs pjcslbnjcths quj surijc jc tu bjctj y
quj mjs`rnfj hfajtnvlbjctj els rjl``nhcjs quj tnjcjs l ehs bnsbhs1 «Bj dj
vnsth mj`nrbj ―vl`l ihrml‒ y bj dj nmh le `dh`heltj».

Js mj subl nbphrtlc`nl quj js`rnfls; ch flstl `hc quj hfsjrvjs

bjctlebjctj tus pjcslbnjcths. ^ prjgjrjctjbjctj quj ehs js`rnfls l blch.
Jstl rj`hbjcml`nðc tnjcj uc gucmlbjcth cjurhquâbn`h1 jstì mjbhstrlmh quj
js`rnfnr l blch lyuml l trlcsgjrnr els nmjls l el bjctj bu`dh bìs gì`nebjctj
quj uslcmh uc tj`elmh.
]lbfnîc pujmjs prjstlr ltjc`nðc l el grj`ujc`nl `hc el quj pnjcsls jc el
`hbnml. ^ ch sheh jc eh quj qunjrjs `hbjr, snch tlbfnîc jc je jgj`th quj
el `hbnml tnjcj shfrj tu `ujrph, jc quî `hbnstj lctjs h jc quî pelcngn`ls
`hbjr mjspuîs.

¸Plfâls quj els buajrjs pjcslbhs jc el `hbnml `hbh bâcnbh je mhfej mj eh

quj pjcslbhs jc je sjxh8
Lucquj ch tnjcjc phr quî sjr ñcn`lbjctj pjcslbnjcths l`jr`l mj tu
rjel`nðc `hc el `hbnml h `hc tu lspj`th. Lchtl thmh pjcslbnjcth quj tj dlil
mlüh, quj tj enbntj jc `ulequnjr ìrjl mj tu vnml. Lprhvj`dl plrl nmjctngn`lr 
`ðbh tj eejvls `hc jsj tnph mj pjcslbnjcths. Hfsjrvl `ðbh rjl``nhcls l
jeehs. ^ sn ncgeuyjc jc tu blcjrl mj `hbjr. @ulcmh pneejs l El Whz elczìcmhtj
rjilenths, mjtjctj y prjiñctltj1 ¸\uî jstì h`urrnjcmh jc bn `ujrph ldhrl, le
 

js`u`dlr jsth8 @hcj`tl `hc tus sjcsl`nhcjs gâsn`ls.

@ulcmh
jsh, lchtjs susJsth
pjcslbnjcths. pjcslbnjcths, rj`ujrmlquj
js buy nbphrtlctj qujehchprl`tnqujs.
shc el vjrmlm. Phc sheh
^ rj`ujrml1 je
`hbjtnmh mj El Whz js ltl`lrtj.
Dlz ucl `lrn`lturl mj El Whz (ch `hpnjs el bâl, mnfual eh quj snjctls, `ðbh
bltjrnlenzlrâls thmh tu plrehtjh bjctle). Pn qunjrjs tì`dlel, ilrlfltîlel, dlzej
eh quj tj lpjtjz`l. ]j pnmh quj dlils uc mnfuah phrquj js ucl ghrbl mj
jxtjrclenzlr jsl vhz, eh `ule tj gl`nentlrì el tlrjl mj mjalr mj `rjjrtj eh quj
mn`jc. Jstlrìs `rjlcmh ucl bjtìghrl quj `hcvjrtnrì l El Whz jc leih jxtjrch l
tn, y tj gl`nentlrì el tlrjl mj ch `rjjrtj snjbprj eh quj mn`j tu bjctj.
_ujmjs pjilr tu mnfuah jc je jspjah, jc je lrblrnh h jc el cjvjrl, plrl
blctjcjr el iulrmnl letl grjctj l eh quj tj mn`j El Whz, shfrj el `hbnml, tu
`ujrph, tus dìfnths lenbjctlrnhs h tu pjsh. ]lbfnîc pujmjs sjr bìs
`hcs`njctj mj jstj tnph mj `hbjctlrnhs quj ehs mjbìs dl`jc, jc el tjejvnsnðc,
jc `hcvjrsl`nhcjs h jc els rjmjs sh`nlejs.
@hbh vjrìs bìs lmjelctj, el prì`tn`l rjiuelr mje snejc`nh, el shejmlm h el
bjmntl`nðc js nbprjs`ncmnfej plrl `rjlr uc jspl`nh quj tj pjrbntl
mnstlc`nlrtj mj El Whz.

Mjthclctjs jbh`nhclejs mje dlbfrj

Els jbh`nhcjs l`tñlc `hbh jstâbuehs nctjrchs quj l bjcumh chs eejvlc l
rjsphcmjr `hc el l``nðc luthbìtn`l mj `hbjr. ^ ch js jxtrlüh, pujs jstj
pltrðc eh nctjirlbhs mjsmj ehs prnbjrhs bjsjs mj vnml1 mj fjfîs,
rjsphcmâlbhs le nbpuesh mje dlbfrj eehrlcmh. ^ cujstrhs prhijcnthrjs
`leblflc cujstrh eelcth `hc el `hbnml, lucquj qunzì jstuvnîrlbhs
cj`jsntlcmh htrl `hsl. ^ mj blyhrjs, plrlmðan`lbjctj, `ulcmh tjcjbhs ilcls
mj eehrlr, sj chs mjspnjrtlc els ilcls mj `hbjr.

¸@ðbh mjgncnrâls quî js ucl jbh`nðc8 ¸Plfjs `hcj`tlr `hc els jbh`nhcjs
quj snjctjs, js`u`dlrels y mjs`ngrlr su bjcslaj8 Pn tu rjspujstl js cjiltnvl,
js lfsheutlbjctj
jbh`nhclejs. Ch chs chrble, pujs ljcjs`u`dlr
dlc jcsjülmh ijcjrlel cujstrh
shbhs `ujrph,
uchs lcleglfjths
cn l l`hijr 
 

els jbh`nhcjs quj vlc surinjcmh. Jc euilr mj lfrnrchs l jeels, djbhs

lprjcmnmh l trltlr mjalr mj sjctnrchs ble, mjslrrheelcmh el jstrltjinl mj
utnenzlr el `hbnml plrl dunr mj jeels, phrquj `hbjr chs lphrtl pel`jr 
ncbjmnlth.
¸]j sujej lpjtj`jr «`hbjr leih», lucquj ch tjcils dlbfrj gnsnheðin`l8
@ulcmh rj`urrnbhs le
`hbnml sleumlfej), mhcut mj
jstlbhs `dh`heltjrjiuelr
nctjctlcmh (h l ehs mìtnejs
leiucl sn tus lcthahs
jbh`nðc l trlvîsshc
mjmj
el
`hbnml h jvntlr `hsls quj ch chs ltrjvjbhs l sjctnr, `hbprjcmjr h supjrlr.
_jrh el rjlenmlm js quj l trlvîs mj el `hbnml ch vlbhs l jenbnclr cn rjiuelr els
jbh`nhcjs quj ch slfjbhs shstjcjr.

Zcl jbh`nðc js `hbh uc bjcslajrh quj ihepjl jc tu pujrtl plrl jctrjilrtj

uc bjcslaj. Pn ch `hctjstls l su eelblml, `hctnculrì ihepjlcmh, `lml vjz bìs
gujrtj dlstl quj ej lfrls el pujrtl. Js mj`nr, quj jstl jbh`nðc `hctnculrì
vncnjcmh l tn dlstl quj `hcsnil dl`jr su trlflah (jctrjilrtj je bjcslaj). Pheh
`ulcmh ej lfrls el pujrtl, js`u`djs su bjcslaj jbh`nhcle y thbjs els
l``nhcjs cj`jslrnls plrl sltnsgl`jreh, el jbh`nðc sj mlrì phr `hcshelml, su
nctjcsnmlm nrì mnsbncuyjcmh dlstl quj sj blr`dj.
Ch prjtjcmh dl`jr ucl mnsjrtl`nðc psn`heðin`l shfrj els jbh`nhcjs, pujs su
utnenmlm sjrâl js`lsl. Bn nctjc`nðc js quj jstj `hch`nbnjcth tj snrvl plrl
lprjcmjr l rj`hch`jr tus jbh`nhcjs, ltrjvjrtj l sjctnrels, pjrbntnrejs `ubpenr 
su guc`nðc mj bjcslajrls y slfjr `ðbh ltjcmjrels.
_lrl phmjr mjsjcblrlülr je bj`lcnsbh mj el rj`hbpjcsl js cj`jslrnh quj
tjcilbhs uc `hch`nbnjcth lmj`ulmh shfrj els jbh`nhcjs quj bìs
grj`ujctjbjctj mnsplrlc els `hcmu`tls lenbjctlrnls `hbpuesnvls. Lsâ quj jc
je lplrtlmh quj sniuj tj ncvnth l quj bj l`hbplüjs jc uc vnlaj phr mnstncths
jstlmhs jbh`nhclejs plrl lprjcmjr l rj`hch`jrehs jc chshtrhs bnsbhs y
`hbprjcmjr el ghrbl jc quj `lml uch mj jeehs pnmj sjr ltjcmnmh. _lrl sjr 
`lpl`js mj jc`hctrlr l`tnvnmlmjs quj sustntuylc el rj`hbpjcsl jbh`nhcle
quj chs lphrtl el `hbnml.
]rls ucl frjvj mjs`rnp`nðc mj `lml jbh`nðc, tj prhphcih mnvjrshs lctâmhths
plrl rjiuelrels, quj dj lprjcmnmh irl`nls l bn psn`ðehil mje Ncstntut Ihbï :.
Le gncle mj `lml jstlmh jbh`nhcle, nc`euyh uc jspl`nh jc je quj tj pnmh quj
js`rnfls phr quî snjctjs `lml jbh`nðc. _ujmjs lchtlreh jc je enfrh h jc tu
mnlrnh mj mjtleejs.
thmhs ehs lenbjctl`nðc `hcs`njctj,
Jstj lplrtlmh pjrh
eh dj shfrj mje
jxtrlâmh thmh ch tjcilsenfrh
neubnclmhr prnsl,
El js`rnfj
mnjtl mje 
 

lebl mj Blrnlccj Yneenlbshc.

 Lfurrnbnjcth
«Je lfurrnbnjcth js uc sâcthbl ncjquâvh`h mj quj
ch jstìs l iusth `hctnih bnsbh».
Jrn`d Grhbb
_sn`hlclenstl, psn`ðehih sh`nle y gneðshgh dublcnstl,
rjchvlmhr mj el js`ujel psn`hlcleâtn`l jc je s.  TT .

Zcl mj els jbh`nhcjs quj bìs sj rjel`nhcl `hc el lenbjctl`nðc jbh`nhcle js

je lfurrnbnjcth. Je hrnijc jtnbheðin`h mj «lfurrnbnjcth» js lfdhrrjrj, quj jc
eltâc snicngn`l «tjcjr dhrrhr». @ulcmh chs lsletl je lfurrnbnjcth, sjctnbhs
dhrrhr jc cujstrh nctjrnhr. ^ plrl dunr mj jsj blejstlr nctjrnhr, fus`lbhs
jvlmnrchs, yl sjl `hbnjcmh snc tjcjr dlbfrj h `hc `ulequnjr htrh tnph mj
plr`dj. Je `lsh js «dl`jr leih».
@ulcmh `hcvnvâl `hc bn jxplrjal, chs mjmn`ìflbhs bu`dh l trlflalr ”pujs
tjcâlbhs uc cjih`nh aucths” y cujstrl vnml jstlfl rjpejtl mj
rjsphcslfnenmlmjs. Le rjirjslr l `lsl, jxtjculmhs, je bjahr pelc quj tjcâlbhs
jrl `hbjr jc je shgì vnjcmh ucl pjeâ`uel. ]rls ucl `jcl `leðrn`l y `hpnhsl, chs
tlpìflbhs `hc ucl blctl, `hiâlbhs je blcmh l mnstlc`nl y plsìflbhs bu`dh
tnjbph mj`nmnjcmh quî pjeâ`uel vjr. Je lfurrnbnjcth nfl jc lubjcth y plrl
lbjcnzlr el fñsqujml, uch mj ehs mhs nfl prjplrlcmh ucls plehbntls,
ihehsncls y leih bìs plrl mnstrljrchs uc ph`h, «dl`njcmh leih» bnjctrls
jc`hctrìflbhs el pjeâ`uel nmðcjl.
Lucquj l`lfìflbhs mj `jclr y rjlebjctj ch tjcâlbhs dlbfrj, `lml uch
lilrrlfl uc puülmh mj plehbntls y jbpjzlfl l `hbjr, bnjctrls
prhsjiuâlbhs `hc je zlppnci. ^ le `lfh mj ph`h rlth, eejiìflbhs le ghcmh mje
fhe
nfl lmjel plehbntls, subjrinmhs
`h`ncl l phr leih bìs. jc jsl
^ lsâ ncjr`nl. Zch
sjiuâlbhs mj ehs
murlctj mhselsj
thml ejvlctlfl
pjeâ`uel (sn jsj
quj el jc`hctrìflbhs), thtlebjctj jc bhmh zhbfn y jbpl`dlmhs.

@ulcmh ch jstlbhs l iusth `hc chshtrhs bnsbhs, nc`hcs`njctjbjctj

fus`lbhs mnstrljrchs pn`htjlcmh snc prjstlr ltjc`nðc. Jc euilr mj mjalrchs
eejvlr phr el ncjr`nl bjctle, phmrâlbhs prjiuctlrchs1
¸@ðbh bj snjcth8
¸Bj mnvjrtnrì `hbjrbj jsls plehbntls8
 

¸@hbjr jsls ihehsncls dlrì quj bj mnstrlnil8

¸_lrl quî bj els jsthy `hbnjcmh8
¸\uî ej gletl l jstj bhbjcth plrl sltnsgl`jrbj8
¸\uî `hsls phmrâlc mnvjrtnrbj, rjlebjctj, plrl mjalr mj uslr el `hbnml `hbh
mnstrl``nðc8

yElhfsjrvl
prðxnbl`hc
vjz ltjc`nðc
quj tj jc`ujctrjs jc ucl
je bjcslaj qujsntul`nðc plrj`nml,
tj eejiuj. dlztjmj
El bnsnðc prjiuctls
dl`jrtj
prjiuctls `hbh jstls ch js auzilrtj cn `ueplfnenzlrtj; el prjiuctl js uc
rj`ursh quj tj sjrvnrì plrl grjclr je nbpuesh luthbìtn`h mj lejalrtj mj tu
lfurrnbnjcth l trlvîs mj el `hbnml.
Pnjcth lfhrrj`nbnjcth lctj
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.
]le vjz qunjrjs `lbfnlr leih jc tu vnml, pjrh ch tj snjctjs `lplz mj
`hbprhbjtjrtj `hc dl`jreh. Ch jxnenjs je lfurrnbnjcth le nc`hcs`njctj. Js`rnfj
eh quj tj sleil le rjspj`th, snc rjgejxnhclr cn `jcsurlr. Js`râfjeh ldhrl, phr 
glvhr.
]rnstjzl
El trnstjzl js ucl jbh`nðc `leblml quj tnjcj quj vjr `hc el pîrmnml. Js ucl
eelblml mj lyuml quj chs ncvntl l `hch`jrchs bjahr, l bnrlr dl`nl lmjctrh.
Jc je plslmh sheâl rj`dlzlr el trnstjzl, el sjpuetlfl jc bn nctjrnhr phrquj ch
qujrâl sjctnrel cn bhstrlrel l ehs mjbìs. _jrh jc je ghcmh bj sjctâl buy trnstj
y shel. ^ rj`urrâl l el `hbnml plrl `hcshelrbj, pujs bj prhphr`nhclfl uc
pel`jr quj bj trlcsphrtlfl l bn tlc lcdjelml lejirâl (lucquj buy
guilzbjctj).
Jc ehs bhbjcths bìs ncjspjrlmhs, el trnstjzl quj eejvlfl shtjrrlml buy

lmjctrh `hbh
phrquj, nrrubpâl `hc`hbjctlmh
tj dj nctjcsnmlmlctjrnhrbjctj,
(ch phrquj sjl ucl jbh`nðc
`ulcmh ch lfrnbhslirjsnvl snchl
el pujrtl
ucl jbh`nðc quj nctjctl jctrjilrchs uc bjcslaj, jstl `lml vjz ihepjlrì bìs
gujrtj dlstl quj lfrlbhs y rj`nflbhs el ncghrbl`nðc quj `hctnjcj). ]rls tjcjr 
vlrnhs jpnshmnhs mj trnstjzl snc cnciñc bhtnvh lplrjctj ”h `hbh bâcnbh,
prhphr`nhclmh”, gnclebjctj mj`nmâ pjmnr lyuml. Ncn`nî tjrlpnl `hc bn
psn`ðehil y `hbprjcmâ quj eh quj dlfâl dj`dh murlctj thml bn vnml jrl
nichrlr y tlphclr bn trnstjzl. Jctjcmâ quj jstl tjcâl ucl `lusl y, ph`h l ph`h,
gun lprjcmnjcmh l l`jptlrel, snbpejbjctj pjrbntnîcmhbj jstlr trnstj `ulcmh
jstl jbh`nðc eelblfl l bn pujrtl. ^ `hbh eh quj rj`elbl el trnstjzl js
`hcsujeh, ph`h l ph`h sj guj mjsvlcj`njcmh, pujs yl dlfâl `ubpenmh su
bnsnðc.
 

Leiucl vjz, `ulcmh dls sjctnmh trnstjzl, ¸dls fus`lmh `hcsujeh jc el

`hbnml8 ¸\uî tle guj8 ¸Dleelstj `hcsujeh, ltjc`nðc y `hbprjcsnðc jc els
pltltls grntls8 Jc el cnüjz ¸tus plmrjs tj `hbprlflc `du`djrâls, djelmhs h
ileejtls plrl quj `lbfnlrls tu jstlmh mj ìcnbh, y plslfls mj el trnstjzl l el
lejirâl l trlvîs mj el `hbnml8
¸Pujejs rj`urrnr le bnsbh lenbjcth jc ehs bhbjcths jc quj snjctjs pjcl8
¸@uìe js tu lenbjcth `hcsujeh78
¸\uî snjctjs quj dls pjrmnmh8
¸\uî fjcjgn`nhs tj lphrtl jstlr trnstj8
Pn blctnjcjs jstj jstlmh jbh`nhcle, js phrquj tj lphrtl leiñc fjcjgn`nh
nc`hcs`njctj. @hbh djbhs vnsth jc je lplrtlmh mj ehs dìfnths, mjtrìs mj
cujstrls `hcmu`tls snjbprj dly ucl ilclc`nl. Jc bn `lsh, jstlr trnstj bj
sjrvâl plrl ch rjsphcslfnenzlrbj mj bn vnml y sjr ucl phfrj vâ`tnbl quj
cj`jsntlfl sjr rjs`ltlml phr uc prâc`npj lzue h phr leiunjc bìs gujrtj y vìenmh
quj yh. Jstl `hc`eusnðc ch js gì`ne mj le`lczlr phr cujstrl prhpnl `ujctl; mj
ldâ quj, sn tj jc`ujctrls jc uc jstlmh rj`urrjctj mj trnstjzl, tj `hcvnjcj
bu`dh fus`lr lyuml.
]jcih je `hrlzðc rhth phrquj
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.
\unzìs tj dlc lflcmhclmh h dls pjrmnmh leiñc sjr qujrnmh. Ch jxnenjs el
trnstjzl le nc`hcs`njctj. Js`rnfj eh quj tj mî el ilcl le rjspj`th. Js`râfjeh
ldhrl phr glvhr.

@uepl
Jc bn hpncnðc, el `uepl js ucl mj els jbh`nhcjs bìs mngâ`nejs mj ijstnhclr y
tðxn`ls quj jxnstjc. Jc el ncbjcsl blyhrâl mj ehs `hcgen`ths `hc el `hbnml y
`hc el gletl mj l`jptl`nðc, el `uepl jstì buy prjsjctj. El gnclenmlm mj el `uepl
js je `lstnih1 ucl slc`nðc h pjcl quj sj lpen`l l qunjc dl `hbjtnmh ucl gletl,
h chs dl pjraumn`lmh, h dl snmh ncausth. ^ chs `lstnilbhs l chshtrhs bnsbhs l
trlvîs mj el `hbnml, `hcmjcìcmhchs l pjrblcj`jr ihrmhs j ncgjen`js, phr jstl
`rjjc`nl mj quj djbhs `hbjtnmh ucl gletl. El `uepl lplrj`j jc bu`dls
sntul`nhcjs1
• @ulcmh pnjcsls «Why l `hbjr uc plr mj hczls mj `dh`heltj» pjrh tj `hbjs
el tlfejtl jctjrl, tj `uepls phr tu js`lsl gujrzl mj vheuctlm. Jcthc`js, l
 

bhmh mj `lstnih, nctjctls `hbpjcslreh plsìcmhtj snc `hbjr je rjsth mje mâl
h bl`dl`ìcmhtj dl`njcmh mjphrtj le mâl sniunjctj.
• @ulcmh snjctjs quj ch mjmn`ls sugn`njctj tnjbph l tus dnahs h quj ch ejs
mjmn`ls flstlctj ltjc`nðc y `lrnüh.
• @ulcmh snjctjs quj yl dls `hbnmh sugn`njctj y mjfjrâls plrlr, pjrh ch
pujmjs mjalr mj dl`jreh. ^ tj `uepls.
• @ulcmh gnclebjctj ehirls `jslr mj `hbjr, snjctjs `ueplfnenmlm phr thmh eh
quj dls `hbnmh.
• @ulcmh eejils l `lsl snc jcjriâl y tnjcjs `jrh lpjtnth sjxule.
• @ulcmh jbpnjzls l bjahrlr tu blcjrl mj `hbjr h nctjctls flalr mj pjsh y
`hcsniujs dl`jr `lbfnhs le rjspj`th, pjrh le ph`h tnjbph mjsnstjs mj tu
nctjcth, tj ncvlmjc el `uepl y ucl sjcsl`nðc mj nc`lpl`nmlm.
• @ulcmh tnjcjs ucl mns`usnðc, tj snjctjs `ueplfej y tj `lstnils snc `hbjr 
dlstl je mâl sniunjctj.
• @ulcmh tj prhphcjs dl`jr bìs mjphrtj pjrh ch tnjcjs ilcls mj clml, y ch
eh dl`js.
•rjl``nhclcmh
@ulcmh jbpnjzls l sjr bìs
`hc vnhejc`nl `hcs`njctj
`hc tus dnahs h tuyplrjal.
«jspnrntule» y tjphr
]j `uepls shrprjcmjs
ch l`tulr 
`hbh el pjrshcl jvheu`nhclml, jqunenfrlml y `jctrlml jc el quj sj suphcj
quj tj dls `hcvjrtnmh irl`nls l thmh je «trlflah nctjrnhr» quj dls dj`dh.
• Nc`eush `ulcmh els `hsls tj vlc fnjc jc pejcl `rnsns j`hcðbn`l ijcjrle, tj
snjctjs `ueplfej phr tjcjr îxnth (jspj`nlebjctj els buajrjs).
¸^ quî eìtnih uslbhs `hbh vâl mj `lstnih8 Fncih, el `hbnml. @hbjr 
jx`jsnvlbjctj, h ch `hbjr, js uc l`th lirjsnvh `hctrl chshtrhs bnsbhs.
@ulcmh chs `lstnilbhs ”phr `ulequnjrl mj els rlzhcjs quj tj l`lfh mj
jxphcjr” ch dl`jbhs bìs quj nc`rjbjctlr el vnhejc`nl.

¸Jc el cnüjz, leiucl vjz tj `lstnilrhc snc `hbjr eh quj l tn tj iustlfl8 H

`ulcmh tj «phrtlfls ble», ¸tj mlflc mj `hbjr pelths quj mjtjstlfls8
_rhflfejbjctj leiucl vjz vnvnstj jsl sntul`nðc jc quj tj hfenilrhc l
pjrblcj`jr jc el sneel dlstl quj ch tj tjrbnclrls tu `hbnml. Ldhrl, jc el jmlm
lmuetl, ¸sniujs utnenzlcmh el `hbnml `hbh ghrbl mj `lstnih8 @ulcmh «tj phrtls
ble», ¸tj prhdâfjs mjtjrbnclmhs lenbjcths8 ¸L`lsh tj hfenils l `hbjr `njrths
lenbjcths quj ch tj lpjtj`jc8 ¸H qunzì lrrlsls `hc thmhs lqujeehs quj
chrblebjctj tj prhdâfjs8
 

Jc el blyhrâl mj jsths `lshs, jc quj chs `ueplbhs y chs auzilbhs, eh

dl`jbhs phrquj ch chs `hch`jbhs rjlebjctj. @ulcmh nctjctlbhs sjr leiunjc
mnstncth l cujstrl jsjc`nl. Jcthc`js, ¸`uìe js je lctâmhth mj el `uepl8 Je
lprjcmnzlaj. Je luth`hch`nbnjcth.
Lsâ quj je pucth mj plrtnml plrl quj jbpnj`js l quntlrtj je elstrj mj el `uepl
js lmhptlr el pjrspj`tnvl mje lprjcmnzlaj y mj el `urnhsnmlm, dl`nîcmhtj
prjiuctls `hbh1
¸\uî ch jsthy l`jptlcmh8
¸_lrl quî dl h`urrnmh jstl sntul`nðc8 ¸\uî pujmh lprjcmjr mj jeel8
Pn tj gnals, prjiuctlrtj «plrl quî» dl su`jmnmh h dls l`tulmh `hbh eh dls
dj`dh, jc euilr mj «phr quî», tj pjrbntj mlrtj `ujctl mj eh quj dl h`urrnmh
mj ucl ghrbl bìs hfajtnvl. Jstìs `lbfnlcmh je ncñtne aujih mj el `ueplfnenmlm
phr el hfsjrvl`nðc.
Je `lbnch mje luth`hch`nbnjcth ch js rìpnmh y sâ buy pjrshcle; jxnstjc
tlcths `lbnchs `hbh `lbnclctjs. L bâ bj dlc lyumlmh bu`dâsnbls
djrrlbnjctls, `hbh ehs enfrhs, el tjrlpnl psn`heðin`l, el bjmntl`nðc, je
jcjlirlbl, je mjphrtj, el lstrhehiâl, gnehshgâls `hbh je jsthn`nsbh h je lmvlntl,
lprjcmjr l rjspnrlr, je `hl`dnci,  je bncmguecjss… Ncvjstnil y jbpnjzl `hc el quj
bìs tj eelbj h bìs `ðbhml tj rjsuetj.
«Ch dly bu`dhs `lbnchs.
Dly bu`dhs chbfrjs plrl je bnsbh `lbnch,
y jstj `lbnch js `hcs`njc`nl».
Hsdh
Eâmjr mj uc bhvnbnjcth jspnrntule mj Ncmnl

L bjcumh su`jmj quj, `ulcmh jbpjzlbhs l hfsjrvlrchs y l `hch`jrchs

bìs l chshtrhs bnsbhs, vjbhs `hsls quj ch chs iustlc. ¡^ cujvlbjctj
tjcjbhs bhtnvhs plrl `ueplrchs! «Ch mjfjrâl dlfjr mn`dh jsth», «Ch mjfjrâl
dlfjrbj `hbnmh jsj trhzh mj plc», «@hc tlctl bjmntl`nðc quj dlih, mjfjrâl
rjl``nhclr bìs sjrjclbjctj», «Ch mjfjrâl dlfjr l`tulmh mj tle ghrbl»…
@ulcmh tj jc`ujctrjs `uepìcmhtj lsâ, mjtîc el jspnrle mj rjprh`djs y
 

l`îptltj. Mntj quj ch dly clml quj `lbfnlr. Dlfelrjbhs jxtjcslbjctj shfrj
el l`jptl`nðc l eh elrih mje enfrh.
Lñc ch bj dj pjrmhclmh phr 
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.
\unzì ch dlyls snmh `lplz mj pjrmhclrtj phr uc dj`dh mj luthslfhtlaj h
trln`nðc quj dlyls `hbjtnmh jc je plslmh, `hctrl tn h `hctrl htrl pjrshcl. Ch
jxnenjs el `uepl le nc`hcs`njctj. Js`rnfj eh quj tj mî el ilcl le rjspj`th.
Js`râfjeh ldhrl, phr glvhr.
Nrl
«Zslcmh snbpejbjctj el jcjriâl quj ilsth
dl`njcmh pu`djrhs js`rnfâ uc feujs».
Mukj Jeencithc
@hbphsnthr, pnlcnstl y eâmjr mj ucl flcml mj alzz

El nrl rjsphcmj l ucl ncaustn`nl. @hc el nrl mjenbntlbhs cujstrhs eâbntjs,

`ulcmh pjr`nfnbhs quj dlc snmh trlsplslmhs h `ulcmh chs sjctnbhs
nctnbnmlmhs. Chs l`tnvl plrl l`tulr lctj jsl ncaustn`nl. Js ucl jbh`nðc chrble
y clturle, pjrh `hbh jc cujstrl `ueturl `rnstnlcl sj chs dl jcsjülmh l sjr 
«fujchs» y quj els pjrshcls fujcls «ch sj jcglmlc», ¸quî dl`jbhs `hc el
nrl8 Chs el trlilbhs, el js`hcmjbhs, el bjmn`lbhs… @hbh `hc je rjsth mj
jbh`nhcjs, ej dl`jbhs mj thmh bjchs js`u`dlrel. El nrl js el jbh`nðc quj
bìs jcjriâl prj`nsl (y ilstl) y sn mjalbhs quj sj l`ubuej jc je `ujrph, sj nrì
`hcvnrtnjcmh jc rjsjctnbnjcth (bnjctrls quj je lctâmhth plrl el nrl js je
mjsldhih).
El nrl js ucl ncvntl`nðc l el l``nðc, lsâ quj jc euilr mj `hbîrtjel, mjfjs
js`u`dlrel y `lclenzlrel. _lrl jeeh, jc prnbjr euilr, js jsjc`nle quj rj`hchz`ls
y lmbntls tu `lfrjh. Eujih, quj jc`ujctrjs el ghrbl mj jxprjslrel. Ch js
cj`jslrnh quj vh`ngjrjs l ehs mjbìs cn quj ehs sl`umls. _ujmjs jc`hctrlr 
hp`nhcjs bìs `hcstru`tnvls, `hbh mlrej le sl`h mj fhxjh (tlbfnîc vlej
ihepjlr lebhdlmls). H irntlr jstlcmh l shels h jc je `h`dj (prjgjrnfejbjctj
`hc els vjctlcneels `jrrlmls), ilrlfltjlr `hc gujrzl ucl dhal mj plpje… @hbh
vjs thmls shc hp`nhcjs jc els quj dly `hctl`th.

Ncsnsth jc quj sjl ucl ghrbl mj lenvnh `hcstru`tnvl, phrquj sn ej mls uc

puüjtlzh l el plrjm, sâ, mjs`lrils, pjrh tj jstìs luthejsnhclcmh. El `uepl jstì
 

dl`njcmh quj tj `lstniujs.

_hr `njrth, ch js cj`jslrnh quj tj mjsldhiujs austh jc je bhbjcth mje jchah,
pujmjs dl`jreh phstjrnhrbjctj, `ulcmh tjcils hphrtucnmlm.
Bj plrj`j ncausth quj
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.
]le vjz tj dlc trltlmh ncaustlbjctj, dls sjctnmh quj tj cnciucjlflc h
mjsprj`nlflc, h ch pujmjs enfrlrtj mj el nrl quj tj prhvh`l je
`hbphrtlbnjcth nclmj`ulmh mj ehs mjbìs. Ch jxnenjs el rlfnl le nc`hcs`njctj.
Js`rnfj eh quj tj mî el ilcl le rjspj`th. Js`râfjeh ldhrl, phr glvhr.
_jrjzl
«El pjrjzl ch js bìs quj je dìfnth mj mjs`lcslr
lctjs mj jstlr `lcslmh».
Auejs Vjclrm
Js`rnthr, phjtl y mrlblturih

Jc `ulcth l el lenbjctl`nðc, el pjrjzl js uc jcjbnih sutne pjrh buy

fhn`htjlmhr. ¸@uìctls vj`js eejils l `lsl `hc lihtlbnjcth y eh ñcn`h quj
mjsjls js mjalrtj `ljr jc je shgì y `hbjr8 Pheh pjcslr jc nr l dl`jr el `hbprl,
jc tjcjr quj `h`nclr, jc jspjrlr l quj sj `h`ncj… Pj tj dl`j ucl bhctlül.
Lfrjs je plqujtj mj `hbnml prj`h`nclml, eh bjtjs jc je bn`rhhcmls y tj
mn`js1 «Je eucjs bj phcih l `hbjr fnjc».
Ch sheh sjctnbhs pjrjzl phr jstlr `lcslmhs. Jc bu`dhs `lshs, el pjrjzl chs
sj`ujstrl `ulcmh jvntlbhs dl`jr grjctj l els `hsls quj ch chs sjctnbhs
prjplrlmhs plrl rjlenzlr, lqujeeh quj chs dl`j sjctnr nc`ðbhmhs, quj chs
rjsuetl lfurrnmh h quj nbpen`l el `hcgrhctl`nðc `hc cujstrl prhpnl pjrshcl. El
tjcmjc`nl l lpelzlr uc lsucth plrl bìs tlrmj sj eelbl prh`rlstncl`nðc, y vl mj
el blch mj el pjrjzl. Mj cujvh, js uc bj`lcnsbh quj chs pjrbntj dunr 
y jvlmnrchs mj ucl rjlenmlm lfurrnml. El prh`rlstncl`nðc js `hbh `ulequnjr 
dìfnth ch`nvh h lmn``nðc1 el rjspujstl rutnclrnl y dlfntule jc el quj `lj tu
`jrjfrh, `hbh rjl``nðc l mjtjrbnclmhs jstâbuehs, plrl mjalr leih plrl bìs
tlrmj. Js ucl rjspujstl bu`dh bìs gì`ne quj mjspjrtlr el gujrzl mj vheuctlm
”yl tj `hctî quj jstl usl bu`dhs rj`urshs cjurhclejs”. Lsâ quj sn tnjcjs
tjcmjc`nl l `ljr jc el pjrjzl, sjrâl uc `hctrlsjctnmh quj tj pnmnjrl quj
bleilstlrls tu gujrzl mj vheuctlm plrl `hbfltnrel. _jrh pujmjs
`hbprhbjtjrtj l prl`tn`lr ehs rjths «lctnjx`usl» (ehs mje n`hch mj uc `hdjtj)
quj jc`hctrlrìs jc `lml lplrtlmh, quj ph`h l ph`h tj lyumlrìc l lmqunrnr 

mhbncnh shfrj tu zhbfn nctjrnhr .

 

 Lmnjstrlcmh l tu zhbfn nctjrnhr 

Le ejvlctlrtj
`hbprhflr tus phr el sh`nlejs
rjmjs blülcl,h¸eh prnbjrh
tu `hrrjh quj dl`js Pnjstnjcjs
jej`trðcn`h8 bnrlr jstj
je bðvne plrl
dìfnth tj
prhphcih quj blülcl, austh le ejvlctlrtj, phcils uc tjbphrnzlmhr mj <?
bncuths plrl dl`jr `ulequnjrl mj ehs jajr`n`nhs mje enfrh (h bjmntlr, dl`jr 
leiñc jajr`n`nh mj bhvnbnjcth) y phsphcils el rj`hbpjcsl mj clvjilr phr 
Nctjrcjt, sheh <? bncuths.

Le phcjr jc prì`tn`l jajr`n`nhs mj luth`hctrhe `hbh jstj, tu zhbfn nctjrnhr tj

mnrì «Ch plslrì clml phr j`dlr uc vnstlzh l Ncstlirlb, sheh uc bhbjctnth».
Ch ej dlils `lsh, râjtj mj îe y thbl els rnjcmls mj tus dìfnths zhbfns. Jstj
luthmhbncnh sj jxtjcmjrì l htrls ìrjls mj tu vnml, `hbh el mj tu ghrbl mj
`hbjr.

Jc euilr mj mj`nrtj quj jrjs uc vlih y quj phsphcjs snjbprj els `hsls,
pujmjs jbpjzlr l jctrjclr el `lpl`nmlm mj nmjctngn`lr el sjcsl`nðc mj pjrjzl,
mj prh`rlstncl`nðc h ncmngjrjc`nl, `ulcmh tj ncvlml. Jc jsths bhbjcths,
pujmjs hptlr phr `hbfltnr je prhfejbl mj rlâz, dl`nîcmhtj els sniunjctjs
prjiuctls1
¸\uî vhy l pjrmjr sn eh mjah plrl blülcl8
¸\uî prj`nh vhy l plilr qujmìcmhbj jc bn zhcl mj `hcghrt8
@ulcmh dj slenmh mj bn zhcl mj `hcghrt, ¸quî dj ehirlmh8
Pnjcth pjrjzl `ulcmhXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
`ulcmhXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX..
_ujmj sjr quj snjctls `lcslc`nh gâsn`h, bjctle y jbh`nhcle. \uj tj `ujstj
ijcjrlr jcjriâl. \uj tj rjsuetj mngâ`ne lsubnr rjsphcslfnenmlmjs. Ch jxnenjs el
pjrjzl le nc`hcs`njctj. Js`rnfj eh quj tj mî el ilcl le rjspj`th.

Phejmlm
 

El shejmlm js ucl mj els jbh`nhcjs quj bìs bnjmh chs ml y quj bjchs
slfjbhs ijstnhclr. El blyhrâl mj els pjrshcls ch slfjc jstlr shels `hcsnih
bnsbls, phrquj jctrlc jc `hctl`th `hc ucl sjcsl`nðc mj vl`âh, mj `lrjc`nl mj
leih h leiunjc.
 ^h ch sshphrtlfl
hphrtlfl jstlr `hcbnih bnsbl, ch phmâl jstlr snc dl`jr clml,
c lml, l shels

`hc jsl sjcsl`nðc

nctrlcqunenmlm quj mj
bjvl`âh nctjrnhr,
plrj`âl quj bj `hcnfl
je ltsuclbn
lsgnxnlr.mj blejstlr,
^ ¸quî dl`âlncqunjtum
`ulcmh bjj
sjctâl shel8 ]hblr lenbjcths buy irlshs, phcjrbj l trlflalr `hbh ucl
phsjsl, bnrlr nctjrcjt, eelblr l leiunjc h `hbjr y fjfjrbj ucl fhtjeel mj
vnch plrl trlcqunenzlrbj, plrl plenlr je sugrnbnjcth, plrl eejclr jsj vl`âh. Bj
eejclfl mj l`tnvnmlm plrl jvlmnrbj mj bn bucmh nctjrnhr, mj jsls jbh`nhcjs
quj ch slfâl shstjcjr. _jrh ch dlfâl `hbnml cn tlrjls sugn`njctjs jc je bucmh
plrl eejclr je irlc vl`âh quj sjctâl mjctrh mj bâ. El nc`hbhmnmlm quj bj
prhmu`âl je sjctnbnjcth mj shejmlm nctjrnhr (lucquj jstuvnjrl rhmjlml mj
ijctj) bj bhstrlfl quj jstlfl buy mjs`hcj`tlml mj bn `hrlzðc. Zch mj bns
lprjcmnzlajs bìs vlenhshs dl snmh lprjcmjr l mlrbj lbhr l bâ bnsbl y mjalr 
mj fus`lrehl gujrl.
y ltrjvjrbj Mjalr
jctrlr jc mj jvntlr
jsj mhehr jctrlr
quj tjcâl jc jc `hctl`thl trlvîs
bn nctjrnhr, `hc bnmjeblejstlr 
snejc`nh
y mj el shejmlm.

 ^ tñ, ¸`ðbh tj eejvls `hc el shejmlm8 @ulcmh slfjs quj tj t j qujmlrìs l shels,
¸tj ncvlmjc el lcsnjmlm y el nc`hbhmnmlm8 ]jcjbhs le le`lc`j bu`dls ghrbls
mj mnstrljrchs plrl lcjstjsnlrchs y jsqunvlr je mhehr. ¸@uìe js tu glvhrntl8

Jc uc rj`njctj jstumnh `njctâgn`h ejâ quj el `rjltnvnmlm rjmu`j ehs jgj`ths

cjiltnvhs mj el shejmlm (`hbh prhfejbls mj sleum, el mjprjsnðc, je `hbjr phr 
lcsnjmlm h el hfjsnmlm). ]j lcnbh l quj, `ulcmh tj ncvlml je sjctnbnjcth mj
shejmlm, jc vjz mj nrtj l el cjvjrl, prujfjs `hc leiucl ghrbl mj jxprjsnðc
`rjltnvl, quj l tn tj iustj (phcjrtj bñsn`l y flnelr, mnfualr, `h`nclr ucl rj`jtl
quj cuc`l dlyls dj`dh lctjs, `lctlr, dl`jr uc `heelij `hc nbìijcjs mj
rjvnstls y rj`hrtjs mj plelfrls, js`rnfnr ucl dnsthrnl…).

Dlz clml
 

Je rjth quj tj prhphcih ”quj pjrshclebjctj bj lyumð bu`dh l phmjr 

jstlr l shels `hcbnih bnsbl” js quj mj vjz jc `ulcmh mjmnqujs uc rltnth l
jstlr l shels, snc mnstrl``nhcjs (ch `hbjr, ch bnrlr je bðvne, ch ejjr, ch
gublr… dl`njcmh clml). ]j snjctls jc uc plrquj y hfsjrvls eh quj tj rhmjl y
ehs gjcðbjchs quj vlc surinjcmh jc tu nctjrnhr. Pn shc buy mjslirlmlfejs y
lfrublmhrjs, rjspnrl prhgucmlbjctj, lfrlzl els jbh`nhcjs quj vlc
lgehrlcmh, snc nctjctlr `lbfnlrels, snctnjcmh je bhbjcth snc auzilreh.
Bj snjcth sjplrlmh mj
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.
_ujmj sjr quj tj dlyls sjplrlmh mj ucl lbnstlm, mj ucl pjrshcl nbphrtlctj
plrl tn, mj uc glbnenlr h mj uc iruph h `hbucnmlm. Ch jxnenjs tu sjctnbnjcth
mj sjplrl`nðc le nc`hcs`njctj. Js`rnfj eh quj tj mî el ilcl le rjspj`th.
Bnjmh
El rjspujstl mje hrilcnsbh lctj el jbh`nðc mje bnjmh js je jstrîs. Js uc
bj`lcnsbh djrjmlmh mj cujstrhs lctjplslmhs, phr je `ule, le jcgrjctlrchs l
el lbjclzl mj ucl gnjrl, je `ujrph sj prjplrlfl plrl eu`dlr h dunr. Dhy el
blyhrâl mj ijctj sj snjctj lbjclzlml phr els jxnijc`nls elfhrlejs, phr je
jx`jsh mj l`tnvnmlm, phr bnjmh l pjrmjr leih, phr uc bltrnbhcnh quj ch
guc`nhcl, phr el gletl mj tnjbph, phr ch tjcjr sugn`njctj mncjrh, phr el
dnphtj`l, phr jcgjrbjmlmjs (prhpnls h mj leiñc sjr qujrnmh) y jspj`nlebjctj
phr prhfejbls jbh`nhclejs. Jstj jstlmh mj lejrtl dl`j quj je `ujrph
mjblcmj y `hcsubl bu`dl jcjriâl (plrl eu`dlr h dunr), phr eh quj trls je pn`h
mj jstrîs, chs lpjtj`jc lenbjcths quj chs rj`hbphcilc, `hbh snjbprj, rn`hs
jc irlsl, sle y lzñ`lr.
Lmjbìs, `ulcmh chs jc`hctrlbhs lctj ucl sntul`nðc jstrjslctj, je hrilcnsbh
enfjrl `hrtnshe, quj sn fnjc js cj`jslrnh plrl vnvnr, `ulcmh su prhmu``nðc js
jx`jsnvl h pjrblcj`j jc el slcirj murlctj uc pjrnhmh mj tnjbph prhehcilmh,
lubjctl je mjsjh mj `hbjr `hbpuesnvlbjctj. _jrh je jstrîs y el lcsnjmlm l
leiucls pjrshcls ejs nc`rjbjctl je dlbfrj y jc `lbfnh, l htrls, ejs `njrrlc je
lpjtnth.
 

Jc je enfrh Dlbfrj, jbh`nhcjs y `jrjfrh ”`hbjr `hc `lfjzl  ehs luthrjs jxpen`lc quj
sn l leiucls pjrshcls je jstrîs y el lcsnjmlm ejs ijcjrlc dlbfrj jbh`nhcle, js
mjfnmh l quj sus `ujrphs sj`rjtlc mj ghrbl clturle blyhrjs `lctnmlmjs mj
`hrtnshe `hbh rjspujstl le jstrîs. ]lbfnîc tnjcjc prjmnsphsn`nðc l `hbjr bìs
lctj sntul`nhcjs jstrjslctjs els pjrshcls `uyhs `ujrphs rjqunjrjc bìs

tnjbph
quj sn lplrl
tn sjenbpnlr je je
tj `njrrl thrrjctj slciuâcjh
jstðblih mj el l`ubuel`nðc
`hc je jstrîs y el lcsnjmlm,mjjs`hrtnshe.
phrqujLsâ 
tu
`ujrph sj`rjtl bjchr `lctnmlm mj `hrtnshe y eh enbpnl bìs rìpnmlbjctj mj
tu slcirj quj ehs `ujrphs mj lqujeels pjrshcls l els quj chs ml phr `hbjr.
(_hr `njrth, lmjbìs mj glvhrj`jr el l`ubuel`nðc mj irlsl jc el `ncturl, je
`hrtnshe jcthrpj`j el mnijstnðc).
Ehs mjslgâhs quj dhy chs jstrjslc prjsjctlc bu`dls mngjrjc`nls rjspj`th l
ehs quj lgrhctlflc cujstrhs lc`jstrhs, jspj`nlebjctj phrquj jc ijcjrle ch
l`lrrjlc ucl l``nðc h rjspujstl gâsn`l phr cujstrl plrtj (yl ch `hrrjbhs
phrquj chs pjrsniuj uc ejðc cn tjcjbhs quj eu`dlr gâsn`lbjctj `hctrl uc
jcjbnih). Js mj`nr quj je mjsjqunenfrnh dhrbhcle y mj sustlc`nls quâbn`ls
quj sj prhmu`j jc cujstrh hrilcnsbh l `lusl mje jstrîs ch vnjcj l`hbplülmh
mj ucl l`tnvnmlm gâsn`l quj chs pjrbntl jenbnclr thml jsl jcjriâl ch ilstlml.
 ^, `hbh jc je `lsh mj el nrl, sj vl l`ubuelcmh jc cujstrh hrilcnsbh, jc ghrbl
mj tjcsnðc y mj lcsnjmlm.
 ^ phr sn thmh jsth gujrl ph`h, flah `hcmn`nhcjs mj jstrîs, je `jrjfrh prnhrnzl
`njrtls guc`nhcjs quj mjc ucl rjspujstl rìpnml l el lbjclzl, y mjfnentl `njrtls
ìrjls rjel`nhclmls `hc je luth`hctrhe, el gujrzl mj vheuctlm y el thbl mj
mj`nsnhcjs, eh `ule chs mngn`uetl vlehrlr els `hcsj`ujc`nls mj cujstrls
mj`nsnhcjs.

Zc jstumnh eejvlmh l `lfh phr el Zcnvjrsnmlm mj Phutdjrc, @lenghrcnl,

mjbhstrð quj `ulcmh jstlbhs jstrjslmhs chs gnalbhs bìs jc el sltnsgl``nðc
ncbjmnltl quj chs rjphrtl ucl `hcmu`tl, lctjs quj jc je rnjsih quj jstl
`hceejvl. _nîcsleh1 ¸@uìcmh jenijs `hbjr lenbjcths mj ehs quj bìs tlrmj tj
lrrjpnjctjs8 ¸@uìcmh `ljs jc `hcmu`tls lenbjctlrnls ph`h sleumlfejs8
_rhflfejbjctj jc bhbjcths mj jstrîs.
Pn `hctnculbjctj chs jxphcjbhs l sntul`nhcjs mj jstrîs y lmjbìs ch
dl`jbhs jajr`n`nh gâsn`h, phsnfejbjctj tjcilbhs uc jx`jsh mj `hrtn`hnmjs
l`ubuelmhs
`hbnml (h jejc slcirj
tlfl`h y tjcmlbhs
h je l `hbjr
le`hdhe) `hbh snc `hctrhe.
jstrltjinl \unzì usjbhs
plrl mjs`hcj`tlr el
mj ehs
 

prhfejbls y hftjcjr rjelal`nðc. Pn js tu `lsh, el sheu`nðc ch `hcsnstj jc

jenbnclr je jstrîs, snch bìs fnjc jc rlejctnzlr je vjrtninchsh rntbh mj vnml quj
eejvls, jc nc`hrphrlr y blctjcjr ucl l`tnvnmlm gâsn`l rjiuelr y rjlenzlr leiucl
prì`tn`l quj tj rjelaj, `hbh el bjmntl`nðc.
Jc jstj enfrh jc`hctrlrìs gðrbuels ph`h `hch`nmls pjrh buy jgn`l`js, plrl

quj vlyls nctrhmu`njcmh jsths `lbfnhs jc tu mâl l mâl.

Eh bìs nctjrjslctj mj el rjel`nðc jctrj je bnjmh y el ihrmurl js quj `ulcmh

sjctnbhs jstrîs l `lusl mj ucl sjcsl`nðc mj `lrjc`nl (`hbh tj `hbjctlfl
lctjs1 bnjmh l pjrmjr je trlflah, l ch eejilr l gnc mj bjs, l ch rj`nfnr 
sugn`njctj ltjc`nðc, lbhr h sjctnmh jc el vnml…) cujstrh `jrjfrh eh nctjrprjtl
`hbh quj plmj`jbhs dlbfrucl. Jcthc`js trlmu`j jstj bjcslaj mj `lrjc`nl
l ejciulaj gâsn`h. ^ `hbh je ejciulaj quj je `ujrph jctnjcmj js jc tîrbnchs mj
supjrvnvjc`nl (fìsn`lbjctj `hbnml y tjbpjrlturl), su ghrbl mj prhtjijrchs
le pjr`nfnr `lrjc`nl js l`ubuelr tlctls rjsjrvls mj irlsl `hbh ej sjl phsnfej.
Js buy nbphrtlctj quj `hbprjcmls quj, sn `rjjs quj tnjcjs ucl `lrjc`nl mj
`ulequnjr rj`ursh (quj ch tnjcjs sugn`njctj lbhr, mncjrh, lphyh), jsj tjbhr js
nctjrprjtlmh phr tu `jrjfrh `hbh bnjmh l plslr dlbfrj. Jcthc`js phcmrì jc
blr`dl tu ijc ldhrrh plrl lebl`jclr tlctl irlsl `hbh ej sjl phsnfej 9.
@ulequnjr tnph mj `lrjc`nl js ucl ghrbl mj dlbfrj. ]j eh jxpen`lrî jc
prhgucmnmlm jc je lplrtlmh «Phfrjpjsh jbh`nhcle (fjcjgn`nhs sj`ucmlrnhs)».
Bj ml bu`dh bnjmhXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
bnjmhXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. XXXX.
Js`rnfj tus tjbhrjs bìs dhrrnpnelctjs. Ch jxnenjs je bnjmh le nc`hcs`njctj.
Js`rnfj eh quj tj mî el ilcl le rjspj`th.
 Lcsnjmlm
«El lcsnjmlm js el ncsltnsgl``nðc `hcmjcslml.
Mjs`ufrj quî js eh quj tj prhdâfjs sltnsgl`jr y dlzeh».
Lejalcmrh Ahmhrhwsky
Js`rnthr y mnrj`thr mj `ncj

 ^l djbhs vnsth quj je jstrîs sj prhmu`j `hbh rjl``nðc lctj je bnjmh mj
phsnfejs mlühs h pjenirhs. ^ quj je bnjmh chs pjrbntnð dunr mj sntul`nhcjs
phtjc`nlebjctj pjenirhsls. _ujs fnjc, el lcsnjmlm js el ghrbl jc quj je

bnjmh
sâcthblsjy blcngnjstl
el jbh`nðcgâsn`lbjctj,
quj sufyl`jsj shbltnzl.
mjtrìs Jsjs
mj jeel mj`nr, quj el lcsnjmlm js uc
je bnjmh.
 

Bu`dls pjrshcls mn`jc quj «`hbjc phr lcsnjmlm» y tle vjz tñ tlbfnîc eh
pnjcsjs. Nc`eush yh bnsbl lctjs lgnrblfl quj `hbâl phr lcsnjmlm. @rjh quj
eh mj`âl plrl jvntlr je jsgujrzh h el rjsphcslfnenmlm mj rj`hrrjr je `lbnch
dl`nl bn nctjrnhr plrl vjr quî sj jstlfl `h`njcmh ldâ lmjctrh quj bj prhmu`âl
tle lcsnjmlm. @hbh «tjcâl lcsnjmlm» ch phmâl dl`jr clml le rjspj`th, `hbh sn

gujsj
quj chuc prhfejbl
jstì quj ch`lbfnlr.
jc bns blchs gujrl `hcbnih. @hbh sn gujrl uc `lstnih mj Mnhs

¸Eh tuyh js lcsnjmlm rjlebjctj8 ¸Dls sugrnmh leiñc ltlquj8 ¸]j dlc
mnlichstn`lmh uc trlsthrch mj lcsnjmlm8 L bjcumh, eh quj shejbhs eelblr 
lcsnjmlm js uc jstlmh bjctle mj irlc ncqunjtum, jx`ntl`nðc j ncsjiurnmlm.

Why l sjr buy ncsnstjctj jc quj `unmjs tu ghrbl mj dlfelr y blctjcils je

rnihr1 jc euilr mj mj`nr «`hbh phr lcsnjmlm» phmrâls lgnrblr «`hbh phrquj
tjcih bnjmh». «@hbh phrquj `njrtls sntul`nhcjs bj ijcjrjc lcsnjmlm». Jsth
js lsubnr el rjsphcslfnenmlm mj tu ghrbl mj `hbjr y lfrnr el phsnfnenmlm le
`lbfnh. Pn sniujs vnjcmh el lcsnjmlm `hbh ucl blemn`nðc quj tj dl th`lmh
vnvnr, tj blctjcmrìs jc uc jstlmh mj nbphtjc`nl y vn`tnbnsbh, y sjiunrìs
`hbnjcmh mj ghrbl `hbpuesnvl.
El jbh`nðc mje bnjmh ej `hbucn`l l cujstrh `ujrph quj ldâ gujrl dly leiñc

pjenirh
lgìc mjy prh`urlrchs
quj, phr eh tlcth, ch jstlbhs
prhtj``nðc plrl lshfrjvnvnr,
slevh. Jcthc`js cujstrhphrquj
sj jcihrml `ujrph, js
jc su
el
blcjrl quj `hch`j mj blctjcjrtj l slevh (rjsjrvls mj irlsl 2 supjrvnvjc`nl).
Zc fujc pucth mj plrtnml plrl mjalr mj `hbjr phr lcsnjmlm, js eh`lenzlr `uìe
js je pjenirh quj jstìs pjr`nfnjcmh. @ulcmh tj snjctls `hc lcsnjmlm,
prjiñctltj1
¸\uî pjenirh jsthy pjr`nfnjcmh8
¸\uî cj`jsntlrâl plrl `hbfltnr jsj pjenirh8
 ^ `hbh je
j e lctâmhth plrl el lcsnjmlm js `hcgnlr, pujmjs lchtlr jc tu `ulmjrch
jc quî `hsls phmrâls `hcgnlr plrl rjmu`nr jsj jstlmh mj bnjmh.
Bj snjcth lcsnhsh phr 
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.
 

_hsnfejbjctj tjcils el sjcsl`nðc mj plmj`jr bu`dl prjsnðc, tle vjz phr els
gl`turls quj tnjcjs quj plilr, els cj`jsnmlmjs mj tus dnahs, el jxnijc`nl
elfhrle, h phr el rjsphcslfnenmlm mj mlr el tleel `hbh plrjal, `hbh trlflalmhr,
`hbh lbnih, `hbh blmrj h `hbh vj`nch.
Ch jxnenjs el lcsnjmlm le nc`hcs`njctj. Js`rnfj eh quj tj mî el ilcl le

rjspj`th.

_hr buy ncvjrhsâbne quj plrjz`l, irlc plrtj mj ehs prhfejbls mj pjsh shc
blcngjstl`nhcjs gâsn`ls mje tjbhr nctjrch.

Pn h`uetls tus jbh`nhcjs trls uc tupnmh vjeh, jstls tj dl`jc jcihrmlr. Pn ch

prh`jsls tu nrl, cn tu trnstjzl, tj el `hbjs. @ulcmh ch mninjrjs tus jbh`nhcjs,
nmjls y pjcslbnjcths ch jelfhrlmhs, jstl jcjriâl mjcsl sj mjspelzl l tu
`lrcj. _hrquj sn je mhehr ch jc`ujctrl ucl vìevuel mj js`lpj plrl sjr 
trlcsghrblmh mj ghrbl clturle, sj bltjrnlenzl jc tu `ujrph.

Vjspujstls le jstâbueh
Mj bhmh quj `ulcmh chs lsletl uc jstâbueh (yl sjl uc pjcslbnjcth,
jbh`nðc h sjcsl`nðc) rjl``nhclbhs luthbìtn`lbjctj `hbnîcmhchs jsj
djelmh nc`hcs`njctjbjctj, snc pjcslr jc eh quj jstlbhs dl`njcmh bnjctrls eh

dl`jbhs. Jsth js lenbjctl`nðc nc`hcs`njctj, quj sj pujmj blcngjstlr mj

bu`dls ghrbls1
• @hbjr mj ghrbl mjs`hctrhelml y mjsjqunenfrlml.
• Pjiunr `hbnjcmh l pjslr mj sjctnr sl`njmlm.
• Vjstrncinr el ncijstl mj `lehrâls plrl rjmu`nr je pjsh `hrphrle, l pjslr mj
tjcjr dlbfrj.
• El `ueplfnenmlm iuâl cujstrl ghrbl mj lenbjctlrchs.
• Jstlr hfsjsnhclmhs `hc el `hbnml.
• Nichrlr ehs bjcslajs quj je `ujrph chs jcvâl, lucquj plsjbhs dlbfrj, y
sus cj`jsnmlmjs.
• Eu`dlr `hc cujstrh pjsh.
 

Je dj`dh mj nr rjpntnjcmh jstl ghrbl mj `hbjr ”`hbh rjspujstl l uc

jstâbueh” l eh elrih mje tnjbph, vl l nr `rjlcmh ucl plutl cjurhcle gujrtj jc
cujstrh `jrjfrh, y `hcvjrtnrì jsl `hcmu`tl jc ucl `hstubfrj, luthbltnsbh h
dìfnth.
Js ncjvntlfej quj suralc pjcslbnjcths `râtn`hs, sjcsl`nhcjs mjslirlmlfejs h
jbh`nhcjs mngâ`nejs mj ijstnhclr, pjrh el `elvj jstì jc nbpjmnr eh quj h`urrj
mjspuîs mj quj lplrjz`lc. Vjlebjctj ch nbphrtl tlcth quj mjtj`tjs `uìe dl
snmh je jstâbueh (sn uc pjcslbnjcth, ucl jbh`nðc h ucl sjcsl`nðc). _hrquj js
mngâ`ne mj lvjrniulr. Eh quj nbphrtl js quj sjls `lplz mj ijcjrlr jc tu bjctj
uc jspl`nh sugn`njctj plrl ch sjiunr rjsphcmnjcmh l jsj nbpuesh, `hbnjcmh
nc`hcs`njctjbjctj.
@hbh yl tj dj `hbjctlmh jc je lplrtlmh shfrj el gujrzl mj vheuctlm, el glsj
mj rjspujstl le jstâbueh js el ñcn`l quj rjqunjrj quj dlils uc jsgujrzh. _jrh
jsth yl eh vjrjbhs bìs lmjelctj, ldhrl sjc`neelbjctj `îctrltj jc hfsjrvlr y
rjinstrlr jc tu `ulmjrch jsths jstâbuehs nctjrchs.

Pn jstìs pjcslcmh1 «\unjrh ncstru``nhcjs, mnbj quî tjcih quj dl`jr plrl
`hcsjiunreh», jstìs nc`urrnjcmh jc el bjctlenmlm mj plutls l el quj chs dl
l`hstubfrlmh cujstrl sh`njmlm, l quj chs mnilc quî js eh quj tjcjbhs quj
dl`jr. Eh snjcth pjrh jc jstj prhirlbl vlbhs l plrtnr mj el jxpehrl`nðc y mj el
hfsjrvl`nðc. Wls l `hrtlr `hc el tjcmjc`nl l quj tj mnilc eh quj tnjcjs quj
dl`jr plrl quj lprjcmls l dl`jrtj `lrih mj tu prhpnl vnml.

Vj`hbpjcsl
Lmjbìs mj el rjpjtn`nðc, htrh ncirjmnjctj ncmnspjcslfej plrl quj uc
`hbphrtlbnjcth sj mjslrrheej y sj `hcvnjrtl jc dìfnth js quj je `jrjfrh
pjr`nfl uc fjcjgn`nh le dl`jreh. Jc je `lsh mje `hbjr mj ghrbl nc`hcs`njctj y
ph`h sleumlfej (lucquj sjl uc prhmu`th mjen`nhsh), cujstrh `jrjfrh `hcsnmjrl
uc prjbnh je pel`jr ncbjmnlth (lucquj jgâbjrh) quj chs lphrtl el `hbnml. Ch
ej nbphrtl sn jstl `hcmu`tl chs ijcjrl blejstlr, cn quj l el elril tjcilbhs

quj
Dlzplilr uc leth
bjbhrnl mj prj`nh. Ej lphrtl
leiñc mâl jc quj,uctrls
fjcjgn`nh ncstlctìcjh
ucl ahrclml y pucth.
`lcslml `hc ehs cnühs h
 

mj trlflah, h jxdlusth phr eejvlr tnjbph sniunjcmh ucl mnjtl, tj dls mn`dh1
«Bj eh bjrjz`h». ]j dls prjbnlmh jbh`nhclebjctj.

@rjjc`nl
Je `ujrph trltl thmls els tjcsnhcjs jbh`nhclejs y bjctlejs `hbh sn gujrlc
lbjclzls gâsn`ls. Lucquj `lml pjrshcl rjl``nhcl mj ghrbl mnstnctl le jstrîs,
`lml vjz quj sjctnbhs bnjmh (ehs yl bjc`nhclmhs, h fnjc htrhs) jcvnlbhs je
bjcslaj l cujstrh `ujrph mj1 «Jsthy jc pjenirh. ¡Dlz leih, `ujrph!». El plrtj
bìs lctniul mj cujstrh `jrjfrh, mhcmj rjsnmj je ijc ldhrrh, sniuj
prhirlblml plrl dl`jr thmh eh quj pujml plrl prhtjijrchs. _jrh je ñcn`h tnph
mj lbjclzl quj `hbprjcmj shc els gâsn`ls, jspj`nlebjctj el `lrjc`nl mj
`hbnml (je liul y el `hbnml jrlc els `hsls jsjc`nlejs mj els quj cujstrhs
lc`jstrhs phmâlc jstlr gleths).
Mj bhmh quj `ulcmh sugrnbhs els tjcsnhcjs prhpnls mj el vnml bhmjrcl, bìs
jbh`nhclejs quj mj supjrvnvjc`nl gâsn`l, cujstrh `ujrph `rjj quj `hrrjbhs
uc pjenirh gâsn`h. ^ plrl prhtjijrchs dl`j quj jcihrmjbhs.
Eh quj `rjjbhs ijcjrl jbh`nhcjs. Le sjctnr `hcgnlczl jc el vnml, sjctnrchs l
slevh y sjiurhs `hc els pjrshcls quj dly jc cujstrl vnml, jbntnbhs sjülejs
quâbn`ls jc cujstrh `ujrph y jc cujstrh `jrjfrh mj «thmh jstì fnjc», «ch dly
pjenirh», «ijc ldhrrh, pujmjs mjs`lcslr». _hr jeeh js mj vntle nbphrtlc`nl quj
ijstnhcjs je jstrîs jbh`nhcle y bjctle l el dhrl mj pjrmjr pjsh.
_lrlejelbjctj, js niulebjctj ncmnspjcslfej quj vlyls trlcsghrblcmh el
`rjjc`nl ltìvn`l ncstlelml jc tu `jrjfrh mj «el irlsl js je bjahr bjmnh mj
prhtjijrtj» phr htrl quj tj sjl bìs ñtne.
J AJV@N@NH1 Mrjclaj jbh`nhcle y `hbnml

Jsthy sjiurl mj quj leiucl vjz dls prjsjc`nlmh el sniunjctj js`jcl1 uc cnüh
eehrlcmh j ncqunjth jc el `leej, y su blmrj quj ej ml leih mj `hbjr plrl quj
sj `lebj. Pn rjirjsls l tu ncglc`nl, tle vjz rj`ujrmjs leiucl h`lsnðc jc quj tus
plmrjs h glbnenlrjs tj ltnfhrrlrhc mj `hbnml plrl mnstrljrtj mj uc prhfejbl.
H jc quj tj mnajrlc «Ch jstîs trnstj», «Ehs cnühs iulphs ch sj jcglmlc» h
«Jrjs mjblsnlmh sus`jptnfej». Wlbhs, quj ch jstlfl fnjc sjctnr eh quj
sjctâls.

Ldhrl nblincl uc
mjs`hcshelmh, quj, jc euilr
lmueth mj jsh,«Wjc
ej mnajsj1 `lmllquâ,
vjz quj jsj `uîctlbj
`lrnüh, bnsbh cnüh sj snjctjs.
quî snctnjrl
 

¸Mðcmj chtls jsls sjcsl`nhcjs, jc je jstðblih, jc je pj`dh8 @uîctlbj quî

tj plsl, jsthy lquâ plrl lfrlzlrtj, js`u`dlrtj y jstlr `hctnih».
¸\uî mngjrjctj sjrâl, vjrmlm8 Jsthy sjiurl mj quj sn je ihfnjrch ncvnrtnjrl jc
leglfjtnzl`nðc jbh`nhcle, ch dlfrâl tlcths lmueths qujmìcmhsj dnpchtnzlmhs
lctj el cjvjrl, mn`nîcmhsj1 «Ch sî quî js eh quj qunjrh», `lml vjz quj
tuvnjrlc
mj fus`lrquj dl`jr grjctj
`ueplfejs, uc prhfejbl
snch mj h sntul`nðc
lsubnr cujstrl nc`ðbhml.`hbh
rjsphcslfnenmlm _jrh lmueths
ch sj trltl
mj
lprjcmjr l luthrrjiuelr cujstrls jbh`nhcjs. L `lml `ule ej `hrrjsphcmj
dl`jrsj `lrih mj rjiuelr sus jbh`nhcjs jc vjz mj jc`hbjcmlrej jstl tlrjl le
`dh`heltj.
Ldhrl quj tnjcjs bìs `hch`nbnjcth shfrj ehs mjthclctjs jbh`nhclejs y sus
rjspujstls bìs `hbucjs, tj ncvnth l quj lclen`js quî jstrltjinls mj
lenbjctl`nðc dls mjslrrheelmh plrl shstjcjrehs. Nmjctngn`l els jbh`nhcjs y/h
jstlmhs lcâbn`hs mj el tlfel quj sniuj, quj tj sujejc eejvlr l `hbjr 
nc`hcs`njctjbjctj (sn gletl leiuch jc je enstlmh, lüìmjeh).
Bhbjcth ¸@ðbh sujejs rjl``nhclr lctj ¸]j dl`j `hbjr bìs h ¸\uî `hbjs `ulcmh  L`tnvnmlm
`râtn`h jstj jstlmh jbh`nhcle8 `hbjs bjchs8 tj snjctjs lsâ8 letjrcltnvl

Lfurrnbnjcth

Lejirâl

Lcsnjmlm

@lcslc`nh

@ueplfnenmlm

Jstrîs

Nrl

Bnjmh

_jrjzl

Phejmlm

]rnstjzl

Zcl vjz sjej``nhclmhs, pnjcsl jc quî bhbjcths h sntul`nhcjs shc bìs

`râtn`hs phrquj mjsjc`lmjclc tu dlbfrj jbh`nhcle. _hr jajbpeh,
suphcilbhs quj `ulcmh eejils l `lsl mjspuîs mje trlflah, `lcslmh y mìcmhej
vujetls l ehs lsucths mje mâl, lfrjs el cjvjrl jc bhmh zhbfn y lilrrls je
jbfutnmh. Ncmjpjcmnjctjbjctj mj quj gletj ph`h h bu`dh plrl `jclr, y mj sn
tnjcjs dlbfrj h ch, mnrninrtj l el cjvjrl le eejilr l `lsl sj dl `hcvjrtnmh jc uc
dìfnth mj lenbjctl`nðc nc`hcs`njctj. Jc jstj `lsh, jc el `lsneel mj «bhbjcth
`râtn`h» lchtlrâls «eejilr l `lsl `lcslmh mje trlflah». Pjiunmlbjctj,
 

lpuctlrâls `uìe js tu rjl``nðc l jsj jstlmh jbh`nhcle («`hbjr»). Eujih

hfsjrvl sn jsl jbh`nðc tj dl`j `hbjr bìs h sn bìs fnjc tj `njrrl je lpjtnth y
quî lenbjcths tj eejvl l `hbjr jspj`âgn`lbjctj. Jstìs `hcgj``nhclcmh je
rjinstrh plrtn`uelr mj tu dlbfrj jbh`nhcle.
]j phmrâls mlr `ujctl mj quj jstl rutncl js uc rntule quj usls `hbh prjbnh
phr dlfjr (phr
mjs`lcslr gnclenzlmh el «l`tnvnmlm
eh quj jc ahrclml, y letjrcltnvl»
quj eh qujjs`rnfnrâls
jc rjlenmlm cj`jsntlsquj
ucl l`tnvnmlm js
phmrâls eejvlr l `lfh quj ch gujsj lfrnr el cjvjrl y quj, l phmjr sjr,
sltnsgn`njrl bjahr tu cj`jsnmlm mj mjs`lcsh). El l`tnvnmlm letjrcltnvl pujmj
sjr tlc sjc`neel `hbh eelblr l uc lbnih, mlrtj ucl mu`dl `lenjctj, ejjr, slenr l
mlr uc plsjh, fjfjr uc vlsh mj liul, rjlenzlr ucl tlrjl mhbîstn`l, dl`jr 
mjphrtj, rjspnrlr prhgucmlbjctj, jstnrlr je `ujrph h vjr ucl pjen.
_lrl mjtj`tlr quî l`tnvnmlmjs letjrcltnvls phmrâlc sustntunr je `hbjr mj ghrbl
nc`hcs`njctj, vnsntl www.dlbfrjmjlbhr.`hb
vnsntl www.dlbfrjmjlbhr.`hb y mjs`lril irltuntlbjctj je jajr`n`nh «]u
iehtðc nctjrnhr» (vjr ncstru``nhcjs jc el pìincl 6<).
Pâ, eh sî, el l`tnvnmlm letjrcltnvl ch mjal mj sjr uc plr`dj. Mj bhbjcth, su
hfajtnvh ch js sltnsgl`jr jsl jbh`nðc (lñc jstlbhs jc plülejs phr eh quj
rjspj`tl l el ijstnðc jbh`nhcle), snch bìs fnjc nctrhmu`nr ucl plusl,
jcslc`dlr jsj jspl`nh quj dly jctrj je jstâbueh y el rjspujstl, plrl mlrej l tu
`jrjfrh el hphrtucnmlm mj thblr ucl mj`nsnðc mngjrjctj l el quj eejvls tlcth
tnjbph lmhptlcmh. Jstìs nctjrgnrnjcmh jc je luthbltnsbh jstâbueh-rjspujstl.
@ulcmh tj jc`ujctrjs jc uc bhbjcth `râtn`h, jc quj jstîs l pucth mj `hbjr 
jc pnehth luthbìtn`h, dlz je sniunjctj prh`jsh1

 Dlz ucl plusl y rjspnrl dhcmh.

  _rjiñctltj sn eh quj jstì mnsplrlcmh tu dlbfrj js uc mjthclctj
jbh`nhcle. ¸Js dlbfrj mj vjrmlm eh quj snjctjs jc jshs bhbjcths8 ¸H
qunzì cj`jsntls `hcsujeh, jctrjtjcnbnjcth, `lebl, `hbplüâl h `lrnüh8
 Nctjctl nmjctngn`lr mj quî jbh`nðc sj trltl. Vj`hch`jr `uìe js tu cj`jsnmlm
jbh`nhcle ch js gì`ne, pjrh l flsj mj ghrbuelrtj els prjiuctls lmj`ulmls,
`lml vjz tj rjsuetlrì bìs sjc`neeh `hcj`tlr `hc tu jstlmh jbh`nhcle.
 Vjlenzl el l`tnvnmlm letjrcltnvl l `hbjr quj prjgnjrls.
 

Dlstl quj ch tj mjs `ujctl mj plrl quî dl`js eh quj dl`js, ch mjalrìs mj
`hbjr jbh`nhclebjctj. @ulcth lctjs jbpnj`js l nmjctngn`lr jstl mnvjrsnmlm
mj mjsjc`lmjclctjs y cj`jsnmlmjs, jstlrìs bìs `lpl`ntlmh plrl ltjcmjrels
`hc ucl letjrcltnvl quj sustntuyl el `hcmu`tl mj `hbjr ble h jc jx`jsh.
Lchtlr je bhbjcth `râtn`h, `ðbh rjl``nhcls l îe l trlvîs mj el `hbnml, quî
`hbjs
rjel`nðcy`hc
`ðbh eh dl`js
el `hbnml y bìs
`hc quî `lebl
letjrcltnvl jc`ujctrls, tj vl lyumlr l vnvnr tu
y `elrnmlm.

: @jctrh mj psn`hehiâl y `hl`dnci ufn`lmh jc Flr`jehcl.

7 L bjcumh chs rjgjrnbhs l ehs lenbjcths rn`hs jc irlsls, lzñ`lr h sle `hbh «`hbnmls mj
`hcghrt h mj `hcsujeh».
9 Pn qunjrjs prhgucmnzlr jc el rjel`nðc jctrj je bnjmh y el hfjsnmlm, Ahc Ilfrnje el jxpen`l
buy fnjc jc je enfrh Je bîthmh Ilfrnje .
 

7
@hcgâl jc tu `dnspl nctjrnhr 
«Je `ujrph guc`nhcl `hbh uc thmh. Els jbh`nhcjs jstìc mjctrh mj chshtrhs, pjrh chs
dlc jmu`lmh snc `hctlr `hc jeels. El gjen`nmlm mje snieh TTN plsl phr `hbprjcmjrels y
ijstnhclrels plrl phmjr trlcsghrblr els ìrjls mj el vnml quj ch guc`nhclc. Jesl _ucsjt
Js`rnthrl y mnvueilmhrl shfrj nctjenijc`nl jbh`nhcle

@ulcmh jbpj`î l lprjcmjr l bnrlr dl`nl lmjctrh, tjcâl bu`dh bnjmh mj ch

sjr `lplz mj shstjcjr thmls els jbh`nhcjs quj dlfâl sjpuetlmh jc bn nctjrnhr.
@rjâl quj bj ldhilrâl jc jeels. ]lbfnîc bj lsustlfl je dj`dh mj quj ch bj
iustlrl eh quj bj phmâl jc`hctrlr phr ldâ mjctrh, phrquj slfâl quj sn bj
js`u`dlfl tjcmrâl quj dl`jr ucl sjrnj mj `lbfnhs nc`ðbhmhs jc bn vnml
(`hbh phcjr gnc l bn rjel`nðc mj plrjal, quj dl`âl tnjbph quj ch guc`nhclfl).
_jrh ch guj tlc mrlbìtn`h `hbh tjbâl, phrquj lplrj`nð jc js`jcl bn tlc
hevnmlml @dnspl Nctjrnhr 4.
Pn dls rj`nfnmh ucl jmu`l`nðc `hcvjc`nhcle, sjiurlbjctj dls nctjrnhrnzlmh el
`rjjc`nl mj quj els prujfls `hc`rjtls, ehs rjsuetlmhs, els `hsls quj sj
pujmjc hfsjrvlr mj ncbjmnlth phr thmhs y eh `hbprhflfej `njctâgn`lbjctj
tnjcjc bìs vlenmjz quj el ncghrbl`nðc quj tj pujmjc lphrtlr tus jbh`nhcjs h
tu nctun`nðc.
El nctun`nðc js ucl gl`uetlm quj thmhs phsjjbhs, phr el quj je `jrjfrh vj
leih y eh prh`jsl tlc rìpnmlbjctj quj sl`l `hc`eusnhcjs snc quj jctjcmlbhs

je `ðbhquj
y mjalr cn jeels
phr quî.su`jmlc.
`hsls Js ucl `hbprjcsnðc
Je hrnijc mjncstlctìcjl, quj chs
el plelfrl nctun`nðc eejvlsulrlâz
 tnjcj l`tulr 
jc
 

tujrj, quj snicngn`l —prhtjijr„ h —vninelr„. ^ jstl js prj`nslbjctj el guc`nðc mj el

nctun`nðc1 prhtjijrchs `hcstlctjbjctj.
Lucquj chs dlfel mj ghrbl buy `elrl, ch js gì`ne mj pjr`nfnr, phrquj dlfel su
prhpnh ejciulaj y jc uc thch sutne. Js gì`nebjctj ldhilml phr je
ncnctjrrubpnmh plrehtjh mj el bjctj y els mngn`uetlmjs mj el vnml mnlrnl. Chs
`ujstl
cujstrlsjspj`nlebjctj l lqujeehs
jbh`nhcjs y `ðbh qujjech`ujrph
chs pnmj djbhsquj
snmh jmu`lmhs
`unmjbhs mjplrl
îe. js`u`dlr 
Wjcih mj ucl glbnenl mhcmj ehs vlehrjs mj el bjctj sj `hcsnmjrlflc
supjrnhrjs l ehs tjbls mje `ujrph. Pj sufjstnblfl el nbphrtlc`nl mj el
lenbjctl`nðc, mj els trlmn`nhcjs `uenclrnls y el lustjrnmlm jc el cjvjrl jrl uc
`eìsn`h (ch phr gletl mj rj`urshs, snch phrquj el `hbnml rn`l y sleumlfej ch sj
`hcsnmjrlfl ucl prnhrnmlm).
@hbh el blyhrâl mj chshtrhs, mj pjqujül ch lprjcmâ l js`u`dlr bn `ujrph cn
bu`dh bjchs l tjcjr jc `ujctl su slfnmurâl. Js eðin`h quj mj lmuetl ch
`hcgnlrl jc îe. _ujsth quj mj pjqujül ch slfâl js`u`dlr eh quj bn jsjc`nl bj
jstlfl pnmnjcmh, mj lmuetl, `ulcmh bj supen`lfl thblrbj uc mjs`lcsh,
bj
bnjmhmjs`hcj`tlfl mj sus pjtn`nhcjs
l els `hcsj`ujc`nls, bj mj`âl mj mjs`lcsh,
«tnjcjs phrquj bn
quj jsghrzlrtj bjctj, phr 
y sjiunr». Bj
plslfl el blyhr plrtj mje tnjbph trlflalcmh jc bn pjqujül hgn`ncl (ucl
dlfntl`nðc jc je ilrlaj), gublcmh y thblcmh `lgî, bnjctrls bn vhz nctjrnhr bj
nbpehrlfl slenr ldâ lgujrl, mj `lsl, quj jstlfl jc bjmnh mje bhctj, rhmjlml
mj ucl clturlejzl slevlaj y mj lnrj purh. @hcstlctjbjctj tjcâl nctjrbnclfejs
enstls mj `hsls phr dl`jr, h`uplfl bn tnjbph `hc rjsphcslfnenmlmjs y cuc`l
bj qujmlfl jspl`nh plrl rjelalrbj, mnvjrtnrbj y `unmlrbj. Bn nctun`nðc bj
susurrlfl quj sniunjrl ucl mnrj``nðc mnlbjtrlebjctj mnstnctl pjrh yh ch el
js`u`dlfl.
Le ch js`u`dlrbj, el blyhr plrtj mje tnjbph vnvâl jc mjslrbhcâl. Lucquj ch
sugrâl `lrjc`nl mj cutrnjctjs, sjctâl uc dlbfrj ncsl`nlfej mj vnml. Jstlfl
shbjtnml l dlbfrj bjctle, jbh`nhcle y jspnrntule phrquj vnvâl mj l`ujrmh l
el dnsthrnl quj bj dlfâl bhctlmh jc bn `lfjzl, mj eh quj sj suphcâl quj
tjcâl quj sjr ucl vnml «jxnthsl». _rnvìcmhbj mj els jxpjrnjc`nls quj bn
`hrlzðc lcdjelfl.
Dlstl quj bn `ujrph yl ch phmâl bìs y thblfl bjmnmls bìs `hctucmjctjs
plrl grjclrbj jc sj`h, phr jajbpeh, l trlvîs mj prhfejbls ilstrhnctjstnclejs
quj bj hfenilflc l qujmlrbj jc el `lbl murlctj uchs mâls, snc phmjr dl`jr 
clml.
 ^, `urnhslbjctj, jc jshs bhbjcths jc quj ch dl`âl clml, bn vhz nctjrnhr 
lprhvj`dlfl plrl `hbucn`lrsj `hcbnih. H bjahr mn`dh, yh ej mlfl el
hphrtucnmlm mj quj lshblrl su `lfj`ntl.
Jbpj`î l nctjrjslrbj phr el `hcjxnðc jctrj el mnijstnðc y el ghrbl mj mnijrnr 
 

el vnml y vn quj je `ujrph js buy entjrle, chs dlfel buy `elrlbjctj.

¸L qunîc h quî sntul`nðc ch pujmh trlilr8
¸\uî bj jstì rjvhevnjcmh je jstðblih8
@hbjc`î l `hbprjcmjr quj ch mnijrâl fnjc bn vnml phrquj ch `hcgnlfl jc
jeel. Wnvâl `hlrtlml phr je tjbhr l eh quj phmâl su`jmjr, sjctâl quj bj gletlfl
lphyh. Bj prjh`uplfl bu`dh phr je guturh y `hctnculbjctj bj prhtjiâl mj
ehs `lbfnhs quj bn vh`j`ntl nctjrnhr bj pjmâl. Jc htrls plelfrls, tjcâl bu`dh
bnjmh mj el vnml pjrh ch tjcâl je `hrlaj plrl `lbfnlrel.
]rls uc elrih `lbnch mj lprjcmnzlaj, jbpj`î l js`u`dlr l bn `ujrph, l
rj`hch`jr bn vhz nctjrnhr. ^ l `hcgnlr jc jeel. Els djrrlbnjctls quj bìs bj
lyumlrhc l l``jmjr l bn slfnmurâl nctjrnhr gujrhc el bjmntl`nðc, je mjphrtj,
ehs jajr`n`nhs mj rjspnrl`nðc y uc `hctl`th `hc els gnehshgâls lmvlntl y jsthn`l.
 Lprjcmj l mnijrnr tu vnml
El mh`thrl @lrbjc P. Lejirâl, luthrl mje prðehih mj jstj enfrh, chs dl
jxpen`lmh quj l eh elrih mj su prlxns bîmn`l dl `hcstltlmh quj ehs prhfejbls
mnijstnvhs sj rjel`nhclc `hc je bnjmh. Bnjmh mj ch sjr eh quj qunjrjc
cujstrhs plmrjs, mj ch `hctjctlr l cujstrhs prhgjshrjs (y mj blyhrjs l
cujstrhs ajgjs), mj ch sjrvnr, mj ch sjr sugn`njctjs.
@ulcmh ch chs trlilbhs l chshtrhs bnsbhs, chs jsghrzlbhs plrl quj ehs
mjbìs ch «chs mjs`ufrlc» y chs l`jptjc, `hbpel`nîcmhehs. Chs trlilbhs els
plelfrls quj cj`jsntlbhs mj`nr, ch jxprjslbhs eh quj cj`jsntlbhs h
mjsjlbhs, tjcjbhs nmjls snc mnijrnr phrquj qunzìs sjctnbhs quj ch
bjrj`jbhs sjr js`u`dlmhs. ^ le trlilrchs cujstrls cj`jsnmlmjs, ch chs
sjctnbhs fnjc y rj`urrnbhs l el `hbnml. Jc `lbfnh, els pjrshcls quj sj
l`jptlc y sj rjspjtlc l sâ bnsbls, jxprjslc eh quj mjsjlc y ch tnjcjc
ñe`jrls.
_h`h l ph`h gun mjslrrheelcmh el `hcgnlczl jc quj sn dl`âl `lsh mj eh quj bj
mn`tlfl bn vhz nctjrnhr, snjbprj lcmlrâl phr je `lbnch quj mjfâl sjiunr. 
sjiunr.   @lml
vjz quj bns trnpls tjcâlc sâcthbls bj dl`âl prjiuctls l`jr`l mj quî lspj`th
mj bn vnml ch jstlfl ltjcmnjcmh `hc el ltjc`nðc quj rjqujrâl. ^ snbpejbjctj
pjrblcj`âl jc snejc`nh y js`u`dlfl.
L``jmjr l el @dnspl Nctjrnhr ch js leih bnstjrnhsh cn bâstn`h, thmh je bucmh
pujmj lprjcmjr l js`u`dlrel. Pheh dly uc rjqunsnth1 rjsjrvlr bhbjcths mj
snejc`nh plrl `uetnvlr el sjrjcnmlm. L tn tj `hrrjsphcmj jc`hctrlr tu prhpnl
ghrbl mj js`u`dlrtj>  y lprjcmjr l bnrlr mj grjctj el `lrjc`nl, je bnjmh h eh
quj sjl quj ej gletl l tu vnml.
 

El blyhrâl mj ehs `hcgen`ths mj rjel`nðc `hc el `hbnml cl`j mje bnjmh. ^ el

nctun`nðc tnjcj el bnsnðc mj prhtjijrchs. Pustntuylbhs el prhtj``nðc quj chs
frncmlc ehs knehs mj bnjmh l`ubuelmhs jc cujstrl bjctj (y, phr `hcsniunjctj,
jc cujstrh `ujrph), phr je lbplrh mj cujstrl vjrmlmjrl jsjc`nl. Mjajbhs mj
uslr el `hbnml plrl tlplr jsls jbh`nhcjs quj ch qujrjbhs sjctnr.
El nctun`nðc mjs`lcsl jc je jspl`nh quj sjplrl el bjctj mje `ujrph. ^ plrl
l``jmjr l jsj euilr utnenzlrjbhs el bjmntl`nðc l trlvîs mje lfhrmlaj mje
bncmguecjss. ]lbfnîc chs jcsjülrì l «jstlr `hc eh quj dly», snc cj`jsnmlm mj
`lbfnlreh y l thblr els rnjcmls mje bhmh zhbfn jc rjel`nðc l cujstrl ghrbl mj
`hbjr (y mj vnvnr), plrl mjalr mj `hbjr (y mj vnvnr) nc`hcs`njctjbjctj.
@hcgâl jc quj tu @dnspl, el Wnml h qunjc qunjrl quj sjl, tj iunlrì jc jstj
prh`jsh y quj, bnjctrls dlils `lsh l eh quj tj mn`j, jstlrìs jc je `lbnch quj
mjfjs sjiunr.
4 Ch vhy l lcmlrbj `hc tj`cn`nsbhs1 el @dnspl Nctjrnhr lflr`l thmls els ch`nhcjs quj dl`jc
rjgjrjc`nl l el vhz nctjrnhr, l el nctun`nðc, le yh vjrmlmjrh, `hrlzhclmls, slfnmurâl nctjrnhr,
`ujrph, lebl, jsjc`nl, jcjriâl, Mnhs, _jpnth Irneeh, prjsjctnbnjcth, jspârntu, ìcnbl, psnquj...
\uîmltj `hc el quj tj iustj bìs.
> Lsâ `hbh el pjr`jp`nðc quj tjcjbhs mje mhehr pujmj lbpengn`lrsj h rjmu`nrsj sjiñc `hbh
eh lgrhctj `lml uch, el ghrbl jc el quj cujstrl nctun`nðc sj `hbucn`l `hc chshtrhs tlbfnîc
pujmj vlrnlr bu`dh mj ucl pjrshcl l htrl.
 

_lrtj 6
JC]VJCLCMH EL @HCP@NJC@NL
 

9
Mhblcmh l tu zhbfn
nctjrnhr 
«@ulcmh `lbncjs, `lbncl; `ulcmh `hbls, `hbj».
_rhvjrfnh zjc

Je `h`dj snc `hcmu`thr 

]hmhs tjcjbhs uc `h`dj, uc yh gâsn`h, uc vjdâ`ueh l trlvîs mje `ule vnvnbhs el
jxpjrnjc`nl dublcl. ^ lmjbìs mj cujstrh yh gâsn`h, jc chshtrhs tlbfnîc dly
uc `hcmu`thr, ucl jsjc`nl, uc lebl. Cujstrl @dnspl Nctjrnhr.

Phbhs ucl lsâ.

`hc`jfnbhs ucnðc pjrgj`tllcsnjmlm
Pjctnbhs mj `hcmu`thr
phrqujy lcdjelbhs
mj `h`dj, `hcj`tlr
pjrh l vj`js ch eh
`hc cujstrl
jsjc`nl. Le ch pjr`nfnr jsl ucnðc jctrj vjdâ`ueh y `hcmu`thr, chs sjctnbhs
mjs`hcj`tlmhs, sjctnbhs quj jstlbhs pjrmnmhs y utnenzlbhs el `hbnml `hbh
vâl plrl `hcj`tlr `hc je bucmh jxtjrnhr. El `hbnml sj `hcvnjrtj jc uc
sustntuth mj el `hcjxnðc quj tlcth lcdjelbhs. ]hbls leih mj gujrl y eh
nctjirls jc tu nctjrnhr, tj gusnhcls `hc jsj lenbjcth.
@hbh tj dj `hbjctlmh jc el sj``nðc lctjrnhr, jstl mjs`hcjxnðc sj ml phrquj
cujstrl bjctj jstì lflrrhtlml mj pjcslbnjcths, mj vh`js `hctrlpujstls y mj
jbh`nhcjs. Js `hbh sn guîrlbhs, yl ch uc `h`dj snch uc luthfñs, `hc thmhs
ehs plslajrhs mns`utnjcmh shfrj mðcmj nr y trltlcmh mj h`uplr je lsnjcth mje
`hcmu`thr
Ch lyumlplrl nctjctlr
je dj`dh `hcmu`nr.
mj quj vnvlbhs jc el jrl mj el ncghrbl`nðc, jc el quj els
 

cujvls tj`chehiâls y els `hcstlctjs nctjrrup`nhcjs, je jstrîs, el prjsnðc, el

jxnijc`nl elfhrle y el buetntlrjl, chs eejvlc l ucl mjsltjc`nðc `hctncul, quj
chs nbpnmj `jctrlr cujstrl ltjc`nðc jc uc sheh tjbl l el vjz.
Lucquj `rjls quj dl`jr vlrnls `hsls snbuetìcjlbjctj js ucl ghrbl jgn`njctj
mj lprhvj`dlr je tnjbph, jc rjlenmlm el buetntlrjl js buy `hbpejal mj eejvlr l
`lfh, `lusl
`hsls le `hcgusnðc
bnsbh tnjbphjmjsvâl
ncdnfj`hcstlctjbjctj
el `hc`jctrl`nðc.cujstrl
Jstlr pjcmnjctjs
ltjc`nðc mjemjprjsjctj.
bu`dls
 ^ je prjsjctj js je ñcn`h euilr jc je quj el vnml l`hctj`j, je lquâ y je ldhrl,
jstj prj`nsh ncstlctj. Je prjsjctj js je ñcn`h pucth jc quj phmjbhs
jxpjrnbjctlr el rjlenmlm.
 ^ prj`nslbjctj je bncmguecjss  ”y prì`tn`lbjctj thmls els trlmn`nhcjs jc
bjmntl`nðc” fus`l phtjc`nlr el `lebl y el `elrnmlm bjctle, l trlvîs mj `jctrlr 
el ltjc`nðc jc ucl l`tnvnmlm jc je lquâ y ldhrl. Jsth js, blctjcjr `njrtl
mnstlc`nl mj els vh`js nc`jslctjs quj dlfntlc cujstrl bjctj y quj, jc
ijcjrle, ch `ujstnhclbhs. ^ js jsjc`nle mjslrrheelr el `lpl`nmlm mj `ujstnhclr 
cujstrl bjctj; mj eh `hctrlrnh, vnvnrjbhs l bjr`jm mj thmhs cujstrhs
pjcslbnjcths, mjsjhs
flalr mj el `lfjzl le y`ujrph,
thrfjeenchs
plrl mj jbh`nhcjs.
`hcj`tlr _lrl bâvjdâ`ueh
`hc cujstrh je gnc ñetnbh js
y phmjr 
`hcmu`nreh phr el `lrrjtjrl quj jenalbhs.

Bncmguecjss  js sjr `hcs`njctjs mj eh quj dl`jbhs bnjctrls eh dl`jbhs.

Bnjctrls tu `ujrph jstì prjsjctj, tu bjctj jstì prjsjctj.
Mltj uc rjspnrh

Mjtjctj uc bhbjcth ldhrl y sî `hcs`njctj mj `ðbh js tu rjspnrl`nðc jc jstj

prj`nsh bhbjcth. Ncspnrl lnrj phr el clrnz, ejctlbjctj, y rjtjceh jc tus
puebhcjs uc plr mj sjiucmhs, snc tjcsnðc. Jxpñesleh pluslmlbjctj phr el
fh`l, vl`nlcmh tus puebhcjs y j`dlcmh je lnrj el fh`l. Chtl sn tu lfmhbjc sj
vl rjelalcmh.
Vjpntj jstj jajr`n`nh uc plr mj vj`js bìs.

¸@ðbh tj snjctjs
luthbìtn`h, y l`lflsldhrl8 Dl`j
mj plslr uclucguc`nðc
sjiucmh jstlflsmj
lutðchbl rjspnrlcmh
tu `ujrphjc bhmh
le bhmh
 

pejclbjctj `hcs`njctj. ]le vjz tj prjiuctjs1 Pn phmjbhs jaj`utlr jstl

guc`nðc luthbìtn`lbjctj, ¸quî cj`jsnmlm dly mj dl`jrel `hcs`njctjbjctj8
_lslbhs irlc plrtj mj cujstrl vnml rjlenzlcmh l`tnvnmlmjs `htnmnlcls mj
ghrbl sjbnnc`hcs`njctj, eh `ule js buy guc`nhcle pjrh tnjcj je sjrnh
nc`hcvjcnjctj mj quj chs dl`j pjrmjr `hctl`th `hc el vnml. Je sjctnmh mj
plrlr y sjr snjbprj
rjspnrl`nðc `hcs`njctjs
jstìmjldâ,
el nc`jslctj,
ncdlel`nðc mj
y mj el jxdlel`nðc
blcjrl rlmn`l
quj `ulcmh el jc quj sj
bjctj el
pnjrmj y chs mjs`hcj`tl mje vjdâ`ueh, snjbprj phmjbhs vhevjr l
`hc`jctrlrchs jc el rjspnrl`nðc, rjirjslcmh le prjsjctj. _hrquj shelbjctj
jstlcmh jc je prjsjctj, phmjbhs vnvnr ucl vnml pejcl. ^ `ulcmh cujstrl vnml
js pejcl, mjalbhs mj rj`urrnr l el `hbnml plrl eejclrel.
Vjspnrlr prhgucmlbjctj nc`rjbjctl je rnjih slciuâcjh jc je `jrjfrh y, jc
`hcsj`ujc`nl, je hxâijch lubjctl, eh `ule chs pjrbntj pjcslr `hc blyhr 
`elrnmlm y `hcj`tlr bìs gì`nebjctj `hc cujstrh `ujrph. Jc gnc, quî tj vhy l
`hctlr shfrj el rjspnrl`nðc… Pn ch rjspnrls, bujrjs. ¡Js je vjrmlmjrh
gucmlbjcth mj el vnml!

Qhbfns jc el mu`dl
_njcsl jc jstl blülcl. _rhflfejbjctj le ejvlctlrtj, tj dls mu`dlmh, dls
mjslyuclmh, tj dls elvlmh ehs mnjctjs y dls slenmh mj `lsl dl`nl je trlflah h
plrl rjlenzlr leiucl l`tnvnmlm. ]u `ujrph jstlfl prjsjctj, mjslrrheelcmh `lml
tlrjl pjrh ¸y tu bjctj8 ¸Le mu`dlrtj jrls `hcs`njctj mj `ðbh je liul
rjsflelfl phr tu `ujrh `lfjeeumh, chtlfls el tjbpjrlturl, hâls el `lâml mj els
ihtls y sjctâls je lrhbl mje `dlbpñ8 ¸H bìs fnjc jstlfls flah je mhbncnh
mje pjcslbnjcth rubnlctj, vnlalcmh dl`nl je guturh y je plslmh8

]j dl lsletlmh uc pjcslbnjcth («Bn ajgj bj dl pjmnmh quj vlyl l dlfelr `hc

îe. Jstlfl buy sjrnh. Wl l mjspjmnrbj») quj dl jvh`lmh su `hrrjsphcmnjctj
jbh`nðc (bnjmh, lcsnjmlm, nrl…) y `hbh tj dls `rjâmh je pjcslbnjcth mj quj
tj vl l mjspjmnr, yl tnjcjs pelcjlmh thmh eh quj ej vls l mj`nr l tu ajgj `ulcmh
jctrjs jc su
Bnjctrls mjspl`dh.
sniujs jc je jspl`nh `jrrlmh mj tu phpurrâ bjctle, je liul phtlfej y
 

`lenjctj ”uc prnvnejinh mje quj bjchs mj el bntlm mj el phfel`nðc bucmnle

mnsgrutlbhs” sniuj mjsenzìcmhsj phr tu `ujrph y tñ snc cn snqunjrl chtlrel.
Plejs mj el mu`dl sl`lcmh jspubl phr el fh`l (ch el mje `dlbpñ) phr el
ncaustn`nl quj `rjjs quj dl `hbjtnmh tu ajgj y `hc lcsnjmlm phr `ðbh vls l
phmjr lgrhctlr els gl`turls, l plrtnr mj ldhrl quj jstìs jc je plrh.
Je prhfejbl
mj js quj
pjcslbnjcths, jsch`njrth.
dls `ujstnhclmh sn eh ch
]u `hcs`njc`nl qujdl
tj tjcnmh
mn`j tu jspl`nh
bjctj, jc ghrbl
jctrj je
jstâbueh («Bn ajgj bj vl l mjspjmnr») y tu rjspujstl (bnjmh, nrl) phrquj ch
jstì `elrl, jstì bìs fnjc lflrrhtlml. ]le vjz tu ajgj sjc`neelbjctj qujrâl
gjen`ntlrtj phr tu fujc mjsjbpjüh, lubjctlrtj je sujemh h prhphcjrtj uc
pujsth bìs lencjlmh `hc tus tlejcths y dlfnenmlmjs. _jrh tñ tj dls `rjâmh tu
pjcslbnjcth.
¸Jctnjcmjs el nbphrtlc`nl quj tnjcj mjslrrheelr tu `lpl`nmlm mj `ujstnhclr eh
quj tj mn`j tu bjctj8 Jc euilr mj `rjjrtj thmh eh quj tj `ujctl, pujmjs
mjslrrheelr el `lpl`nmlm mj hfsjrvlr ehs pjcslbnjcths, sjcsl`nhcjs y
jbh`nhcjs quj vlc surinjcmh, snc auzilr cn `rntn`lr. «Hd! \uî nctjrjslctj, uc
pjcslbnjcth
els jbh`nhcjstjbjrhsh
quj vlc phr el rjucnðc
surinjcmh, `hc `hc
uclbn ajgj…».
bnrlml Eh hfsjrvls,
`urnhsl, jstlcmh lsâ
`hc`hbh
jeeh,
snc tjcjr cj`jsnmlm mj jvntlreh, cn mj `lbfnlreh, cn mj dunr. El bnrlml `urnhsl
snicngn`l tjcjr uc mjsjh lutîctn`h mj jxpehrlr quî y `ðbh pnjcsls y snjctjs
`hbh eh dl`js jc `lml ncstlctj.
Lsâ quj l plrtnr mj ldhrl vls l jctrjclr tu `lpl`nmlm mj «jstlr prjsjctj» jc
je bhbjcth prjsjctj, jc el jxpjrnjc`nl mnrj`tl, snc vnvnr l bjr`jm mj ehs
pjcslbnjcths, cn mj els hejlmls jbh`nhclejs. ^ ch sheh blctjcmrìs el
ltjc`nðc jc eh quj dl`js h jc eh quj su`jmj jc tu nctjrnhr, snch quj tlbfnîc
lprjcmjrìs l prjstlr ltjc`nðc l eh quj su`jmj gujrl, jc je jcthrch. Ldhrl
bnsbh tlctjlrìs uc frjvj jajr`n`nh plrl dl`jrtj ucl enijrl nmjl mj ehs
fjcjgn`nhs mj dl`jr ucl plusl y mnstlc`nlrtj uc phqunth mj tus pjcslbnjcths.
_lrl quj el ltjc`nðc pejcl tjcil leiucl utnenmlm plrl tn, js vntle quj el
jxpjrnbjctjs y mjs`ufrls phr tu `ujctl. Lsubnr eh quj snicngn`l plrl bâ ch tj
vl l sjrvnr mj clml.

_rjstlr ltjc`nðc l eh quj dl`js bnjctrls eh dl`js, jc je bhbjcth prjsjctj,

snc quj el bjctj vnlaj mj pjcslbnjcth jc pjcslbnjcth, l prnhrn pujmj
plrj`jr snbpej. _jrh, `ulcmh jbpnj`js l prl`tn`lr, tj mlrìs `ujctl mje cnvje
mj mnspjrsnðc quj tnjcj tu bjctj. Pj mjsvnlrì `hc ucl gl`nenmlm lshbfrhsl,
dl`nl `ulequnjr htrh lsucth lctjs mj `jctrlr el ltjc`nðc jc eh quj jstìs
 

dl`njcmh. _jrh ch tj mjslcnbjs cn tj gustniujs sn jsth h`urrj, js chrble. Pj

trltl mj ucl `lpl`nmlm quj thmhs phsjjbhs y quj phmjbhs `uetnvlr l trlvîs
mj el prì`tn`l. Lucquj sheh eh jajr`ntjs murlctj : bncuths le mâl, el prì`tn`l tj
lyumlrì l `hcstrunr plutls cjurhclejs gujrtjs.
Hfsjrvl tu hbfenih

_rhirlbl je tjbphrnzlmhr mj tu bðvne plrl quj sujcj jc trjs bncuths. Jc jsj

tnjbph, snbpejbjctj hfsjrvl els sjcsl`nhcjs quj tnjcjs jc je lfmhbjc.
Hfsjrvl `hbh sufj le ncdlelr y `hbh flal le jxpueslr je lnrj @ulcmh tu bjctj
`hbnjc`j l mnvlilr, pujmjs `hctlr tus rjspnrl`nhcjs plrl lc`elr tu
`hc`jctrl`nðc. @hc el prnbjrl ncdlel`nðc `ujctl < y `ujctl 6 le jxpueslreh.
@ujctl 0 jc el sjiucml ncdlel`nðc y lsâ su`jsnvlbjctj dlstl eejilr le 4.
Jcthc`js, `hbnjczl cujvlbjctj `hctlcmh <.
¸@ðbh dl nmh8 Lpujsth l quj ch dls phmnmh blctjcjr el `hc`jctrl`nðc
murlctj ehs trjs bncuths y el bjctj dlfrì mjlbfuelmh jctrj pjcslbnjcths. Je
dj`dh mj mlrtj `ujctl mj quj tu bjctj sj dl nmh y rjmnrninr su ltjc`nðc l el
rjspnrl`nðc h le bhvnbnjcth mje lfmhbjc, yl js bjmntlr. Jstìs jctrjclcmh tu
`lpl`nmlm plrl prjstlr ltjc`nðc l ucl shel `hsl. Jcdhrlfujcl.
Vjspnrl`nðc lfmhbncle

Dlstl ldhrl dls prl`tn`lmh el ltjc`nðc l el rjspnrl`nðc y el ltjc`nðc le

lfmhbjc. Ldhrl vls l dl`jr ucl sjc`neel prì`tn`l mhcmj gusnhclrìs lbfhs
jejbjcths. _rhirlbl je tjbphrnzlmhr mj tu bðvne plrl quj sujcj mjctrh mj :
bncuths. Jc jsj tnjbph, snbpejbjctj hfsjrvl `ðbh je lnrj jctrl y slej phr el
clrnz, `ðbh tu lfmhbjc sj dnc`dl le ncdlelr y `ðbh mjs`njcmj le jxpueslr je
lnrj. Pn tj gnals jc jsths mhs pucths, jc els ghsls clslejs y jc je lfmhbjc, el
`hc`jctrl`nðc sjrì bìs gì`ne. Ch js cj`jslrnh quj `lbfnjs je rntbh cn el
nctjcsnmlm mj tu rjspnrl`nðc, rjspnrl `hbh chrblebjctj eh dl`js y
sjc`neelbjctj hfsîrvlel. Pî `hcs`njctj mj els sjcsl`nhcjs quj tnjcjs jc el
zhcl lfmhbncle. Pn tu bjctj mnvlil, yl slfjs quj snjbprj pujmjs vhevjr l
`jctrlr el ltjc`nðc jc el rjspnrl`nðc. @ulcmh jsth su`jml, rj`ujrml quj plrl
lgnlczlr tu `hc`jctrl`nðc tj pujmj lyumlr `hctlr tus rjspnrl`nhcjs1 @ujctl < le
 

ncdlelr, 6 le jxpueslr je lnrj y `ulcmh eejiujs l el h`tlvl jxdlel`nðc, vujevj l

`hctlr mj cujvh.

El blyhr plrtj mje tnjbph jstlbhs lfshrths pjcslcmh y dl`njcmh `hsls h

prjh`uplmhs, snc sjr `hcs`njctjs mj eh quj jstì plslcmh jc je bhbjcth
prjsjctj. Jstlbhs jc el jrl mj el ncghrbl`nðc, jc quj els cujvls tj`chehiâls y
els `hcstlctjs nctjrrup`nhcjs, je jstrîs, el buetntlrjl, el prjsnðc y el jxnijc`nl
elfhrle pujmjc eejvlrchs l ucl mjsltjc`nðc `hctncul, quj chs nbpnmj `jctrlr 
cujstrl ltjc`nðc jc uc sheh tjbl l el vjz.
L `hctncul`nðc pujmjs ejjr je jajr`n`nh jxtjcmnmh mj bncmguecjss, quj js uc
ph`h bìs elrih quj je lctjrnhr pjrh niulebjctj sjc`neeh y gì`ne mj lprjcmjr 
(tlbfnîc eh tnjcjs mnsphcnfej jc lumnh jc el wjf). Vjlenzlcmh l mnlrnh jstj
jajr`n`nh sjc`neeh y gì`ne mj lprjcmjr, murlctj : bncuths, vls l mjslrrheelr tu
`lpl`nmlm mj jstlr prjsjctj. ]j pnmh quj eh prl`tnqujs ldhrl, phrquj sn je
bncmguecjss  sj qujml ñcn`lbjctj jc el tjhrâl, su utnenmlm sjrì js`lsl h cuel.
Plfjr leih y ch prl`tn`lreh, js `hbh ch slfjreh. ]lbph`h tj rjsuetlrâl mj
mjblsnlml utnenmlm quj tj enbntlrls l l`jptlr eh quj bncmguecjss snicngn`l plrl
bâ; js nbphrtlctj quj eh jxpjrnbjctjs. ^ tj rj`ujrmh quj tu bjctj ch sj vl l
mjtjcjr ncbjmnltlbjctj sheh phrquj tñ qunjrls; lmjbìs, je hfajtnvh mj el
bjmntl`nðc ch js trltlr mj grjclr ehs pjcslbnjcths. Lsâ quj hevnml `ulequnjr 
nctjc`nðc mj mjspjalr el bjctj h mj mjtjcjr tus pjcslbnjcths.
Je ñcn`h hfajtnvh quj mjfjs prhphcjrtj js prjstlr ltjc`nðc jx`eusnvlbjctj l
tu rjspnrl`nðc. ]lbfnîc tj pnmh quj ch pelctjjs jstj sjc`neeh jajr`n`nh `hc je
hfajtnvh mj rjelalrtj. Le prnc`npnh mj prl`tn`lr bjmntl`nðc, yh tjcâl el
jxpj`tltnvl mj «Why l rjelalrbj», «Why l sjctnrbj bjahr», «]rls el bjmntl`nðc
slemrî `hc ucl irlc jcjriâl» y le tjrbnclr el sjsnðc sleâl lñc bìs jstrjslml. El
rjelal`nðc, sn l`lsh, sjrì ucl `hcsj`ujc`nl mj dlfjr snmh `lplz mj `leblr tu
bjctj murlctj uc tnjbph. Lsâ quj sheh chs vlbhs l `jctrlr jc ucl l``nðc1 el
mj prjstlr ltjc`nðc l el rjspnrl`nðc, snc jxninrchs rjsuetlmhs cn auzilrchs phr sn
ehirlbhs blctjcjr el ltjc`nðc l ucl shel `hsl. Eh ñcn`h nbphrtlctj ldhrl js
quj eh dlils. Ldhrl.

@ulcmh lprjcmjbhs `ulequnjr dlfnenmlm, sj cj`jsntl prì`tn`l y

 

`hc`jctrl`nðc. Lsâ quj plrl lprjcmjr l jstlr prjsjctj, tj rj`hbnjcmh quj

jbpnj`js l js`u`dlr jstj jajr`n`nh mj lumnh `hc rjiuelrnmlm, dlstl quj
pujmls prl`tn`lreh phr tn bnsbh, snc cj`jsnmlm mj lphyh. @hc el prì`tn`l
rjiuelr sjrìs `lplz mj rjlenzlr el prì`tn`l mje bncmguecjss bnjctrls `lbncls phr 
el `leej, `jcls `hc ehs lbnihs h grnjils ehs pelths. _jrh mj bhbjcth, tj
rj`hbnjcmh
mnstrl``nhcjs. quj el prl`tnqujs l shels, trlcqunelbjctj, ejahs mj els
J AJV@N@NH1 Jajr`n`nh jxtjcmnmh mj bncmguecjss

 _hctj l iusth
Fus`l uc euilr trlcquneh mhcmj pujmls rjelalrtj. Pnîctltj `ðbhmlbjctj jc
ucl sneel `hc els blchs shfrj je rjilzh. Pn eh prjgnjrjs, pujmjs sjctlrtj jc je
sujeh, shfrj uc `haâc. @njrrl sulvjbjctj ehs hahs h blctîc el bnrlml
mjsjcgh`lml, phsìcmhel sulvjbjctj jc uc pucth.
_rh`url blctjcjr el jspleml eh bìs rj`tl phsnfej, pjrh snc ghrzlrel. Blctîc je
`ujeeh rjelalmh, `hc el flrfneel enijrlbjctj bjtnml dl`nl mjctrh. Nblincl quj
tj jstnrlrlc sulvjbjctj `hc uc dnenth mjsmj el plrtj bìs letl mj el `lfjzl. Je
lfmhbjc y je pj`dh snc jsthrfhs, plrl quj pujmls rjspnrlr enfrj y
prhgucmlbjctj.
 ]hbl `hc`njc`nl mj tu `ujrph
Hfsjrvl tu phsturl y prjstl ltjc`nðc l ehs pucths jc ehs quj tu `ujrph jstì
jc `hctl`th `hc el sneel, y l ehs pnjs rjphslcmh jc je sujeh. Chtl je pjsh mj tus
frlzhs y blchs quj mjs`lcslc shfrj tu gleml.
@hc`îctrltj jc els sjcsl`nhcjs quj snjctjs jc `lml ucl mj els plrtjs mj tu
`ujrph, mj el `lfjzl l ehs pnjs. Hfsjrvl nc`eush els plrtjs bìs pjqujüls mj
tu `ujrph, `hbh els hrjals, ehs mjmhs mj els blchs y mj ehs pnjs. Chtl sn dly
zhcls jc je `ujrph jc els quj pjr`nfjs nc`hbhmnmlm h tjcsnðc. ^ tlbfnîc sî
`hcs`njctj mj sn dly ìrjls mhcmj chtls rjelal`nðc y `hbhmnmlm.
_jrbntj quj tu `ujrph vlyl lgehaìcmhsj, lenijrìcmhsj y `lyjcmh, bìs y
bìs…
]lbfnîc pujmjs prjstlr ltjc`nðc l ehs mjbìs sjctnmhs. _jr`nfj thmh eh quj
pujmls hejr, slfhrjlr u hâr. Pn chtls leiucl sjcsl`nðc mj `lehr, grâh u
dhrbniujh.
 Vjspnrl prhgucmlbjctj
 

Ldhrl prjstl ltjc`nðc l el rjspnrl`nðc. ]hbl `hc`njc`nl mj jeel. @hc`îctrltj

jc `ðbh jctrl y slej je lnrj mj tu `ujrph. Hfsjrvl je euilr jc je `ujrph mhcmj
pjr`nfls mj uc bhmh bìs jvnmjctj els sjcsl`nhcjs mj tu rjspnrl`nðc. ]le vjz
jc ehs hrngn`nhs clslejs, jc el ilrilctl, jc je `ujeeh. \unzì jc je pj`dh h jc je
lfmhbjc.
Ldhrl
phr tj pnmh
el clrnz quj dlils je
y jxpueslcmh : rjspnrl`nhcjs prhgucmls,
lnrj phr el fh`l. Vjspnrl leih
mjsmjshchrls,
eh bìsncdlelcmh
prhgucmh
mje lfmhbjc. _ujmjs `heh`lr tus blchs jc`nbl mje jsthblih plrl chtlr 
`ðbh sj jxplcmj le ncspnrlr y le jspnrlr, `ðbh tu `ujrph jxpuesl je lnrj, l el
vjz quj vls shetlcmh `ulequnjr tjcsnðc gâsn`l.
Nblincl `hbh sn tuvnjrls uc iehfh jc je jstðblih. Wnsulenzl `ðbh sj dnc`dl
le ncspnrlr, jxplcmnjcmh tu vnjctrj y le ncspnrlr, `ðbh sj mjsdnc`dl.
Pn jc leiñc bhbjcth tu bjctj sj vl, eejvìcmhtj l nmjls, pjcslbnjcths,
nbìijcjs, `hsl quj chs h`urrj l thmhs l bjcumh, `ulcmh tj mjs `ujctl mj
quj el ltjc`nðc sj dl mnspjrslmh, `hc sulvnmlm, `hc ucl l`tntum `lrnühsl y snc
auzilr, trìjel mj vujetl. _ujmjs mnrninr tu ltjc`nðc l el zhcl mj el clrnz,
snctnjcmh `hbh je lnrj jctrl y slej phr tus ghsls clslejs. ]lbfnîc pujmjs
`hctlr els ncdlel`nhcjs y els jxdlel`nhcjs. @ujctl bjctlebjctj `lml vjz quj
ncdlels y `lml vjz quj jxpuesls je lnrj. @ujctl < le ncspnrlr, 6 le jspnrlr, 0 mj
cujvh le ncspnrlr… ^ `ulcmh eejiujs l 4, jbpnjzl el `ujctl mj cujvh. @hctlr 
lyuml bu`dh l blctjcjr el `hc`jctrl`nðc.
Vj`ujrml quj el rjspnrl`nðc js uc rj`ursh blrlvneehsh plrl `jctrlr tu
ltjc`nðc jc je lquâ y jc je ldhrl, phrquj snjbprj jstì l`tnvl y prjsjctj.
 Vjspnrl clturlebjctj
@hc el ñetnbl jspnrl`nðc, vj rjirjslcmh l tu rntbh clturle mj rjspnrl`nðc.
_jrbntj quj vlyl rj`upjrlcmh su `lmjc`nl chrble. Ch dlils cnciñc jsgujrzh
phr letjrlrel, cn phr fus`lr clml jspj`nle. _jrbâtjtj mjs`lcslr jc el
rjspnrl`nðc. Hfsjrvlcmh `hc lblfnenmlm je geunr mje lnrj le jctrlr y slenr phr el
clrnz. Chtlcmh els sjcsl`nhcjs quj tj prhphr`nhcl `lml ncspnrl`nðc y `lml
jspnrl`nðc1 hfsjrvl `ðbh js tu rjspnrl`nðc ldhrl, sn js prhgucml h supjrgn`nle,
sn js jctrj`hrtlml h rjiuelr, rìpnml h ejctl, sulvj h tle vjz râinml. Ch js
cj`jslrnh quj `lbfnjs clml; snbpejbjctj blctîc el ltjc`nðc jc el
sjcsl`nðc. Pnctnjcmh eh quj mjfl sjr sjctnmh, hfsjrvlcmh eh quj sjfl sjr 
hfsjrvlmh. ]hmh tnjcj `lfnml lquâ y ldhrl.
Jc `lml ncdlel`nðc y jc `lml jxdlel`nðc mjs`lcsls bìs y bìs, bhbjcth l
bhbjcth.
@lml vjz quj pjr`nfls quj el bjctj sj vl l rj`ujrmhs, nmjls, pelcjs guturhs,

mnrnij sulvjbjctj
mltj `ujctl mj qujelsjltjc`nðc
dl nmh mj cujvh vhevjr.
y mj`nmj dl`nl el_ujmjs
rjspnrl`nðc.
vhevjrPnbpejbjctj
l `hctlr tus
 

rjspnrl`nhcjs. Mlrtj `ujctl mj quj el bjctj sj mnspjrsl y rj`upjrlr el

ltjc`nðc snc `rntn`lrtj js gucmlbjctle jc el prì`tn`l mje bncmguecjss. Lmjbìs, el
prhpnl prì`tn`l mj mlrtj `ujctl mj quj tj dls nmh, yl js bjmntlr. ^ jstl
prì`tn`l sj ghrtlej`j. Js uc geunr `hctncuh mj nr y vjcnr y mj vhevjr l hfsjrvlr eh
quj dly, bhbjcth l bhbjcth, `hc ucl bnrlml `urnhsl.
 Jxpehrl tu nctjrnhr
Ldhrl quj jrjs bìs `hcs`njctj mj tus sjcsl`nhcjs gâsn`ls, pujmjs thblr 
tlbfnîc blyhr `hcs`njc`nl mj tu jstlmh nctjrch, mj tu bjctj y mj tus
jbh`nhcjs. Vjlenzl ucl jxpehrl`nðc mj `ðbh sj snjctj tu `ujrph, tu bjctj y
tu `hrlzðc. Nctjctl sjr `hcs`njctj mj jeeh snc auzilr. Ch trltjs mj mjsdl`jrtj
mj `ulequnjr sjcsl`nðc nc`ðbhml h mjslirlmlfej `lbfnlcmh mj phsturl. Jc
euilr mj jsh, snbpejbjctj pujmjs rj`hch`jr el bhejstnl y l`jptlr jsl
sjcsl`nðc, mjalr mj phcjr rjsnstjc`nl l eh quj plsl y mj qujrjr quj els `hsls
sjlc mj ghrbl mngjrjctj l `hbh shc. ^ `hctncñls `hc je jajr`n`nh.
Pn ch jc`ujctrls cnciucl sjcsl`nðc jvnmjctj, ch tj prjh`upjs, tlbfnîc jstì
fnjc.
 _jrbntj quj tu bjctj sj mnspjrsj
Ldhrl mjal mj `jctrlrtj jc clml, yl ch tnjcjs quj prjstlr ltjc`nðc l el
rjspnrl`nðc. \unzì snjctjs bìs `lebl, bjchs jstrîs, sjrjcnmlm y rjelal`nðc. H
tle vjz ch. _ujmj quj tu bjctj jstî ncucmlml mj pjcslbnjcths y pelcjs. _jrh
jc jstl glsj mje jajr`n`nh ch nbphrtl mjblsnlmh quî snjctls. @ulequnjr `hsl
quj su`jml jstì fnjc y ch dly cnciñc rjsuetlmh h jgj`th quj tjcils quj
ehirlr.
_jrbntj quj tu bjctj vliuj enfrjbjctj y mnsgrutl mj mjalr quj tu bjctj sjl
tle y `hbh js.
 _rjpìrltj plrl tjrbnclr
Mj cujvh, sî `hcs`njctj mj els sjcsl`nhcjs mje `ujrph. @ðbh rjphsl shfrj el
sneel, ehs pnjs lphylmhs jc je sujeh, ehs frlzhs y els blchs shfrj tus pnjrcls.
_ujmjs chtlr sn dly leiñc hehr, slfhr h shcnmh.
Mjctrh mj uc bhbjcth y `ulcmh sjl lmj`ulmh plrl tn, tj pjmnrî quj lfrls
mjspl`nh ehs hahs. _jrh lctjs, tj pnmh quj tjcils jc bjctj ucl nmjl `elrl mj
eh sniunjctj quj vls l dl`jr. Bu`dls pjrshcls, le tjrbnclr jstj jajr`n`nh,
sletlc mj el sneel y sj jcgrls`lc jc el sniunjctj l`tnvnmlm, pjrmnjcmh je jstlmh
`jctrlmh quj dlc `uetnvlmh `hc el prì`tn`l. Lsâ quj pnjcsl jc quî vls l dl`jr 
ldhrl, y eeîvltj thml jsl `hcs`njc`nl `hctnih plrl el sniunjctj tlrjl.
Pn qunjrjs pujmjs l`hbhmlrtj jc el sneel h jc el `lbl y jstnrlr tu `ujrph
`hbh sn gujrls uc ilth mjspjrjzìcmhsj.
 Vjirjsl l lquâ y ldhrl
 

Ncdlel, jxdlel… ^ le eejilr l jstj gncle mj el prì`tn`l mj el bjmntl`nðc,

pjrbâtjtj slfhrjlr ucls ñetnbls rjspnrl`nhcjs `hcs`njctjs y `hbpejtls, l tu
rntbh, mìcmhtj `ujctl mj `ðbh tus rntbhs vntlejs dlc `lbfnlmh sn js quj tu
rjspnrl`nðc tlbfnîc ldhrl js mngjrjctj quj le ncn`nlr el prì`tn`l. H qunzìs ch.
]le vjz tu bjctj sj dl `leblmh phr `hbpejth h tle vjz ch. Lucquj tjcils el
sjcsl`nðc mj trlcqunenmlm
h cjrvnhsnsbh, hfsjrvl qujlfsheutl, qunzì tlbfnîc
jsl sjcsl`nðc sheh sjl plslajrl.
pujmj sjrPnplslajrl.
snjctjs jcglmh
H`urrl
eh quj h`urrl, pjrbntj quj sjl `hbh tjcil quj sjr. Pjl `hbh sjl, mltj uc
jspl`nh plrl lirlmj`jrtj jstl prì`tn`l, jstj bhbjcth mj ltjc`nðc jspj`nle
dl`nl tn, dl`nl eh quj js. Mltj `ujctl mj quj mjs`ufrnr el `lebl y el `elrnmlm
tnjcj quj vjr bjchs `hc «dl`jr» y bìs `hc «ch dl`jr». ^ ph`h l ph`h, l tu
rntbh, pujmjs nr lfrnjcmh ehs hahs y thblcmh `hcs`njc`nl mj mðcmj jstìs.
Jc`ujctrl bhbjcths l eh elrih mje mâl plrl rj`hcj`tlr `hc jstl sjcsl`nðc mj
ltjc`nðc `jctrlml. Ch js cj`jslrnh quj dlils je jajr`n`nh `hbpejth,
snbpejbjctj `hc`îctrltj jc je rntbh mj el rjspnrl`nðc, dlz `nc`h rjspnrl`nhcjs
prhgucmls. Mjmn`l uc jspl`nh plrl thblr `hcs`njc`nl mj `ðbh tj snjctjs
gâsn`l, bjctle y jbh`nhclebjctj. Pnc trltlr mj `lbfnlr tu jstlmh.
Jsth tj pjrbntnrì jstlr bìs prjsjctj jc tu vnml `htnmnlcl, `jctrlcmh tu
`hcs`njc`nl jc ucl `hsl `lml vjz, jc je bhbjcth prjsjctj. ^ `ulcth bìs eh
prl`tnqujs, bìs gì`ne tj rjsuetlrì l``jmjr l tu vh`j`neel nctjrnhr, quj jstì ldâ 
plrl prhtjijrtj, snc quj ej nbphrtj je pjsh quj tjcils. El prì`tn`l rjiuelr 
tlbfnîc tj lyumlrì l ghrtlej`jr ehs cujvhs dìfnths mj lenbjctl`nðc `hcs`njctj
quj mjs`ufrnrìs jc je `lpâtueh «@hcs`njc`nl y pîrmnml mj pjsh», quj tj
pjrbntnrìc `hcsjiunr tu prhpðsnth.

L vj`js `rjjbhs quj `ulcth bìs nctjcslbjctj jbpj`jbhs l nctjctlr 

prl`tn`lr leih, bjahrjs sjrìc ehs rjsuetlmhs. _jrh el rjlenmlm js quj
jsghrzlrchs mjblsnlmh pujmj sjr `hctrlprhmu`jctj. Je sj`rjth jstì jc el
prì`tn`l frjvj pjrh `hcstlctj, jc rjsjrvlr uc jspl`nh jc tu lijcml `lml mâl,
plrl sjctlrtj trlcqunelbjctj snc mnstrl``nhcjs. Mjspuîs sjrìs `lplz mj lpen`lr 
je bncmguecjss l htrls ìrjls mj tu vnml, `hbh tu ghrbl mj `hbjr.
Jctrjcl tu `hcs`njc`nl y ltjc`nðc `hc je lumnh mje jajr`n`nh jxtjcmnmh
mj bncmguecjss quj pujmjs mjs`lrilr irltuntlbjctj mj www.dlbfrjmjlbhr.`hb
mj www.dlbfrjmjlbhr.`hb (vjr 
ncstru``nhcjs jc el pìincl 6<).

Bhbjcths bncmguecjss
 

«Dj dj`dh uc `ursh mj ej`turl rìpnml

y dj ejâmh Iujrrl y plz jc vjnctj bncuths. Wl mj Vusnl».
Yhhmy Leejc
Mnrj`thr, iunhcnstl, l`thr, bñsn`h y js`rnthr

El ltjc`nðc pejcl sj mjslrrheel `hc jajr`n`nhs `hbh je quj tj l`lfh mj

prhphcjr, pjrh el fujcl chtn`nl js quj plrl jctrjclr jsl `lpl`nmlm ch
cj`jsntls pjrblcj`jr ncbðvne murlctj dhrls jc uc `haâc mj bjmntl`nðc, le
blrijc mje bucmlcle runmh. Htrl ghrbl mj `uetnvlr uc jstlmh mj prjsjc`nl y
blctjcjreh jc tu vnml mnlrnl `hcsnstj jc rjlenzlr l`tnvnmlmjs rutnclrnls ”quj
chrblebjctj rjlenzls jc bhmh zhbfn ”mj bhmh bìs `hcs`njctj. Bìs
lmjelctj, je rjth sjrì ijcjrlenzlr jstj jstlmh l htrls l`tnvnmlmjs, `hbh je l`th
mj `hbjr.
Bnjctrls `h`ncls, ¸mðcmj sujej jstlr tu bjctj8 ¸Jstì h`uplml dl`njcmh
pelcjs plrl blülcl8 ¸Pj jc`ujctrl rjvnvnjcmh ucl y htrl vjz jsl
`hcvjrsl`nðc quj dls tjcnmh jc je trlflah8 ¸Jstì nblinclcmh `hcvjrsl`nhcjs
quj lñc jstìc phr vjcnr8

Je rjth plrl jstl sjblcl js quj `lml mâl jenals ucl mj els l`tnvnmlmjs quj tj
prhphcmrî l `hctncul`nðc y quj prjstjs thtle ltjc`nðc le jaj`utlrel. Ch
`hcsnstj jc quj rjlen`js el l`tnvnmlm mj ghrbl ejctl, dlzel `hc chrblenmlm,
pjrh prjstlcmh ltjc`nðc l el jxpjrnjc`nl jc sâ bnsbl. ¡Lprhvj`dl `ulequnjr 
hphrtucnmlm plrl nc`hrphrlr pjqujühs bhbjcths bncmguecjss!
Murlctj jstl sjblcl, `lml mâl jenij uch mj jsths bhbjcths mj tu vnml
mnlrnl1
Bnjctrls tj elvls ehs mnjctjs
Bnjctrls tj `jpneels ehs mnjctjs, prjstl ltjc`nðc l el phsn`nðc mj tu `ujrph. Pî
`hcs`njctj mje lspj`th, je hehr, el tjxturl, je slfhr mj el plstl mj mnjctjs.
Pnjctj `hbh je frlzh sj vl bhvnjcmh mj uc elmh le htrh. Js`u`dl je shcnmh mje
`jpneeh `hctrl tu mjctlmurl. Chtl el sjcsl`nðc mje `jpneeh jc tus mnjctjs y
`îctrltj jc enbpnlr `lml uch mj jeehs.
 

 Le mlrtj ucl mu`dl

mu`dl
Pnjctj je pel`jr mje liul `lenjctj rjsflelcmh shfrj tn, bnjctrls prjstls
ltjc`nðc le lrhbl mje alfðc, le shcnmh mje liul le `ljr y l el mnsbncu`nðc mj
su vjeh`nmlm, `ulcmh `njrrjs je irngh. Jc el mu`dl js buy grj`ujctj quj el
bjctj sletj dl`nl mjelctj y dl`nl ltrìs, rj`hrmlcmh j nblinclcmh sntul`nhcjs
quj tle vjz cuc`l dlc h`urrnmh y quj prhflfejbjctj cuc`l su`jmjrìc.
Pnbpejbjctj sî `hcs`njctj mj `ulcmh tu bjctj sj vl, y vujevj l prjstlr 
ltjc`nðc le liul.
Grjilr ehs pelths
Chtl je prnbjr `hctl`th mj tus blchs `hc je liul; sî `hcs`njctj mj el
tjbpjrlturl, mj `lml pnjzl quj suajtls, mje tnjbph quj tlrmls jc enbpnlreh.
Hfsjrvl el jspubl quj sj ghrbl, gâaltj jc je shcnmh mje liul le `ljr, jc el
`lctnmlm mj liul quj jstìs uslcmh. ]hbl `hcs`njc`nl mj ehs pjcslbnjcths
quj `ruzlc tu `lfjzl y, sjiunmlbjctj, mîalehs blr`dlr. Niulebjctj, mltj
`ujctl mj tu mjsjh mj qujrjr tjrbnclr plrl phmjr dl`jr htrl `hsl.
Jc el `hel mje sñpjr
Pî `hcs`njctj mj el rjl``nðc quj tnjcjs le vjr quj dly `hel jc je
supjrbjr`lmh. Bnjctrls jspjrls, sî `hcs`njctj mj tus sjcsl`nhcjs gâsn`ls, lsâ 
`hbh mj el phsn`nðc mj tus pnjs, mj tus pnjrcls, mj tu jspleml; chtl tu
rjspnrl`nðc. @ulcmh el `hel lvlczl, sî `hcs`njctj cujvlbjctj mj tu rjl``nðc.
Pî `hcs`njctj mj tu nbpuesh mj bnrlr je bðvne, y mj `uìctls vj`js eh dl`js.
@ulcmh phr gnc eejil tu turch, phc ltjc`nðc jc tu nctjrl``nðc `hc el pjrshcl
quj tj ltnjcmj.
Jc je trlcsphrtj pñfen`h
Hfsjrvl sn tu bjctj mjsjlrâl jstlr jc htrh euilr, quj je «trìbntj» mje vnlaj
plsj
bjtrhprhcth. Ch sjcntrltl
blehenjctj, mj quj
mj quj snjctlssjctnr
prjtjcmls jctusnlsbh phrsnjctjs.
eh quj ch jstlr jcÑcn`lbjctj
jsj vliðc mj
js
ucl hphrtucnmlm plrl jctrjclr el hfsjrvl`nðc mj eh quj tj rhmjl, mj ch auzilr 
tus sjcsl`nhcjs, rj`hch`jr `ðbh tus jbh`nhcjs y tus pjcslbnjcths vlc
geu`tulcmh.
@lbnclr mj ucl jstlc`nl l htrl jc `lsl
]hbl `hc`njc`nl mj `ðbh `lbncls. Pnjctj `ðbh els lebhdlmneels mj uc pnj
jctrlc jc `hctl`th `hc je sujeh. Chtl niulebjctj el pnslml mj tu htrh pnj,
`ðbh je lr`h pelctlr sj jc`hrvl. ]hbl `hcs`njc`nl mje bhvnbnjcth mj tus
pnjrcls, mj tus frlzhs sn sj flelc`jlc jc ehs `hstlmhs. Hfsjrvl `ðbh jctrls l
el htrl jstlc`nl, y ehs mjspelzlbnjcths quj rjlenzls.
Htrls l`tnvnmlmjs quj ch rjqunjrjc ltjc`nðc `hcs`njctj, phr trltlrsj mj l`ths
 

sjc`neehs y `htnmnlchs, pjrh quj shc buy ñtnejs plrl gh`lenzlr cujstrl bjctj jc
ucl shel `hsl, phmrâlc sjr1
• Wjstnrtj
• ]hblr uc tî, `lgî h zubh
• Dl`jr el `hbprl
• Plenr l `hrrjr 
• @hcmu`nr 
• Pjctlrtj l trlflalr jc tu bjsl
• Zcl rjel`nðc sjxule
• _hcjr y quntlr el bjsl
• ]nrlr el flsurl
• _hcjr el elvlmhrl
• _hcjrtj `rjbl jc el `lrl<
J AJV@N@NH1 Bhvnbnjcth y `hcs`njc`nl

@ulcmh dl`jbhs mjphrtj shejbhs jstlr buy jc je pelch bjctle, pjcslcmh

jc thmh eh quj tjcjbhs quj dl`jr. ^ `ulcmh tjrbnclbhs el l`tnvnmlm gâsn`l,
rìpnmlbjctj vhevjbhs l jcgrls`lrchs jc bne pjcslbnjcths.
@hc je jajr`n`nh «Bhvnenzl tu jcjriâl» vnbhs `ðbh lpen`lr je bncmguecjss  le
mjphrtj, phcnjcmh el ltjc`nðc jc `ðbh js je bhvnbnjcth, jc je rntbh, jc el
plrtj mjrj`dl, jc el nzqunjrml… @hcvjrtnbhs el l`tnvnmlm gâsn`l jc uc jspl`nh
jc je quj phmjr bjmntlr y jstlr `hcj`tlmhs `hc je bhbjcth prjsjctj.

Eh quj tj
mjspuîs mjprhphcih ldhrlmjmnqujs
dl`jr mjphrtj js quj, lmjbìs mj murlctj
uchs ncstlctjs l jstlrjeprjsjctj.
jajr`n`nh,Mnsphctj
tlbfnîc
l hfsjrvlr `ðbh sj snjctj tu `ujrph trls el l`tnvnmlm gâsn`l. @ðbh tj snjctjs
mjspuîs mje bhvnbnjcth. Pn vls l `hbjr, lmvnjrtj quî fnjc tj snjctl el
`hbnml.
 ^ yl pujsths, lprhvj`dh plrl pjmnrtj quj lubjctjs je tnjbph mj bhvnenzlr tu
jcjriâl, mj : bncuths l <? bncuths.

Js gucmlbjctle quj ch dlils jajr`n`nh mjsmj el hfenil`nðc cn mjsmj je

bl`dlquj. Js `urnhsh hfsjrvlr `ðbh els pjrshcls dl`jbhs jajr`n`nh niule quj
 

`hbjbhs (y quj vnvnbhs). Jc bn prì`tn`l `hbh ncstru`thrl mj l`tnvnmlmjs

mjphrtnvls, dj hfsjrvlmh quj bu`dls pjrshcls ch mnsgrutlc mje dj`dh mj
dl`jr mjphrtj, eh dl`jc `hctlcmh ehs bncuths, `hc el prjsnðc mj ehirlr 
rjsuetlmhs, snc mnsgrutlr mje ncstlctj prjsjctj, snc `lrnüh cn rjspjth phr sâ 
bnsbls. Js ucl eìstnbl vnvnr je jajr`n`nh gâsn`h mj jstl blcjrl, pujs `unmlrsj
snc mnsgrutlr, quj
js cj`jslrnh ch jsjc`ujctrjs
`unmlrsj. ¡Js
ucl phsnfej mnsgrutlr
l`tnvnmlm quj tj mje jajr`n`nh gâsn`h! _lrl jeeh
iustj.

Jstl sjblcl vls l prjstlr ltjc`nðc l lqujeehs lspj`ths vntlejs quj mls phr 
sjctlmhs, `hbh el rjspnrl`nðc. @hbprhbîtjtj l mjmn`lr : bncuths `lml mâl l
bjmntlr (yl sjl phcnjcmh el ltjc`nðc jc el rjspnrl`nðc, jc els sjcsl`nhcjs mj
el zhcl lfmhbncle h js`u`dlcmh el bjmntl`nðc iunlml phr bâ jc lumnh mje
jajr`n`nh jxtjcmnmh mj bjmntl`nðc (l``jmj l jeel l trlvîs mj el wjf).
]lbfnîc vls l jejinr ucl l`tnvnmlm `htnmnlcl le mâl, el `ule vls l mjslrrheelr 
`hc pejcl ltjc`nðc. _hr ñetnbh, lubjctl el prì`tn`l mj bhvnenzlr tu jcjriâl l
<? bncuths bìs mj eh quj vnjcjs dl`njcmh mnlrnlbjctj.

< Pnlpen`ls el ltjc`nðc pejcl le phcjrtj `rjbl, rjlenzlcmh uc sulvj blslaj gl`nle,
vnsulenzlcmh `ðbh el eh`nðc vl cutrnjcmh y rjauvjcj`njcmh tus `îeuels, je jgj`th mj el `rjbl sj
buetnpen`lrì.
 

4
 Lenbjctl`nðc `hcs`njctj
y bncmgue jltnci 
Eejilmhs l jstj pucth, suphcih quj yl vls vnseubfrlcmh je cjxh quj jxnstj
jctrj je bncmguecjss y el bjahrl mj el rjel`nðc `hc el `hbnml.
¸\uî js je bncmgue jltnci8
Pn bncmguecjss  snicngn`l ltjc`nðc pejcl, bncmgue jltnci  js el lpen`l`nðc mj el
ltjc`nðc pejcl le l`th mj `hbjr. Jc rjlenmlm, sj jxtnjcmj l bu`dhs bìs l`ths.
Lmjbìs mj jstlr prjsjctjs, ltjcths y l iusth bnjctrls `hbjbhs, el
lenbjctl`nðc `hcs`njctj `hbnjczl le sjctlrchs l js`rnfnr el enstl mj el `hbprl,
`ulcmh lmqunrnbhs je lenbjcth, jc el ghrbl mj `h`nclreh y mj prjplrlreh j
nc`eush `ulcmh thblbhs el mj`nsnðc mj `hbprlreh. _jrh mj bhbjcth vlbhs l
`jctrlrchs jc je bhmh mj `hbjr.
Pj sujej dlfelr mj bncmgue jltnci y mj lenbjctl`nðc `hcs`njctj `hbh sn gujsjc
sncðcnbhs, pjrh plrl bâ shc `hsls mnstnctls. Lucquj sj trltj mj ucl bjrl
`ujstnðc mj jtnqujtls, `rjh quj je `hc`jpth mj «lenbjctl`nðc `hcs`njctj»
lflr`l bu`dhs bìs ìbfnths. Lenbjctlrchs `hcs`njctjbjctj js tjcjr 
`hcs`njc`nl mj ehs lenbjcths jc ehs lspj`ths1
• Nctjej`tule
Nctjej`tule11 Jstlr ltjcths l ehs iruphs mj lenbjcths cj`jslrnhs jc cujstrl
lenbjctl`nðc (vntlbncls, prhtjâcls, `lrfhdnmrlths…). Cujstrh `ujrph sj
rjijcjrl jc `n`ehs mj vlrnhs lühs, sj jstì rj`hcstruyjcmh `hctnculbjctj.
_hr supujsth
y fjfnml, jc quj js prnbhrmnle
ehs «elmrneehs» qujgnalrsj
uslbhsjc plrl
el `lenmlm mj cujstrl
rjjmngn`lr cujstrhlenbjctl`nðc
`ujrph. Pnc
jbflrih, jc ijcjrle sj phcj bu`dh je gh`h jc quî `hbjbhs, bnjctrls quj
js tlcth h bìs nbphrtlctj `ðbh eh `hbjbhs y plrl quî eh `hbjbhs.
• Pjcshrnle
Pjcshrnle11 Lquâ js mhcmj jctrl je bncmgue jltnci. Ltjcmjr l ehs `hehrjs, ehs
slfhrjs, els tjxturls, ehs lrhbls… `ulcmh `hbjbhs bnrlcmh je bðvne,
vnjcmh el tjejvnsnðc, mnstrlâmhs y snc slfhrjlr el `hbnml rjlebjctj, el
mnijrnbhs snc mlrchs `ujctl. Le tjrbnclrel, ch chs sjctnbhs sltnsgj`dhs,
sjiunbhs snctnjcmh dlbfrj y eh bìs prhflfej js quj chs ejvlctjbhs mj el
bjsl jc fus`l mj leih `hc quj eejclrchs.
• Jbh`nhcle
Jbh`nhcle11 Pjr `hcs`njctjs mj quî `hbjbhs sjiñc ehs jstâbuehs quj
mjsjc`lmjclc je dlbfrj vhrlz (`ðbh chs sjctnbhs, sjiñc ehs dìfnths
glbnenlrjs, je euilr jc je quj chs jc`hctrlbhs… ). @hc el vnml quj eejvlbhs,
 

shejbhs tjcjr ucl lijcml buy eejcl, chs sjctnbhs `lcslmhs, ch l`lflbhs
mj jc`hctrlr je sjctnmh l eh quj dl`jbhs y tjcjbhs cj`jsnmlmjs
jbh`nhclejs ch `ufnjrtls. ^ l bjcumh utnenzlbhs el `hbnml `hbh uc
fìeslbh jbh`nhcle, `hbh uc prjbnh h `hbh uc bjmnh plrl tlplr cujstrls
`lrjc`nls jbh`nhclejs.
 @hcsnmjrlr
jc ehs =jeirlcmjs
•jeÎtn`h1 @hcsnmjrlr
Îtn`h1
pelcjtl, nbpl`thrjnchs
quj cujstrl ghrbl mj lenbjctlrchs
mj el clturlejzl tnjcjvjijtle
(bncjrle, lcnble, shfrj
y dublch). Jstj pelch `hc`njrcj l sn eh quj `hcsubnbhs sj dl prhmu`nmh mj
ghrbl shstjcnfej, je nbpl`th mje trlcsphrtj mj jshs lenbjcths jc je bjmnh
lbfnjctj h sn el `hbplüâl lenbjctlrnl rjtrnfuyj austlbjctj l els pjrshcls
quj trlflalc jc jeel.
@lml uch mj jsths pucths mlrâl plrl uc enfrh jctjrh, pjrh prjgnjrh
prhgucmnzlr jc ehs lspj`ths mj`nsnvhs plrl lprjcmjr l rjel`nhclrchs fnjc `hc
el `hbnml, l`lflr `hc je dlbfrj jbh`nhcle y `hc je shfrjpjsh1 el
lenbjctl`nðc mjsmj je pucth mj vnstl sjcshrnle (bncmgue jltnci) y jbh`nhcle. Ehs
mjbìs `hbphcjctjs (je nctjej`tule y je îtn`h) vjcmrìc `hbh `hcsj`ujc`nl
clturle mj nctjrnhrnzlr je bncmgue jltnci y el ijstnðc jbh`nhcle.
Lsâ, jc euilr mj vninelr bìs quî lenbjcths `hbjbhs h mj `hctlr els `lehrâls
quj ncijrnbhs, vlbhs l jctrjclr el `hcs`njc`nl le `hbjr. Eh dlrjbhs
hfsjrvlcmh y `hch`njcmh jc prhgucmnmlm thmhs y `lml uch mj ehs jejbjcths
quj `hcmn`nhclc je prh`jsh mj `hbjr. Pniunjcmh je trnìciueh mj el `hcs`njc`nl
mje `lpâtueh :, vlbhs l jstlr jc `hcstlctj `hctl`th `hc els plutls bjctlejs
dlfntulejs (pjcslbnjcths), `hc ehs jstlmhs mj ìcnbh (jbh`nhcjs) y `hc els
mngjrjctjs sjcsl`nhcjs mj dlbfrj y sl`njmlm (`ujrph), y jvntlrjbhs pjrsnstnr 
jc ehs pjcslbnjcths luthmjstru`tnvhs mj El Whz quj chs eejvlc l `hbjr 
nc`hctrhelmlbjctj.
Mj el bnsbl blcjrl quj shbhs `lpl`js mj `lbnclr h rjspnrlr snc tjcjr quj
pjcslr jc jeeh `hcs`njctjbjctj, phmjbhs rjlenzlr tlrjls sjc`neels `hbh
pnc`dlr je tjcjmhr h eejvlrchs uc fh`lmneeh l el fh`l snc tjcjr quj pjcslr jc
eh quj dl`jbhs. ]lbfnîc phmjbhs `hbjr bnjctrls lcmlbhs phr el `leej h
`hcmu`nbhs, bnrlbhs je bðvne, ejjbhs je pjrnðmn`h, vjbhs el tjej, trlflalbhs
jc je hrmjclmhr h dl`jbhs pelcjs plrl je mâl sniunjctj. Chs plrj`j quj
lprhvj`dlbhs bu`dh bjahr je tnjbph y quj lmjbìs dl`jbhs je «trìbntj» mj
`hbjr bjchs lfurrnmh. _jrh yl vnbhs quj el buetntlrjl tnjcj ucls
`hcsj`ujc`nls.
Puphcj quj, bnjctrls vls bjtnjcmh `hbnml jc tu fh`l l el vjz quj rjlenzls
thmls jstls tlrjls, tj pnjrmjs el jxpjrnjc`nl mj `hbjr, ch mnsgrutls, cn chtls
ehs slfhrjs, cn ehs lrhbls, cn els tjxturls mj ehs lenbjcths. ^ rjsuetl quj
`ulcmh lcmlbhs phr el vnml nichrlcmh eh quj vjbhs, eh quj th`lbhs h eh
 

quj `hbjbhs, js `hbh sn thmh lqujeeh ch jxnstnjsj. Pn chs ltnfhrrlbhs mj

`hbnml bnjctrls cujstrl bjctj lcml pjrmnml jctrj pjcslbnjcths, bnrlbhs je
bðvne, ejjbhs je pjrnðmn`h, vjbhs el ]W h js`u`dlbhs bñsn`l, ch chs mlbhs
`ujctl mj quî `lctnmlmjs ncijrnbhs, cn mj quî js eh quj ncijrnbhs. ]lbph`h
shbhs `hcs`njctjs mj els sjcsl`nhcjs (je dlbfrj js ucl sjcsl`nðc gâsn`l), quj
chs mn`jcpjrshcls,
Bu`dls «ldhrl tjcih dlbfrj» phr
le ejvlctlrsj y «ldhrl yl ch».jc eh prnbjrh quj pnjcslc js
el blülcl,
jc el `hbnml. ^ tlbfnîc js jc eh ñetnbh quj pnjcslc `ulcmh sj l`ujstlc phr 
el ch`dj. Pnc jbflrih, jc je bhbjcth mj `hbjr, su `hc`njc`nl l`jr`l mj eh
quj jstìc dl`njcmh sj lcuel y ucl sjcsl`nðc mj mjs`hctrhe sj lphmjrl mj
jeels. Lfshrtls jctrj pjcslbnjcths, sj ltnfhrrlc, snc mlrsj `ujctl mj els
`lctnmlmjs quj ncinrnjrjc, y `lsn snc slfjr eh quj jstìc `hbnjcmh. ^, mj
rjpjctj, `ulcmh sj mlc `ujctl mj quj je pelth jstì bìs enbpnh quj ucl
pltjcl, mjspnjrtlc mj jsj trlc`j jc je quj dlc jstlmh ncbjrsls. L
`hctncul`nðc, sj jc`ujctrlc ble gâsn`lbjctj j ncsltnsgj`dls `hc su lspj`th. El
`hcs`njc`nl js el `elvj plrl rjlenzlr `lbfnhs prhgucmhs y murlmjrhs, `hbh
pjrmjr pjsh l elrih pelzh.
]j phcih uc jajbpeh pjrshcle, ucl sntul`nðc quj bj eejvð l `hbjr 
nc`hcs`njctjbjctj. Zc mâl, bnjctrls rjirjslfl mj trlflalr, `lbnclfl
prjh`uplml pjcslcmh jc ucl `hcgjrjc`nl quj tjcâl quj nbplrtnr jc mhs mâls y
quj ch bj dlfâl prjplrlmh. @ulcmh eejiuî l `lsl, bn bjctj bj mj`âl «mjfjs
phcjrtj l trlflalr jc el `hcgjrjc`nl» pjrh htrl plrtj mj bâ bj suinrnð1 «Lctjs
mj jbpjzlr rjeìaltj uc ph`h, phctj l vjr ucl sjrnj jc nctjrcjt l`hbplülml
mj ucls pltltntls, plrl mjs`hcj`tlr». ¸\unîc ilcð8 Jgj`tnvlbjctj, el
sjiucml. Lsâ quj bj sjctî jc je shgì, grjctj l el plctleel y `hc ucl fhesl mj
pltltls jc el blch. Le prnc`npnh jbpj`î l `hbjr sheh leiucls, pjrh l bjmnml
quj je mrlbl mj el sjrnj nfl lubjctlcmh, bn vjeh`nmlm le `hbjr tlbfnîc eh
dl`âl. @hbâl le rntbh mj el trlbl. Ncijrâl snc lpjcls mlrbj `ujctl. Pjiuâl
`hbnjcmh snc tjcjr dlbfrj gâsn`l. @ulcmh el sjrnj tjrbncð, bj mn `ujctl mj
quj bj dlfâl `hbnmh el fhesl mj pltltls jctjrl.
¸^ quî vnch sjiunmlbjctj8 @uepl. Bj j`dî el frhc`l phr dlfjr pjrmnmh je
tnjbph y phr `hbjr `hbnml flsurl. «¡Mjblsnlml sle y irlsl!», jspjtð El Whz.
«]j qujmls snc `jclr, y blülcl ¡l `hbpjcslr jc je inbclsnh!»
@hbâ nc`hcs`njctjbjctj, bj jc`dugî l el plctleel plrl mjs`hcj`tlrbj mj ehs
bjcslajs quj bn `hrlzðc, bn bjctj y bn `ujrph bj blcmlflc. Bj gun l el
`lbl prjh`uplml phr dlfjr prh`rlstnclmh y ch dlfjr lvlczlmh jc bn trlflah.
Mjscutrnml, ch sheh mj `ujrph, snch tlbfnîc mj `hrlzðc.

¸@ðbh dufnjsj
Le rjirjslr mns`urrnmh
l `lsl el bnsbl
mj trlflalr, sntul`nðc, phr
prjh`uplml snjcmh bìs `hcs`njctj8
el `hcgjrjc`nl quj mjfâl
 

nbplrtnr jc mhs mâls y quj ch bj dlfâl prjplrlmh, bj lsletð je pjcslbnjcth1

«mjfjs phcjrtj l trlflalr jc el `hcgjrjc`nl». Lctjs quj clml, `hbprhfî `ðbh
jstlfl bn bjctj. Wjrngnquî quj jgj`tnvlbjctj jstlfl prjh`uplml phr el
`hcgjrjc`nl. Eujih plsî l hfsjrvlr je jstlmh mj bn `hrlzðc y mjs`ufrâ quj bj
sjctâl uc ph`h shel (y yl tj dj `hctlmh quj ch bj eejvlfl buy fnjc `hc el
shejmlm).
L `hctncul`nðc rjvnsî je jstlmh mj bn jstðblih y mj bns `îeuels, y bj mn
`ujctl mj quj lmjbìs mj jstlr `lcslml, sjctâl bu`dl dlbfrj. @hc`euâ quj
cj`jsntlfl `hbjr leih y rj`nfnr `lrnüh. _jrh `hbh jstlfl shel, el quj tjcâl
quj sltnsgl`jr jstls cj`jsnmlmjs jrl yh bnsbl.
¸@rjjs quj `hiâ trjs rlbntls mj lpnh y els rjbhaî jc tldâc8 ¡Ch! Niulebjctj
gun l phr els pltltls, pjrh jc vjz mj thblrels mnrj`tlbjctj mj el fhesl,
mnspusj ucls 6? pltltls grntls jc uc pelth. Hfsjrvî su `hehr, sus thclenmlmjs
mj blrrðc y mhrlmh, sus ghrbls. Bj l`jrquî ucl l el fh`l y bj mn `ujctl mj
su tjxturl lrruilml le l`lrn`nlr bn ejciul. Chtî ehs `lbfnhs mj tjxturl `ulcmh
el slenvl jctrlfl jc `hctl`th `hc el pltltl. Plfhrjlfl ejctlbjctj el sle jc el
fh`l, mjtjcnîcmhbj uchs ncstlctjs plrl js`u`dlr je shcnmh `ruanjctj quj sj
prhmu`âl le blstn`lrels. Nc`eush chtlfl `ðbh sj mjsenzlfl je lenbjcth phr bn
ilrilctl, trls dlfjreh trnturlmh, y `ðbh el `hbnml jctrlfl jc bn jstðblih.
Dl`nl ucl frjvj plusl jctrj pltltl y pltltl y sjiunmlbjctj `hbâl htrl.
Chtlfl je slfhr mj slelmh quj qujmlfl jctrj bns mjmhs. Pnc el ]W jc`jcmnml.
Pnc aun`nhs, mj fnjc h ble. Mnsgrutlcmh mje pel`jr mj dlfjrels `hbnmh. Pnjcmh
`hcs`njctj mj eh quj jstlfl dl`njcmh. Jc subl, el jxpjrnjc`nl sj lelrið uchs
<? bncuths.
Le tjrbnclr je tjctjbpnî, `hbprhfî mj cujvh `ðbh jstlfl bn jstðblih y bn
`ujrph jc ijcjrle. Chtî quj tjcâl sjm y quj sjiuâl dlbfrnjctl. _hr eh quj bj
prjplrî uc fujc zubh y el `jcl. ]rls cutrnr bns `îeuels js`u`dlcmh eh quj bn
`ujrph bj pjmâl, rjvnsî `ðbh jstlflc bn bjctj y bn `hrlzðc. Pjiuâl `lcslml
bjctlebjctj, trls jsj mâl `lcslmh. Lsâ quj jc euilr mj ghrzlrbj l prjplrlr el
`hcgjrjc`nl ”`hbh dlfrâl dj`dh jc htrls h`lsnhcjs, mhbnclml phr El Whz”
mj`nmâ l`hstlrbj y phcjrbj l trlflalr l el blülcl sniunjctj, `hc el bjctj y
je `ujrph mjs`lcslmhs.
Lctjs mj mhrbnr, dn`j ucl eelblml l bn plrjal plrl mjsjlrej fujcls ch`djs j
nrbj uc ph`h bìs lrrhplml jbh`nhclebjctj. Bj l`hstî `hc el bjctj, je
`ujrph y je `hrlzðc sjrjchs y mhrbâ jstupjcmlbjctj.
Jc lbfhs `lshs ch lvlc`î `hc el `hcgjrjc`nl quj tjcâl pjcmnjctj, pjrh quî
mngjrjc`nl l`hstlrbj mj ucl blcjrl h mj htrl, ¸vjrmlm8 ¸Jc quî sntul`nðc
`rjjs quj gun bìs jgn`njctj y trlflaî bìs l iusth le mâl sniunjctj8 _hr 
supujsth, jc el quj js`u`dî els mngjrjctjs plrtjs mj bn sjr y els cutrâ `hbh
bj pjmâlc.
 

Leiuchs lsnstjctjs l bns `dlrels y `urshs bj prjiuctlc1 ¸Pn bjmnth

lmjeilzlrî8 Bnh`upl
`râtn`h nctjrnhr) rjspujstl
jc tujs quj mjs`jcmjrì
bjctj sn bjmntls, yjejsth
jspl`nh qujphsntnvlbjctj
lgj`tlrì El Whz (el mjel
tu rjel`nðc `hc el `hbnml y `hctnih. Le sjctnrtj bjahr, tjcmrìs bjchs lcsnjmlm
phr `hbjr y rj`urrnrìs bjchs l el `hbnml `hbh plr`dj jbh`nhcle. ^, jc
`hcsj`ujc`nl, pujmj quj lmjeil`js. Je bncmguecjss  lpen`lmh l el lenbjctl`nðc
ch hgrj`j lmjeilzlr, snch `lbfnlr el rjel`nðc quj tnjcjs `hc el `hbnml.
Lmjbìs, jstì mjbhstrlmh quj el bjmntl`nðc lubjctl el l`tnvnmlm jc je ìrjl
mje `jrjfrh rjsphcslfej mje luth`hctrhe y mj el thbl mj mj`nsnhcjs.

Je Cltnhcle Ncstntutj hg Djletd mj JJ ZZ dnzh ucl ncvjstnil`nðc plrl

mjtjrbnclr els `lrl`tjrâstn`ls quj tjcâlc jc `hbñc els pjrshcls quj pjrmâlc
pjsh `hc îxnth y quj phstjrnhrbjctj `hcsjiuâlc blctjcjreh. Ehs suajths quj
plrtn`nplrhc jc el ncvjstnil`nðc, `hbplrtâlc ucl sjrnj mj `hbphrtlbnjcths.
_hr uc elmh, mjslyuclflc thmhs ehs mâls, rjlenzlflc `lsn ucl dhrl le mâl mj
l`tnvnmlm gâsn`l (jc bu`dhs `lshs `lbnclflc) y prì`tn`lbjctj thmhs tjcâlc
nctjirlmh jc su rutncl mnlrnl uc `hbphcjctj mj bjmntl`nðc. Eh dl`âlc plrl
blctjcjr je jstrîs l rlyl, jqunenfrlr je jstlmh mj ìcnbh y ihzlr mj uc sujüh
rjplrlmhr, jejbjcths `elvj plrl el pîrmnml mj pjsh.

J AJV@N@NH1 Jajr`n`nh fìsn`h mj bncmgue jltnci

¡Ldhrl tj th`l l tn! Jc jstj jajr`n`nh vls l `hbjr uc lenbjcth mj ghrbl

`hcs`njctj, `hc`jctrìcmhtj `hbpejtlbjctj jc je prh`jsh mj `hbjr. _lrl jeeh
vls l cj`jsntlr ucl fhesl mj pltltls `dnps y uc pelth. ¡@hrrj l phr jeeh!
Lfrj el fhesl mj pltltls (phr `njrth, el ncmustrnl lenbjctlrnl tnjcj fnjc
jstumnlmh je shcnmh mj lfrnr el fhesl, je `ule jbpnjzl l jx`ntlr ehs sjctnmhs y l
jstnbuelr je dlbfrj).
@heh`l jc je pelth el `lctnmlm quj tj lpjtjz`l `hbjr.
Lctjs mj jbpjzlr l `hbjr els pltltls (y snjbprj quj tj snjctjs l `hbjr),
 

mjmn`l uchs ncstlctjs l hfsjrvlrels. Jbpnjzl bnrlcmh je lenbjcth, lprj`nlcmh

mngjrjctjs  `hehrjs, tjxturls, ghrbls y su mnsphsn`nðc jc je pelth. ¸\uî ej
ehs mngjrjctjs 
plrj`j el `hbnml l el bnrlml8 ¸\uî tjxturl ej lpjtj`j l el fh`l8 ¸\uî tnph mj
shcnmh8 Vhbpj ucl pltltl `jr`l mj tu hâmh.
Ldhrl dujej els pltltls. Jc vjz mj nc`enclrtj plrl hegltjlrels, jejvl je pelth h
trhzh
pltltl.mjNcspnrl
pltltldhcmh,
dlstl el`hbh
clrnz.sn _rjstl
gujsjsltjc`nðc l `ðbh
uc `ltlmhr suajtls
mj vnchs je tnjcj
quj pelth quj
h el
pjr`nfnr ehs bltn`js, ehs ncirjmnjctjs y ehs lrhbls. Nctjctl mjtj`tlr ehs
mngjrjctjs `hbphcjctjs mj ehs hehrjs.
L`jr`l el pltltl l ehs elfnhs y chtl su tjxturl `hc ehs elfnhs. Ejctlbjctj,
nctrhmñ`jel jc tu fh`l, pjrh lñc ch el bujrmls cn el blstnqujs. Chtl quî dl`j
el ejciul plrl rj`nfnrel. Pnîctjel jc el fh`l. ¸\uî chtls8 _jr`nfj sn `lbfnl su
tjxturl y els sjcsl`nhcjs quj tj lphrtl tjcjr el pltltl jc el ejciul.
Chtl je slfhr sn pujmjs. ^ ldhrl, mjspl`nh, vj blstn`lcmh el pltltl,
`hcs`njctjbjctj. _hc ltjc`nðc l tu ghrbl mj blstn`lr y le shcnmh quj hyjs.
_jr`nfj ehs jgj`ths jc el pltltl y jc el fh`l. Jxpjrnbjctl `lml fh`lmh mj
prnc`npnh l gnc, chtlcmh ehs `lbfnhs mj tjxturl y tle vjz mj slfhr.
Pn jc tu bjctj surij el nctjc`nðc mj trlilr, mltj `ujctl mj jsj mjsjh mj
trlilr. Hfsjrvl ehs bhvnbnjcths quj el ejciul dl`j plrl prjplrlrsj plrl
trlilr, pjrh snc trlilr. Plfhrjl y mnsgrutl el pltltl le bìxnbh.
_lslmhs uchs ncstlctjs, pujmjs trlilrel y trls l`lflr el `hbnml, sî
`hcs`njctj mje hehr (le quj tlbfnîc eelblbhs slfhr). Gâaltj jc `uìcth tnjbph
pjrblcj`j je slfhr jc tu fh`l. \unzì tu fh`l qunjrj sjiunr 
jxpjrnbjctìcmheh… H tle vjz ch. Pnbpejbjctj, hfsîrvleh.

@hbjr sjiucmh l sjiucmh, rlejctnzlcmh `lml plrtj mje prh`jsh mj `hbjr, tj

lyuml l lprj`nlr `lml lspj`th mje lenbjcth y l sjr `hcs`njctj mj sus
mngjrjctjs bltn`js. Lmjbìs dl`j el `hbnml bìs pel`jctjrl y js uc
jctrjclbnjcth nbprjs`ncmnfej plrl mjalr mj `hbjr jc jx`jsh.

Je rjth mj dhy js quj jenals ucl `hbnml mje mâl y, jc euilr mj `hbjr bnjctrls

rjsphcmjs jblnes
@ulcmh `hbls, ch ydlils
bjcslajs,
clml tj hfeniujs
bìs. l dl`jr
@hc`îctrltj jcucl shel mj
je l`th `hsl`hbjr
l el yvjz.
je
 

prh`jsh mj blstn`lr. Plfhrjl ehs lenbjcths, chtl `ðbh el `hbnml sj nctrhmu`j

jc tu `ujrph. @hc`îmjej tnjbph l tu `jrjfrh plrl quj rj`nfl je bjcslaj mj
sl`njmlm `ulcmh dlyls `hbnmh sugn`njctj.

Mje `hctrhe le mjs`hctrhe

Bnjctrls quj leiucls pjrshcls dl`jc thmh `ulcth pujmjc plrl jvntlr el
`hbnml y shc `lpl`js mj prnvlrsj mj `hbjr dlstl je pucth mj sugrnr blrjhs y
liunahclzhs mj dlbfrj jc je jstðblih, htrls `hbjc snc `unmlmh cn bjsurl, le
bnsbh tnjbph quj pelcjlc quî js eh quj prhflrìc mjspuîs. Els prnbjrls sj
jc`ujctrlc jc je `n`eh mje `hctrhe, blctnjcjc `hcstlctjbjctj el rjstrn``nðc y
ch sj pjrbntjc `hbjr mj thmh. Els sjiucmls jstìc jc je mjs`hctrhe, el
`hbpuesnðc y je jx`jsh. Js buy `hrrnjctj quj els bnsbls pjrshcls hs`nejc
jctrj lbfhs `n`ehs.

Jstj pîcmueh bujstrl el letjrclc`nl jctrj je `n`eh mje `hctrhe y je mje

mjs`hctrhe. Jc uc jxtrjbh tjcjbhs el bjctlenmlm mnjtl. Murlctj bu`dls
îph`ls mj bn vnml dj jstlmh ldâ. L bjcumh bj sjctâl gujrl mj `hctrhe, y jsh
bj mlfl bu`dh bnjmh. Jcthc`js, lmhptlfl pelcjs jstrn`ths mj lenbjctl`nðc
phrquj neushrnlbjctj bj lphrtlflc el sjcsl`nðc mj hrmjc y jstru`turl quj
tlc mjsjspjrlmlbjctj fus`lfl jc bn nctjrnhr.

Els mnjtls shc chrbls jxtjrcls quj tj mjs`hcj`tlc lñc bìs mj tn. Lülmjc
bìs nc`hcs`njc`nl mj eh quj jstì su`jmnjcmh jc tn. Nbpen`lc quj sjls
hfjmnjctj y, phr tlcth, nrrjsphcslfej.
Lplrjctjbjctj, lucquj `rjâl quj mhbnclfl el sntul`nðc, jc rjlenmlm ch
tjcâl `hctrhe leiuch mj bns pjcslbnjcths, quj jstlflc tnrlcnzlmhs phr el
`hbnml.
@N@EH PJCPL@NÐC
 

Lenbjctl`nðc rjstrn`tnvl 2 «Jsthy flah `hctrhe»

Ehs jxtrjbhs sj th`lc y snjbprj quj dly `hctrhe, tlrmj h tjbprlch dlfrì
mjs`hctrhe. _hr jeeh els mnjtls ch shc shstjcnfejs jc je tnjbph. Jsth eh pujmjs
vjrngn`lr jc bñetnpejs lspj`ths mj el vnml1 jc ehs ihfnjrchs quj jajr`jc
`hctrhe, jc ehs bltrnbhcnhs, jc plmrjs quj `hctrhelc bu`dh l sus dnahs h jc
els mnjtls.prnvl`nðc
el bnsbl Je jgj`thtjrjfhtj
ijcjrljsphr
ncdjrjctj l `ulequnjr
ehs lenbjcths rîinbjc, phr je mjsjh quj
prhdnfnmhs.
Lmjbìs, jc el vnml rjle jstlbhs `hcstlctjbjctj jxpujsths l jstâbuehs quj
chs eejvlrìc l tnrlreh thmh phr el fhrml.
Jc el htrl puctl mje pîcmueh, jc`hctrlbhs je mjshrmjc, je shfrjpjsh, ch
jstlbhs `hbh qujrjbhs jstlr y pjrmjbhs el sleum.
@N@EH PJCPL@NÐC
@hbjr jc jx`jsh 2 «Jsthy gujrl mj `hctrhe»

@ulcmh chs jc`hctrlbhs jc je `n`eh mje mjspnphrrj, sjctnbhs quj jstlbhs

gujrl mj `hctrhe y `hbh tjcjbhs el cj`jsnmlm mj sjctnr quj eh `hctrhelbhs
thmh, rjirjslbhs le `n`eh mj lenbjctl`nðc rjstrn`tnvl. Lucquj pujmlc plrj`jr 
l`tntumjs hpujstls, el rjstrn``nðc y je mjs`hctrhe shc buy plrj`nmls, phr je
dj`dh mj sjr jxtrjbls, nc`hcs`njctjs, ijcjrlmhrls mj ncgjen`nmlm y mj
mjs`hcjxnðc `hc je `ujrph.

Mj rjirjsh l tu `jctrh
¸@hch`js l leiunjc quj sj lenbjctl mj blcjrl ncstnctnvl8 Bj rjgnjrh l jsj
tnph mj pjrshcl l el quj jcvnmnls phr el gl`nenmlm quj tnjcj plrl `hbjr eh quj
qunjrj, `ulcmh qunjrj. Nc`eunmls thmls jsls `hbnmls quj tñ, l plrtnr mj ehs
prj`jpths mj els mnjtls, dls `elsngn`lmh `hbh «blels». Jsls pjrshcls ch
tnjcjc ucl rjel`nðc mnsguc`nhcle `hc el `hbnml. Ch `ujctlc els `lehrâls mj eh
quj `hbjc. Ch tnjcjc
dlc `hbphrtlmh `hc el mâls «fujchs»
`hbnml, cn mâls phrquj
fìsn`lbjctj «blehs»chjctnjcjc
guc`nðc mj `ðbhquj
lenbjcths sj
ch pujmlc `hbjr. ^, snc jbflrih, pjrblcj`jc jc su pjsh nmjle. Els pjrshcls
quj `hbjc mj ghrbl ncstnctnvl sj ufn`lc jc bjmnh mje pîcmueh1 tnjcjc pejcl
`hcgnlczl jc su `ujrph y jc sâ bnsbls.
Jsthy sjiurl mj quj tnjcjs leiunjc `jr`lch lsâ, quj ihzl mj thtle enfjrtlm
lctj el `hbnml. ]le vjz, lctj su prjsjc`nl dls sjctnmh `hbpejahs phrquj `rjjs
quj cuc`l phmrìs pjrbntnrtj `hbjr lsâ. \unzì dls pjcslmh quj tj jc`lctlrâl
phmjr dl`jr jsth pjrh quj tñ ch tj eh pujmjs pjrbntnr, phrquj tu
bjtlfhensbh js ejcth h phrquj ch tnjcjs gujrzl mj vheuctlm. _jrh el rjlenmlm
js quj thmhs cl`jbhs `hc jsl `lpl`nmlm mj lenbjctl`nðc nctuntnvl.
@N@EH PJCPL@NÐC
Lenbjctl`nðc `hcs`njctj 2 «Jsthy l `lrih mj bn lenbjctl`nðc»
 

Jctrj ehs mhs jxtrjbhs mje pîcmueh rjsnmjc el lenbjctl`nðc `hcs`njctj y el

luthrrjiuel`nðc. Mjalbhs mj elmh els ncstru``nhcjs jxtjrcls plrl vhevjr l
`hcgnlr jc el slfnmurâl mj cujstrh `ujrph, mj cujstrl nctun`nðc, mj cujstrl
vjrmlmjrl jsjc`nl. Jstlbhs l `lrih mj cujstrl lenbjctl`nðc.
Jc jstj enfrh ch tj dlfeh mj cutrn`nðc cn mj `lehrâls phrquj `ulcmh sheh chs
`jctrlbhs jc je jxtjrnhr ch sheu`nhclbhs cn lprjcmjbhs clml. El `elvj plrl
rjirjslr l el `hcgnlczl rjsnmj jc `lbfnlr je gh`h mj ltjc`nðc, jc euilr mj plrl
gujrl. @hbh mn`j Ehunsj Dly61 «El sleum jbpnjzl phr eh quj pnjcsls y tjrbncl
phr eh quj snjctjs».

Je `âr`ueh mje bncmgue jltnci

L `hctncul`nðc vlbhs l lclenzlr els `lrl`tjrâstn`ls, els l`tntumjs, ehs
`hbphrtlbnjcths y ehs pltrhcjs mj lenbjctl`nðc mj els pjrshcls quj sj
jc`ujctrlc jc je `n`eh mje `hctrhe (quj `hbjc rjstrn`tnvlbjctj), els quj jstìc
jc je mjs`hctrhe (quj `hbjc jc jx`jsh) y els quj tnjcjc ucl rjel`nðc `hc el
`hbnml sntulml jc je `jctrh mje pîcmueh1 lqujeels quj `hbjc nctuntnvl h
ncstnctnvlbjctj. Chs sjrvnrjbhs mje `âr`ueh mj bncmgue jltnci, ucl djrrlbnjctl
quj chs lyumlrì l `hbprjcmjr bjahr plrl quî dl`jbhs eh quj dl`jbhs jc
`ulcth l dìfnths mj lenbjctl`nðc.

Jbpj`jbhs jxlbnclcmh je `âr`ueh mj bncmgue jltnci mjsmj el pjrspj`tnvl mj

els pjrshcls quj `hbjc mjsmj je `n`eh mje mjs`hctrhe.
Dìfnths mj els pjrshcls quj `hbjc jc jx`jsh
@hbh djbhs vnsth, ucl mj els `lusls quj chs eejvlc l `hbjr 
mjs`hctrhelmlbjctj js el prnvl`nðc quj nbpen`lc els mnjtls. ^ quj snjbprj
quj dly `hctrhe, eejil je mjs`hctrhe.
 ¸_lrl quî `hbjc8
Je «plrl quî» chs `hcj`tl `hc ehs fjcjgn`nhs quj el `hbnml chs lphrtl. Els
pjrshcls quj sj jc`ujctrlc jc je mjs`hctrhe, l bjcumh `hbjc l `lusl mj
 

jstâbuehs, yl sjlc jxtjrchs (vjr uc lcuc`nh mj `hbnml jc el ]W, hejr uc

`rulsìc, vjr `hbjr l htrhs, tjrbnclrsj el `hbnml mj ehs cnühs, `ulcmh slejc l
`hbjr gujrl «^l quj eh dj plilmh, bj eh `hbh», `ulcmh jstìc mj
vl`l`nhcjs…) `hbh nctjrchs (nctjctlr sltnsgl`jr ucl cj`jsnmlm jbh`nhcle,
psn`heðin`l h gâsn`l). @ulequnjr mjthclctj pujmj dl`jr quj `hblc, luc snc
tjcjr dlbfrj gâsn`l.
 ¸@uìcmh `hbjc8
@ulcmh pjr`nfjc jsj mjthclctj l trlvîs mj ehs sjctnmhs h `ulcmh ejs
jbfnstj leiucl jbh`nðc quj ch slfjc shstjcjr. ]lbfnîc `hbjc `ulcmh
tnjcjc sjm, pujs sujejc `hcgucmnr el sjm `hc je dlbfrj.
 ¸\uî `hbjc8
El rlzðc phr el quj `hbjc (je «plrl quî») mjtjrbncl quî js eh quj `hbjc (je
«quî»). Pn ucl cj`jsnmlm jbh`nhcle js eh quj ejs eejvl l `hbjr, jstl tlbfnîc
sjrì el quj ejs dlil jejinr quî `hbjr. _hr eh quj prhflfejbjctj sj trltlrì mj
`hbnmls mj `hcghrt (rn`ls jc irlsl, lzñ`lr h sle), `hbh `dh`heltj, pnzzl,
ileejtls, pltltls grntls, fheejrâl, gruths sj`hs, djelmhs, jt`.).
¸\uî `hbjs `ulcmh plsls le mjs`hctrhe8
Jajr`n`nh1 ]u enstl cjirl sj`rjtl

Jsthy sjiurl mj quj `njrths lenbjcths shc nrrjsnstnfejs plrl tn. Jshs lenbjcths
quj, `hc sheh vjrehs, tj dl`jc lflelczlrtj shfrj jeehs, lucquj ch tjcils
dlbfrj. Plfjs jxl`tlbjctj `uìejs shc. Jcubjrl tus glvhrnths jc tu enstl
cjirl, sn shc mj blr`ls `hc`rjtls h mj slfhrjs `hc`rjths, lchtl thmhs ehs
mjtleejs.
 ^ js`rnfj tlbfnîc `nc`h sj`rjths quj ch dlyls `hbplrtnmh `hc clmnj, jc
rjel`nðc l el `hbnml. @hsls quj dls dj`dh h dls mjalmh mj dl`jr phr prnhrnzlr 
`hbjr, bjctnrls h qunzìs nbprumjc`nls. Ch sj trltl mj sjctnrtj ble,
snbpejbjctj jxprîsleh.
 ¸@ðbh `hbjc8
@hbjc mnstrlâmhs, phr el vnstl, rìpnmh, bnrlcmh el ]W, `lbnclcmh h mj pnj. Ch
`rjjc quj `hbjr sjl sugn`njctjbjctj nbphrtlctj `hbh plrl mjmn`lrej je
tnjbph quj sj bjrj`j. (_hr `njrth, `ulcmh `hbjbhs mj pnj, plrl je `jrjfrh
jsl `hbnmlsujejc
]lbfnîc ch `hbputl,
`hbjr js `hbh sn
l shels, l ch el rjinstrlrl).
js`hcmnmls, mj ghrbl mngjrjctj l `ulcmh
 

jstìc jc pñfen`h.
 ¸@uìcth `hbjc8
Pn je dlbfrj ch guj eh quj ejs ncmn`ð quî `hbjr, tlbph`h el sjcsl`nðc mj
sltnsgl``nðc sjrì eh quj ejs dlrì plrlr mj `hbjr. @hbh jbpnjzlc l `hbjr phr 
rlzhcjs mnstnctls le dlbfrj, eh quj ejs dl`j plrlr js leiñc gl`thr jxtjrch1
• @ulcmh ejs lsletl el `uepl.
• @ulcmh sj snjctjc jbpl`dlmhs, lmhrbj`nmhs y mjslirlmlfejbjctj eejchs.
• @ulcmh el fhesl sj tjrbncl h je pelth sj qujml enbpnh.
• @ulcmh leiunjc ejs nctjrrubpj.
• @ulcmh sj l`lfl el pjeâ`uel quj jstlflc vnjcmh.
•…
 ¸L mðcmj vl su jcjriâl8
¸@hbjr lsâ `lusl `lcslc`nh h ml jcjriâl8 ¸\uî prj`nh sj plil8
Jstls pjrshcls mjstnclc ucl irlc `lctnmlm mj jcjriâl l el `hbnml pjrh
rj`upjrlc buy ph`l. ^h bj plslfl irlc plrtj mje mâl pjcslcmh jc quî nfl l
`hbjr, quî dlfâl `hbnmh, sn eh dlfâl dj`dh ble, quî tjcâl quj `hbprlr mj
`hbjr, y jc quj blülcl rjthblrâl je `hctrhe mj cujvh. ^ tlbfnîc jbpejlfl
bu`dl jcjriâl jc sjctnrbj `ueplfej, lrrjpjctnml, lvjrihczlml y jc dl`jr 
mjphrtj `hbh uc `lstnih h plrl `hbpjcslr.
@ulcmh uch sj jc`ujctrl jc`jrrlmh jc jstj `âr`ueh, `rjj quj el sheu`nðc js
phcjrsj l mnjtl. Lsâ quj utnenzl bìs jcjriâl plrl jc`hctrlr el sniunjctj mnjtl
bnelirhsl y jc prhbjtjrsj quj le mâl sniunjctj eh dlrìc fnjc. _jrh le mâl
sniunjctj dlfrìc cujvhs mjthclctjs, jbh`nhclejs h gâsn`hs, quj ej vhevjrìc l
eejvlr l `hbjr.
L thmh jstj mjspneglrrh mj jcjriâl sj ej subl je dj`dh, yl `hbjctlmh, mj quj
je `ujrph lebl`jcl el jcjriâl shfrlctj plrl sjr utnenzlml bìs tlrmj, eh `ule
dl`j quj jstjbhs bjchs l`tnvhs y bìs pjslmhs. Cn quj mj`nr tnjcj je dj`dh
mj quj el guc`nðc mje `ujrph dublch quj `hcsubj bìs jcjriâl js el
mnijstnðc. ]rls ucl `hbnml `hpnhsl, cujstrh `ujrph chs pnmj mjs`lcslr 
phrquj cj`jsntl rjelalrsj plrl quj thmls els jcjriâls jstîc `hc`jctrlmls jc
mnijrnr ehs lenbjcths.
Ldhrl vlbhs l hfsjrvlr `ðbh hpjrl el bjctlenmlm mnjtl `hc je `âr`ueh mj
bncmgue jltnci1
Dìfnths mj els pjrshcls quj `hbjc rjstrn`tnvlbjctj
Je `hbjr rjstrn`tnvlbjctj `hctrhel els vnmls mj jstls pjrshcls. @elsngn`lc el
`hbnml `hbh fujcl h blel (sjiñc sn jcihrml h ch, sn js sleumlfej h ch) y sj
jtnqujtlc l sâ bnsbls `hbh fujcls h blels jc guc`nðc mj eh quj dlc `hbnmh
h sjiñc `uìcth pjslc. @ulcmh `hbjtjc jx`jshs, sj snjctjc buy ble y dl`jc
 

jajr`n`nh gâsn`h râinmlbjctj plrl `hbpjcslr.

 ¸_lrl quî `hbjc8
_hrquj th`l, yl sjl phrquj eh mn`jc els rjiels mj uc jxpjrth, el mnjtl h sus
prhpnls rjiels luthnbpujstls.

 ¸@uìcmh `hbjc8
Jc euilr mj mj`nmnr `uìcmh `hbjr sjiñc els sjcsl`nhcjs gâsn`ls mj dlbfrj, eh
dl`jc `ulcmh eh mn`tl el mnjtl (: vj`js le mâl, `hbjr bu`dh plrl mjslyuclr, ch
`hbjr clml mjspuîs mj el tlrmj…). Ch sj dl`jc `lrih mj sus prhpnls
mj`nsnhcjs phrquj els `jmjc l ucl luthrnmlm jxtjrcl.
 ¸\uî `hbjc8
@hbjc eh quj ejs ncmn`l el mnjtl ( % mj prhtjâcl, % mj irlsls, cnciñc
`lrfhdnmrlth, thblr uc vlsh mj liul lctjs mj `hbjr…).
 ¸@ðbh `hbjc8
@hbjc mj ghrbl trnstj, lfurrnml, `hbh uc trìbntj quj dly quj plslr h `hc
lvnmjz phr je mîgn`nt `leðrn`h quj jxpjrnbjctlc l `lusl mj sjiunr ucls plutls
jxtjrcls. Ch `hbjc niule quj ehs mjbìs, `hbjc snc dlbfrj h dlbfrnjctls,
snc quj sjl mj su lirlmh, blstn`lcmh 0? vj`js… Dl`jr mnjtl `hcvnjrtj ehs
lenbjcths sleumlfejs jc leih mjtjstlfej.
 ¸@uìcth `hbjc8
El `lctnmlm quj ejs pjrbntj el mnjtl, quj mjfjc pjslr `hc el fìs`uel y
rjinstrlr le mjtleej. @hbh je `hctrhe ch js shstjcnfej l elrih pelzh y `hbh l
bjcumh el ncijstl mj lenbjcths js ncsugn`njctj, je ijc ldhrrh ejs eejvl l
sletlrsj els rjiels, l plslr le mjs`hctrhe, l `hbjr bu`dl bìs `lctnmlm quj sn
sj pjrbntnjrlc `hbjr mj ghrbl nctuntnvl. @hc el `eìsn`l austngn`l`nðc mj «]htle,
sn yl eh dj dj`dh ble, eh dlih ble mje thmh».
 ¸Lmðcmj vl su jcjriâl8
Mjmn`lc su jcjriâl l dl`jr `hctjc`nðc, `hctrhelr, sjctnr dlbfrj y ch `hbjr,
sjctnr `ueplfnenmlm, dl`jr jajr`n`nh gâsn`h `hbh `lstnih h `hbpjcsl`nðc phr 
dlfjr `hbnmh leih `lengn`lmh `hbh «bleh», l lflcmhclr el mnjtl, l jbpjzlrel
mj cujvh… Js uc mjsilstj jchrbj jc je pelch bjctle, jbh`nhcle y gâsn`h.
_nîcsleh, ¸`ðbh js tu vnml `ulcmh jstìs l mnjtl8
_hr ñetnbh, vlbhs l lclenzlr je `âr`ueh mje Bncmgue jltnci mjsmj el pjrspj`tnvl
mj els pjrshcls quj `hbjc ncstnctnvlbjctj y quj, `urnhslbjctj, plrj`j quj
sjlc «clturlebjctj» mjeilmls.
Dìfnths mj els pjrshcls quj `hbjc mj blcjrl ncstnctnvl
 

 ¸_lrl quî `hbjc8

Jstls pjrshcls `hbjc fìsn`lbjctj plrl mjalr mj tjcjr dlbfrj, plrl
prhphr`nhclr `hbfustnfej le `ujrph h plrl cutrnreh.
 ¸@uìcmh `hbjc8
0
Niule
ejs qujmj
lvnsl ehs`uìcmh
cnühs, jstìc `hcj`tlmls
cj`jsntlc `hbjr,`hc
mjucl jspj`nj
bhmh quj mj sjcshr
`hbjc nctjrch
`ulcmh quj
tnjcjc
dlbfrj (`ulcmh snjctjc els sjülejs gâsn`ls mj dlbfrj rjle) y el `hbnml jstì
mnsphcnfej.
 ¸\uî `hbjc8
Jstls pjrshcls ch dlc sugrnmh je elvlmh mj `jrjfrh mj els mnjtls, phr eh quj
ch dlc lprjcmnmh l `elsngn`lr ehs lenbjcths `hbh fujchs h blehs. Pj pjrbntjc
`hbjr eh quj ejs lpjtj`j h eh quj cj`jsntlc. ]lbfnîc jenijc lqujeeh quj sjl
bìs cutrntnvh plrl su `ujrph, lucquj sus jej``nhcjs ch snjbprj shc
sleumlfejs.

 ¸@ðbh `hbjc8
Ch `hbjc `hbpuesnvlbjctj, snch jc `lebl, qunzì vlc dlfelcmh y mjalcmh
ehs `ufnjrths jc je pelth, snc lprjsurlrsj y slfhrjlcmh ehs lenbjcths. @hbjc
`hc el nctjc`nðc mj sjctnrsj bjahr `ulcmh dlylc tjrbnclmh.
¸Leiucl vjz dls `hbplrtnmh ucl `hbnml `hc leiunjc lsâ8 ^h bj nbpl`njctlfl
bu`dâsnbh `hc jstj tnph mj l`hbplülctjs, pujs tjcâl quj grjclr bn lcsnl phr 
zlbplr rìpnmh, bnjctrls bn l`hbplülctj `hbâl l su rntbh, `dlrelcmh,
mjspl`nh… ¡Bj sjctâl ucl ihrml!
 ¸@uìcth `hbjc8
Pu sjcshr nctjrch mn`tl el `lctnmlm, phrquj ejs lvnsl mj `uìcmh jstìc

sltnsgj`dls,
quj qujmjc`hcghrtlfejbjctj
rjsths jc je pelth.eejcls. Mjalc mj `hbjr ncmjpjcmnjctjbjctj mj
Lctjs, `ulcmh pjcmuelfl mje `hctrhe le mjs`hctrhe, ch phmâl jvntlr prjiuctlr1
¸ch tj eh vls l tjrbnclr8 Pnjbprj bj `hbâl ehs rjsths quj mjalflc jstj tnph
mj pjrshcls.
Jc `lsh mj quj dlylc tjrbnclmh el `hbnml y snilc tjcnjcmh dlbfrj, rjpntjc
snc prhfejbl cn rjbhrmnbnjcths. _ujmj su`jmjr quj jc h`lsnhcjs `hblc bìs
mj el `ujctl. Jsth tlbfnîc ghrbl plrtj mj el lenbjctl`nðc `hcs`njctj. El
mngjrjc`nl js quj ch sj snjctjc `ueplfejs phr dlfjr `hbnmh mj bìs, ch sj
bl`dl`lc mn`nîcmhsj `hsls mje tnph «yl eh dls dj`dh ble htrl vjz, blülcl ch
`hbjs y tj vls le inbclsnh l rj`upjrlr». Jc euilr mj `lstnilrsj j nctjctlr 
`hbpjcslr, sj luthrrjiuelc
sniunjctj `hbnml. mjchghrbl
_jrh ncsnsth, clturle,
eh dl`jc phr mj
l bhmh jajbpeh,
`lstnih,sletìcmhsj el
snch phrquj
 

sjc`neelbjctj su `ujrph ch cj`jsntl `hbjr bìs.

 ¸L mðcmj vl su jcjriâl8
@hbh ch sj mjfnentlc pjcslcmh jc el `hbnml, tnjcjc bu`dl jcjriâl
mnsphcnfej. El mjmn`lc l mnvjrtnrsj, l sus prhyj`ths, l trlflalr, l dl`jr 
jajr`n`nh, l el lbnstlm h l `ulequnjr htrl l`tnvnmlm quj ch inrj jc thrch l el
`hbnml. Jstj jstneh mj vnml l`tnvh (quj ch cj`jslrnlbjctj tnjcj quj nbpen`lr 
dl`jr mjphrtj) dl`j quj sj blctjcilc jc fujcl ghrbl gâsn`l.
Nblincl sheh phr uc bhbjcth `ðbh sjrâl tu vnml snc hfsjsnhclrtj `hc el
mnjtl, cn `hc je `ujrph, cn `hc el `hbnml. ¸]j nblincls tjcjr ucl rjel`nðc <?? %
jc plz `hc el `hbnml8 ¸\uî dlrâls `hc thml el jcjriâl y je tnjbph mje quj
mnsphcmrâls8 ¸^ `hc thmh je mncjrh quj mjalrâls mj ilstlr jc prhmu`ths
mnjtîtn`hs y bîthmhs8 ]le vjz pnjcsjs quj tñ cuc`l phmrìs pjrtjcj`jr le
iruph mj prnvnejinlmhs quj `hbjc mj ghrbl nctuntnvl y quj jc`nbl jstìc
mjeilmhs, pjrh tj lsjiurh snc bnjmh l jqunvh`lrbj quj sn prl`tn`ls els plutls
mj jstj prhirlbl, phmrìs eejilr l `hbjr mj blcjrl ncstnctnvl y jc plz.

6 ]jrlpjutl, prhgjshrl y `hcgjrjc`nlctj, pnhcjrl mje mjslrrheeh pjrshcle.

0 ]ñ tlbfnîc tnjcjs jsj sjcshr nctjrch, pjrh dly quj quntlrej je phevh mj jc`nbl. Bìs
lmjelctj lprjcmjrìs l rj`hcj`tlr `hc îe.
 

>

Ehs 9 tnphs mj dlbfrj

«Je dhbfrj js je ñcn`h lcnble quj `hbj snc tjcjr dlbfrj,
fjfj snc tjcjr sjm y dlfel snc tjcjr clml quj mj`nr».
Blrk ]wlnc
Js`rnthr, pjrnhmnstl y dubhrnstl

Je dlbfrj js ucl urijc`nl gnsnheðin`l `uyl bnsnðc js lfshrfjr ehs cutrnjctjs

quj cujstrh hrilcnsbh cj`jsntl jc jsj prj`nsh bhbjcth. _jrh buy ph`ls
vj`js `hbjbhs `hbh rjspujstl l els sjülejs gâsn`ls quj chs ncmn`lc quj
tjcjbhs dlbfrj rjle.

¸@ðbh slfjs quj tnjcjs dlbfrj8 ¸@ðbh eh chtls8 _rhflfejbjctj tu

jstðblih iruüj, snjctjs bhejstnls, tnjcjs ucl sjcsl`nðc mj vl`âh jc je
lfmhbjc h `njrth blejstlr. H tle vjz jrjs mj ehs quj chtlc sjcsl`nhcjs `hbh
blrjh, gletl mj `hc`jctrl`nðc, nrrntlfnenmlm, `lcslc`nh, bjchs slenvl,
cjrvnhsnsbh h sujüh. ¸^ `uìctls mj els vj`js jc quj `hbjs le mâl, eh dl`js
phrquj rjlebjctj jstìs jxpjrnbjctlcmh jstls sjcsl`nhcjs gâsn`ls8
Jcthc`js, sn ch js dlbfrj gâsn`l, ¸quî js eh quj tj eejvl l `hbjr8
Je dlbfrj js
cj`jsnmlmjs uc gjcðbjch
cutrn`nhclejs, buy `hbpejah
nctjrvnjcjc jc je
jstâbuehs quj, lmjbìs
nctjrchs mj els
(pjcslbnjcths,
sjcsl`nhcjs h jbh`nhcjs lctjs, murlctj y mjspuîs mj `hbjr) y jstâbuehs
jxtjrchs, quj pjr`nfnbhs `hc ehs sjctnmhs. Bu`dls vj`js le vjr, th`lr, hejr h
prhflr uc lenbjcth h ucl fjfnml, h snbpejbjctj le hâr dlfelr mj jeehs,
cujstrhs sjctnmhs gâsn`hs mjspnjrtlc je mjsjh mj ncijrnreh. Jc jsths `lshs
jstlbhs snjcmh mhbnclmhs phr cujstrhs dìfnths zhbfns.
Alc @dhzjc Flys, pjmnltrl y prhgjshrl mj bjmntl`nðc quj eejvl bìs mj 6?
lühs jcsjülcmh l `hbjr `hc ltjc`nðc pejcl, mjs`rnfj jc su blicâgn`h enfrh
@hbjr ltjcths, mngjrjctjs `elsjs mj dlbfrj, `hc`rjtlbjctj 9. Wjìbhsels=.

Dlbfrj
L snbpej mj
vnstlhâmh
pujmj plrj`jr quj je shcnmh tnjcj uc js`lsh nbpl`th shfrj
 

cujstrl dlbfrj. _jrh nbliâcltj quj jctrls jc je `ncj, `hc je jstðblih eejch l
rjfhslr phrquj l`lfls mj mlrtj ucl `hpnhsl `hbnml. Le l`hbhmlrtj jc el
futl`l (y trls lgehalr je fhtðc mje plctleðc) js`u`dls je `ruanmh mj els
plehbntls quj blstn`lc ehs quj tj rhmjlc jc el slel.

Zc jstumnh mjbhstrð quj `ulcmh shbhs `hcs`njctjs mje runmh mj el `hbnml

mj cujstrl fh`l, `hbjbhs bjchs. H mn`dh mj htrh bhmh, `ulcmh ch chs
js`u`dlbhs le blstn`lr, `hbjbhs bìs. Ch jc vlch, jc ehs rjstlurlctjs sujej
dlfjr bu`dh runmh lbfnjctle, el tjejvnsnðc l thmh vheubjc, bñsn`l, irnths…
Ehs prhpnjtlrnhs slfjc quj sn ch chs hâbhs `hbjr, `hbjbhs bìs.
Lucquj jc H``nmjctj sj `hcsnmjrl mj blel jmu`l`nðc dl`jr runmh le shrfjr el
shpl, jc leiucls `ueturls lsnìtn`ls el chrbl js thblrel runmhslbjctj. Ehs
hrnjctlejs mhbnclc je lrtj mje bncmgue jltnci y, `hcs`njctj h nc`hcs`njctjbjctj,
slfjc quj shrfjr shchrlbjctj lenbjctl je dlbfrj mj hâmh murlctj el
jxpjrnjc`nl mj `hbjr.
L bjcumh `hbjbhs snc dlbfrj phrquj jc rjlenmlm eh quj qujrjbhs js hâr 
je runmh le blstn`lr jc el fh`l, jspj`nlebjctj eh `ruanjctj (sjlc pltltls, plc,
plehbntls h zlcldhrnls). Pjiñc @dhzjc Flys, je lmajtnvh `rnspy  (`ruanjctj)
vjcmj bìs `hbnml quj `ulequnjr htrh lmajtnvh quj phmlbhs utnenzlr plrl
dlfelr mj uc prhmu`th. Nc`eush `ulcmh mjs`rnfnbhs uc lenbjcth mjen`nhsh, l
bjcumh mjstl`lbhs quj js `ruanjctj. Eh `ruanjctj chs ltrlj phmjrhslbjctj
phrquj dl`j uchs 7? bneehcjs mj lühs, `ulcmh ehs prnbltjs jbpjzlrhc l
sjplrlrsj y l jvheu`nhclr mj ghrbl mngjrjctj l htrhs blbâgjrhs guj, jctrj htrls
rlzhcjs,
Lmjbìs,phrquj `hbnjrhc bu`dhs
jstj nmjctngn`lmhr shchrhncsj`ths.
chs pjrbntâl mjtjrbnclr sn leih jstlfl jc
fujc jstlmh. Jstlfej`nbhs ucl rjel`nðc mnrj`tl jctrj `ruanjctj y grjs`h, quj
dhy lñc chs snrvj plrl nmjctngn`lr sn ucl ej`duil h ucls plehbntls jstìc jc
fujc jstlmh. (¡Lucquj els plehbntls chs els `hbjbhs nc`eush sn tnjcjc ucl
tjxturl plrj`nml le phrjxplc!).

¸Plfâls quj je sjctnmh mje hâmh prh`jsl ehs shcnmhs snc `jslr y snc cj`jsnmlm
mj quj chs `hc`jctrjbhs jc el gujctj quj ehs prhmu`j8 _hr jajbpeh, je
sjctnmh mj el vnstl rjqunjrj quj lfrlbhs ehs hahs y bnrjbhs plrl prh`jslr els
 

nbìijcjs. Jc `lbfnh, je hâmh eh js`u`dl thmh `hcstlctjbjctj, nc`eush

bnjctrls jstlbhs mhrbnmhs.

Jc el prðxnbl `hbnml quj dlils, prl`tn`l je js`u`dlr bnjctrls blstn`ls,

jstlcmh jc snejc`nh y suprnbnjcmh `ulequnjr mnstrl``nðc shchrl.

Dlbfrj mj heglth
¸Plfâls quj je hehr js rjsphcslfej mj `hbh bâcnbh je 9: % mj eh quj
mjchbnclbhs slfhr8 Js mj`nr, quj eh quj eelblbhs slfhr h iusth, js, shfrj
thmh, je hehr mj el `hbnml. Pjiurh quj sn dls pjrmnmh je sjctnmh mje heglth phr 
uc rjsgrnlmh, slfjs l quî bj rjgnjrh. El `hbnml sj `hcvnjrtj jc leih ncsâpnmh
quj snbpejbjctj tnjcjs quj `hcsubnr plrl cutrnr tu `ujrph.

@njrtlbjctjy rj`ujrmhs.
sjcsl`nhcjs je sjctnmh«Jsmje<?.???
heglthvj`js
js uc
bìsirlc jvh`lmhr
sjcsnfej mj jbh`nhcjs,
quj `ulequnjr htrh mj
cujstrhs sjctnmhs y, l mngjrjc`nl mj htrhs sjctnmhs ”quj lctjs mj eejilr le
`jrjfrh mjfjc vnlalr phr je `ujrph l trlvîs mj els cjurhcls y el jspncl mhrsle
”, el rjspujstl heglthrnl js ncbjmnltl y sj jxtnjcmj mnrj`tlbjctj le `jrjfrh.
Jstj js je ñcn`h euilr mhcmj cujstrh snstjbl cjrvnhsh `jctrle jstì
mnrj`tlbjctj jxpujsth le lbfnjctj»:.
_njcsl uc bhbjcth jc je hehr `lrl`tjrâstn`h mj ucl js`ujel mj cnühs. H mj uc
`hcsuethrnh bîmn`h. H jc je mj tu `hbnml glvhrntl. ^ ldhrl jc je hehr mj eh quj
bjchs tj iustl. ]j trlcsphrtl mnrj`tlbjctj.

_lsls phr mjelctj mje js`lplrltj mj ucl plstjejrâl, h mj uc `dnrnciunth mj

`hbnml rìpnml, h mj uc pujsth mj mhcuts jc uc `jctrh `hbjr`nle, tj eejil uc
lirlmlfej hehr l buggnc. Lucquj ch tnjcjs clml mj dlbfrj, jctrls jc bhmh
zhbfn jc je jstlfej`nbnjcth, `hbprls jsl blmlejcl `hc el `hcvn``nðc mj quj
tj trlcsphrtlrì le rjnch mj ehs `njehs.
Vjirjslcmh le jajbpeh mje `ncj, lucquj `hc ucl vheuctlm gîrrjl ch dls
su`ubfnmh l el tjctl`nðc `ruanjctj, mj rjpjctj, el pjrshcl quj tnjcjs le elmh
tj plsl uc `ufh jchrbj mj plehbntls. Dujejc tlc fnjc… quj ch tj pujmjs
rjsnstnr l lilrrlr uc puülmh. ^ htrh, y htrh. Lucquj ucl hp`nðc dufnjsj snmh
quj dn`njrls ucls rjspnrl`nhcjs prhgucmls, plrl mnsgrutlr mj su lrhbl, hptls
 

phr `hbprlrtj ucls plrl tn.

Els jbprjsls slfjc pjrgj`tlbjctj quj ehs hehrjs lprhpnlmhs chs dl`jc
`hbprlr bìs. Bu`dhs supjrbjr`lmhs mjsvâlc el slenml mje lnrj mj el
plclmjrâl dl`nl el pujrtl mj jctrlml mje jstlfej`nbnjcth, plrl quj eh prnbjrh
quj pjr`nflc ehs `enjctjs le jctrlr sjl je lrhbl l plc rj`nîc dj`dh (h bjahr 
mn`dh, rj`nîc mjs`hcijelmh), mjspjrtlr lsâ su dlbfrj hegltnvl y dl`jrejs
`hbprlr bìs.
J AJV@N@NH1 Lenbjctl tu dlbfrj mj heglth

Je dlbfrj hegltnvl sj sltnsgl`j `hc els grlilc`nls, lsâ quj, plrl lenbjctlrel,
pujmjs `heh`lr lirlmlfejs lrhbls jc pjqujühs rj`npnjctjs (phr jajbpeh,
jspj`nls `hbh cujz bhs`lml, `lcjel, h dnjrfls lrhbìtn`ls, vlncneel, nc`njcsh,
jt`.). Ncdlel `lml grlilc`nl, nblinclcmh quj tj cutrj. Ch sj trltl mj lmnvnclr 
mj quî lrhbls sj trltl cn mj auzilr sn tj iustlc h ch. Pnbpejbjctj, gâaltj jc
quî pjr`nfjs `hc tu sjctnmh, sn leiucls grlilc`nls `lbfnlc tu jstlmh mj ìcnbh
h sn sj prhmu`j leiñc `lbfnh jc tn.

L eh elrih mj jstl sjblcl, lprhvj`dl `ulequnjr hphrtucnmlm plrl lenbjctlr tu

dlbfrj mj heglth. _hr jajbpeh, pujmjs hejr el `lfjzl mj uc fjfî, prjstlr 
ltjc`nðc le hehr quj snjctjs le jctrlr jc tu `lsl, le mj el rhpl rj`nîc elvlml y
tjcmnml, le mj leiñc bnjbfrh mj tu glbnenl h mj tu plrjal, le l`hstlrtj l su
elmh phr el ch`dj. Bnjctrls ncspnrls els grlilc`nls nblincl `hbh sn tj
lenbjctlrlc.
@ulcmh sleils l el clturlejzl, h sn tnjcjs el sujrtj mj vnvnr `jr`l mj jeel, phc
jspj`nle ltjc`nðc l ehs hehrjs quj tj rhmjlc, l el grlilc`nl mj ehs ìrfhejs, mje
lnrj y mj els pelctls.
 

@ulcmh jxpen`h ehs mnstncths tnphs mj dlbfrj jc bn `ursh, ncvlrnlfejbjctj

leiunjc bjjenbnclc
js quj cn prjiuctl1je«¸Jsths
lpjtnth,jajr`n`nhs
cn js su bj quntlrìc
gnclenmlm. Je je dlbfrj8»
sjctnmh El rjspujstl
mj lenbjctlr ehs
mnstncths tnphs mj dlbfrj js mjs`ufrnr quj, l bjcumh, tu `ujrph ch cj`jsntl
`hbnml, snch quj shc tus sjctnmhs ehs quj tnjcjc dlbfrj mj lqujeeh quj ehs
cutrj. Pn lprjcmjs l sltnsgl`jr ehs mngjrjctjs tnphs mj dlbfrj, mjalrìs mj
nctjctlr «eejclrtj» sheh l trlvîs mj el ncijstl mj `hbnml. _hrquj `ulcmh
lenbjctls tus sjctnmhs, lenbjctls tu `hrlzðc.

Dlbfrj vnsule

Nblincl quj jstìs jc uc rjstlurlctj, dls `hbnmh uc prnbjrh, uc sjiucmh

pelth, y je `lblrjrh tj prjiuctl sn qunjrjs phstrj. ]u jstðblih y tus `îeuels
prhtjstlc1 yl dls `hbnmh mjblsnlmh, phr glvhr ¡flstl! _jrh tus hahs ejs
rjpen`lc1 j`dlr sheh uc vnstlzh l ehs phstrjs ch dlrì mlüh l clmnj… Jcthc`js
lplrj`j el `lrtl mj phstrjs, `hc ucl hgjrtl mj eh bìs ltrlyjctj. ]j gnals jc je
surtnmh mj phstrjs y sj tj dl`j el fh`l liul. ]us hahs tj mn`jc1 bj eh pujmh
`hbjr. Ldhrl yl ch sj trltl mj sn thbls phstrj h ch, snch mj `uìe jenijs. Dl
ilclmh je dlbfrj vnsule.
 

Zchs ncvjstnilmhrjs rjlenzlrhc uc jstumnh plrl vjr dlstl quî pucth je phmjr 
mj
fheelmj
vnstl
shplphmâl
snc plslr
ghcmh,phr
le jc`nbl mj htrls sjülejs
quj ej `hcj`tlrhc mj sl`njmlm.
uc tufh Ncvjctlrhc je
quj nfl rjeejclcmh je
`ujc`h, sjiñc je `hbjcsle nfl `hbnjcmh. ]rls 6? bncuths `hbnjcmh, els
pjrshcls quj `hbâlc mj ehs fhejs snc ghcmh ¡sjiuâlc snc mlrsj `ujctl mj eh
quj h`urrâl! L`lflrhc `hbnjcmh uc 90 % bìs mj shpl quj ehs quj utnenzlrhc
tlzhcjs chrblejs.
Ehs ncvjstnilmhrjs mjbhstrlrhc quj mj`nmnbhs el `lctnmlm mj `hbnml quj
ncijrnbhs flsìcmhchs bìs jc el ncghrbl`nðc mj el vnstl, quj jc el mje
jstðblih. ^ `njrtlbjctj je phmjr mj `hbjr phr ehs hahs js buy gujrtj, pujs je
sjctnmh mj el vnstl js uch mj ehs mhbnclctjs.
El fujcl chtn`nl js quj phmjbhs utnenzlr je phmjr mj `hbjr `hc ehs hahs l
cujstrh glvhr. Ztnenzlcmh pelths, vlshs y `ufnjrths bìs pjqujühs, `hbjbhs
bjchs `lctnmlm. Htrh tru`h js eejclr je pelth mj el sniunjctj ghrbl1 quj le
bjchs el bntlm mje pelth jstî h`uplml phr vjijtlejs (vjrmurls y jcslelml) y
el htrl bntlm phr prhtjâcls y `lrfhdnmrlths.
_lrl sltnsgl`jr je dlbfrj vnsule, tlbfnîc js buy nbphrtlctj bjz`elr `hehrjs y
ghrbls jc je pelth. El vlrnjmlm mj `hehrjs tj ilrlctnzlrì quj dly uc jqunenfrnh
mj cutrnjctjs jc tu pelth, pujs je `hehr mj ehs lenbjcths chs rjvjel
sus `lrl`tjrâstn`ls cutrn`nhclejs. _hr jajbpeh, je `hehr vjrmj chs lphrtl eutjâcl,
ì`nmh gðen`h, blicjsnh, gnfrl y phtlsnh. Ehs lenbjcths lblrneehs y clrlcals shc
rn`hs jc vntlbncl L y @, ì`nmh gðen`h, blicjsnh, gnfrl y phtlsnh. Ehs rhahs y
bhrlmhs `hctnjcjc vntlbncl @, blicjsnh, gnthquâbn`hs y en`hpjch.

Ch js cj`jslrnh slfjr mj cutrn`nðc plrl sltnsgl`jr cujstrls cj`jsnmlmjs

cutrn`nhclejs. Pn tu pelth tnjcj ucl fujcl vlrnjmlm `rhbìtn`l, ch sheh jstlrìs
sltnsgl`njcmh je dlbfrj vnsule, snch je jsthbl`le-`jeuelr. Lmjbìs, el vlrnjmlm
mj slfhrjs y tjxturls sltnsglrì je dlbfrj fu`le.
Htrl ghrbl mj auilr `hc je phmjr mje dlbfrj vnsule js mnsphcjr ehs lenbjcths
mj ucl blcjrl ltrl`tnvl jc je pelth. _hr jajbpeh, sn tj `ujstl `hbjr grutl,

`ðrtlel lJc
`hehrjs. rhmlals y `heð`lel
je `ursh jc ucl
ejs hgrjz`h l bnsflcmjal,
leubchs`hbfncìcmhel
ucls clrlcals`hc htrlsy grutls
jctjrls mj
ejs pnmh
 

quj jvleñjc je dlbfrj vnsule quj tnjcjc phr jeels. Pjiunmlbjctj, ejs bujstrh
ucl flcmjal mj clrlcals fnjc `hrtlmntls y mnspujstls, `hc gruths rhahs mj
mj`hrl`nðc. Ejs pnmh mj cujvh quj jvleñjc su dlbfrj mj vnstl y, `hbh
pujmjs nblinclr, sufj flstlctjs pucths.
_njcsl jc quî `hsls shc djrbhsls plrl tn y lenbjctl tu bnrlml `hc jeels. Ch
nbphrtl mj quî hfajth sj trltj, pujmjc sjr ehs pîtlehs mj ucl gehr, uc `ulmrh,
ucl lctniõjmlm, uc plnslaj, uc lplrlth, tjels vlrnlmls, els thclenmlmjs mj
vjrmj mj els dhals… Eh nbphrtlctj js quj tj mjtjcils l hfsjrvlreh
ltjctlbjctj murlctj uchs bncuths. Jsth js uc jctrjclbnjcth plrl quj tu
bnrlml jstî ltjctl jc tu vnml mnlrnl. _hrquj `ulcmh bnrlbhs mj vjrmlm, els
`hsls sj vujevjc djrbhsls.

@ulcmh vlbhs jc bhmh zhbfn, mjs`hcj`tlmhs, mnstrlâmhs, ch chs gnalbhs jc

els `hsls. Cujstrl bnrlml snjctj dlbfrj. _lsls l thml vjeh`nmlm aucth l tu dnah
h plrjal y tj mjspnmjs mj jeehs `hc uc rìpnmh fjsh jc el bjaneel. El `hstubfrj
mj ch gnalrtj rjlebjctj, mj dl`jr quj tu bnrlml rjsflej shfrj el supjrgn`nj mj
els `hsls, tj mjal `hc dlbfrj y shejmlm mj ucl blcjrl gucmlbjctle.
Bu`dl ijctj sj snjctj buy nc`ðbhml le bnrlr gnalbjctj l ehs hahs, snc rjtnrlr 
el bnrlml. _hr jeeh jstlbhs tlc ìvnmhs mj `hcjxnðc `hc ehs mjbìs, phrquj ch
`hcj`tlbhs l trlvîs mj el bnrlml. Jc ucl prì`tn`l mj bn `ursh, ehs lsnstjctjs
sj ucjc jc plrjals y sj bnrlc l ehs hahs, jc snejc`nh y ltjctlbjctj.
Pnbpejbjctj mjalcmh quj el jxpjrnjc`nl sjl `hbh tjcil quj sjr, snc
cj`jsnmlm mj dl`jr cn `hcsjiunr cn lplrjctlr clml. Ch sj trltl mj vjr le
`hbplüjrh, snch mj
`hcs`njctjbjctj, bnrlreh _hr
`hcj`tlc. mj vjrmlm. @ulcmh sjmjalc
uchs ncstlctjs, mjtnjcjc y sj bnrlc
mj nmjctngn`lrsj
ñcn`lbjctj `hc su nblijc `hrphrle, `hc eh quj pjslc, y vjc jc je htrh htrls
bu`dls `ulenmlmjs, htrls plrtjs bu`dh bìs nbphrtlctjs mj su nmjctnmlm.

]j prhphcih ucl vjrsnðc ncmnvnmule mj jstj jajr`n`nh1 Jstl prðxnbl sjblcl tj

prhphcih quj bnrjs gnalbjctj l ehs hahs mj tu nctjreh`uthr, `ulcmh tj jxpenquj
leiucl `hsl. _ujmjs pjstlüjlr ”bìs quj clml phr ch lsustlrej” y, `ulcmh
tñ dlfejs, `hctncñl `hc el bnrlml gnal.
 

J AJV@N@NH1 Je jspjah lbhrhsh

@lml vjz quj tj bnrjs le jspjah, mn jc vhz letl (h susñrrleh sn ch qunjrjs quj
tj hnilc)1 «]j lbh (y tu chbfrj)». Bârltj mj vjrmlm l ehs hahs, snjcmh
`hcs`njctj mj eh quj tj mn`js. Dlzeh `lml mâl (bâcnbh ucl vjz) h `lml vjz quj
tj bnrjs jc je jspjah).
L bu`dhs mj bns leubchs jstj jajr`n`nh ejs `rjl rj`dlzh h bj jxpen`lc quj
ch qunjrjc dl`jreh phrquj ch sj eh `rjjc. L bâ tlbfnîc bj plsð `ulcmh eh
pusj jc prì`tn`l phr prnbjrl vjz. Bj cjilfl l dl`jreh phrquj bj plrj`âl
mjblsnlmh lebnflrlmh. Pn l tn tlbfnîc tj dl mlmh uc ltlquj mj
dnpjrieu`jbnl, mîalbj mj`nrtj quj thmh jsth shc jx`usls, rjsnstjc`nls. Jsthy
sjiurl mj quj jrjs `lplz mj mj`nrej «]j lbh» h «]j qunjrh» l leiunjc.
Jcthc`js,
Je jspjah¸phr quî mj`ârtjeh
tj bujstrl eh qujl snjctjs
tn tj `ujstl tlcth trlflah8
rjspj`th l tn. ]j pjrbntj bnrlrtj l ehs
hahs y tj mjvujevj ehs lspj`ths quj dls mj `lbfnlr plrl `rjlr lbhr y
sltnsgl``nðc jc tu vnml. Pn qunjrjs supjrlr je dlbfrj jbh`nhcle, js
gucmlbjctle quj jbpnj`js l trlflalr je lbhr y el l`jptl`nðc dl`nl tn. Jstj
sjc`neeh pjrh phmjrhsh jajr`n`nh js uc prnbjr plsh plrl jbpjzlr l `uetnvlr el
luth`hbplsnðc. Je pjcslbnjcth js jcjriâl y ehs bjcslajs cjiltnvhs quj tj
elczl El Whz `ulcmh tj bnrls le jspjah («hmnh tu flrrnil», « busehs ihrmhs»,
«mjtjsth bn clrnz thr`nml») tnjcjc uc jgj`th cjiltnvh shfrj tu hrilcnsbh. Jc
`lbfnh, el jcjriâl mj el fhcmlm tnjcj jgj`ths phsntnvhs.

Cubjrhshs jxpjrnbjcths dlc mjbhstrlmh quj els jctnmlmjs vnvls sj

blr`dntlc flah el jcjriâl mj el vnhejc`nl. _hr jajbpeh, jc uch mj jeehs sj
`heh`lrhc mhs blczlcls flah els bnsbls `hcmn`nhcjs lbfnjctlejs y ehs
ncvjstnilmhrjs sj mjmn`lrhc l blcmlr pjcslbnjcths mj hmnh y vnhejc`nl l el
mj el mjrj`dl. L el htrl blczlcl, ej blcmlrhc pjcslbnjcths mj fjcjvhejc`nl,
lbhr y `hbplsnðc. _lslmhs uchs mâls, el blczlcl vnhejctlml vnvnð su prh`jsh
clturle mj mjs`hbphsn`nðc bnjctrls quj el blczlcl lblml, sj blctuvh jc
fujc jstlmh. ¸@lsulenmlm8 ]le vjz, pjrh js ncmumlfej quj sn `rjyîrlbhs
rjlebjctj quj el vnhejc`nl quj prhyj`tlbhs dl`nl je `ujrph eh jstrhpjl,
`lbfnlrâlbhs rlmn`lebjctj cujstrh mnìehih nctjrnhr. @ulcmh ucl plrtj mje
 

`ujrph tnjcj mngn`uetlmjs, ch cj`jsntl `râtn`ls, snch `lrnüh y prhtj``nðc.

Dlbfrj mj fh`l
Pn tj gnals jc ehs fjfîs, je prnbjr sjctnmh quj mjslrrheelc js je «tl`th» mj el
fh`l. Ehs elfnhs, el ejciul y el pjr`jp`nðc mje slfhr nctjrvnjcjc jc cujstrls
prnbjrls rjel`nhcjs
mnrj`tlbjctj, el fh`l `hc el `hbnml.
js lmn`tl Je iusth pel`jctjrls.
l els sjcsl`nhcjs chs `hcj`tl `hc je pel`jr 
Bu`dhs mj bns `enjctjs l`umjc l bâ phrquj su prhfejbl js quj «ejs jc`lctl
`hbjr». _jrh `ulcmh ejs prjiucth ¸`ðbh `hbjs dlfntulebjctj8, bj mn`jc
quj mjvhrlc, thmh pl„ mjctrh, snc `lsn blstn`lr. Ch jxpjrnbjctlr el `hbnml `hc
el fh`l, ch prh`jslr ehs slfhrjs, cn els tjxturls, cn je pel`jr… ¸Js jsh mnsgrutlr 
rjlebjctj mj el `hbnml8
Mjgncntnvlbjctj ch. Js sltnsgl`jr htrls `hsls. _lrl sjctnrchs rjlebjctj
sltnsgj`dhs le `hbjr, ch chs phmjbhs enbntlr l bjtjr `hbnml jc el fh`l y
trlilrel, snc js`u`dlr els sjülejs quj cujstrh `ujrph chs jcvâl. El fh`l js el
ble`rnlml mj el `lsl y sn jstlbhs flah el tnrlcâl mj sus `lprn`dhs, chs eh
`hbjrjbhs
uc ðrilch mjthmh
purhy mjsjh,
eujih chs sjctnrjbhs
qunjrj pel`jr y mjblsnlmh eejchs.
snjbprj qujrrì _hrquj el fh`l js
bìs.
Zcl mj els `elvjs js jmu`lr l el fh`l plrl quj sjl `hcs`njctj mje iusth, mje
pel`jr, le `hbjr, mj el pjr`jp`nðc mje slfhr. Jc mjgncntnvl, pjrbntnrtj
jxpjrnbjctlr pel`jr, pjrh snjcmh `hcs`njctj mj quî js eh quj tj pnmj tu fh`l,
mj eh quj su`jmj jc jeel bnjctrls `hbjs, jstlcmh prjsjctj, snc `ueplfnenmlm.
Js `hbh mj`nrej1 «Mj l`ujrmh fh`l, tj vhy l mlr pel`jr, pjrh ch `hbh tñ eh
qunjrjs».

]j pnmh quj rj`ujrmjs leiucl vjz jc quj dlyls mnsgrutlcmh mj tu pelth mj

 

plstl glvhrnth, jc fujcl `hbplüâl. Jc `lsh mj quj tu bjctlenmlm mnjtl ch tj

dlyl pjrbntnmh mnsgrutlr mj uc bhbjcth lsâ, nbliâcleh. Ehs prnbjrhs fh`lmhs
shc ucl jxpehsnðc mj slfhr jc tu fh`l, tj slfjc l iehrnl. _jrh l bjmnml quj
jbpnjzls l `dlrelr `hc tu l`hbplülctj, vls mjalcmh mj slfhrjlr el plstl
phrquj ldhrl tu ltjc`nðc jstì `jctrlml jc el `hcvjrsl`nðc. Le ph`h rlth, ¡hd
ch! ]j mls `ujctl mj quj tu pelth jstì vl`âh. ]u fh`l sniuj qujrnjcmh bìs mj
eh bnsbh, sniujs `hc dlbfrj phrquj tu dlbfrj fu`le ch dl snmh sltnsgj`dl.
J AJV@N@NH1 Blstn`l`nðc `hcs`njctj

Blstn`lr js ucl fujcl blcjrl mj sltnsgl`jr tu dlbfrj fu`le. @ulcmh thbjs

uc trhzh mj `hbnml, `hc`îctrltj jc blstn`lreh dlstl quj jstî fnjc trnturlmh.
Bìs leeì mj els tî`cn`ls quj sj rj`hbnjcmlc plrl lmjeilzlr, mje tnph «blstn`l
0? vj`js el `hbnml lctjs mj trlilrel», js buy nbphrtlctj quj lprjcmls l
blstn`lr `hcs`njctjbjctj.
Lmjbìs, ch sheh ej jstìs gl`nentlcmh el mnijstnðc l tu jstðblih, snch quj
«prjmninjrjs» el `hbnml jc tu fh`l, pujs `ulcmh blstn`lbhs, el fh`l sjirjil
slenvl y jc el slenvl dly ucl jcznbl quj ncn`nl el rupturl mj ehs `lrfhdnmrlths
jc el fh`l.
L bâ bj jc`lctlfl `hbjr y jciueenr snc lpjcls blstn`lr. _jrh ch bj sjctlfl
fnjc y bj eejvlfl l shfrjncijrnr. Vj`hchz`h quj je blstn`lr `hcs`njctjbjctj
plrl bâ guj uch mj ehs lspj`ths mj el lenbjctl`nðc `hcs`njctj bìs mngâ`ne mj
jctrjclr, pjrh trls uc lüh prl`tn`ìcmheh, ehirî slfhrjlr y blstn`lr 
`hcs`njctjbjctj.   Jstj pjqujüh «jsgujrzh» supush uc irlc `lbfnh, ch sheh
`hcs`njctjbjctj.
jc bn ghrbl mj `hbjr snch mj slfhrjlr el vnml jc ijcjrle.

Cujstrl ghrbl mj rjel`nhclrchs `hc el `hbnml js uc rjgejah mj `ðbh chs

rjel`nhclbhs `hc chshtrhs bnsbhs y `hc el vnml.
Pî quj el ncmustrnl lenbjctlrnl ch chs eh phcj gì`ne, pujs nc`ntl l cujstrhs
sjctnmhs l mjsjlr bìs mj eh bnsbh lülmnjcmh lmntnvhs quâbn`hs l el `hbnml,
lzñ`lr, jspj`nls, sle, irlsl y l`nmjz. L pjslr mj jeeh, js phsnfej `uetnvlr el
`hc`njc`nl jc je l`th mj `hbjr, y `ulcth bìs eh dlils, jxpjrnbjctlrìs blyhr 
pel`jr jc el fh`l, `hc lenbjcths tlc sjc`neehs `hbh ucl blczlcl. _h`h l ph`h,
 

cj`jsntlrìs bjchs lmjrjzhs y ehs lcthahs nrìc mjslplrj`njcmh.

Je dlbfrj mj fh`l sj sltnsgl`j `hc els sjcsl`nhcjs, ehs mngjrjctjs slfhrjs y

tjxturls. El prðxnbl vjz quj tjcils dlbfrj, sî `hcs`njctj mj quî ej lpjtj`j
l tu fh`l. ¸\unzì leih `ruanjctj, slelmh, `rjbhsh, lirnh h mue`j8
@ulcmh fjfls, nctjctl blctjcjr je eâqunmh jc el fh`l, slfhrjìcmheh lctjs
mj trlilr (pujmjs rjbhvjreh jc tu fh`l `hbh sn tj el jstuvnjrls jcaulilcmh).
Dlbfrj bjctle
«El hrmjc «ch `hbìns mj jsj ìrfhe» guj mjshfjmj`nml,
y jsh quj prh`jmâl mje bnsbâsnbh Mnhs».
Mjlc Hrcnsd
Bîmn`h, ncvjstnilmhr y gucmlmhr mje Ncstntuth mj Ncvjstnil`nðc
mj Bjmn`ncl _rjvjctnvl

Zc mâl `ulequnjrl, ¸`uìctls vj`js pnjcsls jc el `hbnml8 Ch sheh jc eh quj

qunjrjs `hbjr snch tlbfnîc jc je nbpl`th quj el `hbnml tjcmrì shfrj tu
pjsh, jc quî dls `hbnmh, jc quî nblincls `hbjr eujih.
Lsâ `hbh je `ujrph sj lenbjctl mj `hbnml gâsn`l, el bjctj eh dl`j mj
pjcslbnjcths, ncghrbl`nðc, `dnsbhrrjhs, hpncnhcjs j nmjls. Je dlbfrj bjctle
sj ml `ulcmh js el bjctj el quj mnrnij el `hbnml. Js el bjctlenmlm mnjtl phr 
jx`jejc`nl, js `ulcmh `hbjbhs flsìcmhchs jc ehs pjcslbnjcths shfrj quî
mjfjrâlbhs y quî ch mjfjrâlbhs `hbjr, jc els bhmls, els tjhrâls
lenbjctlrnls y ehs `lbfnlctjs mlths cutrn`nhclejs. Jeeh chs vujevj lcsnhshs y
cujstrl ghrbl mj `hbjr jstì flslml jc el prjh`upl`nðc. @ulcmh jstlbhs jc
bjctlenmlm mnjtl, jejinbhs ehs lenbjcths jc guc`nðc mj els `lehrâls, els irlsls
h el `lctnmlm mnlrnl rj`hbjcmlml y mjalbhs mj mnsgrutlr mj ehs lenbjcths quj
ncijrnbhs. @hcgnlbhs bìs jc el ncghrbl`nðc jxtjrcl quj jc ehs sjctnmhs,
cujstrh `ujrph y cujstrl nctjenijc`nl nctuntnvl (l pjslr mj quj irl`nls l thmhs
jeehs djbhs shfrjvnvnmh l eh elrih mj el dnsthrnl). Je ncstrubjcth mje quj
cujstrhs lctjplslmhs mnsphcâlc plrl slfjr sn el `hbnml jstlfl jc fujc
jstlmh jrlc ehs sjctnmhs gâsn`hs. Hfsjrvlflc `ðbh rjl``nhclflc l ehs
lenbjcths, ehs slfhrjlflc, jxpjrnbjctlflc, y jsh ejs nfl lphrtlcmh el
slfnmurâl shfrj quî ejs sjctlfl bjahr.
Jc `lbfnh, dhy cujstrls plpnels iustltnvls ch jstìc tlc mjslrrheelmls `hbh
lctlüh. _hr uc elmh, phrquj cujstrl supjrvnvjc`nl yl ch mjpjcmj mj mjtj`tlr 
sustlc`nls vjcjchsls jc ehs lenbjcths. ^ phr htrh, phrquj el lenbjctl`nðc sj
 

dl `hcvjrtnmh jc uc lsucth bìs bjctle quj jxpjrnjc`nle.

El bjctlenmlm mnjtl sj ghrbl l plrtnr mj els plelfrls quj js`u`dlbhs mj ehs
jxpjrths jc cutrn`nðc y els quj ejjbhs jc nctjrcjt, jc enfrhs mj `h`ncl y
mj mnjtls. @ulcmh jstlbhs sj`ujstrlmhs phr el bjctlenmlm mnjtl,
l`hstubfrlbhs l flslrchs jc lfsheuths y hpujsths1
• Mnvnmnbhs ehs lenbjcths jctrj «fujchs» y «blehs». Vjejilbhs `njrths
lenbjcths ”chrblebjctj rn`hs jc irlsls, `hbh je liul`ltj h je qujsh” l
ucl enstl nc`hcs`njctj mj lenbjcths prhdnfnmhs y leeâ pjrblcj`jc phr 
snjbprj albìs.
• @hctlbhs `lehrâls.
• Pjiunbhs rjiels nbpujstls phr ehs mjbìs (h luthnbpujstls).
• Dlfelbhs mj «dl`jr trlbpl», mj «pj`lr» y chs `hcsnmjrlbhs «fujcls» h
«blels pjrshcls» jc guc`nðc mj sn hptlbhs phr uchs u htrhs lenbjcths.
• Lphrtlbhs rlzhcjs plrl austngn`lr cujstrhs dìfnths lenbjctlrnhs, y jctrlbhs
jc ucl jtjrcl vjrfhrrjl nctjrcl jc cujstrl bjctj.
• ]lcth `hctrhe l`lfl jc ucl jspnrle mjs`jcmjctj quj sj `hcvnjrtj jc uc
`âr`ueh vn`nhsh.
El mnjtîtn`l js ucl mns`npencl jc `hcstlctj jvheu`nðc. Vj`nfnbhs tlctl
ncghrbl`nðc `hctrlmn`thrnl quj le gncle ch slfjbhs quî `hcsjahs sjiunr1 eh quj
sj dl rj`hbjcmlmh murlctj thml el vnml, mj rjpjctj sj `hcvnjrtj jc uc
pj`lmh. ^ jsth pujmj prhvh`lr bu`dl lcsnjmlm l`jr`l mj quî `hbjr h quî
ch. Zc `eìsn`h jajbpeh shc ehs dujvhs, quj trlmn`nhclebjctj dlc snmh
mjbhcnzlmhs phr lubjctlr je `hejstjrhe y je rnjsih mj ltlqujs mj `hrlzðc.
Vj`njctjbjctj sj dl mjbhstrlmh quj ch tnjcjc jsls `hcsj`ujc`nls, phr eh
quj phmjbhs `hbjr dujvhs `lml mâl.
]lbfnîc su`jmnð `hc je liul1 sj lgnrblfl quj mjfâlbhs fjfjr jctrj 4 y
<6 vlshsplrtjs.
l thmls mj liul le mâl, uc
Murlctj eh `ule prhpn`nð
tnjbph sjiuâ el
jslbhml mj eejvlr
`hstubfrj ucl fhtjeel mjsjctâl
y, snc`jrlbjctj, liul
`hbh sn tuvnjrl uc fjfjmjrh mj plths jc bn jstðblih. Bn `ujrph ch
cj`jsntlfl fjfjr tlctl liul. _jrh `hbh sheh js`u`dlfl l bn bjctj, ch bj
mjtjcâl l chtlr quj nr jc`dlr`lml thmh je mâl ch jrl buy sleumlfej. Lmjbìs
dly quj tjcjr jc `ujctl je liul quj tlbfnîc thblbhs l trlvîs mj el grutl y
ehs vjijtlejs.
Jcthc`js ¸`uìctl liul sj rj`hbnjcml thblr8 Ch dly mhs sjrjs dublchs
niulejs y sjiñc el tleel mj el pjrshcl, els l`tnvnmlmjs quj mjslrrheej, je `enbl
mje euilr mhcmj vnvl, jctrj htrhs gl`thrjs, su `ujrph cj`jsntlrìs bìs h bjchs
liul. Mj cujvh, el rjspujstl el jc`hctrlrìs `hcj`tlcmh `hc tu `ujrph,
js`u`dìcmheh y mìcmhej eh quj cj`jsntl. ¸]j dl plslmh leiucl vjz quj dls
jstlmh trlflalcmh `hc tlctl `hc`jctrl`nðc, quj mj rjpjctj tj mls `ujctl mj
 

quj tnjcjs el vjanil l pucth mj rjvjctlr8 Jsth js phrquj dls mjs`hcj`tlmh mj

tus sjcsl`nhcjs `hrphrlejs murlctj bu`dh rlth, dlstl quj dl lprjbnlmh el
urijc`nl mj nr `hrrnjcmh le flüh. Mje bnsbh bhmh sujej su`jmjr `hc el sjm,
quj ch ltjcmjbhs l sus sjülejs y jspjrlbhs l fjfjr `ulcmh jstlbhs
mjsdnmrltlmhs.
@ulcmh sugrâl mj «glcltnsbh lenbjctlrnh», tjcâl tlctl ncghrbl`nðc
`hctrlmn`thrnl jc bn `lfjzl shfrj `lml lenbjcth, quj bj `hstlfl bu`dh
mj`nmnr quî `hbprlr jc el tnjcml. ]j mhy leiuchs jajbpehs mj bn plrehtjh
bjctle y mj cjih`nl`nðc `hcbnih bnsbl1
• «¸\uî mjfjrâl `hbjr8» (jc vjz mj «¸\uî bj pnmj bn `ujrph8» h «¸quî bj
lpjtj`j8»).
• «Pn `hbprh jstj lenbjcth, eujih tjcmrî quj `hbpjcslreh h ch `hbjr».
• «Pn ch `hah dnmrlths, phmrî thblr djelmh mj phstrj».
• «Mjfjrâl `hbjr `nc`h vj`js le mâl».
• «Pn `hbh pjs`lmh, tlbfnîc phmrî `hbjr tle lenbjcth».
• «Mjfjrâl `hbjr bìs prhtjâcls».
• «Bj bjrjz`h uc `u`uru`dh mj djelmh».
• «Je lzñ`lr js vjcjch».
• «Mjfjrâl fjfjr 6 entrhs mj liul le mâl».
• «Mjfjrâl jbpjzlr je mâl `hc uc mjslyuch lfucmlctj».
• «Ch mjfjrâl `hbjr mjspuîs mje bjmnhmâl».

Zcl mj els irlcmjs jcsjülczls quj el ltjc`nðc pejcl chs lphrtl js

mjslrrheelr el `lpl`nmlm
`ujrph y tlbfnîc mj js`u`dlr(chs)
mj el bjctj. Ch js quj elybjctj
mj `hcgnlr
sjl el jc el mj
blel slfnmurâl mje
el pjeâ`uel,
yl quj chs prjvnjcj mj cj`jsnmlmjs quj sj chs pujmlc prjsjctlr bìs
lmjelctj y chs pujmj lyumlr l `unmlrchs. _hr jajbpeh, sn tnjcjs ucl ahrclml
elfhrle jc quj ch phmrìs `hbjr jc : dhrls, el bjctj js slfnl y tj dlrì ncijrnr 
bìs `lctnmlm mj `hbnml mj el quj cj`jsntls lctjs mj jsj pjrnhmh, phrquj ch
sheh sj h`upl mje ldhrl, snch tlbfnîc `le`uel eh quj pujml h`urrnr jc je guturh
(jc jstj `lsh, sjrâl eejilr l el `jcl `hc uc dlbfrj glbîen`l phr ch dlfjr 
`hbnmh jc : dhrls). Lsâ quj `hbh fujcl ijsthrl quj js, lucquj l el dhrl mj
`hbjr yl tjcil sugn`njctj, el bjctj tj mn`j1 «`hbj bìs phrquj eujih, le eejilr 
l `lsl, vls l lrrlslr».
Je prhfejbl
@ulctl surij `ulcmh
bìs `hcs`njc`nl el bjctj
ej phcils snjbprj
l tus tj mn`j «`hbj
pjcslbnjcths, bìs phr sn tjcmrìs
bìs `lpl`nmlm l`lsh».
 

plrl mj`nmnr sn jsj pjcslbnjcth tj lyuml l `unmlrtj h ch.

¸@ðbh slfjr sn js bjctlenmlm mnjtl h slfnmurâl8 Bn rj`hbjcml`nðc sjrâl ch

`rjjrtj mjblsnlmh cnciucl lgnrbl`nðc lfsheutl shfrj el `hbnml. Ch tj lgjrrjs
l cnciucl tjhrâl jxtrjbnstl cn mjsprj`njs htrls ghrbls mj `hbjr. ]jc
pl`njc`nl, eejvls bu`dhs lühs sugrnjcmh je elvlmh mj `jrjfrh mj el bjctlenmlm
mnjtl, lsâ quj ch vls l enfjrlrtj mj jeel mj uc mâl plrl htrh. Ej mjmn`lrjbhs uc
lplrtlmh jspj`âgn`h.
Jajr`n`nh1 Hfsjrvl tu dlbfrj bjctle

Je prnbjr plsh plrl `lbfnlr uc `hbphrtlbnjcth js sjr `hcs`njctj mje bnsbh

y jstj jajr`n`nh tj vl l sjrvnr plrl sjr `hcs`njctj mj eh quj tj pjrbntjs y mj eh
quj ch tj pjrbntjs `hbjr. Lsâ quj tj pnmh quj dlils uc enstlmh jc tu mnlrnh
mj lenbjctl`nðc `hcs`njctj mj thmhs tus «mjfjrâl» y «ch mjfjrâl». Hfsjrvl
sjiñc quî `rntjrnh dl`js el `elsngn`l`nðc (sjiñc sn jcihrml/lmjeilzl, sn js
sleumlfej / ch sleumlfej, jt`.).
Eujih, jenij uch mj ehs lenbjcths quj `hcsnmjrls «fujch» y js`rnfj els trjs
prnbjrls plelfrls quj tj vjcilc l el bjctj. Vjpntj je jajr`n`nh ldhrl
pjcslcmh jc uc lenbjcth quj `ltlehiujs `hbh «bleh». ¡\unzì tj shrprjcml je
ejciulaj quj utnenzls plrl rjgjrnrtj l mjtjrbnclmhs lenbjcths!

Jstl sjblcl, bnjctrls dlils el `hbprl jc je supjrbjr`lmh, nctjctl mjtj`tlr 

eh quj el bjctj tj `ujctl shfrj el `hbnml, js`u`dìcmhel `hc je hâmh nctjrch.
Bnjctrls hfsjrvls ehs mnstncths tnphs mj `hbnml, tlcth «fujcl» `hbh «blel»,
nctjctl sjr `hcs`njctj mj els vh`js `hcgrhctlmls quj tj mn`jc `hsls mnstnctls
shfrj uc bnsbh lenbjcth. Ch auziujs cn nctjctjs `lbfnlr tus pjcslbnjcths,
sheh js`u`dl ehs `hbjctlrnhs shfrj «eh quj mjfjrâls h ch mjfjrâls» `hbjr h
fjfjr.
Htrl hphrtucnmlm js `ulcmh tj snjctls l `hbjr, hfsjrvl el `hbnml y el fjfnml
 

quj tnjcjs jcgrjctj y js`u`dl quî tj mn`j el bjctj shfrj jeel. @hbprujfl tu
plrehtjh bjctle lctjs, murlctj y trls el `hbnml.
El bjahr blcjrl mj sltnsgl`jr el bjctj js sjrjcìcmhel, mj ldâ el nbphrtlc`nl
mje bncmguecjss y el bjmntl`nðc. @ulcmh ehirjs l`leelr el `l`hghcâl bjctle shfrj
el `hbnml y el `hcs`njc`nl ehirj nbphcjrsj shfrj ehs pjcslbnjcths
nc`jslctjs, nrìs hfsjrvlcmh jsls `dì`dlrls y eejilrì uc bhbjcth jc quj sjrìs
`lplz mj hfsjrvlr le hfsjrvlmhr quj els hfsjrvl1 mjs`lcslrìs jc je snejc`nh y
tj eejclrìs mj plz.
¸@ðbh eejvls je dìfnth mj bjmntlr `lml mâl : bncuths8 Lprhvj`dh plrl
lcnblrtj l lubjctlr tu prì`tn`l mj snejc`nh l <? bncuths mnlrnhs.

Dlbfrj jsthbl`le-`jeuelr 
Je dlbfrj jsthbl`le js je tnph mj dlbfrj bìs fìsn`h y sj ml `ulcmh tus
rjsjrvls mj jcjriâl jstìc flals y tus `îeuels pnmjc bìs `hbfustnfej plrl
sjiunr blctjcnîcmhtj `hc `lehr y vnml. ¸Wjrmlm quj `ulcmh tnjcjs grâh,
snjctjs bìs dlbfrj8 Jsth h`urrj phrquj cj`jsntls `lehrâls quj qujblr h
ilclr leiuchs knehs mj irlsl lnselctj plrl `lejctlrtj.
@ulcmh ch qujml `hbnml jc tu jstðblih, tus dhrbhcls, cjurhpîptnmhs y
cjurhtrlcsbnshrjs nctjrl`tñlc jc je snstjbl mnijstnvh y jc je `jrjfrh, plrl
jstnbuelr je lpjtnth y dl`jr quj `hbls. _jrh sn nichrls `hcstlctjbjctj els
sjülejs quj tu sjcshr nctjrch jcvâl plrl ncmn`lrtj `uìcmh `hbjr y `uìcmh
mjalr mj `hbjr ”phrquj sniujs els mnrj`trn`js mj ucl mnjtl” mjals mj slfjr 
sn dls le`lczlmh el sl`njmlm h ch. _hr jajbpeh, l bâ bj h`urrnð quj snjbprj
bj sjctâl dlbfrnjctl phrquj `hbâl phr mjflah mj eh cj`jslrnh, eh quj bj
eejvlfl l jpnshmnhs mj jx`jsh mj `hbnml. Lmjbìs, els rj`jtls quj bj dl`âl
jrlc tlc lfurrnmls j ncsuesls quj ch bj cutrâl fnjc, bj qujmlfl ncsltnsgj`dl

y¸\uî
ch sl`nlfl bn vjrmlmjrh
sâcthbls lpjtnth.tus `îeuels jstìc flals mj jcjriâl8 @hbh
tnjcjs `ulcmh
`hbjctlfl le prnc`npnh mje `lpâtueh, leiucls pjrshcls nmjctngn`lc je dlbfrj
jc je jstðblih buy gì`nebjctj, pujs jstj jbntj runmhs, snjctjc `hbh uc
liuajrh, rjthrtnahcjs h blejstlr. Jc `lbfnh, l htrls ejs `ujstl bìs chtlr je
dlbfrj jsthbl`le. Leiuchs mj bns leubchs ch pjr`nfjc cnciucl sjüle mj
dlbfrj. @hbjc phrquj th`l `hbjr. Pn js tu `lsh, je rjth sjrì vhevjr l jstlr jc
sncthcâl `hc els sjülejs gâsn`ls mj dlbfrj rjle, sjctnr je dlbfrj `hrphrle, ch
sheh els sjülejs mj dlbfrj mje jstðblih, snch mj thmh je `ujrph.
_njcsl jc sntul`nhcjs jc quj dl eejilmh el dhrl mj `hbjr pjrh ch pujmjs
`hbjr phr je bhtnvh quj sjl. ¸\uî dl`j tu jstðblih8 Pn ch eh lenbjctls l el
dhrl qujlth`l,
phrquj, iruüj.
trlvîs Je jstðblih
mj cujstrhs pnmj
dìfnths `hbjr l el ej
lenbjctlrnhs, bnsbl dhrl
djbhs thmhs ehs
jcsjülmh mâls,
`uìcmh
 

tjcjr dlbfrj. Eh djbhs `hcmn`nhclmh l `hbjr jc dhrlrnhs rjiuelrjs. _rujfl

mj jeeh js quj `ulcmh chs bumlbhs mj plâs, y lmhptlbhs htrhs dhrlrnhs y
dìfnths lenbjctlrnhs, je jstðblih sj lmlptl y ruij l el cujvl dhrl. H sn leiucl
vjz dls trltlmh mj lyuclr, ehs rjthrtnahcjs y ehs iruünmhs ncn`nlejs l`lflc
mjslplrj`njcmh.
J AJV@N@NH1 ]u cnvje mj dlbfrj y mj pejcntum

El js`lel mje dlbfrj js ucl djrrlbnjctl quj tj pjrbntnrì jvleulr tu dlbfrj

jsthbl`le jc ucl js`lel mj ? l 9. Nblincl quj tu jstðblih js uc mjpðsnth mj
ilshencl. Je cnvje ? snicngn`l quj jstì vl`âh y je dlbfrj tj prhmu`j sjcsl`nðc
mj mjsblyh h blrjh. Je cnvje 6 js jctrj `hbnmls, je = js sl`njmlm y je 9 js
cnvje «`hbnml mj Clvnmlm» (jstìs tlc l rjfhslr quj nc`eush snjctjs cìusjls).
El js`lel mje dlbfrj
9 Jbpl`dh, ch tj pujmjs bhvjr, tj snjctjs lmhrbnelmh.
7 Dnc`dlzðc, el rhpl tj lprnjtl y tj gletl jcjriâl.
: Eejcurl, pjrh `hc jcjriâl.
= Pl`njmlm, tj snjctjs sltnsgj`dh, snc dlbfrj.
0 Ch tj sn
snjc
jctj
tjss sslt
ltns
nsgj
gj`d
`dh
h le <?? %,, pjrh ch tnjcjs dlbfrj.
<?? %
6 Pj
Pjcs
csl`
l`nð
nðc
c mj
mj dlb
dlbfr
frj
jbbhm
hmjr
jrlml, vnjcj y sj vl.
lml,
< Pjcs
Pjcsl`
l`nð
nðc
c gguj
ujrt
rtj
jmmj
jddlb
lbfr
frj,
j, vl`âh jc je jstðblih.
? Dlbfrj vhrlz, jstìs nrrntlfej, snc jcjriâl, blrjh gâsn`h.
Lctjs mj `hbjr, jvleñl tu cnvje mj dlbfrj jsthbl`le `hc el lyuml mj el
js`lel mje dlbfrj. Zcl vjz tj dlyls `hbnmh el bntlm mj el `hbnml, mjtjctj y
vujevj l jvleulr tu dlbfrj jsthbl`le.
Lmjbìs mje dlbfrj, ¸quî htrls sntul`nhcjs dl`jc quj tu jstðblih snjctl
rjthrtnahcjs h bhejstnls8 ¸\uî `rjjs quj su`jmj jc jshs bhbjcths8
Jctrjcl tus trnpls

@hc jstj rjth lprjcmjrìs l ch letjrlrtj sn je jstðblih iruüj `ulcmh ch ej mls

`hbnml ncbjmnltlbjctj h sn `hbjs bjchs `lctnmlm. ¡Mjalrìs mj sjr js`elvh
mj el lvnmjz mj tu jstðblih!
El prðxnbl vjz quj snjctls dlbfrj h tj snjctjs l `hbjr, jspjrl uc ph`h
 

lctjs mj `hbjr. Pnbpejbjctj sî `hcs`njctj mj el sjcsl`nðc quj mjchbncls

«dlbfrj». Pî `hcs`njctj mj sjcsl`nhcjs j nbprjsnhcjs `hrphrlejs y
pjcslbnjcths.
¸]j rjsuetl gì`ne h mngâ`ne sjctnr dlbfrj y phsphcjr je `hbjr 
mjenfjrlmlbjctj8

El `njc`nl dl mjbhstrlmh quj je snstjbl mnijstnvh phsjj ucl irlc rnqujzl mj

cjrvnhs, dlstl je pucth mj eelblrej je «sjiucmh `jrjfrh». @hc jstls prì`tn`ls
jstìs l`tnvlcmh el slfnmurâl mj tus trnpls y `lml vjz bìs sjctnrìs els sjülejs
quj tj jcvâlc, plrl mj`nmnr el `lctnmlm `hc el quj sj snjctjc sltnsgj`dls y quî
lenbjcths shc ehs lmj`ulmhs.

Dlbfrj jbh`nhcle
_hmrâlbhs mj`nr quj `hbjr phr `ulequnjr rlzðc mngjrjctj l el mj cutrnrchs js
ucl ghrbl mj `hbjr jbh`nhcle. _jrh bj iustlrâl mjalr `elrh quj je `hbjr JP
jbh`nhcle1 prhmu`j pel`jr, `hcghrt, jbh`nhcjs y ghrbl plrtj mj cujstrls
rlâ`js. Jvheutnvlbjctj `hbnml y jbh`nhcjs snjbprj dlc nmh mj el blch.
@jejfrlbhs ehs `ubpejlühs lerjmjmhr mj ucl tlrtl, slenbhs `hc el glbnenl y
`hbplrtnbhs ucl pljeel.
Je `hbjr jbh`nhcle tlbfnîc nc`hrphrl lqujeehs lenbjcths l ehs quj tnjcjs
rj`ujrmhs lsh`nlmhs, `hbnmls rj`hcghrtlctjs quj shc bìs quj `hbnml phrquj
tj `hcj`tlc `hc tu ncglc`nl, `hc tu blmrj, `hc tu glbnenl. _rhflfejbjctj
leiuch mj tus pelths glvhrnths mj `hbnml `lsjrl eh `hbâls jc glbnenl ehs mâls
gjstnvhs
Mj leiuclh tjblcjrl,
eh prjplrlflc `ulcmh
tj sniujc tjcâls quj ¸]njcjs
rj`hcghrtlcmh. iulrmlr `lbl phr jcgjrbjmlm.
lenbjcths lsh`nlmhs l
rj`ujrmhs8

Dlz uc enstlmh mj tus trjs `hbnmls glvhrntls mj el ncglc`nl. Jstl sjblcl,

`ðbprltj h prjplrl ucl mj jeels (thmh js fnjcvjcnmh, nc`eunmhs ehs iuslcnths y
els rhsquneels) y `ðbjtjel `hcs`njctjbjctj, mnsgrutlcmh mj jsj `lprn`dh.
Mjsmj jstj pucth mj vnstl, `hbjr jbh`nhclebjctj ch js bleh, jstj tnph mj
lpjihs ch shc pjraumn`nlejs. Jc ehs plâsjs bltjrnlebjctj mjslrrheelmhs, el
blyhrâl mj pjrshcls `hbjbhs mjsmj ucl phsn`nðc jbh`nhcle, `hbh
 

rjspujstl l mjthclctjs jbh`nhclejs ”`hbh ehs quj rjplslbhs jc je `lpâtueh

:” y rj`urrnbhs l el `hbnml `hbh fìeslbh h trltlbnjcth jbh`nhcle. Pj trltl
mj ucl rjspujstl thtlebjctj chrble, lsâ quj ch tj snjctls ble phr jeel.
Jcthc`js, ¸`uìcmh js uc prhfejbl je `hcsubh jbh`nhcle mj `hbnml8
• @ulcmh `hbjbhs `hbpuesnvlbjctj (`hc lcsnjmlm phr `hbjr, lcthahs,
ltrl`hcjs…) snc tjcjr dlbfrj gnsnheðin`l, jc fus`l mj `hcsujeh, mj eejclr uc
vl`âh h mj mnstrljrchs plrl ch lgrhctlr jbh`nhcjs mngâ`nejs h mhehrhsls.
• @ulcmh dl`jbhs mje `hbjr el prnc`nple jstrltjinl plrl ijstnhclr y rjiuelr 
cujstrls jbh`nhcjs.
• @ulcmh, l `lusl mje `hctrhe quj nbpen`lc els mnjtls, tjcjbhs el cj`jsnmlm
nbpjrnhsl mj `hbjr lenbjcths prhdnfnmhs u htrls `hcmu`tls ncslcls
(nc`eunml el mj mjalr mj `hbjr).
Murlctj ucl îph`l mj bn vnml bj `hcvjrtâ jc glcìtn`l mj el `hbnml
sleumlfej, j`heðin`l, y sjiuâl ucl mnjtl mnsh`nlml flstlctj jstrn`tl. Nc`euâ jc
bn mnjtl thmh tnph mj lenbjcths jxðtn`hs, djletdy, mjthxngn`lctjs, y `hrtî
rlmn`lebjctj
`ueturlejs. Guj`hc bns trlmn`nhcjs
uc jrrhr, pujs ch shehlenbjctn`nls, tlcth glbnenlrjs
shbhs uc `ujrph gâsn`h, snch`hbh
quj
tlbfnîc tjcjbhs uc `ujrph bjctle y uc `ujrph jbh`nhcle. ^ jsths ñetnbhs
lcdjelflc ehs pelths mj thml el vnml.

Jstì buy fnjc nctrhmu`nr ncirjmnjctjs mj htrls `ueturls y trlmn`nhcjs, pjrh tj

rj`hbnjcmh quj ch nc`euyls bìs mj mhs jc uc bnsbh pelth.
Vj`ujrmh uc mâl jc quj bn blmrj chs ncvntð l `hbjr pljeel l thml el glbnenl.
 ^h ch `hbâ pljeel, phrquj, sjiñc bns ncgejxnfejs tjhrâls lenbjctlrnls, ch bj
`hcvjcâl. Bnjctrls bn glbnenl `hbplrtâl jsj bhbjcth, yh jstlfl jcgrls`lml
jc je plrehtjh mj bn bjctj1 «Ch sj mjfjc bjz`elr prhtjâcl `hc dnmrlths… ^ 
¡quî mjenth! Jstìc `hbfnclcmh lrrhz `hc enbðc, quj ncdnfj el prhmu``nðc mj
ptnlencl, el jcznbl cj`jslrnl plrl dl`jr el `hbpejtl mnijstnðc mj ehs
`lrfhdnmrlths jc el fh`l… Lmjbìs, je lrrhz cn snqunjrl js nctjirle… ¡@uìctl
nichrlc`nl!»
¸Jstlfl prjsjctj jc el `hbnml8 ¸Jstlfl mnsgrutlcmh mj jsj bhbjcth8
¸@ðbh `rjjs quj bj sjctâl8 @hbnjcmh htrl `hsl mnstnctl le rjsth, lnselml jc
bns pjcslbnjcths, ncsltnsgj`dl, shel… ^ `ulcmh eejiuî l `lsl, ¸quî pnjcsls
quj dn`j8 Lfrâ el cjvjrl y bj mjaî nr l js`hcmnmls. _hrquj ch bj pjrbntâ 
cutrnr bn `hrlzðc, `hbplrtnjcmh leih bìs quj irlchs mj lrrhz y shgrnth.
Bj jcilülfl `rjyjcmh quj phmâl `hctrhelr bns mjsjhs y jbh`nhcjs. _jrh
 

snjbprj eejilfl uc bhbjcth jc je quj ch phmâl bìs y bj vjâl ncbjrsl jc

ltrl`hcjs mj `hbnml, `hbh uc nctjcth mj `hbpjcslr els `lrjc`nls y
cj`jsnmlmjs jbh`nhclejs quj dlfâl jstlmh rjprnbnjcmh l eh elrih mje mâl.
Jc jstj `lsh, bns lcsnls y lcthahs sj prhmu`âlc phr mhs rlzhcjs1 phr prnvlrbj
mj ehs lenbjcths quj bj lpjtj`âlc (jc el sj``nðc shfrj ehs lcthahs tj `hctî je
bj`lcnsbh) y phr ch pjrbntnrbj mnsgrutlr y `hbplrtnr `hc bn glbnenl.
]rìtltj `hbh l uc ncvntlmh

Zcl ghrbl mj lenbjctlr tu `hrlzðc js trltlrtj `hbh sn gujrls uc ncvntlmh. ]j

prhphcih quj jstl sjblcl tj luthncvntjs l ucl `hbnml h `jcl , phcnjcmh
ltjc`nðc le prjplrlr el `hbnml, mnsphcnjcmh ehs lenbjcths mj ghrbl fhcntl jc
je pelth, `heh`lcmh uc blctje fjeeh j nc`eush, ucl vjel h ucls gehrjs. ¸Ch tj
plrj`j quj
mj `lrtðc tj sjctlrì
h mj bu`dh
pnj, jc je bjahr
bìrbhe `hbjr
mj el lsâ quj mnrj`tlbjctj mj uc jcvlsj
`h`ncl8
Jc htrhs `lshs, bn dlbfrj jbh`nhcle sj mjsjc`lmjcl `ulcmh tjcih uc ble
mâl y bn `jrjfrh bj l`hcsjal1 «Pn tj `hbjs jsth, tj vls l sjctnr bjahr. El
ñetnbl vjz quj tj sjctnstj lsâ, tj `hbnstj uc `rulsìc mj `dh`heltj y tj sjctnstj
bu`dh bjahr. ¡Dliìbhseh mj cujvh!». ^ jctrls jc uc `âr`ueh vn`nhsh1
tj snjctjs ble ï `hbjs ble ï tj snjctjs pjhr phr thmh
eh quj dls `hbnmh ï vujevjs l `hbjr ï lubjctl tu lcsnjmlm7, 
sjcsl`nðc mj `uepl, lrrjpjctnbnjcth y vjriõjczl.
Wls rjpntnjcmh jstj pltrðc mj `hbphrtlbnjcth dlstl quj sj l`lfl
`hcvnrtnjcmh jc dlfntule (jc dìfnth).
 

El `hbnml jc uc ncn`nh tj prhmu`j pel`jr ncstlctìcjh, pjrh jstj js jgâbjrh. ^ 

tlrmj h tjbprlch (bìs fnjc tjbprlch) tj jc`ujctrls mj cujvh `hc el jbh`nðc
quj mjsjc`lmjcð je lcthah. ]rlcs`urrnml jsl sltnsgl``nðc tjbphrle, vhevjbhs
l jc`hctrlrchs `hc chshtrhs bnsbhs (y `hc el cj`jsnmlm mj `hcsujeh, `hc el
trnstjzl h `hc je vl`âh). Lmjbìs tj snjctjs pjhr phrquj tj dls mlmh uc fujc
ltrl`ðc. _lsls mj el sltnsgl``nðc l el `uepl y snc dlfjr ltjcmnmh tus
cj`jsnmlmjs jbh`nhclejs.
Ch dly `rulslcjs mj `dh`heltj sugn`njctjs jc je bucmh quj pujmlc `lbfnlr 
cujstrh jstlmh mj ìcnbh. Jvlmnr ucl jbh`nðc mjslirlmlfej ch chs enfrl mj
jeel, le `hctrlrnh1 h el blctjcjbhs h el rjghrzlbhs.
Bu`dls pjrshcls jbpnjzlc l tjcjr ltrl`hcjs h l `hbjr jbh`nhclebjctj l
`lusl mj el bujrtj mj uc sjr qujrnmh h mj el sjplrl`nðc mj su plrjal, jc uc
nctjcth mj eejclr jsj vl`âh quj ejs dl mjalmh jsl pîrmnml, quj ch sj
jc`ujctrl jc je jstðblih, snch jc je `hrlzðc. Mj el bnsbl ghrbl, bu`dhs
nctjctlbhs eejclr uc liuajrh lucquj ch dlylbhs sugrnmh cnciucl pîrmnml. ^h
bj sjctâl `hcstlctjbjctj dlbfrnjctl phrquj, `hbh mjsmj je prnc`npnh ch sj
trltlfl mj dlbfrj rjle, bn `ujrph cuc`l sj sjctâl sltnsgj`dh phr el `hbnml. Jc
rjlenmlm, bj jstlfl burnjcmh mj dlbfrj mj lbhr 9 dl`nl bâ bnsbl, mj lejirâl,
mj mnsgrutj y mj `hcjxnðc `hc bn `dnspl. Mj`âl quj tjcâl lcsnjmlm phr `hbjr,
pjrh el rjlenmlm jrl quj `hbâl plrl eejclr jsj vl`âh pjrblcjctj y plrl tlplr 
jsls jbh`nhcjs ch mnijrnmls cn jelfhrlmls.
Le `hbjr phr rlzhcjs jqunvh`lmls, `hbâl bìs y bìs y cuc`l bj sjctâl eejcl.
Jcthc`js ilclfl pjsh y `rjâl quj bn prhfejbl jrl gâsn`h, pujs lñc ch bj
 

dlfâl mlmh `ujctl mj quj je dlbfrj jrl ucl `ujstnðc bìs jbh`nhcle quj
gâsn`l. ^ el sheu`nðc quj jc`hctrlfl l bn supujsth prhfejbl gâsn`h jrl
nbphcjrbj mnjtls rjstrn`tnvls, quj sheh lirlvlflc bn sjcsl`nðc mj dlbfrj
ncsl`nlfej. Bnjctrls tlcth, sjiuâl lubjctlcmh mj pjsh y jstj jx`jsh mj pjsh,
l su vjz, lubjctlfl el tjcsnðc jbh`nhcle.
¸]j sujcl8

Le jstlr jc je `âr`ueh mje `hctrhe, jc el bjctlenmlm mnjtl, jc `hcsj`ujc`nl bj

nfl le mjs`hctrhe. Jcthc`js `rjâl quj tjcâl lcsnjmlm phr `hbjr h quj eh bâh
jrl dlbfrj jbh`nhcle. _jrh dlstl quj ch jenbncî el bjctlenmlm mnjtl mj bn
vnml, ch bj mjsdn`j mje `hbjr `hbpuesnvh. @ulcmh ch ej mls l tu `ujrph ehs
cutrnjctjs quj tj pnmj, h `ulcmh plsls tnjbph snc `hbjr phrquj qunjrjs
lmjeilzlr, tu `ujrph cj`jsntl rjeejclr je mjpðsnth mj jcjriâl y l`tnvlrì je ijc
ldhrrh plrl quj lrrlsjs `hc thmh. Pn ch sujetls el bjctlenmlm mnjtl, hevâmltj
mj ch tjcjr ltrl`hcjs.

= Ch jxphcih jxl`tlbjctj ehs tnphs mj dlbfrj quj mjs`rnfj Alc @dhzjc Flys, snch quj ehs
dj lmlptlmh l bn vnsnðc mj els vlrnjmlmjs mj dlbfrj.
: Whc Dlvj, Pjrjcj Lrhbltdjrlpy.
7 Els tjcsnhcjs jbh`nhclejs y bjctlejs pujmjc prhmu`nr els bnsbls sjülejs quâbn`ls jc tu
`jrjfrh quj els mje dlbfrj gnsnheðin`l, y l`tnvlr je ijc ldhrrh.
9 Mj ldâ quj bn cjih`nh hcencj sj eelbj www.dlbfrjmjlbhr.`hb
 

<?

El lenbjctl`nðc jbh`nhcle
_hr quî ehs ltrl`hcjs ch vlc mj frð`hen
cn mj l`jeils
@ulcmh sjctnbhs je mjsjh nbpuesnvh mj `hbjr uc lenbjcth `hc`rjth, `hbh je
`dh`heltj h `ulequnjr htrh lenbjcth rn`h jc lzñ`lr, jxpjrnbjctlbhs ucl
sjcsl`nðc mj pel`jr phrquj glvhrj`j el sj`rj`nðc mj sjrhthcncl, mhplbncl y
jcmhrgncls jc je `jrjfrh. Je prhfejbl js quj jstj prh`jsh mj pel`jr quj sj
mjsjc`lmjcl, sj rjgujrzl `lml vjz quj rjpjtnbhs je `hcsubh mj jsj lenbjcth
jc `ujstnðc, mjaìcmhchs eejvlr phr ehs pjcslbnjcths h els jbh`nhcjs (cujstrh
`jrjfrh chs mn`j1 «El ñetnbl vjz quj tj sjctnstj lsâ, tj `hbnstj jsth y tj
sjctnstj bu`dh bjahr. ¡Dliìbhseh mj cujvh!»). Le rjpjtnr jstj pltrðc mj
`hbphrtlbnjcth, sj `hcvnjrtj jc dìfnth.
Lmjbìs, le `hcsubnr lenbjcths rn`hs jc lzñ`lr, sj prhmu`j ucl rìpnml sufnml
mj lzñ`lr jc slcirj. _jrh sjiunmlbjctj sj prhmu`j ucl flalml mj lzñ`lr, quj
chs `rjl el cj`jsnmlm mj `hctnculr `hbnjcmh jsj mue`j, plrl rj`nfnr htrh `dutj
mj lzñ`lr y chtlr mj cujvh je sufnmðc jc slcirj.
El ncijstl `hbpuesnvl y ehs ltrl`hcjs ch sheh vlc mj `dh`heltj, `rulslcjs y
mhcuts snch mj `ulequnjr lenbjcth `leðrn`h quj l`tnvj je snstjbl mj
rj`hbpjcsl `jrjfrle.
 Lenbjcths mj `hcghrt

Dlz ucl enstl mj ehs lenbjcths quj sujejs uslr `hbh rj`hbpjcsl, `ulcmh tj
snjctjs sheh, trnstj, mj`jp`nhclmh, h el jbh`nðc quj tj jbpuaj l `hbjr snc
dlbfrj. ¸\uî rntulejs tnjcjs8
Je prhfejbl mje dlbfrj jbh`nhcle ch jstì jc el `hbnml quj tj eejvls l el
fh`l, snch jc tu rjel`nðc `hc jeel. Lquâ je bncmgue jltnci  lmqunjrj ucl irlc
nbphrtlc`nl, pujs sn jrjs `hcs`njctj mje hrnijc mj el jbh`nðc h mj jsj
pjcslbnjcth ncn`nle (jstâbueh) quj dl mjsjc`lmjclmh tu `hbjr `hbpuesnvh,
sjrìs bìs `lplz mj ch rjl``nhclr l jsls jbh`nhcjs y pjcslbnjcths phr 
`hstubfrj, y mj mjtjcjr je tsuclbn mje dlbfrj jbh`nhcle. Eujih lprjcmjrìs
 

l jc`hctrlr htrls ghrbls bìs `hcstru`tnvls mj lgrhctlreh. _jrh mj bhbjcth

sheh tj pnmh quj tj gnajs jc quî dls sjctnmh h pjcslmh austh lctjs mj quj
lplrjz`l jsj nbpuesh mj pn`lr leih. \unzì dls tjcnmh ucl «`l`hghcâl bjctle»
`hctnih bnsbh. H qunzì dls sjctnmh trnstjzl y tj dls rjguinlmh jc jsj
tjctjbpnî.
Zcl vjz quj dlyls snmh `hcs`njctj mje dlbfrj jbh`nhcle, jenij tu lenbjcth
mj `hcghrt glvhrnth y dlz je sniunjctj jajr`n`nh.
J AJV@N@NH1 Lcthahs `hcs`njctjs

Lmqunjrj uc pjmlzh mj tu lenbjcth mj `hcghrt h `ulequnjr tjctjbpnî quj

chrblebjctj ch sjls `lplz mj `hbjrtj `hc bhmjrl`nðc.

Lsjiñrltj mj ncdlelcmh
rjspnrl`nhcjs, quj ch dly phrclml qujypujml
el clrnz mnstrljrtj,
jxpueslcmh je lnrjsnîctltj y rjlenzl
phr el fh`l, plrlucls
quj
el bjctj vlyl mjalcmh ltrìs thmh `ulcth jstlfls dl`njcmh.
Lctjs mj jbpjzlr l `hbîrtjeh, `hcsnmjrl mj mðcmj vnjcj jstj lenbjcth. ¸Mj
quî jstì dj`dh8 _njcsl jc `uìctls pjrshcls dlfrìc nctjrvjcnmh, mjsmj quj
sj dlc `uetnvlmh ehs ncirjmnjctjs quj eh `hbphcjc jc su bjmnh clturle, dlstl
quj dlc eejilmh l tu pelth.
Chtl sn tj snjctjs nbpl`njctj mj eejvìrtjeh l el fh`l tlc rìpnmlbjctj `hbh
sjl phsnfej. Chtl sn jstìs jxpjrnbjctlcmh sjcsl`nhcjs mj pel`jr, mj
cjrvnhsnsbh, mj `uepl h ncqunjtum phr el nmjl mj `hbjr jsj lenbjcth
nrrjsnstnfej.
Mjsjcvujevj
`hc mjspl`nh
tus sjctnmhs. je jcvhethrnh,
Hfsîrvleh mj `jr`l,sn `hc
js quj eh eejvl.
lbhr. EeîvlehJxlbncl je lenbjcth
le heglth. Duîejeh
mjtjcnmlbjctj. ¸@lbfnlc tus sjcsl`nhcjs jbh`nhclejs le dl`jr thmh jsth8
]le vjz tj trlcsphrtj l leiñc rj`ujrmh y qunzì tj vl mjspjrtlcmh je jstðblih.
Mjspuîs tð`leh plrl `hbprhflr su tjxturl. Js`u`dl je shcnmh mj jsj
lenbjcth (yh plrth els ileejtls lctjs mj `hbjrels, plrl sltnsgl`jr je dlbfrj
mje hâmh).
 ^ ldhrl eejvl je tl`th l ehs elfnhs. Ml uc bhrmnsqunth (h, `hbh letjrcltnvl,
nctrhmu`j je trhzh jc el fh`l), snc blstn`lreh. @hc ehs hahs `jrrlmhs rjphsl je
lenbjcth shfrj tu fh`l. _rjstl ltjc`nðc l el tjxturl, l els nctjcsnmlmjs, l ehs
lrhbls y l el tjbpjrlturl. Pî `hcs`njctj mj sn je slfhr js mue`j, lblrih,
`rjbhsh,
el ejciul.jt`.
Pn Bujvj je lenbjcth
js phsnfej, nctjctlsulvjbjctj mj uc elmh
quj je lenbjcth l htrh mj el
sj mjsdlil. fh`l, `hcl
Vjsâstjtj
 

blstn`lreh.
@hcsñbjeh buy ejctlbjctj, `hbh sn gujrl el prnbjrl vjz jc tu vnml quj eh
prujfls. Bnjctrls sj vl gucmnjcmh, lprî`nleh, slfhrîleh y mnsgrutl mje
bhbjcth.
Pn tj vnjcjc pjcslbnjcths mj «jsth ch mjfjrâl `hbjreh» snbpejbjctj tj mls
`ujctl y ehs mjals nr. Ldhrl jstìs l htrl `hsl. Wj trlilcmh… ^ bnjctrls vls
trlilcmh `lml fh`lmh, vnsulenzl `hbh sn eh jcvnlrls l tu `hrlzðc `hc `lrnüh y
lbhr.
Pnjctj sn tu bjctj tj mn`j quj tj `hbls htrh trhzh, y sn js lsâ, rjgejxnhcl plrl
quî eh dlrâls. ¸Jstìs sltnsgj`dh8 Pnbpejbjctj hfsjrvl els jej``nhcjs quj
thbls. Ch shc `hrrj`tls cn nc`hrrj`tls. Phc `hcs`njctjs.
¸\uî tle dl nmh je lcthah `hcs`njctj8 Jstj jajr`n`nh tj sjrvnrì plrl l nr 
jenbnclcmh el `uepl, els rjiels y ehs aun`nhs mje `âr`ueh mje `hbjr jbh`nhcle,
plrl quj ph`h l ph`h vlyls `uetnvlcmh el gejxnfnenmlm. ^ plrl bhstrlrtj quj, jc
`lctnmlmjs lmj`ulmls, cnciñc lenbjcth js pjraumn`nle. @hbjr 
`hcs`njctjbjctj tnjcj bìs quj vjr `hc lprjcmjr l lgnclr je `hcsubh mj
lenbjcths, quj `hc jenbnclrehs.
Bu`dls pjrshcls `hnc`nmjc jc quj `ulcmh `hbjc `hc ltjc`nðc pejcl, je
cnvje mj sltnsgl``nðc lubjctl mj ghrbl lshbfrhsl. Ch jxpjrnbjctlc `uepl cn
snjctjc el cj`jsnmlm mj sjiunr `hbnjcmh. Pj sltnsgl`jc `hc uc trhzh.
_ujmjs prl`tn`lr ehs lcthahs `hcs`njctjs `hc je jajr`n`nh iunlmh quj jc`hctrlrìs jc
 www.dlbfrjmjlbhr.`hb (vjr ncstru``nhcjs jc el pìincl 6<).
Zcl buajr sj lpuctð l bn `ursh phrquj qujrâl `hctrhelr su nbpuesh mj `hbjr 
`dh`heltj mjs`hctrhelmlbjctj. L bjmnml quj lvlczlfl je `ursh, guj thblcmh
`hcs`njc`nl mj quj je prhfejbl jstlfl jc quj ch tjcâl bhtnvl`nhcjs jc su
vnml y quj sugrâl letnflahs jbh`nhclejs. @ulcmh sugrâl leiucl mj`jp`nðc h sn
dlfâl tjcnmh ucl sjblcl murl, sj rj`hbpjcslfl `hc `dh`heltj. Jrl uc rntule,
ucl ghrbl quj jeel tjcâl mj nctjctlr `unmlrsj l sâ bnsbl. Mj leiucl blcjrl
jstlfl lenbjctlcmh su dlbfrj mj `hrlzðc. ^ tj shy snc`jrl, yh mj vjz jc
`ulcmh tlbfnîc tjcih lcthahs.

_njcsh quj ehs lcthahs ch shc blehs, sn sj dl`jc `hc `hcs`njc`nl, `hbh uc
rntule y slfnjcmh quj jsl `hbnml cuc`l eejclrì jsj vl`âh, cn `leblrì jsj mhehr 
jc je `hrlzðc. Lucquj ch sjlc ehs lenbjcths bìs sleumlfejs cn pjrgj`ths, ehs
`lprn`dhs mj vjz jc `ulcmh shc cj`jslrnhs, pujs shc uc nctjcth mj `unmlrchs
l chshtrhs bnsbhs.
 

@ðbh rj`hch`jr je dlbfrj jbh`nhcle

L snbpej vnstl, y jspj`nlebjctj `ulcmh vnvnbhs mj ghrbl nc`hcs`njctj, ch
mnstnciunbhs je dlbfrj gâsn`l mj el jbh`nhcle. _jrh `ulcmh chs mjtjcjbhs l
hfsjrvlrel, chs mlbhs `ujctl mj quj tnjcjc bu`dls mngjrjc`nls1

• Je dlbfrj gâsn`l js ucl sjcsl`nðc `hrphrle eh`lenzlml jc je jstðblih.

_ujmjs rj`nfnr ucl qujal shchrl mj tu trnpl, jxpjrnbjctlr sjcsl`nhcjs `hbh
blrjh, vl`âh jc je lfmhbjc, mjshrnjctl`nðc h `lcslc`nh. H tle vjz snjctls
gletl mj `hc`jctrl`nðc, bjchs slenvl, cjrvnhsnsbh, sujüh… Js nbphrtlctj
quj lprjcmls l mjtj`tlr els sjülejs quj tj jcvâl tu `ujrph `ulcmh cj`jsntl
`hbfustnfej, y `ulcth bìs eh jctrjcjs, bìs gì`ne tj rjsuetlrì mngjrjc`nlr 
lbfls sjülejs.
• Jc `lbfnh, je dlbfrj jbh`nhcle js bìs mngusl, ch jstì tlc eh`lenzlml jc
ucl plrtj `hc`rjtl mje `ujrph. _ujmjs sjctnrel `hbh ucl sjcsl`nðc mj vl`âh
h lcsnjmlm.
• Je dlbfrj gâsn`l js prhirjsnvl y el jbh`nhcle js rjpjctncl, tnjcj quj
sltnsgl`jrsj yl, rìpnmh, snc `hctrhe. Pn ch `hbjs austh jc `ulcth lplrj`j, tu
lcsnjmlm lubjctl y tj phcjs nrrntlfej.
 

• Je dlbfrj gâsn`l js pl`njctj, je jstðblih vl jcvnlcmh sjülejs mj lvnsh,

pjrh pujmj jspjrlr l quj sj l`lfj mj `h`nclr el `hbnml h l quj je `lblrjrh
tj snrvl je pelth. El jbh`nhcle qunjrj sjr sltnsgj`dl mj ncbjmnlth.
• Pn tnjcjs dlbfrj rjle, `ulequnjr hp`nðc mj `hbnml tj vl l plrj`jr fnjc,
phrquj eh quj tu `ujrph cj`jsntl js jcjriâl. Pn eh quj tnjcjs js dlbfrj
jbh`nhcle, ch tj sltnsgl`j `ulequnjr `hsl, tnjcjs lcthah phr lenbjcths mj
`hcghrt. Pujejc sjr lenbjcths buy `hc`rjths.
• Je dlbfrj gnsnheðin`l sj sltnsgl`j `hc `hbnml. @ulcmh jstìs
`hcghrtlfejbjctj eejch, mjals mj `hbjr. Jc `lbfnh, `ulcmh je dlbfrj js
jbh`nhcle cuc`l tj snjctjs sl`nlmh, ch plrls mj `hbjr, pujs, sn je dlbfrj
rjle ch guj eh quj tj eejvð l `hbjr, tlbph`h el sl`njmlm tj eejvlrì l plrlr mj
`hbjr. _hrquj el `hbnml ch pujmj sltnsgl`jr je dlbfrj jbh`nhcle. Ch
cj`jsntls `hbnml, cj`jsntls ltjcmjr tus jbh`nhcjs.
• Gnclebjctj, le tjrbnclr tj snjctjs sltnsgj`dh, dls `ufnjrth tus cj`jsnmlmjs.
Jc je sjiucmh `lsh, tj snjctjs pjhr, `hc `uepl, vjriõjczl, lciustnl h
lrrjpjctnbnjcth.
¸@uìcmh guj el ñetnbl vjz quj tuvnstj uc lcthah sñfnth mj `hbnml8
J AJV@N@NH1 _lrl bâ el `hbnml js…

]hbl plpje y fheâirlgh y js`rnfj els mnjz plelfrls quj tj vjcilc l el `lfjzl
le pjcslr jc `hbnml. Dlztj el prjiuctl1 «_lrl bâ el `hbnml js…».
¸@uìcths lspj`ths shc phsntnvhs y `uìcths cjiltnvhs8 Vjsjrvl jstl enstl
phrquj bìs lmjelctj trlflalrjbhs `hc jeel.
 

_lrtj 0
WJC@J ]Z EZ@DL
@HC]VL JE DLBFVJ JBH@NHCLE
 

<<
@hcs`njc`nl y pîrmnml mj pjsh
Ehs sj`rjths mj el ijctj clturlebjctj mjeilml
Jc ehs `lpâtuehs lctjrnhrjs dls hfsjrvlmh quî js eh quj trlâls mj sjrnj,
thblcmh `hc`njc`nl mj eh quj eejvlfls dl`njcmh dlstl ldhrl.
¸Vj`ujrmls quj `hc je `âr`ueh mj bncmgue jltnci  lclenzlbhs ehs
`hbphrtlbnjcths y dìfnths mj els pjrshcls quj `hbâlc mj ghrbl nctuntnvl y
quj lplrjctjbjctj jrlc «mjeilmls phr clturlejzl»8 Wnbhs quj ch js quj el
clturlejzl dlyl mhtlmh l jstls `rnlturls mj el ncbucnmlm le shfrjpjsh. ^ quj
tlbph`h shc mjeilmls phr su bjtlfhensbh, cn phr su `ðmnih ijcîtn`h.
Pjc`neelbjctj, el sujrtj quj dlc `hrrnmh js ch dlfjr sugrnmh je elvlmh mj
`jrjfrh mj el bjctlenmlm mnjtl, phr eh quj su ijc ldhrrh ch jstì l`tnvlmh.
Mn`dh sjc`neelbjctj, su `ujrph ch qunjrj jstlr ihrmh.
¸Jstìs prjplrlml plrl tjcjr ucl rjel`nðc `hc el `hbnml <?? % jc plz,
lflcmhclr el `ueplfnenmlm, el lcsnjmlm y je `hbjr `hbpuesnvh8 L `hctncul`nðc
tj vhy l rjvjelr ehs `ultrh sj`rjths mj lenbjctl`nðc `hcs`njctj quj, l plrtnr mj
ldhrl, tj iunlrìc l el dhrl mj mj`nmnr quî `hbjr, `uìcmh `hbjr, `ðbh `hbjr y
quî `lctnmlm `hbjr. Wls l `lbfnlr tu ghrbl mj `hbjr plrl snjbprj. Jsths
dìfnths ehs mjs`ufrâ dl`j lühs jc je enfrh _ujmh dl`jrtj lmjeilzlr , mje bîmn`h
cutrn`nhcnstl _lue B`Kjccl, quj sj mjmn`ð l ncvjstnilr `uìejs jrlc ehs dìfnths
mj jstls pjrshcls. Bìs lmjelctj bj mn `ujctl mj quj je `hbjr mj ghrbl
`hcs`njctj sj eejvl utnenzlcmh mjsmj dl`j bìs mj 6.??? lühs phr ehs bhcajs
fumnstls.
Jsths `ultrh dìfnths tj lyumlrìc l luthrrjiuelrtj `hc el `hbnml (quj ch
`hctrhelrtj) plrl quj vujevls l `hbjr `hbh `uìcmh jrls uc cnüh. Ehs cnühs
tnjcjc el dlfnenmlm clturle plrl slfjr `uìcth `hbjr, `ulcmh `hbjr y quî
`hbjr. Zc fjfî slfj quj, `hc sheh eehrlr, snjbprj quj qunjrl phmrì `hbjr.
@ulcmh js bìs blyhr, aujil, sletl, `hrrj, y `ulcmh cj`jsntl rjphcjr jcjriâl
`hbj eh quj ej pnmj je `ujrph. @ulcmh yl jstì sltnsgj`dh, plrl mj `hbjr snc
nbphrtlr sn mjal `hbnml shfrlctj jc je pelth, phrquj tnjcj el sjiurnmlm mj
quj `ulcmh vujevl l tjcjr dlbfrj, phmrì vhevjr l `hbjr. Ehs bnjmhs
rjspj`th l el `hbnml lñc ch dlc lplrj`nmh, jstì `hcj`tlmh `hc su sjcshr 
nctjrch quj ej ncmn`l `uìcmh `hbjr y `uìcmh mjalr mj `hbjr.
]hmhs djbhs snmh cnühs y thmhs djbhs jstlmh `hcj`tlmhs `hc jsj sjcshr 
nctjrch. _jrh l bjmnml quj vlbhs `rj`njcmh, vlbhs pjrmnjcmh jsl `hcjxnðc
 

`hc jsj sjcshr y mjalbhs mj `hbjr l mjblcml. ¸_hr quî uc cnüh jbpnjzl l
`hbjr snc ltjcmjr su dlbfrj jsthbl`le8
_hr uc elmh, phrquj jbpnjzl l rj`nfnr bjcslajs mje tnph1 «L`ìfltjeh phrquj
jsth js fujch plrl tn», «@hc je dlbfrj quj plsð tu lfujel jc el phstiujrrl»,
«¡Ch mjajs cn ucl bnil jc je pelth!», «@ðbjtjeh thmh, phrquj dly cnühs jc
Ìgrn`l quj sj bujrjc mj dlbfrj». El pjrshcl quj bìs ej qunjrj ej jstì
mn`njcmh le cnüh quj js bjahr ch dl`jr `lsh l sus sjülejs nctjrcls y quj snil
`hbnjcmh. Îe rj`nfj je bjcslaj mj «Ch tjcih quj jstlr `hcj`tlmh», phrquj sn
ch, ch bj qujrrìc. _hr supjrvnvjc`nl, thmh cnüh cj`jsntl el l`jptl`nðc mj su
glbnenl, pujs `ulcmh cujstrhs lc`jstrhs sj qujmlflc shehs, gujrl mj el trnfu,
su supjrvnvjc`nl jstlfl `hcmjclml.
Lsâ quj je cnüh ph`h l ph`h vl mjalcmh mj `hcgnlr jc su `ujrph gâsn`h. Wl
lprjcmnjcmh l lenbjctlrsj sjiñc els mj`nsnhcjs mj sus plmrjs jc euilr mj
js`u`dlr su sjcshr nctjrch, sus vjrmlmjrls cj`jsnmlmjs. Jbpnjzl l `hbjr phr 
dlbfrj lprjcmnml. Eejilc els <=d mje bjmnhmâl y tnjcj dlbfrj. Lucquj ch
thmhs ehs cnühs sugrjc jstl mjs`hcjxnðc, js buy `hbñc quj h`urrl. Jsths
pltrhcjs mj lenbjctl`nðc sj irlflc jc cujstrh suf`hcs`njctj y bìs lmjelctj
ehs rjpjtnbhs mj lmueths.
@hc ehs `ultrh dìfnths mj lenbjctl`nðc `hcs`njctj quj vhy l `hbplrtnr 
`hctnih ldhrl, vls l mjsprhirlblr jsths pltrhcjs lprjcmnmhs y vls l
rjstlfej`jr el slfnmurâl nccltl mj tu `ujrph. _rhflfejbjctj vlc l `hcgrhctlr 
`rjjc`nls quj tnjcjs buy lrrlnilmls, pjrh tj pnmh quj `hcgâjs y quj ehs
phcils jc prì`tn`l. @lml dìfnth vnjcj l`hbplülmh mj ucl sjrnj mj tru`hs y
`hcsjahs quj tj lyumlrìc l nctjirlreh bìs gì`nebjctj.
Ehs = dìfnths mj lenbjctl`nðc `hcs`njctj

Dìfnth <1 @ulcmh tjcils dlbfrj gâsn`l, `hbj

✐ @ulcmh mjs`ufrâ jstj dìfnth, el lcsnjmlm quj bj prhvh`lfl `hctjcjrbj
`ulcmh tjcâl dlbfrj, mjslplrj`nð, lsâ `hbh els sjülejs glesls mj dlbfrj,
ehs lcthahs y ehs ltrl`hcjs.
✐  Wls l rjstlfej`jr ehs pltrhcjs lenbjctlrnhs quj tjcâls mj cnüh. ]u
suf`hcs`njctj vl l pjr`nfnr quj dly lfucmlc`nl mj `hbnml y mjsl`tnvlrì je
ijc ldhrrh.
✐ Pn jstìs pjcslcmh quj snjbprj jstìs dlbfrnjcth h quj, phr je `hctrlrnh,
cuc`l tnjcjs dlbfrj, prhflfejbjctj je dlbfrj quj jxpjrnbjctls js uc
dlbfrj bìs jbh`nhcle quj gâsn`h.
 ^l vnbhs quj je sjr dublch ch jstì dj`dh plrl dl`jr mnjtls y quj cujstrh
`jrjfrh jstì prhirlblmh plrl `hbjr `ulcth bìs bjahr plrl phmjr shfrjvnvnr,
 mjfnmh l quj jc el blyhr plrtj mj cujstrl dnsthrnl ch dl dlfnmh

mnsphcnfnenmlm mj `hbnml l mjblcml.

Mlmh quj je `ujrph ch mnstnciuj sn jstlbhs sugrnjcmh dlbfrucl h sn jstlbhs
shbjtnmhs l ucl mnjtl, `ulcmh nctjctlbhs pjrmjr pjsh l trlvîs mj el
rjstrn``nðc, cujstrh hrilcnsbh l`tnvl je ijc ldhrrh phcnjcmh jc blr`dl uc
prh`jsh mj rjsjrvl mj irlsl, phr sn l`lsh el supujstl dlbfrucl sj lelril. Mj
bhmh quj je `ujrph jbpnjzl l gnetrlr bìs irlsl mj `ulequnjr lenbjcth quj
ncijrnbhs y l lebl`jclrel plrl uslrel bìs lmjelctj.
Lmjbìs, `ulcmh nichrlbhs el mjblcml mj `hbnml mj cujstrh `ujrph,
rlejctnzlbhs cujstrh bjtlfhensbh.
]VZ@H #<
Jc je `lpâtueh <? tj dj bhstrlmh quj je dlbfrj gâsn`l js mnstnctl quj el
jbh`nhcle y els `lrl`tjrâstn`ls quj tj lyumlrìc l mnstnciunrels. @ulcmh tjcils
dlbfrj y jstîs l pucth mj `hbjr, prjiñctltj1
¸]jcih dlbfrj8
¸Vjlebjctj cj`jsnth `hbjr8
Dlz trjs rjspnrl`nhcjs prhgucmls, js`u`dl l tu `ujrph y snjctj els sjülejs
gâsn`ls mje dlbfrj rjle. Flal mj el bjctj le `ujrph, `hcj`tlcmh `hc tu
jstðblih. Pn el rjspujstl l el prjiuctl js «sâ», prjiñctltj1
¸Bj `hbjrâl ucl blczlcl8
  Pn el rjspujstl vujevj l sjr lgnrbltnvl, snicngn`l quj tu `ujrph cj`jsntl
jcjriâl y `ulequnjr lenbjcth ”`hbh ucl blczlcl” ej vl l plrj`jr 
pjrgj`th. ]njcjs dlbfrj rjle y js`hijs `hbjr.
 Pn el rjspujstl js «ch», prjiñctltj1
¸_lrl quî qunjrh `hbjr jcthc`js8

Mjtjctjausth
plslmh y pnîcsleh
lctjs mjucmnrninrtj
bhbjcth,l el ¸quî tj ¸\uî
cjvjrl8 jstì eejvlcmh l `hbjr8
dl plslmh murlctj ¸\uî
je mâl,dl
y
quî plsð je mâl lctjrnhr8
]le vjz mjs`ufrjs quj uc mjthclctj dl mjsjc`lmjclmh tu lcsnl mj `hbjr 
(qunzì js el dhrl y «th`l» `hbjr, dls ejâmh ucl rj`jtl, dls vnsth je `dh`heltj h
dls mns`utnmh `hc leiunjc).

¸Vj`ujrmls quj dlfâl ucl glsj jc el quj tjcmrâls quj uslr tu gujrzl mj
vheuctlm8
snc dlbfrjJsrjle.
jc jstj pucth,
Pj trltl mjausth
quj je ncstlctj
sjls jc qujmje
`hcs`njctj jstîs l pucthjcmjquj
bhbjcth `hbjr 
uc
 

jstâbueh dl mjspjrtlmh tu mjsjh mj `hbjr. ¸_lrl quî8 _lrl `lbfnlr tu

rjspujstl l mn`dh jstâbueh (`hbjr nc`hcs`njctjbjctj) phr htrl quj tj lyumj
l `unmlrtj `hbh tj iustlrâl.
]j mn`js1 «Why l dl`jr ucl rjvnsnðc mj quî dl plslmh ncbjmnltlbjctj lctjs
mj sjctnr dlbfrj quj ch js dlbfrj». Jcthc`js rjtrh`jmj plsh l plsh dlstl je
bhbjcth jc je quj uc mjthclctj mjspjrtð tus ilcls mj `hbjr.
Zcl vjz nmjctngn`lmh je plrl quî qunjrjs `hbjr, tnjcjs 6 hp`nhcjs1
l) Mjsvâl el ltjc`nðc mje dlbfrj dl`njcmh htrl l`tnvnmlm quj ch sjl `hbjr1
rj`upjrl el tlfel mje jajr`n`nh mj «mrjclaj jbh`nhcle y `hbnml» y jenij ucl
mj els l`tnvnmlmjs letjrcltnvls quj js`rnfnstj.
@hbh tj `hbjctî lctjrnhrbjctj, shy `hcs`njctj mj quj jstls tî`cn`ls ch
snjbprj shc sheu`nhcjs mjgncntnvls, pujs ch mjalc mj sjr mnstrl``nhcjs
tjbphrlejs y `ulequnjr htrh cujvh mjthclctj pujmj vhevjr l mnsplrlr tu
mjsjh mj `hbjr.
Ch hfstlctj, tj lcnbh l quj els phcils jc prì`tn`l phrquj tj pjrbntnrìc nr 
mnshevnjcmh je pltrðcl els
Lmjbìs dly pjrshcls jstâbueh-rjspujstl tlc fnjc.
quj ejs guc`nhcl buy lrrlnilmh jc tu `jrjfrh.
f) Pn trls dlfjr rjlenzlmh ucl l`tnvnmlm letjrcltnvl l el `hbnml, jsj lcthah
pjrsnstj, pujmjs js`hijr jxpehrlreh dl`njcmh je jajr`n`nh lcthahs
`hcs`njctjs mje `lpâtueh <?, `hc je lenbjcth quj sj tj dlyl lcthalmh.
@hc bu`dl `hc`njc`nl y shfrj thmh snc `uepls cn aun`nhs. Pheh jejvlrìs mje
cnvje tjðrn`h le cnvje mj el `hcs`njc`nl thmh eh quj jstîs lprjcmnjcmh `hc
jstj prhirlbl, `ulcmh `lnils mj cujvh jc tus prhpnls trlbpls mj
lenbjctl`nðc nc`hcs`njctj. Bârltj `hc ehs hahs mje `hrlzðc, jctjcmnjcmh quj
jstìs trltlcmh mj `unmlr mj tn.
]VZ@H #6
L bjcumh chs `ujstl mngjrjc`nlr sn eh quj tjcjbhs js dlbfrj h sjm,
jspj`nlebjctj `ulcmh jstlbhs buy mjs`hcj`tlmhs mj cujstrh sjcshr 
nctjrch. Lsâ quj, jc euilr mj elczlrtj l `hbjr, prnbjrh tðbltj uc vlsh mj
liul, l`hbplülmh mj ucl rjspnrl`nðc dhcml. Jspjrl uchs <? bncuths y
hfsjrvl sn je dlbfrj dl mjslplrj`nmh.
]VZ@H #0
_ujmjs pjilr uc irlc nctjrrhilctj jc el cjvjrl h ucl `hpnl mj el ncghirlgâl
mj ehs = dìfnths (pujmjs ghth`hpnlrel mje enfrh), plrl quj `ulcmh lfrls el
cjvjrl jc bhmh zhbfn, el `hcs`njc`nl rjthbj els rnjcmls prjiuctìcmhtj1
¸rjlebjctj tjcih dlbfrj8
]VZ@H #=
 

¸Vj`ujrmls el `duejtl quj tj pjrbntj slfjr `uìcmh jbpjzlr l `hbjr y

`uìcmh mjtjcjrtj8 Pâ, el js`lel mje dlbfrj quj tnjcjs jc el pìincl <0>.
¸Jc quî cnvje `rjjs quj mjfjrâls jbpjzlr l `hbjr8
@hrrj`th, jc je cnvje 6, `ulcmh tu `ujrph jbpnjzl l jbntnr sjülejs mj dlbfrj,
mj ghrblynctjrbntjctj.
l`tnvlrì lquâ ch dlfrìCuc`l eejiujs lquj
`hcs`njc`nl ehs bjmnj1
cnvjejs tu
? h`ujrph
<, pujsjctrlrì
tu ijc jc
ldhrrh
bhmhsj
dlbfrnjcth y l`lflrì shfrjncinrnjcmh bìs mj eh quj tu `ujrph cj`jsntl y
lebl`jclcmh jsj jx`jsh jc ghrbl mj rjsjrvls mj irlsl.
Pn jstìs buy mjs`hcj`tlmh y sujejs hevnmlrtj mj `hbjr dlstl sjctnr uc
dlbfrj vhrlz h cuc`l pjr`nfjs el sjcsl`nðc mj dlbfrj, tj rj`hbnjcmh quj
`lml dhrl tj sncthcn`js `hc tu `ujrph y quj tj lsnicjs uc cubjrh jctrj ? y 9.
_rl`tâ`leh dlstl quj jbpnj`js l chtlr mngjrjc`nls jctrj ehs mnstncths cnvjejs
mj dlbfrj mj el js`lel.
Mjtjctj uc bhbjcth y laustl el js`lel l tu `ujrph ldhrl. ¸@uìctl dlbfrj
snjctjs ldhrl bnsbh8 ¸\uî cñbjrh ej phcmrâls8
Dìfnth 61 @hbj eh quj mjsjjs (ch eh quj `rjjs quj mjfjrâls
`hbjr)
✐  @hc jstj dìfnth guebnclrjbhs el bjctlenmlm mnjtl1 rhbpjrìs `hc eh quj
mjfjrâls `hbjr y tj tnrlrìs l el pns`ncl.
✐ Lmqunrnrìs el enfjrtlm mj sjr iunlmh phr eh quj tj pnmj tu `ujrph y phr tu
lpjtnth clturle.
@ulcmh bj jc`hctrlfl jc el ghrbl`nðc mj lenbjctl`nðc `hcs`njctj y el
prhgjshrl chs mnah «@hbjm eh quj qujrìns», le tjrbnclr el sjsnðc gun mnrj`tl l
el rj`jp`nðc mje `jctrh plrl quj bj rjthrclrlc je mncjrh mj el bltrâ`uel.
«¸@ðbh
sn sjiuâlvhy
jstjl prnc`npnh
`hbjr eh quj qunjrl8l¡Js
jbpjzlrâl ucl `hbh
`hbjr `hbpejtl eh`url!».
uc `jrmh y chBj plrj`âl
sjrâl `lplzquj
mj
plrlr cuc`l.
Pn rj`ujrmls je pîcmueh mje `hctrhe y je mjs`hctrhe, le prnc`npnh mj lpen`lr 
jstj dìfnth js phsnfej quj tj vlyls le mjs`hctrhe plrl `hbpjcslr thml el
`hl``nðc l el quj tj dls shbjtnmh murlctj tlcth tnjbph. @ulcmh bj lfrâ l el
phsnfnenmlm mj pjrbntnrbj `hbjr, els prnbjrls sjblcls sjiuâl mjsjlcmh
lenbjcths ph`h sleumlfejs, `leðrn`hs y `hbnml flsurl. ^ bj ehs `hbâ `hbh sn
ch dufnjrl uc blülcl. Jstl rjl``nðc rjsphcmâl l el rjstrn``nðc mj tlcths
lenbjcths prhdnfnmhs. _jrh, ph`h l ph`h, irl`nls le pjrbnsh quj bj jstlfl
mlcmh, bn `ujrph bj jbpjzð l pjmnr lenbjcths bìs sleumlfejs y mjaî mj
ltnfhrrlrbj. Ehs bìs
vjz bj plrj`âlc lenbjcths
rn`hs y quj lctjs bj plrj`âlc lfurrnmhs j ncsueshs, `lml
lpjtj`nfejs.
 

Bn `ujrph y bn `jrjfrh ldhrl slfâlc quj el `hbnml jrl nenbntlml, phr eh quj
je ijc ldhrrh sj guj mjsl`tnvlcmh (lsâ `hbh su cj`jsnmlm mj lrrlslr `hc thmh).
Whevâ l `hcj`tlr `hc el sjcsl`nðc mj «yl tnjcjs sugn`njctj» y gun rjirjslcmh l
bn rntbh clturle, le mj el `hcgnlczl. Lsâ quj… ¡pjrbâtjtj `hbjr!
¸\uî tj ijcjrl jsth mj pjrbntnrtj `hbjr8 ¸\uî plslrì sn `hbjs mj thmh8
\unzì ldhrl tu bjctj tlbfnîc jstî js`lcmlenzlml `hbh l bâ bj plsð. _jrh
mjal quj eh neustrj `hc uc jstumnh quj sj dnzh le rjspj`th1

Jc ehs lühs 0?, uchs `njctâgn`hs dn`njrhc uc jxpjrnbjcth jc je quj l uc iruph

mj cnühs sj ejs pjrbntnð l``jsh nenbntlmh l irlc vlrnjmlm mj `hbnml, mjsmj
fheejrâl, ihehsncls y djelmhs l l`jeils, jspncl`ls y grutl. Pj ejs mnah quj
phmâlc `hbjr thmh eh quj qunsnjrlc l su lcthah. ¸\uî `rjjs quj `hbnjrhc le
prnc`npnh8 Jgj`tnvlbjctj, sj gujrhc l el `hbnml prhdnfnml1 `du`djs, fheejrâl,
djelmhs… _jrh `hc je plsh mj ehs mâls y snc quj clmnj ejs nbpusnjrl clml,
l`lflrhc `hcgj``nhclcmh uc bjcñ thtlebjctj jqunenfrlmh. Le tjcjr pjrbnsh
mj `hbjr el `hbnml prhdnfnml y le dlfjrsj ltnfhrrlmh, su `ujrph ejs l`lfð
pnmnjcmh mj ghrbl clturle ehs mngjrjctjs cutrnjctjs cj`jslrnhs.
Eh bnsbh su`jmj `ulcmh tjrbnclc els `hbnmls mj Clvnmlm h `ulcmh
rjirjsls mj uc vnlaj jc je quj tj dls slturlmh mj `hbjr. ¸\uî tj pnmj tu
`ujrph trls tlcths mâls mj jx`jshs8 @hbjr enijrh, `hbjr fnjc.
Ch bj `lcslrî mj rjpjtnrtj quj el prnvl`nðc dl`j quj tlrmj h tjbprlch
pnjrmls je `hctrhe y tnrjs phr el fhrml thmh eh quj dls jstlmh `hctrhelcmh.
@ulcmh tj prhdâfjs `hbjr `njrths lenbjcths jstìs rhbpnjcmh je jqunenfrnh
clturle mj tu rjel`nðc `hc jeehs. Lmjbìs, el `hbnml prhdnfnml sj vujevj bìs
ltrl`tnvl.

_hr jstl rlzðc jc jstj enfrh ch sj mjgnjcmj je jcghquj mj el lenbjctl`nðc mj

el mnjtîtn`l. Ch dly enstls mj lenbjcths prhdnfnmhs, cn fujchs cn blehs. Jstj js
je `lbnch mj el nrrjsphcslfnenmlm, pujs `jmjs tus mj`nsnhcjs l ucl luthrnmlm
jxtjrcl l tn quj tj mn`j quj snils enstls mj lenbjcths prhdnfnmhs. @hbjr 
`hcs`njctjbjctj js bìs `hbpejah quj jsth. @hcsnstj jc `uetnvlr uc
`hch`nbnjcth y ucl `hbprjcsnðc bìs prhgucmhs mj tn bnsbh y mj thmhs ehs
jejbjcths quj `hcghrblc tus dìfnths lenbjctlrnhs.
 

Jstj dìfnth tj pjrbntj `hbjr eh quj qunjrls snjbprj quj tjcils dlbfrj.
_hrquj `ulcmh thmls els hp`nhcjs jstìc mnsphcnfejs, `ulcmh slfjs quj
pujmjs `hbjr `njrth lenbjcth snjbprj quj qunjrls, jstj mjal mj tjcjr phmjr 
shfrj tn. ]njcjs pjrbnsh nc`hcmn`nhcle. ¸\uj tj eelbl uc pelth mj jspliujtns
plrl `jclr8 Lmjelctj, `ðbjtjeh.

]j rj`ujrmh quj ch usjs el fìs`uel jc eh quj murj je prhirlbl. Lmjbìs mj

ehs bhtnvhs quj tj jxpusj jc je lplrtlmh «Guebnclcmh bnths», jxnstj htrl
rlzðc phr el quj pjslrtj sjrâl `hctrlprhmu`jctj1 `ulcmh je bjtlfhensbh jstì
letjrlmh phr thmhs ehs letnflahs y rjstrn``nhcjs l els quj dl snmh supjmntlmh,
pujmj h`urrnr quj murlctj je prh`jsh ncn`nle mj rjjqunenfrnh bjtlfðen`h
jcihrmjs uc ph`h. Je hrilcnsbh cj`jsntl mj uc tnjbph plrl rjstlurlrsj y
jbpjzlr l pjrmjr thmhs ehs knehs quj ej shfrlc. ^ lucquj ch eh vjls mj
ncbjmnlth, nctjrclbjctj chtlrìs quj leih jstì `lbfnlcmh jc tu nctjrnhr. ]u
rjel`nðc `hc el `hbnml jstlrì slclcmh. _hr jeeh, sn tj pjsls `lml mâl, vls l
pjcslr quj jsth ch guc`nhcl y vls l lflcmhclr. Mjs`ufrnrìs quj ch nbphrtl
tlcth eh quj tj eejvjs l el fh`l, snch `ðbh tu `ujrph bjtlfhenzl jsl `hbnml1 sn
vl l uslr jsl jcjriâl h sn el vl l lebl`jclr jc ghrbl mj irlsl phrquj `rjj quj
jstìs jc pjrnhmh mj dlbfrucl. ]j pnmh gj y pl`njc`nl, js sheh `ujstnðc mj
tnjbph.
]u vhz nctjrnhr ¸quî hpncl8 ¸Pnjctjs ucl rjbhtl nctun`nðc mj quj tle vjz je
`lbnch js phr lquâ8
]VZ@H #<
Jstì mjbhstrlmh quj `ulcmh `hbjbhs plstl jc uc pelth felc`h y irlcmj,
`hbjbhs bìs `lctnmlm quj jc uc pelth hs`urh y pjqujüh, phr el pjr`jp`nðc
mj vheñbjcjs y `hehrjs. ^l slfjs quj je `hbjr phr el vnstl chs eejvl l ncijrnr 
irlcmjs `lctnmlmjs (dlstl uc 6? % bìs), lsâ quj jcilül l tu dlbfrj vnsule
uslcmh pelths bìs pjqujühs y, sn pujmj sjr, hs`urhs.
]VZ@H #6
Mjal snjbprj leih mj `hbnml jc je pelth, plrl jcsjülrej l tu ijc ldhrrh quj
sn ch tj eh l`lfls thmh, ch tj vls l bhrnr mj dlbfrj (ch vlej mjalr ehs dujshs
 

h eh quj ch tj iustl). ¸@uìctls vj`js `hbjs mj bìs phrquj ucl vhz susurrl jc
tu bjctj «`hbj bìs phr sn l`lsh»8 H snbpejbjctj phrquj tj ml pjcl tnrlreh.
Jstj tru`h js gucmlbjctle plrl rjjmu`lr tu suf`hcs`njctj1 jcsîülej quj
vnvjs jc el lfucmlc`nl y quj ch plsl clml sn tj mjals leih jc je pelth.

]VZ@H #0 «Ch js eh quj jctrl jc el fh`l eh quj `hctlbncl le dhbfrj;

snch eh quj slej mj el fh`l, jsh js eh quj `hctlbncl le dhbfrj».
Bltjh <:1<<

Jc je lplrtlmh mje dlbfrj bjctle tj pjmâ quj dn`njrls uc enstlmh mj thmhs

tus «mjfjrâl» y «ch mjfjrâl». El prnbjrl enstl js mj lqujeehs lenbjcths
«fujchs» (quj ch jcihrmlc, h quj el mnjtl tj pjrbntj) y el htrl enstl rj`hij
lqujeehs lenbjcths quj dls mjgncnmh `hbh «blehs» (quj jvntls, quj
rjstrncijs, quj tj ijcjrlc `ueplfnenmlm y quj tj nc`ntlc l `hbjr 
mjs`hctrhelmlbjctj).

Vj`upjrl tus enstlmhs y pnjcsl jc `ðbh phmrâls `hbjr lenbjcths mj lbfls

`ltjihrâls. Zcl fujcl nmjl sjrâl quj, jc euilr mj jtnqujtlr ehs `jrjlejs `hbh
«blehs», ejs lsniclrls uc prhpðsnth. ¸@uìe js su gnclenmlm8 ¸]j snrvjc `hbh
tjctjbpnî8 ¸]j lyumlc l `hrtlr je mjsjh mj `hbjr mue`js8 _ujs `hbîtjehs
`hcs`njctjbjctj, blstn`ìcmhehs, slfhrjìcmhehs, `hbh tñ yl slfjs dl`jr.
_jrbâtjtj nctrhmu`nr jc tu lenbjctl`nðc lqujeehs lenbjcths quj dls suprnbnmh
mj tu mnjtl y quj tlcth tj ltjrrlc. Ltrîvjtj l `hbjr.
Pn qunjrjs enfjrlrtj mje `hbjr `hbpuesnvh y mjalr mj uslr el `hbnml `hbh
fìeslbh jbh`nhcle, js nbprjs`ncmnfej quj sujetjs je aun`nh mj «fnjc» y «ble»
y el bjctlenmlm mnjtl. Mjal mj jtnqujtlr el `hbnml `hbh prhdnfnml y mjgâcjel
phr el gnclenmlm quj tnjcj.
]VZ@H #=
Lülmj vlrnjmlm l tu mnjtl. _rujfl `hsls mngjrjctjs l els quj ch jstìs
l`hstubfrlmh. Pn ch dls nmh cuc`l l uc rjstlurlctj alphcîs, pruîfleh.
]lbfnîc pujmjs `hbprlr grutls jxðtn`ls (blcih, plplyl, pjrls lsnìtn`ls…). H
`hbjrtj ucl rjflclml mj plc mj leiñc `jrjle mnstncth le dlfntule.

]VZ@H #: jstj prhirlbl, tj lcnbh l quj vlyls l el cjvjrl y tnrjs thmhs

Murlctj
 lqujeehs lenbjcths quj ch tj ncspnrjc. Jshs lenbjcths enidt, djletdy  h quj

supujstlbjctj ch jcihrmlc, quj eejvlc tlcth tnjbph jc tu cjvjrl pjrh quj

rjlebjctj ch tj lpjtj`jc. \uj thmh eh quj dlyl jc tu mjspjcsl sjl
lpjtj`nfej y mjen`nhsh plrl tn.
Dìfnth 01 Plfhrjl y `hbj `hcs`njctjbjctj
¸\unîc qunjrj slfhrjlr y vhevjr l mnsgrutlr mj el jxpjrnjc`nl mje `hbjr8 @hc
jstj dìfnth vls l…
✐ @hbjr `hcs`njctjbjctj.
✐ Dl`jr quj je l`th mj `hbjr sjl ucl jxpjrnjc`nl sjcshrnle.
✐ Mnsgrutlr mj `lml fh`lmh snc dl`jr htrls `hsls bnjctrls `hbjs.

Bu`dls pjrshcls bj `ujctlc quj su prhfejbl js quj mnsgrutlc bu`dh

`hbnjcmh. Jstls, `hbh jstìc l mnjtl, sujejc mjmn`lr irlc `lctnmlm mj su
tnjbph l pjcslr jc el `hbnml, jx`jpth bnjctrls `hbjc. Jc jsj bhbjcth, js
`hbh sn jctrlrlc jc ucl jspj`nj mj trlc`j lenbjctlrnh, snc blstn`lr cn
slfhrjlr. ^l slfjs quj jsth ch js mnsgrutlr mj el `hbnml. Mj`nbhs quj js uc
bhbjcth mj pel`jr, pjrh jc ehs bhbjcths mj iuel jstlbhs jc cujstrl
pjeâ`uel bjctle nctjctlcmh lenvnlr leih, ch jstlbhs prjsjctjs.
Htrls pjrshcls bj `ujctlc quj su prhfejbl js quj ch mnsgrutlc mj el
`hbnml. _lrl jstls je rjth js lprjcmjr l slfhrjlr, mjs`ufrnr quî lenbjcths ejs
iustlc y `hcj`tlr `hc els sjcsl`nhcjs mj dlbfrj.
Lsâ quj jstj tjr`jr dìfnth vl mj slfhrjlr y vhevjr l mnsgrutlr mj el jxpjrnjc`nl
mje `hbjr, chtlr je iusth mj ehs lenbjcths, els tjxturls, js`u`dlr ehs shcnmhs
bnjctls blstn`ls `lml fh`lmh. Mnsgrutlr mj eh quj jstìs `hbnjcmh,
ncmjpjcmnjctjbjctj mj sn pjrtjcj`j l tu enstl cjirl h mj sn ch js mje thmh
sleumlfej. ¡\uj tu ghrbl mj `hcsubnreh sâ eh sjl! Pnc auzilrtj y snc jctrlr jc je
ncñtne aujih mj el `ueplfnenmlm. @hbj, slfhrjl y mnsgrutl. Pnbpejbjctj.
]VZ@H #<
Vjmu`j el vjeh`nmlm l el dhrl mj `hbjr murlctj els prðxnbls sjblcls. Ehs
jstumnhs bujstrlc quj ehs chrtjlbjrn`lchs ncvnjrtjc << bncuths jc `hbjr jc
uc rjstlurlctj mj `hbnml rìpnml. L bjcumh eh dl`jc mj pnj, bnjctrls `lbnclc
h `hcmu`jc, `hbh sn tuvnjrlc quj enqunmlr rìpnmh je trìbntj mj `hbjr. ^ ehs
jurhpjhs vlbhs phr je bnsbh `lbnch. Pnc jbflrih, je `hbjr mjfjrâl sjr ucl
`jrjbhcnl, y `hc`jmjrej el ltjc`nðc quj sj bjrj`j js ucl ghrbl mj lirlmj`jr 
je tjcjr el ghrtucl mj `hbjr y mj lprj`nlr el mjmn`l`nðc mj qunjcjs dlc
`h`nclmh y tj dlc sjrvnmh.
¸@ðbh rjmu`nr el vjeh`nmlm8
Pî bìs `hcs`njctj mje prh`jsh mj blstn`lr y slfhrjlr el `hbnml. @ulcmh dly
 `hbnml jc je jstðblih jstj jcvâl el rjspujstl dhrbhcle le `jrjfrh mj «yl

tjcih sugn`njctj. Jsthy sltnsgj`dh. _ujmjs plrlr». Je `jrjfrh cj`jsntl uchs 6?

bncuths plrl rj`nfnr jstl sjüle prh`jmjctj mje jstðblih. _jrh sn `hbjbhs
`hc lvnmjz, jc << bncuths, je jstðblih ch tnjcj tnjbph mj `hbucn`lr jsl
ncghrbl`nðc le `jrjfrh y, bnjctrls tlcth, shfrjncijrnbhs.
Jc `lbfnh, le blstn`lr bìs, `hbjbhs bìs ejctlbjctj phr eh quj lelrilbhs
je tnjbph mjmn`lmh le l`th mj `hbjr. Bìs leeì mj `hctlr els vj`js blstn`ls,
nctjctl quj sj ghrbj ucl plstl jc el fh`l plrl phmjr trlilrel y mnijrnrel.
@ulcth bìs prl`tnqujs je bncmgue jltnci, bìs prhcth rj`nfnrìs el sjüle mj
sl`njmlm, phrquj jstlrìs ltjcth l els sjcsl`nhcjs `hrphrlejs y pjr`nfnrìs quj
`lml fh`lmh tj rjsuetl bjchs lirlmlfej quj je lctjrnhr.
Lmjbìs, jc el slenvl tjcjbhs ucls jcznbls quj «prj-mninjrjc» ehs lenbjcths
y jbpnjzlc l lfshrfjr ehs cutrnjctjs mj ehs lenbjcths, phr jeeh sj mn`j quj el
mnijstnðc jbpnjzl jc el fh`l, lctjs mj trlilr el `hbnml. Mj bhmh quj sn
blstn`ls bìs, el `hbnml pjrblcj`jrì bìs tnjbph jc tu fh`l y lfshrfjrìs
bìs cutrnjctjs mj ehs lenbjcths quj sn trlils snc lpjcls blstn`lr.
 ^ tlbfnîc, le blstn`lr bjahr, jstlrìs sltnsgl`njcmh vlrnhs tnphs mj dlbfrj1
hnrìs je shcnmh mj blstn`lr `ruanjctj, chtlrìs els mngjrjctjs tjxturls jc el fh`l.
_hr jstl rlzðc els mnjtls l flsj mj purîs h fltnmhs shc thtlebjctj
ncshstjcnfejs, pujs ch sltnsgl`jc ehs sjctnmhs cn ehs mngjrjctjs tnphs mj
dlbfrj, sheh je jsthbl`le-`jeuelr. Jc sjrnh, ¸`hcvjrtnrâls tu `hbnml glvhrntl jc
purî8
]VZ@H #6
@ulcmh jstìs pnc`dlcmh ehs bl`lrrhcjs bnjctrls blstn`ls ¸mðcmj jstì tu
ltjc`nðc8 ¸Jc slfhrjlr y blstn`lr eh quj tnjcjs jc el fh`l8 Jstì jc eh quj
vjcmrì mjspuîs mj trlilr. Jctrj fh`lmh y fh`lmh, mjal ehs `ufnjrths shfrj el
bjsl. Pn jstìs `hbnjcmh uc fh`lmneeh, mîaleh jc je pelth jctrj fh`lmh y
fh`lmh.
]VZ@H #0
_rujfl l `hbjr uslcmh uchs pleneehs `dnchs. Ncjvntlfejbjctj thblrìs bjchs
`lctnmlm jc `lml fh`lmh, tj hfenilrì l plrlr bìs ltjc`nðc l el `hbnml y
`hbjrìs bìs mjspl`nh.
Leiñc mâl pujmjs `hbjr `hc lctnglz, `hbprlrtj `ufnjrths mnstncths, `hbjr `hc
els blchs… Lucquj jc H``nmjctj sjl mj blel jmu`l`nðc, `hbjr `hc ehs
mjmhs js ucl jxpjrnjc`nl tì`tne buy pel`jctjrl. ¡Aujil `hc el jxpjrnjc`nl mj
`hbjr!
]VZ@H #=
_lrl `hc`jctrlrtj jc el `hbnml, le prnc`npnh js buy rj`hbjcmlfej quj
 jenbncjs els mnstrl``nhcjs. Jvntl `hbjr vnjcmh el ]W, bnjctrls ejjs h `dltjls

phr tjeîghch, phrquj tj jstìs mjs`hcj`tlcmh mj el jxpjrnjc`nl plrl `hcj`tlrtj

`hc htrl `hsl. @ulcmh `hbjbhs mnstrlâmhs ch chs mlbhs `ujctl mj eh quj chs
eejvlbhs l el fh`l y `hbjbhs bu`dl bìs `lctnmlm. Vj`ujrml el lcî`mhtl quj
tj `hctî mj `ulcmh eejiuî `lcslml l `lsl y, bnjctrls vjâl lfmu`nml ucl sjrnj
grjctj l el ]W, bj `hbâ ucl fhesl jctjrl mj pltltls snc lmvjrtnreh.
]VZ@H #:
Bnjctrls blstnqujs, jctrj fh`lmh y fh`lmh, tj pujmj lyumlr ejvlctlr el
bnrlml plrl rhbpjr `hc el sjcsl`nðc mj tjcjr thmh je pelth plrl tn.
Jstj dìfnth ch sheh tj vl l pjrbntnr slfhrjlr el `hbnml, snch `hcj`tlr `hc jeel
j nmjctngn`lr sn js fujcl plrl tn. Pn tj sltnsgl`j rjlebjctj, jc tu `ujrph sj
prhmu`j ucl sjcsl`nðc mj fnjcjstlr.
Dìfnth =1 @ulcmh jstîs sl`nlmh, plrl mj `hbjr 
✐  @hc jstj dìfnth vls l lmnjstrlr l tu ijc ldhrrh, bhstrìcmhej quj ch tj
bujrjs mj dlbfrj sn ch tj eh `hbjs thmh y bìs.
✐ @hc el rjpjtn`nðc, nrìs mjsl`tnvlcmh je luthbltnsbh mj `hbjr jc jx`jsh.
Lucquj cujstrh `ujrph jstì mnsjülmh mj tle ghrbl quj chs dl`j `hbjr 
`ulcmh tjcjbhs dlbfrj y chs dl`j plrlr `ulcmh jstlbhs sl`nlmhs, jc
ijcjrle `hbjbhs dlstl jstlr eejchs h dlstl quj dlyl mjslplrj`nmh thml el
`hbnml mje pelth. Wjlbhs `ðbh jvntlr quj jsth su`jml1
]VZ@H #<
Bnjctrls `hbls, rjvnsl el js`lel mj dlbfrj y plrl mj `hbjr `ulcmh snjctls
quj jstìs jctrj ehs cnvjejs 0 y =. Phfrj thmh cuc`l eejiujs le jxtrjbh 9. _lrl
prl`tn`lr ehs cnvjejs mj dlbfrj, pujmjs sjplrlr el `hbnml mj tu pelth jc
`ultrh `ulrths. @ulcmh eejiujs le sjiucmh h tjr`jr `ulrth, tj rj`hrmlrì quj
sncthcn`js `hc tu cnvje mj dlbfrj. Je jstðblih ch guc`nhcl fnjc `ulcmh jstì
jbpl`dlmh. Ej snjctl fnjc jstlr `ðbhmlbjctj eejch, jc 6/0 plrtjs. Pn vjs quj
jstìs jc je cnvje 0, qunzì mjs`lrtjs uc `ulrth mj `hbnml, phrquj dly phstrj y
qunjrjs rjsjrvlr uc duj`h.
]VZ@H #6
Jc eh quj murj jstj prhirlbl, tnrl eh quj tj shfrj jc je pelth y mjal mj trltlr 
l tu `ujrph `hbh ucl flsurl shenmlrnl. Zch mj ehs prhpðsnths mj jstj
prhirlbl js quj lprjcmls l `unmlrtj bjahr, phr eh quj js jsjc`nle quj mjajs
mj trltlrtj `hbh uc vjrtjmjrh mj shfrls.
Leiuchs mj bns leubchs snjctjc bu`dh rj`dlzh phr jstj tru`h,
jspj`nlebjctj phr
bu`dls pjrshcls el eìstnbl
plslc dlbfrjquj
jc ejs prhmu`jPntnrlr
je bucmh. js tuel`lsh,
`hbnml,
tjcihslfnjcmh quj
ucl sheu`nðc
 plrl tn1 `heh`l ucl du`dl `jr`l mj el flsurl y `lml vjz quj tnrjs `hbnml,

nctrhmu`j mncjrh jc el du`dl. @ulcmh l`lfjs jstj prhirlbl, eh mhcls l ucl

HCI. Jsth sâ pujmj lphrtlr, pjrh tj lsjiurh quj `hbjrtj thmh eh quj dly jc
je pelth ch lyuml jc lfsheuth le dlbfrj bucmnle. Lprjcmjr l ijstnhclr tu
ghrbl mj `hbjr, `hbnjcmh `ulcmh tjcils dlbfrj gâsn`l, mnsgrutlcmh mj `lml
fh`lmh y mjalcmh mj `hbjr `ulcmh jstîs sltnsgj`dh, vl l `hctrnfunr bu`dh
bìs l jenbnclr je dlbfrj bucmnle. _hrquj le gncle `hbjrìs bu`dl bjchs
`lctnmlm y dlfrì bìs `hbnml mnsphcnfej plrl thmhs.

Ehs rjsths quj mjajs, ch sj pujmjc mjejilr l htrl pjrshcl, cn sj pujmjc

iulrmlr jc uc tuppjr . ]u `jrjfrh tnjcj quj vjr je bhvnbnjcth mj tnrlr el `hbnml
jc el flsurl.
Ch tj prjh`upjs, jsth sheh eh tjcmrìs quj prl`tn`lr els sjblcls jc quj murj

je prhirlbl, je tnjbph cj`jslrnh plrl quj pujmls rjjmu`lr l tu ijc ldhrrh.

]VZ@H #0
@ulcmh jstîs `hbnjcmh `hc bìs ijctj, nctjctl sjr je ñetnbh jc tjrbnclr h
gâaltj jc el pjrshcl quj `hbj bìs mjspl`nh, y sniuj su rntbh.
]VZ@H #=
Pnîctltj trlcqunelbjctj jc uc euilr mjtjrbnclmh plrl `hbjr (ch jc
`ulequnjr euilr cn mj `ulequnjr blcjrl), pujs sn `hbjs mj pnj, tu `jrjfrh ch
rjinstrlrì `hbh `hbnml eh quj jstîs ncinrnjcmh.

@hcsjahs gnclejs
✐  _lrl nr nctjirlcmh jsths dìfnths, tj rj`hbnjcmh quj jbpnj`js phcnjcmh
jc prì`tn`l uch mj ehs `ultrh dìfnths `lml sjblcl, pujs `lbfnlrehs thmhs
mj ihepj tj pujmj `rjlr jstrîs. 
jstrîs.  ^
^ yl slfjs `ðbh nctjctlbhs `leblr je jstrîs.
Jenij je dìfnth quj bìs tj dlyl eelblmh el ltjc`nðc, je quj suphcil uc
blyhr mjslgâh plrl tn h je quj bìs gì`ne tj rjsuetj mj lmhptlr. Pn, phr je
`hctrlrnh, tj snjctjs `hc ilcls mj phcjrehs thmhs jc prì`tn`l l el vjz,
¡lmjelctj! Vjlebjctj jstìc buy `hcj`tlmhs jctrj sâ.
✐ ]lbfnîc tj suinjrh quj jbpnj`js l lpen`lr je dìfnth (h ehs dìfnths) jc ucl
`hbnml le mâl1 jc je mjslyuch, `hc je tjctjbpnî mj bjmnl blülcl, el
`hbnml h el `jcl.
✐ Jvntl els mnstrl``nhcjs. ^ snbpejbjctj prjstl thml tu ltjc`nðc l eh quj vls
l dl`jr.
 ✐ Ch `hcgucmls ehs tru`hs `hc ehs dìfnths. Je hfajtnvh js quj eejvjs l `lfh

ehs `ultrh dìfnths, snc nbphrtlr quî tru`hs usjs plrl le`lczlrehs. Le gncle mje
`lpâtueh tnjcjs uc jsqujbl quj rjsubj vnsulebjctj ehs `ultrh dìfnths y sus
tru`hs `hrrjsphcmnjctjs.
✐ ]j lmvnjrth quj ch vls l prl`tn`lr ehs `ultrh dìfnth jc thmls els `hbnmls,
jc leiucls ch ehs `ubpenrìs. Ch tj `lstniujs phr ch dl`jreh pjrgj`th, cn tj
thbjs jsths dìfnths `hbh cujvls chrbls l `ubpenr1 «eh dj dj`dh fnjc», «eh
dj dj`dh ble». @hbh mj`nbhs jc _CE, ch dly rjsuetlmhs fujchs cn blehs,
dly lprjcmnzlajs.
✐ Pn `ulcmh plrjs mj `hbjr phrquj `rjjs quj jstìs sltnsgj`dh, je ijc ldhrrh
tj susurrl je `eìsn`h «@hbj bìs phr sn l`lsh», ch ej dlils `lsh. Vj`ujrml
quj sn plslmhs uchs bncuths, vujevjs l tjcjr dlbfrj, pujmjs `hbjr mj
cujvh. ^ `hbj eh quj rjlebjctj qunjrls, ch eh quj `rjjs quj mjfjs, mj
ghrbl `hcs`njctj y slfhrjlcmh `lml fh`lmh. @ulcmh nctuyls quj jstìs
eejch, plrl.
✐ ]jc pl`njc`nl y pjrsjvjrlc`nl, jstìs `hcgrhctlcmh dìfnths y `rjjc`nls buy
lrrlnilmls, qunzì mj thml ucl vnml. ]jc jc `ujctl quj el `hcs`njc`nl js
`hbh jctrjclr uc bñs`ueh1 `ulcth bìs eh usjs, bìs gujrtj sjrì.
✐  Jxpjrnbjctl y hfsjrvl quî su`jmj, quî bnjmhs, quî `rjjc`nls vlc
surinjcmh… ^ ch hevnmjs lchtlreh jc tu mnlrnh mj bncmgue jltnci.
✐ Pn jrjs js`îptn`h h ch `hcgâls jc jstl blcjrl mngjrjctj mj dl`jr els `hsls,
tj pnmh quj sjls hfajtnvh y rjlenstl `hc eh quj eejvls dl`njcmh dlstl ldhrl.
Dhcjstlbjctj, ¸mj vjrmlm js bjahr sjiunr `hbnjcmh mj el ghrbl jc quj eh
dl`js8 ]j lcnbh l quj prujfjs jsths = dìfnths murlctj je tnjbph jc quj
vlbhs l jstlr aucths. ]j pnmh quj `hcgâjs jc je prh`jsh, phrquj js el
blcjrl mj rj`hcstrunr y rjplrlr tu tjrbhstlth nctjrnhr y tu dlbfrj
jsthbl`le.   ]j pujmjs shrprjcmjr mj el `lpl`nmlm quj tnjcj je `ujrph mj
jsthbl`le.

luth`url`nðc.
sjiunr `hc tus ^lctniuhs
le gnclenzlr je prhirlbl, phmrìs mj`nmnr enfrjbjctj sn qunjrjs
dìfnths.
✐ ¡_rîbnltj! @jejfrl `lml pjqujül `hcqunstl. Ch tnjcjs phr quî jspjrlr l
chtlr ehs `lbfnhs h l `hcsjiunr rjsuetlmhs plrl `jejfrlreh y gjen`ntlrtj. @hbh
mnah Ihjtdj1 «Eh nbphrtlctj ch js mðcmj jstlbhs, snch el mnrj``nðc jc el
quj chs bhvjbhs». Je dj`dh mj dlfjr jbpjzlmh jstj prhirlbl yl js ucl
irlc `hcqunstl. Jc vjz mj `ueplrtj phr eh quj sjiñc tñ dl`js ble, ¸phr quî
ch prjbnlrtj phr ehs pjqujühs plshs quj vlyls mlcmh phr je `lbnch8
_njcsl jc quî rj`hbpjcsls tj phmrâls mlr `lml vjz quj phcils jc prì`tn`l
leiuch mj ehs dìfnths. Ch tnjcjc phr quî nbpen`lr ilstlr mncjrh, pujmjc sjr 
ijsths sjc`neehs `hbh mlrtj fjshs y lfrlzhs l tn bnsbh. ¸@ursn8 ]le vjz, pjrh
js ^ucl
✐ blcjrl¡clml
rj`ujrml, mj jbpjzlr l trltlrtj
mj fìs`uels! `hc bìs lbhr y `lrnüh.
 

Zcl plrlml jc je `lbnch

Pn jstìs jc je `hctrhe, jc bhmh bjctlenmlm mnjtl, sjrì nbphsnfej mjsdl`jrtj
mje `hbjr `hbpuesnvh y mje dlbfrj jbh`nhcle. @ulcmh plsls dlbfrj, phrquj
plsls bu`dls dhrls snc `hbjr h phrquj tj prhdâfjs `njrths lenbjcths, snc
js`u`dlr els sjülejs mj dlbfrj quj tj blcml tu `ujrph, tu cnvje mj lzñ`lr jc
slcirj flal. ^ `ulcmh tj gletl ieu`hsl jc slcirj, sâ h sâ `hbjrìs `hc lcsnl. ^ 
eujih mnrìs quj ch tnjcjs gujrzl mj vheuctlm `hc el `hbnml. El gujrzl mj
vheuctlm sj dl mj lenbjctlr, phrquj mjpjcmj mje lzñ`lr jc slcirj. Pn `hbjs
`ulcmh tnjcjs dlbfrj, chrblenzlrìs tus cnvjejs mj lzñ`lr j ncjvntlfejbjctj,
je `hbjr `hbpuesnvh mnsbncunrì.
Jc je fehquj quj sniuj vls l trlcsghrblr el l`tntum `hbfltnvl mj El Whz, phr 
je mnìehih `hbplsnvh y `hbprjcsnvh mje Lbhr. _jrh ch bj iustlrâl quj jsth
tj mjsvnlrl mj el prì`tn`l `hcstlctj mj ehs = dìfnths mj lenbjctl`nðc
`hcs`njctj, pujs shc el ñcn`l ghrbl mj quj thbjs `hc`njc`nl mj quî plrtj mj
 tu `hbjr `hbpuesnvh js `hcsj`ujc`nl mje `hctrhe (quj tj eejvl le mjs`hctrhe y

tñ eh eelbls «lcsnjmlm phr `hbjr») y quî plrtj qujml mj `hbjr jbh`nhcle

purh.
Ch tj vhy l prjsjctlr uc bîthmh plsh l plsh plrl mjsdl`jrtj mje dlbfrj
jbh`nhcle, phrquj ch dly mhs sjrjs dublchs niulejs y phr eh tlcth ch dly uc
bnsbh lfhrmlaj plrl thmh je bucmh. _jrh plrl mjalr ltrìs je `hbjr 
jbh`nhclebjctj js gucmlbjctle quj sj mjc jstls `hcmn`nhcjs1
  Cutrj fnjc tus `îeuels,
`îeuels, lpen`lcmh ehs dìfnths cñbjrh < y 6 (`hbj `ulcmh
tjcils dlbfrj y `hbj eh quj mjsjjs). Lphrtlr thmhs ehs cutrnjctjs mj ehs
quj tu `ujrph y tu `hrlzðc snjctjc dlbfrj, sltnsglrì tu dlbfrj jsthbl`le-
`jeuelr (y mjsl`tnvlrì je ijc ldhrrh).
 Pujetl el bjctlenmlm mnjtl.
mnjtl. _hc l rlyl l tu dlbfrj bjctle y quj tu bjctj
mjaj mj sjr el ñcn`l quj mnrnal tus pltrhcjs mj lenbjctl`nðc. Jstj pucth sj
ehirl lpen`lcmh ehs = dìfnths mj lenbjctl`nðc `hcs`njctj `hcauctlbjctj.
]j eh mnih buy sjrnlbjctj1 dlstl quj ch mjajs mj `hctrhelr eh quj `hbjs, ch
tj vls l enfrlr mje dlbfrj jbh`nhcle. Pheh `ulcmh dlyls jenbnclmh je `hctrhe
phmrìs
mj `hbjr mlrtjjbh`nhcle
`ujctl mj qujml.
quî phr`jctlaj dly mj dlbfrj
Pheh jcthc`js jstlrìsgâsn`l y quî plrtj rjle
jc `hcmn`nhcjs mj
lprjcmjr l sltnsgl`jrel.
  Pniuj mjmn`lcmh <? bncuths le mâl l bjmntlr y,
bjmntlr  y, l plrtnr mj dhy, tj pnmh
quj js`u`djs el dnpchsns< jc lumnh quj jc`hctrlrìs jc el wjf.
_lrl quj tu prì`tn`l mj lenbjctl`nðc `hcs`njctj ch mj`lnil, tj vhy l pjmnr 
quj tj `hbprhbjtls l phcjr jspj`nle ltjc`nðc l lqujeehs dìfnths quj bìs sj
tj rjsnstlc. ]j pujmj sjr mj utnenmlm el djrrlbnjctl mj `hl`dnci «El rujml mj el
vnml» quj, `hbh vjs, jstì mnvnmnml jc h`dh «qujsnths»1 `ultrh mj jeehs
rjprjsjctlc els = glsjs mje dìfnth (jstâbueh, rjspujstl, rj`hbpjcsl y
`rjjc`nl) y ehs `ultrh rjstlctjs sj rjel`nhclc `hc ehs = dìfnths mj lenbjctl`nðc
`hcs`njctj.
• Je `jctrh mj el rujml js ? y je jxtrjbh js <?. _uctñl mje ? le <? sjiñc tu
irlmh mj sltnsgl``nðc l`tulebjctj rjspj`th l `lml ìrjl.
_hr jajbpeh, sn `hc je «dìfnth 0» jstìs sltnsgj`dh phrquj dls nctjirlmh fnjc
je bncmgue jltnci  jc tu ghrbl mj `hbjr, tj mls ucl fujcl puctul`nðc (phr 
jajbpeh, tj phcjs uc > mj chtl). Eujih trlzls ucl eâcjl jc je cnvje > y
shbfrjls jsj ìrjl. Pn rjsuetl quj tu puctul`nðc rjspj`th l `ðbh rjsphcmjs
l ehs jstâbuehs js flantl (ch pujmjs jvntlr nrtj l ehs mhcuts trls ucl
mns`usnðc) y tj phcjs uc 6, niulebjctj trlzls ucl eâcjl jc jsj cnvje y
rjeejcls je nctjrnhr.
 

• Zcl vjz tjcils puctulml thml el rujml, y tjcnjcmh jc `ujctl els ìrjls quj
jstìc jc mjsjqunenfrnh,
ltjc`nðc, mj`nmj l quî lspj`th mj tu rujml vls l prjstlr bìs
tnjbph y jcjriâl.
 

< Ch tj lsustjs `hc el plelfrl dnpchsns. Wls l jctrlr l uc jstlmh mj prhgucml rjelal`nðc,
plrj`nmh le quj tj jc`ujctrls `ulcmh jstìs ncbjrsh jc uc enfrh h shülcmh mjspnjrth, y
pjrblcj`jrìs `hcs`njctj jc thmh bhbjcth.
 

<6
Pnjctj eh quj nctjctls jvntlr sjctnr `hc
el `hbnml
«@ulcths bìs lpjihs mjajs `ljr phr je `lbnch mj el vnml,
bìs `jr`l jstlrìs mj jc`hctrlrtj l tn bnsbh».
Yletjr Vnsh
Mh`thr jc psn`hehiâl y luthr mj enfrhs mj mnvueil`nðc

Je vl`âh
El blyhr plrtj mj bn vnml lmuetl dj tjcnmh ucl sjcsl`nðc mj nc`hbhmnmlm,
mj vl`âh jc bn nctjrnhr. ]âbnmlbjctj prjiuctlfl l els pjrshcls mj bn jcthrch
sn tlbfnîc sjctâlc jsj rucrñc, pjrh jc ijcjrle bj rjsphcmâlc quj ch.
@rjâl quj leih ch jstlfl fnjc jc bâ. \uj snjcmh tle `hbh rjlebjctj jrl, ch
vleâl eh sugn`njctj. Mj bhmh quj gun mjslrrheelcmh ucl `hrlzl plrl js`hcmjr 
tlctl nbpjrgj``nðc. @lpls y `lpls mj `jfheel quj `hc je tnjbph bj gujrhc
lejalcmh bìs mj bn vjrmlmjrl jsjc`nl, mhcmj rjsnmjc el gjen`nmlm, el plz y je
lbhr.
Eh quj lñc ch slfâl jrl quj el sjcsl`nðc mj vl`âh y mhehr quj sjctâl jc bn
nctjrnhr, jrl `hcsj`ujc`nl mj jstl sjplrl`nðc mj bn clturlejzl vjrmlmjrl. El
sheu`nðc quj jc`hctrî guj nctjctlr l`leelr jsj mhehr`nth y ch chtlr jsj vl`âh,
`hc mngjrjctjs lpjihs y lmn``nhcjs quj bj blctuvnjrlc `hbh uc zhbfn quj
 cn snjctj cn plmj`j. Pnjbprj tjcâl uc `nilrrh jc el fh`l y ucl fjfnml l blch y

`ulcmh ch mnsphcâl mj jeels, pn`lfl leih; ejahs mj jenbnclr je blejstlr, jshs

plr`djs ch dl`âlc bìs quj lbpenlr jsl mnstlc`nl mj bn yh vjrmlmjrh. @rjh
quj ehs ñcn`hs ncstlctjs jc quj ch bj eejclfl `hc jsj tnph mj mnstrl``nhcjs
jrlc lqujeehs jc quj mhrbâl y `ulcmh dl`âl je lbhr.
Jrl ucl îph`l jc quj bj sjctâl pjrmnml, mjshrnjctlml, snc prhpðsnth, shel y
buy mjs`hcj`tlml. ^ `ulcth bìs pltjctjs jrlc jstls sjcsl`nhcjs
mjslirlmlfejs, blyhrjs jrlc bns nctjcths mj phcjrejs gnc bjmnlctj plr`djs.
Zc fujc mâl mj`nmâ rjcuc`nlr le tlfl`h. _jrh prhcth jbpj`î l mjslrrheelr 
lmn``nðc l lenbjcths buy `leðrn`hs y ph`h cutrntnvhs. Pu guc`nðc jrl el bnsbl
quj el mje tlfl`h1 lcjstjsnlr bns lcsnls y bn sjcsl`nðc mj vl`âh (tlbfnîc bj
lphrtlfl uc fjcjgn`nh h`ueth, tj eh jxpen`lrî uc ph`h bìs lmjelctj).
 Lmn``nðc l el `hbnml
@hbh djbhs vnsth, ehs sjrjs dublchs djbhs sugrnmh `hbh jspj`nj
rjstrn``nðc lenbjctlrnl murlctj el blyhr plrtj mj cujstrl jxnstjc`nl, y, plrl
lsjiurlr cujstrl supjrvnvjc`nl, jc îph`ls mj js`lsjz cujstrh `jrjfrh chs
nbpueslfl l `hbjr bìs mj eh quj cj`jsntìflbhs, phr sn le mâl sniunjctj ch
`lzìflbhs clml. Lsâ sj guj mjslrrheelcmh uc snstjbl `jrjfrle mj rj`hbpjcsl
quj chs dl`âl jxpjrnbjctlr pel`jr le vjr lenbjcths buy `leðrn`hs, ehs `ulejs
tjcâlc ucl irlc `lpl`nmlm mj blctjcjrchs murlctj ehs pjrnhmhs mj
dlbfrucl.
Dhy je `jrjfrh sniuj tjcnjcmh el guc`nðc prnhrntlrnl mj ilrlctnzlr cujstrl
supjrvnvjc`nl y eh dl`j l trlvîs mj mhs bj`lcnsbhs1
• Jvntlr je mhehr h
• L`jr`lrchs le pel`jr 
_hr jeeh, lspj`ths jsjc`nlejs plrl cujstrl supjrvnvjc`nl `hbh dl`jr je lbhr,
lenbjctlrchs h rjspnrlr prhgucmlbjctj, vlc enilmhs le pel`jr (sj enfjrl je
cjurhtrlcsbnshr sjrhthcncl jc cujstrh `jrjfrh).

Zcl ncvjstnil`nðc mjbhstrð quj je pel`jr y mjsjh mj `hbjr (jspj`nlebjctj

lenbjcths buy `leðrn`hs) l`tnvlc cujstrhs `nr`unths cjurhclejs mj rj`hbpjcsl
mj ghrbl plrj`nml l `hbh eh dl`jc leiucls mrhils.
El guc`nðc `jrjfrle mj ilrlctnzlr el supjrvnvjc`nl jvntlcmh je mhehr h
fus`lcmh je pel`jr tlbfnîc
chshtrhs, fusqujbhs dl`j
ijcjrlr uc quj,niule
pel`jr `ulcmh sjctnbhs
h supjrnhr mhehrquj
le ble mjctrh mj
jstlbhs
 jxpjrnbjctlcmh, `hbnjcmh h fjfnjcmh jx`jsnvlbjctj, jcilc`dìcmhchs l els

mrhils, l jbh`nhcjs, l `njrtls pjrshcls, `hbprlcmh `hbpuesnvlbjctj,

gublcmh, snjcmh prhbns`uhs h jctrjtjcnîcmhchs `hc el ncgncnmlm mj hp`nhcjs
quj el ncmustrnl mje h`nh chs hgrj`j. El ghrbl mj jxprjslr el mnsguc`nðc ch js
mjblsnlmh rjejvlctj; eh nbphrtlctj js `hbprjcmjr quj mjflah mj jsls
`hcmu`tls sj js`hcmj ucl `lusl sufyl`jctj.
@ulcmh chs ltnfhrrlbhs mj `hbnml, `hcsjiunbhs uc leth cnvje mj
sjrhthcncl quj chs snrvj plrl jvntlr bnrlr mj grjctj je mhehr quj sjctnbhs jc
cujstrh nctjrnhr. Mj bhmh quj le vjr `ulequnjr lenbjcth rn`h jc lzñ`lrjs y
irlsls, sj mjsjc`lmjcl ucl sjcsl`nðc mj mjsjh nctjcsh jc cujstrh `jrjfrh,
quj chs nbpuesl l `hbjr jsj lenbjcth. Le `hbjreh, jxpjrnbjctlbhs pel`jr 
phrquj, lmjbìs mj sjrhthcncl, tlbfnîc enfjrlbhs jcmhrgncls y mhplbncl jc
je `jrjfrh. ]hmhs jeehs shc cjurhtrlcsbnshrjs quj prhmu`jc sjcsl`nhcjs
lirlmlfejs h nc`eush jugðrn`ls.
Je prhfejbl js quj, trls je sufnmðc ncn`nle quj el shfrjncijstl mj `hbnml chs
dl ijcjrlmh, dly ncgjen`nmlm. Ch phrquj el `hbnml phr sâ bnsbl el `rjj, snch
phrquj rjirjslbhs le mhehr quj yl jstlfl jc chshtrhs y quj chs eejvð l mn`dl
`hcmu`tl mjstru`tnvl. Lmjbìs chs sjctnbhs ihrmhs, `ueplfejs y su`nhs.
 ^, cujvlbjctj, jsths sjctnbnjcths mjslirlmlfejs chs eejvlc l rjpjtnr je
rntule mj lenbjctl`nðc nc`hcs`njctj plrl jvlmnrchs. Je `jrjfrh vl mjsjlcmh
jsj fheeh bìs y bìs, enfjrlcmh bìs sustlc`nls quâbn`ls pel`jctjrls el
sniunjctj vjz quj cujstrhs sjctnmhs mjtj`tjc jsj lenbjcth. L bjmnml quj
vlbhs rjpntnjcmh jstj rntule, je `jrjfrh sj vl vhevnjcmh bìs sjcsnfej l el
rj`hbpjcsl quj chs lphrtl y, l su vjz, vlbhs mjslrrheelcmh thejrlc`nl l el
mhplbncl. Jstj nc`rjbjcth mj el rjsnstjc`nl l el mhplbncl, buy plrj`nmh le
quj jxpjrnbjctlc ehs mrhihmjpjcmnjctjs, dl`j quj cj`jsntjbhs ucl mhsns
`lml vjz blyhr plrl `hcsjiunr je bnsbh pel`jr quj hftjcâlbhs le prnc`npnh.

Jcthc`js surij el lmn``nðc.

Je bj`lcnsbh mj rj`hbpjcsl `jrjfrle dl`j quj le vjr `njrths lenbjcths

sjlbhs nc`lpl`js mj rjsnstnrchs l jeehs, lucquj ch tjcilbhs dlbfrj gâsn`l.
_jrh eejil uc bhbjcth jc quj je mhehr quj nctjctlbhs l`leelr sj phcj mj
blcngnjsth bìs nctjcslbjctj y el lmn``nðc yl ch guc`nhcl1 cj`jsntlbhs ucl
mhsns blyhr plrl lpel`lreh. H sustntunbhs el lmn``nðc phr htrl quj tjcil
jgj`ths bìs gujrtjs.
@hbh thmh jsth el ncmustrnl lenbjctlrnl eh `hch`j pjrgj`tlbjctj, jelfhrl
 lenbjcths ltrl`tnvhs l el vnstl ”sj ejs mjchbnclc «lenbjcths prh`jslmhs»

pjrh `rjh quj js bìs prj`nsh eelblrehs «prhmu`ths prh`jslmhs»”, `hc uc

lspj`th frneelctj, uc slfhr quj jstnbuel els plpnels iustltnvls y `hc ucl
bjz`el pjrgj`tl mj lzñ`lr, irlsl y sle, quj dl`j quj sjlc nrrjsnstnfejs plrl
cujstrh bj`lcnsbh mj rj`hbpjcsl. _lrl quj `hbprjbhs ucl y htrl vjz jshs
prhmu`ths.
Ldhrl quj `hch`js thmhs jsths gl`thrjs, jspjrh quj snjctls bjchs
`ueplfnenmlm h vjriõjczl phr sugrnr lmn``nðc l mjtjrbnclmhs lenbjcths. Phc
`rjlmhs plrl ijcjrlr jsl rjspujstl mj rj`hbpjcsl.

Lprhvj`dh plrl suijrnrtj quj jenbncjs el plelfrl lmn``nðc  mj tu vh`lfuelrnh,

pujs `ulcmh lgnrbls «shy lmn`th l» jstìs ltrnfuyjcmh mn`dl `hcmu`tl l tu
nmjctnmlm, jctnjcmjs quj ghrbl plrtj mj tn y js nrrjbjmnlfej. Jc `lbfnh, sn
mn`js «tjcih je dìfnth mj» lfrjs bìs phsnfnenmlmjs le `lbfnh.
Lsâ, el `hbnml prhmu`j pel`jr, niule quj htrls lmn``nhcjs. _jrh l mngjrjc`nl mj
els mrhils, el lenbjctl`nðc jstì mnsphcnfej gì`nebjctj, js ejile, jstì l el vnstl y
thmhs tjcjbhs quj lgrhctlrel mnlrnlbjctj. _hmjbhs jenbnclr mj cujstrl vnml
je tlfl`h, je le`hdhe u htrls mrhils, pjrh ch phmjbhs mjalr mj lenbjctlrchs.
_hr jsh, el lmn``nðc l el `hbnml js bjchs gì`ne mj `hctrhelr quj htrls.
Bn jxpjrnjc`nl `hc els lmn``nhcjs bj dl jcsjülmh quj mjtrìs mj jeels sj
js`hcmj uc prhgucmh rj`dlzh dl`nl uch bnsbh. Jc je ghcmh `rjâl quj dlfâl
leih bleh jc bâ y quj ch vleâl, phr eh quj bj `lstnilfl l trlvîs mj el `hbnml,
je tlfl`h y je le`hdhe (¸rj`ujrmls quj `hc el `uepl `lstnilbhs leih quj
`hcsnmjrlbhs quj ch jstì fnjc8).
]rls lühs mj sugrnbnjcth mj`nmâ quj mjfâl lfhrmlr els vjrmlmjrls `lusls mj
bn ncsltnsgl``nðc. Jbpj`î phr jenbnclr je runmh, l trlvîs mj el prì`tn`l mj el
bjmntl`nðc y bj eejcî mj vlehr plrl lflcmhclr bns lmn``nhcjs (prnbjrh, els
bìs jvnmjctjs, y ph`h l ph`h els bìs sutnejs), phrquj slfâl quj `ulcmh ch
jstlfl `hbnjcmh, cn fjfnjcmh cn gublcmh, jctrlfl jc `hctl`th `hc jsj vl`âh.
¸^ quî dl`âl `ulcmh je vl`âh, je dlbfrj vhrlz h el lcsnjmlm sj lphmjrlflc
mj bâ8 _hr prnbjrl vjz jc bn vnml jstlfl mnspujstl l sjctnrbj vl`âl y l
`hcvnvnr `hc el nc`hbhmnmlm.
]j eh rjvjeh `hc je sniunjctj jajr`n`nh.
J AJV@N@NH1 Jstlr `hc eh quj dly
«Je mhehr js ncjvntlfej, je sugrnbnjcth js hp`nhcle».
 Fuml

@lml uch jxpjrnbjctl el nc`hbhmnmlm l su blcjrl1 pujmj sjr ucl sjcsl`nðc

mj vl`âh, uc rucrñc, lcsnjmlm… ¸@ðbh chtls jc tu `ujrph el sjcsl`nðc quj tj
eejvl l `hbjr snc dlbfrj8 Nmjctngâ`lel y, sn qunjrjs, mnfñalel.
Dhy vls l prl`tn`lr hfsjrvlr els sjcsl`nhcjs mj blejstlr mj tu `ujrph y l
eh`lenzlr je euilr mhcmj els snjctjs. Je hfajtnvh js quj lprjcmls l sjctnr eh quj
snjctjs jc jstj prj`nsh ncstlctj, jc vjz mj lplrtlrtj mj jeeh l trlvîs mj el
`hbnml. Jstj jajr`n`nh js `elvj plrl ijstnhclr je dlbfrj nc`hctrhelfej, ehs
ltrl`hcjs y ehs lcthahs.

_lsh <1 Hfsjrvl eh quj dly

@ulcmh snjctls ilcls nrrjgrjclfejs mj `hbjr, hfsjrvl jc quî plrtj mj tu
`ujrph jstì lehalml jsl sjcsl`nðc. L bjcumh `ulcmh ucl jbh`nðc
mjslirlmlfej lgehrl, sj snjctj ucl sjcsl`nðc mj pjslmjz, tjcsnðc h mhehr jc je
jstðblih h jc el zhcl mje `hrlzðc. ]lbfnîc shc euilrjs dlfntulejs el ilrilctl
h el `lfjzl.
¸Mðcmj sj jstì prhmu`njcmh jsl sjcsl`nðc8 ¸\uî tj mujej8 ¸Mðcmj chtls
jsj mhehr jc tu `ujrph8 ¸Mðcmj eh snjctjs8 ¸\uî ej jstì plslcmh l tu `ujrph
ldhrl8 Hfsjrvl mðcmj sj jc`ujctrl jsj mhehr y `ðbh js.
¸]njcj leiñc `hehr8 Pn tuvnjrl ucl ghrbl, ¸`ðbh sjrâl8 ¸Chtls leiucl
vnfrl`nðc, `hsquneejh h puesl`nðc8 ¸\uî tjbpjrlturl tnjcj8
Mjs`rnfj `ðbh eh chtls. Jc euilr mj mj`nr «Pnjcth ucl sjcsl`nðc pjslml»
`hc`rjtl1 «Chth `hbh sn tuvnjrl ucl blsl vns`hsl y cjirl shfrj bn pj`dh».
Le hfsjrvlreh, ¸sj prhmu`jc `lbfnhs jc tu `ujrph8
]le vjz tj plrjz`l jxtrlüh, pjrh jstìs trlflalcmh eh quj jc _CE sj mjchbncl
`lbfnh mj sufbhmlenmlmjs. Js uc sjc`neeh pjrh phmjrhsh jajr`n`nh quj tj
 pjrbntj bhmngn`lr tu pjr`jp`nðc sufajtnvl snc cj`jsnmlm mj bjtjrtj jc je

`hctjcnmh mj el jxpjrnjc`nl. Gâaltj quj ch tj dj prjiuctlmh quî tj dl plslmh,

`uìcmh, quî tj dlc mn`dh, cn quî dls dj`dh. _hrquj jsth shc nctjrprjtl`nhcjs
bjctlejs quj eh ñcn`h quj dl`jc js dl`jr bìs irlcmj je mhehr. Jc vjz mj
mjalrtj jcilülr phr jeels, phcjs ltjc`nðc jc sjctnr eh quj snjctjs flsìcmhtj
jc tu jxpjrnjc`nl mnrj`tl ldhrl1 eh`lenzlcmh je mhehr mj ghrbl buy `hc`rjtl y
tlcinfej, vnsulenzìcmheh `hbh uc `hehr, `hc ucl ghrbl, `hc tjxturl, vheubjc y
bhvnbnjcth.
Jsth tj pjrbntj rjeltnvnzlr el lcsnjmlm phr `hbjr1 sn fnjc lctjs jsl sjcsl`nðc
tjcâl ucls mnbjcsnhcjs bhcubjctlejs y plrj`âl quj sj lphmjrlfl mj thmh tu
sjr, ldhrl jstì ufn`lml jc ucl plrtj bìs pjqujül y pleplfej. Nctîctleh.
 

_lsh 61 Lfrlzl eh quj dly

Zcl vjz eh`lenzlml jsl sjcsl`nðc nc`ðbhml, tj ncvnth l quj dlils trjs
rjspnrl`nhcjs prhgucmls, `hehqujs ucl blch jc tu pj`dh y el htrl jc je
lfmhbjc y vnsulen`js quj el l`hijs, quj el lfrlzls y quj tj lfrjs l jeel (jc
vjz mj rj`dlzlrel h jvlmnrel `hc `hbnml).
@ulcmh rj`dlzlbhs h nctjctlbhs `lbfnlr leih quj chs mujej, sjctnbhs ucl
sjcsl`nðc mj pjsh h mj prjsnðc. «Jstj prhfejbl bj pjsl», mj`nbhs. _jrh el
vjrmlm js quj, eh quj rjlebjctj chs pjsl js el jcjriâl `hc`jctrlml y
rjtjcnml jc cujstrh `ujrph (quj, phr `njrth, prhmu`j uc lubjcth mj cujstrh
pjsh l cnvje jcjriîtn`h).
Le lfrlzlr jsl jcjriâl quj dl jstlmh jstlc`lml, `luslcmh jsj pjsh, jsl
prjsnðc y, phr eh tlcth, jsj sugrnbnjcth, pjrbntjs quj jctrj jc tn.

Jstlr `hc eh quj dly js rjcmnrsj l eh quj jstì su`jmnjcmh y lflcmhclr el

rjsnstjc`nl. _hr buy `hctrlmn`thrnh quj plrjz`l, l`jptlrtj l tn bnsbh y eh quj
tj su`jmj ldhrl bnsbh, js el ñcn`l ghrbl mj `rjlr els `hcmn`nhcjs plrl quj ehs
`lbfnhs tjcilc euilr mjsmj el phsn`nðc `hrrj`tl y `hc el bhtnvl`nðc lmj`ulml.
]j rj`hbnjcmh quj rjlen`js jstj jajr`n`nh `lml ch`dj le l`hstlrtj. Ch tj vl l
eejvlr bìs mj : bncuths.

@hc jstj jajr`n`nh jstìs lprjcmnjcmh l jstlr `hc eh quj snjctjs. Jc euilr mj
nctjctlr js`lplr mj jeeh, hfsjrvls quj dly uc blejstlr, tj pjrbntjs sjctnreh, eh
lfrlzls y eh mjals blr`dlr. @ulcmh shbhs `lpl`js mj jxpjrnbjctlr eh quj
jstì jc je prjsjctj, jc cujstrh `ujrph, lquâ y ldhrl, tle `hbh jstì, ch dly
clml quj `hbplrlr y El Whz mjslplrj`j.
 

<0
Pupjrl je dlbfrj jbh`nhcle
«]u tlrjl ch js fus`lr je Lbhr,
snch fus`lr y jc`hctrlr mjctrh mj tn
thmhs ehs burhs quj dls ejvlctlmh `hctrl îe».
Vubn
_hjtl bâstn`h sug 

¸\uî dly flah ehs prhfejbls mj nblijc `hrphrle8 ¸\uî `hcgen`ths bìs
snicngn`ltnvhs lenbjctlc je mjsjh mj pjrmjr pjsh8 ¸]le vjz ucl flal
luthjstnbl8 ¸El prjsnðc jajr`nml phr je vlehr sh`nle mj el mjeilmjz8 ¸\unzì
trlsthrchs jbh`nhclejs8 ¸@hcgen`ths `hc el blmrj8 Jc jstj `lpâtueh
mjs`ufrnrìs quj sn tnjcjs shfrjpjsh y ch ehirls mjsdl`jrtj mj îe pujmj sjr 
quj1
• ]us `rjjc`nls l`jr`l mj el `hbnml, mj tn bnsbh y mj tu `ujrph sjlc
jrrðcjls.
• ]u jx`jsh mj irlsl sjl je rjsuetlmh mj jstls `rjjc`nls mjgj`tuhsls quj tle
vjz prj`nsjc mj ucl rjvnsnðc.
Phejbhs `rjjr quj el `lusl mj cujstrhs prhfejbls jstì jc je `hbjr mj ghrbl
jbh`nhcle, jc jstlr ihrmls, jc ch ehirlr sjiunr ucl mnjtl h jc `hbjr `njrths
lenbjcths. _jrh el sheu`nðc ch jstì jc jenbnclr jsths prhfejbls, pujs l
bjcumh shc blcngjstl`nhcjs vnsnfejs mj htrhs mjslaustjs h`ueths quj jstìc
phr mjs`ufrnr. Phc je rjsuetlmh, el `hcsj`ujc`nl, je cnvje supjrgn`nle h el puctl
mje n`jfjri. ^ `hbh h`urrj `hc ehs n`jfjris, ch js gì`ne l`jrtlr el prhgucmnmlm
quj le`lczlc cn quî sj js`hcmj flah jeehs.
 

Dlbfrj y bjctj
Pn fnjc els sjcsl`nhcjs mj dlbfrj h sujüh shc gnsnheðin`ls, el bjctj js el
`lpl`nmlm quj tjcjbhs plrl jxpjrnbjctlr els sjcsl`nhcjs ch gâsn`ls.
Pnbpengn`lcmh bu`dh, phmrâlbhs mnvnmnr el bjctj jc mhs jstru`turls
prnc`nplejs, quj guc`nhclc `hcauctlbjctj y mj ghrbl snc`rhcnzlml1 el bjctj
`hcs`njctj y el suf`hcs`njctj.
El bjctj `hcs`njctj js el quj phmjbhs pjr`nfnr l snbpej vnstl, bnjctrls quj
je suf`hcs`njctj js je irlc fehquj quj sj js`hcmj phr mjflah mj el eâcjl mj
gehtl`nðc y quj ch sj pujmj lprj`nlr tlc gì`nebjctj.
Je alrmncjrh
Pjiñc je fnðehih `jeuelr Fru`j Enpthc1 «@rjjbhs quj mnrninbhs cujstrls vnmls
`hc cujstrhs mjsjhs y lspnrl`nhcjs, pjrh el cjurh`njc`nl rjvjel uc dj`dh
shrprjcmjctj1 cujstrl bjctj `hcs`njctj `rjltnvl sheh mnrnij cujstrls vnmls jc
uc : %. Je >: % mje tnjbph, cujstrl vnml js `hctrhelml phr els `rjjc`nls y
dìfnths quj jstìc prhirlblmhs jc cujstrl bjctj suf`hcs`njctj».
Js mj`nr quj, lucquj tjcilbhs el sjcsl`nðc mj quj `hctrhelbhs cujstrls
vnmls, jstl `lpl`nmlm sheh h`upl uc : % mj thml cujstrl l`tnvnmlm `jrjfrle.
_ujmjs nblinclr el bjctj `hcs`njctj `hbh uc alrmncjrh quj pelctl sjbneels
jc su alrmâc1 el bjctj suf`hcs`njctj. Els sjbneels quj snjbfrl shc ehs
pjcslbnjcths, els plelfrls quj jbntnbhs, ehs dìfnths, els jbh`nhcjs y els
`rjjc`nls. ]hmh jsth quj pelctl jc je suf`hcs`njctj eh `hsj`dlbhs `hbh
rjsuetlmh jc cujstrh `ujrph y jc cujstrl vnml, pujs shc el plctleel jc el quj
sj prhyj`tlc cujstrls `rjjc`nls.
BJC]J @HCP@NJC]J

@LVL@]JVÂP]N@LP GZC@NHCJP

• Js hfajtnvl • Jejinr 
• Js rl`nhcle • Vlzhclr 
• Ch pujmj tjcjr bìs mj uc pjcslbnjcth l el • _jcslr (jc uc <? %, je >? % mj ehs pjcslbnjcths rjstlctj
rjstlctjss shc
vjz nc`hcs`njctjs)
• Lspnrlr y mjsjlr 
• @rjlr 
• Mlr ðrmjcjs
• Mngjrjc`nlr el prhpnl nmjctnmlm grjctj l el nmjctnmlm mj ehs mjbìs

Je alrmâc
@hbh su chbfrj lpuctl, jc je suf`hcs`njctj els `hsls su`jmjc phr mjflah
(«suf») mj el `hcs`njc`nl. Vjprjsjctl je >: % mj el l`tnvnmlm `jrjfrle y js
mhcmj rjsnmj cujstrl phtjc`nl bjctle.
Js uc irlc alrmâc rjpejth mj sjbneels (h prhirlbls suf`hcs`njctjs) quj
 `hctnjcjc thml el ncghrbl`nðc mj eh quj jxpjrnbjctlbhs, dlstl je bìs

bâcnbh mjtleej. _elctlbhs sjbneels `hcstlctjbjctj, qujrlbhs h ch, els 6=

dhrls mje mâl1 thmhs ehs pjcslbnjcths, tjhrâls, `rjjc`nls, hpncnhcjs y su`jshs
mj el vnml sj lebl`jclc jc el bjctj suf`hcs`njctj.
Phc prhirlbls quj sj jaj`utlc jc el bjctj suf`hcs`njctj jc pnehth
luthbìtn`h, mj blcjrl «sj`rjtl» h jc sjiucmh pelch. ^ l prnhrn ch ehs
phmjbhs `hctrhelr. Je suf`hcs`njctj ch mjpjcmj mj eh quj qujrlbhs, js
cjutrh, ch gnetrl cn `ujstnhcl sn leih js fujch h bleh. Je gnetrlmh ej `hrrjsphcmj
le alrmncjrh.
BJC]J PZF@HCP@NJC]J
@LVL@]JVÂP]N@LP GZC@NHCJP
• Js sufajtnvl • Pjctnr 
• ]rlflal bu`dh bìs rìpnmh quj el bjctj `hcs`njctj (leiuchs psn`ðehihs
psn`ðehihs lgnrblc • Nblinclr 
quj je suf`hcs`njctj js `lplz mj `lptlr uchs 6 fneehcjs mj fnts mj ncghrbl`nðc • Lprjcmjr 
phr sjiucmh) • _jcslr 
• _ujmj tjcjr vlrnhs pjcslbnjcths l el vjz • Bjbhrnl y `lpl`nmlm mj
`hc`jctrl`nðc
• Dl`jr quj cujstrh `hbphrtlbnjcth
sjl `hdjrjctj `hc el ncghrbl`nðc

quj tnjcj
El blyhrâl mj jsls sjbneels shc pelctlmls murlctj ehs snjtj prnbjrhs lühs mj
vnml. Dlstl jsl jmlm, îrlbhs `hbh vnmjh`ìblrls `hc pltls quj eh irlflflc
lfsheutlbjctj thmh, phrquj el bjctj `hcs`njctj, quj tnjcj el `lpl`nmlm
`râtn`l plrl mns`jrcnr sn el ncghrbl`nðc quj rj`nfnbhs js `njrtl plrl chshtrhs h
ch, lñc ch jstlfl mjslrrheelml. Zcl vjz mjalml ltrìs el cnüjz, plrtj mj jsls
snbnjctjs lebl`jclmls jc je suf`hcs`njctj mnrnijc je >: % mj cujstrl vnml
lmuetl.
Dlstl ldhrl tj dj prhpujsth uc lrsjcle mj prì`tn`ls hrnjctlmls l rj`hch`jr 
ehs bjcslajs quj tj jcvâl tu bjctj y l jctrjclr tu plrtj `hcs`njctj phrquj
trlcsghrblr tu `hcs`njc`nl js el `elvj plrl supjrlr el lenbjctl`nðc
nc`hcs`njctj.
_hrquj, plrlPnncmlilr
ehirls jc
mns`npenclrel,
el plrtj bìspujmjc h`urrnr bnelirhs.
nc`hcs`njctj mj cujstrl bjctj y phmjr 
`lbfnlr ehs prhirlbls quj chs `hctlbnclc, jc prnbjr euilr mjfjbhs thblr 
`hcs`njc`nl mj `uìejs shc jshs prhirlbls, tlrjl quj ej `hrrjsphcmj le
alrmncjrh. _lrl quj el pujml eejvlr l `lfh, cj`jsntl quj sjlbhs hfsjrvlmhrjs,
quj jstjbhs `jctrlmhs, `hcs`njctjs mj chshtrhs bnsbhs y mj eh quj chs
rhmjl.
¸\uî prhirlbls cjiltnvhs rjsnmjc jc je suf`hcs`njctj quj chs pujmjc
enbntlr el jxnstjc`nl8
• Cujstrhs bnjmhs bìs prhgucmhs
• ]hmh lqujeeh quj rjprnbnbhs
• Jxpjrnjc`nls trlubìtn`ls
 • Nbpueshs y tjcmjc`nls quj ch `hctrhelbhs

• Mjsjhs quj ch chs pjrbntnbhs rj`hch`jr l cnvje `hcs`njctj

Phc `hbh je phevh mj mjflah mj el leghbfrl1 slfjs quj jstì ldâ js`hcmnmh,
lucquj ch eh qunjrls vjr. ^ phr bu`dh quj mjbhs el jspleml l jshs
`hctjcnmhs cjiltnvhs, sniujc pjrblcj`njcmh ldâ y cj`jsntlc sjr mnijrnmhs. Mj
eh `hctrlrnh,
jajbpeh, sj blcngjstlrìc
`hbnjcmh mj ghrbl mnsguc`nhcle jc cujstrl vnml, `hbh phr 
`hbpuesnvlbjctj.

Jsths prhirlbls sj jaj`utlc jc el bjctj suf`hcs`njctj jc sjiucmh pelch. Js

mj`nr quj ch flstl `hc quj jctrjcjbhs el `hcs`njc`nl, lmqunrlbhs cujvhs
dìfnths, dlilbhs h mjajbhs mj dl`jr. ]hmh jsth shc `hcmu`tls, el puctl mje
n`jfjri. ^ `hbh tj `hbjctlfl lctjs, els `hcmu`tls shc jgj`ths mj `lusls
ncvnsnfejs, phr eh quj el slcl`nðc thtle mj `ulequnjr dìfnth `hbpuesnvh
rjqunjrj mj uc trlflah `hc els gujrzls `hcs`njctjs y suf`hcs`njctjs, l plrtjs
niulejs. Pn chs enbntìrlbhs l trlflalr sheh els `hcmu`tls, jstlrâlbhs dl`njcmh
uc «fyplss jbh`nhcle», uc ltlah quj ch jenbnclrâl els `lusls sufyl`jctjs mje
blejstlr. ^ je prhfejbl l`lflrâl rjthrclcmh.

J AJV@N@NH1 ]ñ y tu flsurl bjctle

Lsâ `hbh sugrjs mjs`hbphsn`nðc `ulcmh eejcls tu jstðblih mj `hbnml

flsurl, `ulcmh tu bjctj suf`hcs`njctj jstì `heblml mj `lrjc`nls, bnjmhs,
mjgj`ths, grustrl`nhcjs, ncsjiurnmlmjs, `hbpejahs y trlubls, tlbfnîc plmj`js
putrjgl``nðc bjctle y jbh`nhcle. ^ lucquj ch tj eh plrjz`l, jstl jxpjej uc
tugh mjslirlmlfej.
@hc jstj jajr`n`nh mj js`u`dl l`tnvl, ncspnrlmh jc uch quj dn`j jc je `ursh
shfrj jcjlirlbl Jc`lctlmh mj `hch`jrbj, mj Fhral Wnelsj`l, tj ncvnth l quj
hegltjjs tu nctjrnhr y quj nmjctngnqujs y vjrflen`js (jc vhz letl h phr js`rnth) tu
flsurl bjctle1 lqujeeh mj eh quj tj snjctjs lvjrihczlmh, quj `hcsnmjrls quj
ch jstì fnjc sjctnr h pjcslr, jbh`nhcjs y mjgj`ths quj ch tj pjrbntjs
jxprjslr h quj nctjctls js`hcmjr. _jrh quj jstìc ldâ.

Je hfajtnvh js quj `hbprjcmls quî mn`j tu flsurl bjctle shfrj tn y quî

 ncghrbl`nðc tj lphrtl l`jr`l mj eh quj cj`jsntls lprjcmjr. Pn qunjrjs slclr tu
rjel`nðc `hctnih bnsbh dls mj sjr dhcjsth y mj`nrtj el vjrmlm. Jc `ulcth

pjr`nfls tu djmhr nctjrnhr, ncdìeleh, ncspnrl prhgucmlbjctj y rjtjceh uchs

sjiucmhs. Eujih, jspârleh ejctlbjctj.
Jc el wjf jc`hctrlrìs jstj jajr`n`nh jc vâmjh, jc je quj tj dlrî els prjiuctls
quj tj jxphcih l `hctncul`nðc. Pn eh prjgnjrjs, pujmjs pjmnrej l ucl pjrshcl
jc qunjc `hcgâjs y `hc qunjc tj snjctls sjiurh, quj tj els dlil. Pheh tnjcj quj
js`u`dlrtj, cn hpnclr cn rjsphcmjr.
¸@uìe js tu flsurl bjctle8
¸Mðcmj y `hc qunîc lplrj`j tu flsurl8
¸@ðbh tj enbntl y quî tj dl`j sjctnr8
¸_hr quî `rjjs quj lplrj`j8
¸_lrl quî tj snrvj tu flsurl8
¸\uî pnjcsls dl`jr `hc jeel8
¸\unîc sjrâls snc tu flsurl8
L `hctncul`nðc tj bujstrh els rjspujstls quj js`rnfâ jc su bhbjcth, plrl
neustrlrtj bjahr jc quî `hcsnstj jstl prì`tn`l.
¸@uìe js tu flsurl bjctle8
Pnjcth jcvnmnl mj els buajrjs quj `hcsnmjrh bjahrjs quj yh, bìs iulpls,
quj dlc ghrblmh uc dhilr `hc su plrjal j dnahs. \uj tnjcjc uc `ujrph bjahr 
quj je bâh h quj shc bìs jxnthsls prhgjsnhclebjctj.
¸Mðcmj y `hc qunîc lplrj`j tu flsurl8
_hr jajbpeh, bnjctrls jsthy thblcmh leih `hc bns lbnihs y lplrj`j ucl mj
jstls pjrshcls quj yh `hcsnmjrh supjrnhrjs l bâ. Bn jxprjsnðc `lbfnl, ch bj
snjcth `ðbhml cn l`tñh `hc clturlenmlm. Bj dlih pjqujül lctj su prjsjc`nl
lucquj eh nctjcth mnsnbuelr.
¸@ðbh tj enbntl y quî tj dl`j sjctnr8
Plfhtjl eh bjahr mj bâ. Els vh`js glbnenlrjs mj «Cuc`l `hcsjiunrìs `hcstrunr 
clml», «Ch vlejs» y «Pnjbprj tj qujmlrìs shel» lplilc bn euz, quj plsl l uc
sjiucmh pelch. Bj snjcth lcsnhsl y trnstj.
¸_hr quî `rjjs quj lplrj`j8
_hrquj snjbprj dj tjcnmh quj enmnlr `hc bn flal luthjstnbl. _hrquj jc bn
glbnenl djbhs tjcnmh tjcmjc`nl l jcaun`nlr y lñc qujmlc rjsnmuhs mj jstj
dìfnth jc bn bjctj.
¸_lrl quî tj snrvj tu flsurl8
Pjctnrbj `hbh ucl phfrj `dn`l quj dl`j eh quj pujmj, pjrh quj ch ejvlctl
`lfjzl, bj pjrbntj blctjcjrbj jc bn zhcl mj vn`tnbnsbh, snc ltrjvjrbj l

plslr l el l``nðc, snc rjsphcslfnenzlrbj mj bn vnml. L el jspjrl mj quj leiunjc

 bjahr quj yh thbj els rnjcmls mj bn vnml.
@rjh quj el ncghrbl`nðc quj bj lphrtl el jcvnmnl js je tnph mj vnml bj

iustlrâl vnvnr pjrh quj lñc ch dj ehirlmh phrquj ch bj dj ltrjvnmh l

mjspejilr bn phtjc`nle. _hr jeeh jcvnmnh l qunjcjs ”lplrjctjbjctj” sâ eh
jstìc dl`njcmh.
¸\uî pnjcsls dl`jr `hc jeel8
Lprjcmjr
bn y `hcvjrtnr
luthjstnbl, `hbh jstj mjgj`th
eh eejvh jc uc mjsmj
dl`njcmh rj`hrmlthrnh mj sjiunr
dl`j bu`dh ghrtlej`njcmh
tnjbph. Pnjcmh
`hcs`njctj mj quj jshs lspj`ths quj tlcth jcvnmnh jstìc jc bâ, jspjrlcmh l
sjr enfjrlmhs.
¸\unîc sjrâls snc tu flsurl8
Pjrâl ucl pjrshcl enfrj.
_lrl trljr l el supjrgn`nj mj el `hcs`njc`nl el flsurl bjctle mj tu bjctj suf`hcs`njctj,
mlej le pely le vâmjh quj jc`hctrlrìs jc www.dlbfrjmjlbhr.`hb
jc www.dlbfrjmjlbhr.`hb h  h pâmjej l leiunjc
quj tj dlil els prjiuctls. ¡Ldhrl tj th`l l tn!

¸\uî lenbjctl l tu dìfnth8 (fjcjgn`nhs prnblrnhs)

@hbh tj `hbjctlfl lctjs, `ulcmh lflcmhcî je tlfl`h, sustntuâ jsl sustlc`nl
phr htrl (lenbjcths buy `leðrn`hs) phrquj ch jrl `hcs`njctj mj quj jsj dìfnth
jstlfl sustjctlmh phr ucl rj`hbpjcsl (`rjâl jrrðcjlbjctj quj gublr bj
sjrvâl plrl `leblr bn lcsnjmlm j nctjctlr tlplr bn jtjrcl sjcsl`nðc mj vl`âh).
_hr jeeh, trls mjalreh, nc`hcs`njctjbjctj lmhptî htrh dìfnth quj bj lphrtlrl
je bnsbh fjcjgn`nh1 el `hbnml flsurl.
_jrh `hbh ch bj sjctâl fnjc `hbnjcmh mj jsl ghrbl, mj`nmâ dl`jr uc jstrn`th
pelc mj jctrjclbnjcth gâsn`h y lenbjctlrbj buy sleumlfejbjctj. Lucquj
lplrjctjbjctj plrj`njrl uc sustntuth bu`dh bjahr, mj cujvh jstlfl `lyjcmh
jc htrh pltrðc lmn`tnvh1 bj hfsjsnhcî `hc je mjphrtj y el lenbjctl`nðc djletdy.
Mlmh quj jstj sustntuth ch tjrbnclfl mj clr`htnzlr bn lcsnjmlm, prhcth bj
shrprjcmâ fjfnjcmh le`hdhe. Bj phmâl fjfjr ucl fhtjeel mj vnch jctjrl yh
shel, snc mjspjnclrbj. Leiucls blülcls bj mjs`ufrâl thblcmh ucl `jrvjzl
jc el tjrrlzl mj uc flr (`hstubfrj quj cuc`l dlfâl tjcnmh lctjs). Mj cujvh,
jstlfl `lyjcmh jc `hbphrtlbnjcths sustntutnvhs, niulebjctj prhfejbìtn`hs y
luthpucntnvhs.
¸_hr quî bj jc`hctrî `hc tlctls mngn`uetlmjs8
_hrquj `ulcmh lflcmhcî bn lmn``nðc le tlfl`h, ch jrl `hcs`njctj mje «plrl
quî», mj el gnclenmlm mj jsj dìfnth, mj els ilclc`nls quj mj ucl blcjrl u htrl
hftjcâl `hc je tlfl`h.
 

L plrtnr mj jcthc`js ncn`nî bn lcmlmurl jc je bucmh mje mjslrrheeh pjrshcle

prhflcmh thmh tnph mj tjrlpnls y ghrbl`nhcjs, pjrh ch l`lflfl mj slenr mj
jsj jstlmh mj ncgjen`nmlm y mj dlbfrj ncsl`nlfej. Dlstl quj uc fujc mâl bn
psn`ðehil bj pjiuctð1 ¸\uî fjcjgn`nh sl`ls mj sjr ncgjenz8 Jsl prjiuctl bj
bhejstð. ¸@ðbh bj nfl l fjcjgn`nlr sjr ncgjenz8 ¡Pn yh dl`âl thmh eh phsnfej
plrl mjsdl`jrbj mj jsj elstrj!

@hc je tnjbph, `hbprjcmâ quj thml l``nðc quj rjlenzlbhs, `hcs`njctj h

nc`hcs`njctjbjctj, el eejvlbhs l `lfh phrquj `rjjbhs quj chs fjcjgn`nl,
quj chs lphrtl leih quj `hcsnmjrlbhs phsntnvh. \uj mjtrìs mj `ulequnjr 
l``nðc snjbprj dly ucl nctjc`nðc phsntnvl. ^ quj, sn blctjcjbhs uc dìfnth, js
phrquj cujstrh `ujrph jctnjcmj quj js phsntnvh h fjcjgn`nhsh plrl îe
(lucquj chs dlil jcihrmlr h chs `lusj prhfejbls mj sleum).
Ldhrl bj th`l l bâ prjiuctlrtj1
¸\uî tj lphrtl sjiunr `hc tus `hcmu`tls ph`h sleumlfejs y mjstru`tnvls8
¸\uî fjcjgn`nhs hftnjcjs mj jstlr ihrml h ihrmh8
Pn tj prjiuctlrl quî fjcjgn`nh pujmjs hftjcjr le thblrtj ucls `jrvjzls y
ucls frlvls `hc tus lbnihs jc uc flr, phmrâls pjcslr jc ncgncnmlm mj bhtnvhs1
• Lejirâl • Irltngn`lr  • Plenr mj el rutncl
• Lbhr  • Mnvjrsnðc • Pltnsgl``nðc
• Lphyh • Jstlfnenmlm • Pjiurnmlm
• @jejfrl`nðc • Dlfelr `hc ijctj mnstnctl • Pjctnr `hbplüâl
• @hbpjcslr  • _jrtjcj`jr l uc iruph • Pjctnr lgj`th
• Mjs`hcj`tlr mje trlflah • _el`jr  • Ph`nlenzlr 
• Mnstrl``nðc • _rjbnlr  • ]rlcqunenmlm
 • Gjen`nmlm • Vj`ujrmhs mje plslmh •…
Jsths jstlmhs phsntnvhs quj jxpjrnbjctls ncbjmnltlbjctj `hc jsj

jc`ujctrh, sj mjchbnclc fjcjgn`nhs prnblrnhs. Je fjcjgn`nh prnblrnh js je

pel`jr mnrj`th quj tj prhphr`nhcl `njrth dìfnth. L jstls leturls yl slfjs quj
jstj ih`j js uc plr`dj quj tj lcjstjsnl tjbphrlebjctj.
¸Vj`ujrmls je jajr`n`nh mj «_lrl bâ el `hbnml js…»8 Vj`upîrleh y rjejj je
enstlmh mj <? `hsls quj el `hbnml rjprjsjctl plrl tn. Ehs jejbjcths mj tu enstl
shc ehs fjcjgn`nhs prnblrnhs quj tj lphrtl el `hbnml, lsh`nl`nhcjs quj tnjcjs
jctrj el `hbnml y mjtjrbnclmhs jstlmhs jbh`nhclejs (yl sjlc lirlmlfejs h
mjslirlmlfejs). Mjspuîs mj ejjr tu enstlmh mj «plrl bâ el `hbnml js», mjtjctj
y dlztj els sniunjctjs prjiuctls1

¸_lrl quî `hbh `ulcmh ch tjcih dlbfrj gâsn`l8 ¸\uî bj eejvl l `hbjr8
¸\uî fus`h `hc jsj ltrl`ðc8 ¸\uî `hcsnih `hc îe8 ¸@uìe js su gnclenmlm8
¸\uî cj`jsnth mj vjrmlm8
Jstls prjiuctls shc plrj`nmls l el quj tj prhpusj jc je dìfnth mj
lenbjctl`nðc `hcs`njctj cñbjrh < (`ulcmh tjcils dlbfrj gâsn`l, `hbj), plrl
lyumlrtj l lvjrniulr sn tnjcjs dlbfrj rjle h jbh`nhcle.
Els rjspujstls l jstls `ujstnhcjs shc ehs fjcjgn`nhs prnblrnhs quj tj lphrtl
tu ghrbl mj `hbjr. Jc euilr mj rj`rnbnclrtj ¸phr quî eh dlih8 tj prjiuctls
phr `uìe js el gnclenmlm. Jc vjz mj `ueplrtj, plrls y rjvnsls quî tj jbpual l
`hbjr, plrl sustntunr jshs fjcjgn`nhshs quj tj mlc tus dìfnths pjraumn`nlejs
phr htrls rutncls quj tj lphrtjc eh bnsbh. _ujmjs j`dlr blch mje jajr`n`nh mj
«]u iehtðc nctjrnhr» plrl jejinr dìfnths bìs `hcstru`tnvhs quj tj lyumjc l
`unmlrtj bjahr.

Je prhfejbl `hc els mjpjcmjc`nls ch sj sheu`nhcl rjjbpelzìcmhels phr 

htrls. El sheu`nðc ch jstì jc jenbnclr el lmn``nðc, pujs jstl js je eìtnih `hc je
quj chs `lstnilbhs. El rjspujstl plsl phr thblr `hcs`njc`nl mj ehs fjcjgn`nhs
quj tj lphrtl jsj pltrðc y phr mnshevjr els `rjjc`nls quj hrnjctlc tus
`hcmu`tls (eh vjrjbhs jc el sj``nðc shfrj «Ehs prhirlbls cjiltnvhs
fìsn`hs»).
 Buy l bjcumh,
prhfejbls, je je
rjmu`nr fjcjgn`nh
jstrîs y quj chs lphrtl
ch pjcslr uc sntul`nhcjs,
jc jsls lcthah js mjs`hcj`tlr mj ehs
`hsls h pjrshcls
quj vlc `hcsubnjcmh cujstrl jcjriâl mâl l mâl, mj ghrbl `lsn nbpjr`jptnfej.

Mj el bnsbl ghrbl quj els pjrshcls quj vnvjc le elmh mj el vâl mje trjc, jstìc
tlc l`hstubfrlmls le runmh quj mjalc mj hâreh, chshtrhs l`lflbhs
l`hstubfrìcmhchs l jsls pjqujüls bhejstnls lplrjctjbjctj nchgjcsnvls. Ch
bltlc, pjrh sj `hcvnjrtjc jc pjcslbnjcths rj`urrjctjs quj nctjrgnjrjc jc
cujstrl `lpl`nmlm mj vnvnr jc je prjsjctj. ]jcmjbhs l phstjrilr je
sheu`nhclrehs phr pjrjzl, mjalmjz, phr `rjjr quj ch tnjcjc nbphrtlc`nl h, phr 
je `hctrlrnh, phr pjcslr quj shc buy mngâ`nejs mj jenbnclr mj cujstrl vnml.
_jrh `ulcth bìs tnjbph ehs jvntlbhs, bìs `rj`jc y blyhr js el `lril
jbh`nhcle quj shphrtlbhs.
Je sniunjctj jajr`n`nh tj pjrbntnrì enfjrlrtj mj jshs elmrhcjs quj tj rhflc
prjsjc`nl y vntlenmlm, tlcth gâsn`l `hbh bjctle, y mnsphcmrìs mj ucl cujvl
jcjriâl rjchvlml. ]lbfnîc lubjctlrìs tu `lpl`nmlm mj lgrhctlr els
sntul`nhcjs nc`ðbhmls, mjalcmh ltrìs je dìfnth mj `hbjr lctj jeels.
J AJV@N@NH1 Elmrhcjs mj prjsjctj

¸Dly tjbls pjcmnjctjs, pjrshcls h prhfejbls quj dls lplr`lmh `hc el

jspjrlczl mj quj phr sâ shehs mjslplrj`jrìc8 Mjtjctj uchs bncuths l pjcslr 
jc quî jejbjcths tj lejalc mje prjsjctj, jc thmh eh quj shphrtls jc tu vnml,
thmh lqujeeh quj liulctls phr hfenil`nðc h cj`jsnmlm. Js`rnfj ucl enstl `hc
:? jejbjcths quj bncjc tu jcjriâl, quj tj bhejstjc, quj tj nrrntjc.
<. 67.
6. 69.

0. 64.
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7. 0<.
9. 06.
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<?. 0:.
<<. 07.
<6. 09.

<0. 04.
 <=. 0>.
<:. =?.

<7. =<.
<9. =6.
<4. =0.
<>. ==.

6?. =:.
6<. =7.
66. =9.
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6=. =>.
6:. :?.

¸]njcjs `le`jtncjs8 ¸@lcslml mj jsl `dlqujtl fjnij quj tlc ph`h tj

glvhrj`j8 ¸]u `he`dðc js nc`ðbhmh8 ¸^ quî bj mn`js mj `lml vjz quj vjs jsl
blc`dl jc el plrjm mje plsneeh8
Je lrblrnh quj tnjcjs quj hrmjclr, els eelblmls mj tu djrblcl quj ch dl`j
bìs
buy quj `rntn`lr, jequj
ncsnicngn`lctj lpjih quj tnjcjs
tj plrjz`l, l ucl`ulequnjr
lpuctl lctniul rjel`nðc
js`lpj sjctnbjctle… _hr 
mj jcjriâl. Clml
js ph`h nbphrtlctj. Js cj`jslrnh quj dlils jstl enstl phr js`rnth. Mj bhbjcth
ch pnjcsjs jc sn jsj jejbjcth jstì gujrl mj tu `hctrhe, cn jc `ðbh phmrâls
enfjrlrtj mj îe. Pn tj dl vjcnmh l el bjctj, lpñctleh, ¡suîetleh!
Zcl vjz tjcils ehs :? jejbjcths, `hbprhbîtjtj l jenbnclr 6 mj jeehs `lml
sjblcl l eh elrih mj jstj prhirlbl. Le ncn`nh, jenij lqujeels `hsls quj jstîc
jc tu ìrjl mj ncgeujc`nl, shfrj els quj pujmls dl`jr leih plrl `lbfnlrels.
_njcsl jc quî l``nhcjs phmrâls eejvlr l `lfh plrl enfjrlrtj mj `lml elmrðc mj
prjsjctj y `ulcmh eh dlyls dj`dh, lpuctl el gj`dl jc quj eh dls dj`dh jc el
`lsneel mj «`hcsjiunmh».
Elmrhcjs mj _rjsjctj L``nhcjs quj vhy l rjlenzlr plrl jenbnclrehs ¡@hcsjiunmh! (gj`dl)

<. <.

6.

0.

6. <.

6.

0.

_lrl enfjrlrtj mje `hbjr nc`hcs`njctj y mje shfrjpjsh, js cj`jslrnh quj

rjmuz`ls le bìxnbh thmh eh quj `hcsubj el jcjriâl jc tu vnml. El rjlenmlm js
 quj phmjbhs `lbfnlr el blyhrâl mj sntul`nhcjs mj ghrbl gì`ne, pjrh ch eh
dl`jbhs phrquj prnhrnzlbhs htrls `hsls.

¸Pus vnmls `uìcth pjslc8 Nblincjc phr uc sjiucmh quj eejvlc ucl
bh`dnel. \unjrh quj chtjc els `hrrjls shfrj ehs dhbfrhs, ¸els chtlc8
Ldhrl qunjrh quj el eejcjc `hc thmls els `hsls quj tnjcjc jc sus vnmls.
Jbpnj`jc phr els quj dly jc ehs jstlctjs y ehs `lahcjs, els thctjrâls quj
`hej``nhclc. Chtjc `ðbh sj l`ubuel je pjsh.
Ldhrl `hsls bìs irlcmjs1 rhpl, pjqujühs jej`trhmhbîstn`hs, eìbplrls,
thleels, el tjej. El bh`dnel yl pjsl. Ldhrl, `hsls bìs irlcmjs1 je shgì, el
`lbl, leiucl bjsl…
Bîtlceh thmh mjctrh1 je `h`dj, el `lsl, uc jstumnh h uc lplrtlbjcth mj
mhs mhrbnthrnhs. \unjrh quj nctrhmuz`lc thmh jsh mjctrh mj el bh`dnel.
Nctjctjc `lbnclr. Js mngâ`ne, ¸ch8
_ujs jsth js eh quj dl`jbhs `hc cujstrl vnml l mnlrnh. Chs vlbhs
shfrj`lrilcmh dlstl quj ch phmjbhs cn bhvjrchs. ^ ch sj jqunvhqujc,
bhvjrsj js vnvnr.
Ldhrl vhy l prjcmjrej l jsl bh`dnel gujih ¸\uî qunjrjc sl`lr8 ¸Els

ghths8 Els ghths shc

y quîbjcels. Js plrl
bìs, elmjajc
ijctj quj ch
sjpujmj rj`hrmlr,
qujbj thmh thbjc ilshencl
j nbliâcjcsj
mjspjrtlcmh blülcl snc clml. Vjsuetl jstnbuelctj, ¸ch js lsâ8
Mj el pjeâ`uel Zp nc tdj Lnr.

Ch dl`j gletl quj eh tnrjs lfsheutlbjctj thmh pjrh tlbph`h quj eh iulrmjs
thmh. ¡Ltrîvjtj l mjsdl`jrtj mj lqujeeh quj yl ch cj`jsntls bìs y lenijrl tu
bh`dnel jbh`nhcle!
Dlstl ldhrl djbhs vnsth quj `hbjbhs nc`hcs`njctjbjctj phr mhs tnphs mj
rlzhcjs1
 _hr dìfnths zhbfns
 _hr fjcjgn`nhs prnblrnhs
Pn eu`dls `hc je dlbfrj jbh`nhcle h `hc pjrmjr ehs knehs quj tj shfrlc,
pujmj quj jxnstl uc tjr`jr bhtnvh phr je quj ch eh jstìs `hcsniunjcmh1 ehs
fjcjgn`nhs sj`ucmlrnhs.

Phfrjpjsh jbh`nhcle (fjcjgn`nhs sj`ucmlrnhs)

«El ihrmurl js `rjlr uc fuckjr lerjmjmhr mj uc lebl
 quj tjbj quj ej mjc jc el djrnml quj yl tnjcj».
Lejalcmrh Ahmhrhwsky

✐  Jc jstj lplrtlmh thblrìs `hcs`njc`nl mj quj sn `lrils `hc uc pjsh

jx`jsnvh, js phrquj tu suf`hcs`njctj ”quj eu`dl phr tu supjrvnvjc`nl”
`rjj quj jstlr mjeilmh js pjenirhsh.
✐  L plrtnr mj ldhrl vlbhs l `jctrlrchs jc `hcvjc`jr l tu bjctj
suf`hcs`njctj y l tu `ujrph mj quj ch cj`jsntls prhtjijrtj l trlvîs mj el
irlsl.
@hbh l`lflbhs mj vjr, bu`dls pjrshcls `hbjc jbh`nhclebjctj plrl
hftjcjr mjtjrbnclmhs fjcjgn`nhs prnblrnhs, phrquj dlc lsh`nlmh el `hbnml l
uc jstlmh jbh`nhcle phsntnvh. _jrh ch thmls els pjrshcls quj `hbjc mj ghrbl
jbh`nhcle h `hbpuesnvl tnjcjc shfrjpjsh1 `hchz`h l bu`dhs `hbjmhrjs
jbh`nhclejs quj jstìc ihrmhs y htrhs bu`dhs quj jstìc mjeilmhs. El
mngjrjc`nl rlmn`l jc quj ehs prnbjrhs, lmjbìs mj els ilclc`nls prnblrnls quj
shc bìs hfvnls, rj`nfjc tlbfnîc eh quj el `hrrnjctj mje psn`hlcìensns mj Grjum
mjchbncl «fjcjgn`nhs sj`ucmlrnhs».
Phc rlzhcjs lgnc`lmls jc tu suf`hcs`njctj phr els quj tu `ujrph qunjrj quj
jstîs ihrml h ihrmh.
suf`hcs`njctj Ch nbphrtl
sj nbphcmrì eh qujquj
(rj`ujrml eejiujs l dl`jr je
rjprjsjctl plrl
>: pjrmjr
% mj tupjsh, tu
phmjr 
bjctle) y snjbprj ilclrì. Bnjctrls tu `ujrph qunjrl jstlr ihrmh, dly ph`l
`hsl quj dl`jr.
¸@hch`js l leiunjc quj sj phcj jcgjrbh buy l bjcumh8 _ujmj sjr quj `hc
jsl `hcmu`tl, phr supujsth nc`hcs`njctj, el pjrshcl `hcsnil hftjcjr bìs
ltjc`nðc mj sus sjrjs qujrnmhs. Jstj sjrâl je fjcjgn`nh sj`ucmlrnh. Jc je `lsh
mj el jstrltjinl jbh`nhcle mj supjrvnvjc`nl mj el ihrmurl, sj rjel`nhcl `hc el
cj`jsnmlm mj prhtj``nðc1 prhtj``nðc mj sjr djrnmh, mj sjr `rntn`lmh, mj ehs
lfushs, mje sjxh, mj ehs mjsprj`nhs…

Je shfrjpjsh tj blctnjcj l slevh mj els tjcsnhcjs jbh`nhclejs mj el vnml jc

ijcjrle. ]u `ujrph tnjcj el cj`jsnmlm mj jstlr ihrmh phrquj tnjcjs bnjmh mj
leih. @ulcmh tu ihrmurl tj prhphr`nhcl jsj fjcjgn`nh sj`ucmlrnh mj
prhtj``nðc, jstìs plmj`njcmh eh quj Ahc Ilfrnje, luthr mje enfrh Je bîthmh
Ilfrnje , mjchbncl «hfjsnmlm jbh`nhcle».
 ¸Jc quî `rjjs quj tj glvhrj`j jstlr ihrmh8 ¸\uî fjcjgn`nh tj pujmj lphrtlr 

je jx`jsh mj irlsl8 ¸]j sjctnrâls l slevh snjcmh ucl pjrshcl mjeilml8 @ulcmh
leiunjc tj mn`j quj tj dls lmjeilzlmh y quj tj vj ijcnle, ¸snjctjs
nc`hbhmnmlm, lbjclzl h `hc bnjmh8
El irlsl js gâsn`lbjctj ucl flrrjrl. L cnvje gnsnheðin`h tnjcj el bnsnðc mj
prhtjijr cujstrhs
jbh`nhcle, ðrilchs
tlbfnîc vntlejs
`ubpej el mj ihepjs,
bnsbl mj ltlqujs,
guc`nðc1 `rjl mj `lâmls… dl`j
mnstlc`nl, ^ l cnvje
mj
`lplrlzðc plrl prhtjijrchs mj els lbjclzls h nctrusnhcjs quj dly jc cujstrl
vnml.
Pn snjctjs quj leiunjc, leih h ucl sntul`nðc jstì ncvlmnjcmh tus eâbntjs, el
irlsl `rjl ucl mnstlc`nl jctrj tñ y eh quj pjr`nfjs quj jstì vnhelcmh tu
jspl`nh. ]uvj ucl rjel`nðc `hc ucl pjrshcl mj `lrì`tjr mhbnclctj y flstlctj
`hctrhelmhr (y yh, `hbh fujcl vâ`tnbl quj jrl, bj shbjtâl l îe). Bj sjctâl
ncvlmnml phr el rjel`nðc, tlcth jc je jspl`nh gâsn`h `hbh jc je lspj`th bjctle y
jbh`nhcle. Lcdjelfl tjcjr bn sntnh, pjrh bj sjctâl jc`lr`jelml, snc cnciñc
euilr mhcmj js`lplr. Lbfhs mjslrrheelbhs ucl rjel`nðc flslml jc el
mjpjcmjc`nl
pjrspj`tnvl mjejbh`nhcle.
tnjbph vjhChs
qujcj`jsntìflbhs mjsjspjrlmlbjctj.
yh shentl `hcstruâ el aluel mj hrh jc @hc el
el quj
vnvâl. _jrh jc jsj bhbjcth ch eh pjr`nfâl mj jstl ghrbl. _jr`nfâl quj bns
eâbntjs jrlc vnhejctlmhs, phr eh quj bn `ujrph `rjð ucl prhtj``nðc l trlvîs mj
el irlsl, quj bj dl`âl sjctnr l slevh. El irlsl jrl el jxprjsnðc gâsn`l mj bn
cj`jsnmlm mj phcjr mnstlc`nl `hc bn plrjal y `hc el ijctj jc ijcjrle. _hrquj
jc lquje bhbjcth el ijctj bj ltjrrlfl y `hcstruâ uc burh quj bj
rjsiulrmlrl. Hfvnlbjctj jsth jrl uc bj`lcnsbh mj supjrvnvjc`nl jbh`nhcle
mje quj ch jrl `hcs`njctj.
Zc ph`h bìs lrrnfl tj dj dj`dh el prjiuctl mj ¸jc quî `rjjs quj tj glvhrj`j
je jx`jsh mj pjsh8 L `hctncul`nðc jcubjrlrî leiuchs mj ehs fjcjgn`nhs
sj`ucmlrnhs quj pujmjc jstlr blctjcnîcmhtj `hc shfrjpjsh, sjiñc Ahc
Ilfrnje1
 H`uetlrtj mje bucmh1 `rjlr ucl `hrlzl h dl`jrtj ncvnsnfej
Jc eâcjl `hc eh quj tj l`lfh mj jxpen`lr, el irlsl pujmj tjcjr el guc`nðc mj
`hrlzl quj tj prhtjij mj els lbjclzls mje bucmh. Bu`dls pjrshcls quj dlc
sugrnmh lfushs gâsn`hs h psn`heðin`hs dlc mjslrrheelmh shfrjpjsh phrquj el
irlsl lejal le lirjshr. Pn el pjrshcl quj dl rj`nfnmh lfushs eejil l jstlr eh
flstlctj ihrml, je lfuslmhr pjrmjrì je nctjrîs jc jeel.
_jrh ch js cj`jslrnh quj dlyls sugrnmh lfushs plrl quj tjcils bnjmh. Pn tu
pjr`jp`nðc sufajtnvl mje bucmh js quj js uc euilr pjenirhsh y quj tnjcjs quj
 mjgjcmjrtj,
`lsh, el ch
bnjctrls rjl``nðc mj tul `ujrph
tj snjctls slevh chsjrì el bnsbl1
phmrìs irlsl mj
mjsdl`jrtj prhtj`thrl. Pn jsquj
jsl ihrmurl tu
tj blctnjcj l slevh.

Jc je `lsh mj els pjrshcls quj sugrjc lchrjxnl, el nctjc`nðc h`uetl js dl`jrsj

ncvnsnfej, quj clmnj els vjl.
 Je pnelr mj el glbnenl
Bu`dls buajrjs tnjcjc quj `unmlr l ijctj blyhr, l sus dnahs, l sus blrnmhs…
Phc `hbh je pnelr gujrtj, irlcmj y rhfusth quj shstnjcj je cñ`ejh glbnenlr. Zcl
`heubcl js irlcmj y gujrtj y sn ch jstì shstjcnjcmh, thmh sj mjrrubfl. Mj
cujvh, js su pjr`jp`nðc y bu`dls vj`js shc jeels qunjcjs lsubjc tlctls
rjsphcslfnenmlmjs.
 Je tlblüh blcml
@ulcmh shbhs cnühs lsh`nlbhs quj ehs irlcmjs blcmlc y mj lmueths
sjiunbhs rjel`nhclcmh «irlcmj» `hc «luthrnmlm». Ghrbuelbhs jxprjsnhcjs
mje tnph1 «ucl irlc buajr», «uc pjz ihrmh», «uc irlc eâmjr», «ucl irlc
pjrshcl».
 @lstnih
@ulcmh qunjrjs blctjcjr uc `hctrhe buy râinmh phrquj ch `hcgâls jc el vnml,
`ulcmh ch tj lbls y ch snjctjs quj bjrjz`ls îxnth, rjspjth, uc `ujrph
fhcnth, cn lbhr, tj `lstnils l tn bnsbh l trlvîs mj el `hbnml y pjrblcj`njcmh
`hc shfrjpjsh.
 Vjfjemâl
Pn snjctjs el hfenil`nðc mj pjrmjr pjsh, phrquj tu plrjal, je bîmn`h h tu
glbnenl qunjrjc quj lmjeil`js, qunzìs qunjrls sjiunr jstlcmh ihrml plrl
rjlgnrblr quj tñ tnjcjs je `hctrhe mj tu vnml. Js uc l`th mj rjfjenðc quj rjzl1
¡bj dj `lcslmh mj hfjmj`jrhs y ch hs vhy l mlr je pel`jr mj vjrbj
lmjeilzlr!
 Ejletlm glbnenlr
Dly glbnenls jc quj sj `hbj mj ghrbl ph`h sleumlfej, jc irlcmjs `lctnmlmjs
y jc els quj prjmhbncl je shfrjpjsh. @ulcmh nctjctjs mjsvnlrtj mj jstl
trlmn`nðc, pujmj sjr quj ch lmjeil`js phr ejletlm l ehs tuyhs, phr ch
trln`nhclrejs snjcmh mngjrjctj l jeehs. H phr bnjmh l quj jstlr mjeilmh pujml
lplrtlrtj mj ehs tuyhs.
 

 Ijstnðc mje mhehr

Lctj sntul`nhcjs quj ch pujmjs `hctrhelr y tj `luslc nbphtjc`nl (tj dl
mjalmh el plrjal, ch pujmjs mj`nmnr jc je trlflah, sj dl bujrth uc sjr 
qujrnmh…), tnjcjs el cj`jsnmlm mj `hctrhelr leiñc lspj`th mj tu vnml,
lmhptlcmh el l`tntum mj «_ujs jsth sâ quj bj eh vhy l `hbjr, ¸qunîc bj vl l
prhdnfnr l bâ quj bj `hbl jsth8».
 Plenml mje bjr`lmh
¸@hch`js leiñc `lsh mj ucl plrjal quj mjsmj quj ncn`nð su rjel`nðc, jbpjzð
l jcihrmlr8 _ujmj sjr ucl ghrbl mj ch jstlr mnsphcnfej plrl htrhs, mjalcmh
mj sjr ltrl`tnvh plrl jvntlr phsnfejs ncgnmjenmlmjs. Je bnjbfrh mj clturlejzl
bìs ncgnje js je quj sujej jcihrmlr bìs.
 @hbh jx`usl
Le jstlr tlc pjcmnjctj mje pjsh y el `hbnml, jvntls ltjcmjr htrhs tjbls
nbphrtlctjs. ]le vjz tnjcjs je bnjmh nc`hcs`njctj mj quj, sn tjrbncls `hc ehs
knehs quj tj shfrlc, tjcils quj lgrhctlr htrls `hsls quj ch qunjrjs vjr (phr 
jajbpeh, `hcgen`ths mj rjel`nhcjs h mj trlflah). El `hbnml pujmj pjrbntnrtj ch
rjsphcslfnenzlrtj mj tu vnml, pujs js bìs gì`ne ltrnfunreh thmh l el ihrmurl quj
lgrhctlr ehs prhfejbls.
 _lrl eelblr el ltjc`nðc mj ehs mjbìs
@hbh jc je `lsh quj tj `hctî, mj quj `njrtls pjrshcls jcgjrblc buy
dlfntulebjctj plrl hftjcjr bìs ltjc`nðc mj ehs mjbìs, je tjcjr je
«prhfejbl» mj shfrjpjsh pujmj sjr tlbfnîc ucl jstrltjinl plrl rj`nfnr el
ltjc`nðc y `lrnüh quj tlcth lcdjelbhs.
 Bnjmh l el pîrmnml mj nmjctnmlm
Bu`dls pjrshcls quj tnjcjc shfrjpjsh sj nmjctngn`lc `hc îe. @hbh sn el
ihrmurl gujrl eh ñcn`h quj els mjgncj. Zcl leubcl mj bn `ursh thbð
`hcs`njc`nl mj jsth1 «]hml bn vnml dj snmh el ihrmntl snbpìtn`l j nchgjcsnvl,
 lbnil mj bns lbnihs. Pn mjah mj jstlr ihrml, ¸qunîc vhy l sjr8 ¸Pjrî ucl
lbnil lbjclzl8 ¸Pjrî ucl bìs8»

  Wnmls
Wnmls plslmls
plslmls
Je mh`thr Frnlc Yjnss, bîmn`h psnqunltrl jxpjrth jc rjirjsnhcjs l vnmls
plslmls, lgnrbl quj l vj`js el tjcmjc`nl le shfrjpjsh h l mjslrrheelr 
lmn``nhcjs, sj rjbhctl l vnmls lctjrnhrjs. @ulcmh ej prjiuctl l uc pl`njctj
hfjsh mjsmj
snjbprj». @hbh`uìcmh tnjcjeljsj
sn tuvnjrlc prhfejbl,
sjcsl`nðc el rjspujstl
mj quj sujej
su prhfejbl sjr mj
vncnjrl «Mjsmj
buy
ejahs.
Cuc`l dj dj`dh ucl rjirjsnðc, pjrh sn tj dl rjshclmh jstj h leiuch mj ehs
fjcjgn`nhs sj`ucmlrnhs jxpujsths, ch dlils el vnstl ihrml y trlfìaleh `hc uc
fujc tjrlpjutl. Mj eh `hctrlrnh, tu `ujrph sjiunrì tjcnjcmh el cj`jsnmlm
jbh`nhcle mj jstlr ihrmh, y cnciuch mj ehs dìfnths cn jstrltjinls quj djbhs
vnsth dlstl ldhrl tj guc`nhclrìc.

Pn jc tu suf`hcs`njctj jxnstjc bhtnvhs phr ehs quj tu `ujrph cj`jsntj

blctjcjr el ihrmurl, je shfrjpjsh jbh`nhcle slfhtjlrì `ulequnjr prì`tn`l mj
bncmgue jltnci y mj `lbfnh mj dìfnths.

¸\uî sjrâl eh pjhr quj phmrâl plslr sn `hbjczlrls l pjrmjr pjsh8 ]njcjs
quj lsubnr ucl dhcjstnmlm y vlejctâl frutlejs plrl mlrtj `ujctl mj sn qunjrjs
h ch jsj `lbfnh.
El thbl mj `hcs`njc`nl mj ehs bj`lcnsbhs nc`hcs`njctjs quj tj eejvlc l
jcihrmlr js je prnbjr plsh plrl enfjrlrtj mje shfrjpjsh jbh`nhcle. Leiucls
pjrshcls (jspj`nlebjctj els quj shc buy bjctlejs), `hc sheh rj`hch`jr quj
su bnjmh js el `lusl mj su shfrjpjsh, mjalc mj jcihrmlr. _jrh ch snjbprj sj
jenbncl su blel rjel`nðc `hc el `hbnml. _hrquj, `hbh yl tj `hbjctî, phcjr 
grjch l els gujrzls nc`hcs`njctjs mje dlbfrj jbh`nhcle mjsmj el rlzðc js ucl
fltleel `lsn pjrmnml. Jc `lbfnh, `ulcmh supjrjs tu shfrjpjsh jbh`nhcle, je
jx`jsh mj irlsl mjslplrj`jrì, phrquj yl ch cj`jsntlrìs el ihrmurl plrl
sjctnrtj l slevh y je `lbfnh mj dìfnths tj rjsuetlrì bu`dh bìs sjc`neeh.
J AJV@N@NH1 Mjrrnflcmh je burh
 

Wnsulenzl tu jx`jsh mj irlsl `hbh uc burh mj elmrneehs. ]u suf`hcs`njctj dl

snmh je leflüne quj eh dl `hcstrunmh plrl prhtjijrtj mj ehs mjbìs y mj el vnml.
Je `jbjcth quj dl utnenzlmh dl snmh je bnjmh. ^ ehs elmrneehs, jstìc dj`dhs mj
thmls jsls jbh`nhcjs mjslirlmlfejs quj lclenzlbhs jc je `lpâtueh shfrj ehs
mjthclctjs jbh`nhclejs mje dlbfrj. Vj`upjrl eh quj lchtlstj shfrj `lml
jbh`nðc, eîjeh mj cujvh y prjiñctltj sn leiucl mj jsls jbh`nhcjs ch
jelfhrlmls pujmj jstlr prhvh`lcmh quj tu `ujrph sj jc`ujctrj bìs `ðbhmh
snjcmh irlcmj.

Cn tu suf`hcs`njctj cn tu `ujrph shc tus jcjbnihs; sjc`neelbjctj

mjsjbpjülc su guc`nðc mj prhtjijrtj. Jc ehs pjrnhmhs mj dlbfrucl y mj grâhs
ncvnjrchs, l`tnvlflc je ijc ldhrrh y htrhs bj`lcnsbhs mj supjrvnvjc`nl plrl
quj cujstrh `ujrph jcihrmlrl l gnc mj blctjcjrchs `hc vnml jc jsls
`nr`ucstlc`nls tlc lmvjrsls.
 Ehs prhirlbls cjiltnvhs fìsn`hs
Cujstrl bjctj js `hbh uc alrmâc quj dl snmh mjs`unmlmh murlctj bu`dh

tnjbph. Jc îe pujmjc dlfjr `rj`nmh blels dnjrfls, `lml vjz bìs letls, dlstl
je pucth mj quj prì`tn`lbjctj ch chs mjalc vjr bìs leeì. Jsls blels dnjrfls
shc els `rjjc`nls enbntlctjs h prhirlbls cjiltnvhs.
@ulcmh jbpjzlstj l bjmntlr, prhflfejbjctj tj mnstj `ujctl mje plrehtjh
nc`jslctj quj dly jc tu bjctj. ^ `hc je jajr`n`nh mj «Jxpehrlcmh tu bjctj»
dls nmh thblcmh `hcs`njc`nl mj `ðbh tj dlfels l tn bnsbh. _ujmjs dlfjr 
hfsjrvlmh pjcslbnjcths quj tj lenjctlc `hbh «]hmh slemrì fnjc», «Phy
`lplz», «Eh jsthy dl`njcmh eh bjahr quj sî» y htrhs quj `rjlc ucl vnsnðc
pjqujül y enbntlml mj tn bnsbh1 «Jsth ch vl l guc`nhclr», «Jrjs uc mjslstrj»,
«Js nbphsnfej pjrmjr pjsh». Jstls ñetnbls vh`js shc jbntnmls phr El Whz y
`ulcmh els js`u`dlbhs bu`dls vj`js, l`lflbhs `rjyjcmh quj shc `njrtls. Pj
`hcvnjrtjc jc `rjjc`nls enbntlctjs quj sj ncstlelc jc cujstrh suf`hcs`njctj
`hbh sjcsl`nhcjs mj `jrtjzl rjspj`th l leih.
Els prnbjrls chs shc ñtnejs y pjrbntjc quj els `hsls geuylc; lsâ quj els
mjalrjbhs `hbh jstìc. _jrh `ulcmh shc mnsguc`nhclejs, `hbh els sjiucmls,
`hcstntuyjc
cjiltnvhs y uc jsthrfh quj
js prj`nsh quj ehs
chsrjvnsjbhs
nbpnmj lvlczlr. Phc prhirlbls
h ehs sustntuylbhs phrhhtrhs
`rjjc`nls
bìs
l`tulenzlmhs y `hcstru`tnvhs.
¸Chs mlbhs uc plsjh phr cujstrh alrmâc, plrl lrrlc`lr els blels dnjrfls
quj `hcmn`nhclc cujstrl vnml8
Els `rjjc`nls shc `hbh uc blcule mj guc`nhclbnjcth mj `ðbh js h `ðbh
tjcmrâl quj guc`nhclr je bucmh. L`tñlc `hbh gnetrhs l trlvîs mj ehs `ulejs
pjr`nfnbhs el rjlenmlm. ^ `hbh ucl mj els guc`nhcjs mje suf`hcs`njctj js quj
cujstrh `hbphrtlbnjcth sjl `hdjrjctj `hc el ncghrbl`nðc quj tnjcj, sn tu
`jrjfrh lefjril îxnth, eh `hcsjiunrìs. Pn lefjril mjsirl`nls, jsh js eh quj
jc`hctrlrìs jc je bucmh.
@ulcmh `rjjs quj leih js phsnfej quj h`urrl, lfrjs ucl sjrnj mj
phsnfnenmlmjs quj pujmjc pjrbntnr quj mjtjrbnclmls rjlenmlmjs sj
prhmuz`lc. Jc `lbfnh, sn `rjjs quj js mngâ`ne h nbphsnfej quj leih su`jml, tj
l`hrlzls lctj jsl phsnfnenmlm, eh `ule ilrlctnzl quj jsj su`jsh ch sj
prhmuz`l, phr bìs quj eh mjsjjs.
 

_hr jajbpeh, nbliâcltj quj mjsjls ldhrrlr y thbls el mj`nsnðc `hcs`njctj mj

dl`jreh. Pn buy jc je ghcmh `rjjs quj je mncjrh js bleh, quj plrl tn js buy
mngâ`ne ltjshrlr mncjrh h quj tu mjstnch js vnvnr `hc js`lsjz, jstl ncghrbl`nðc
nc`hcs`njctj slfhtjlrì `ulequnjr jsgujrzh quj dlils plrl `hcsjiunr tu
prhpðsnth mj ldhrrh.
]j phcih htrh jajbpeh, vlch pjrh neustrltnvh. Nblincl quj Ejh Bjssn tnjcj el
`rjjc`nl phsntnvl mj quj js buy fujc auilmhr. @ulcmh slej le `lbph, jsj
sjctnbnjcth ej dl`j tjcjr ucl l`tntum mj `lbpjðc1 els auilmls y plsjs quj
dlil (els l``nhcjs) sjrìc els prhpnls mj uc `lbpjðc. L flsj mj auilr fnjc y
mj ilclr plrtnmhs, lmqunrnrì je dìfnth mj sjr uc irlc auilmhr, eh `ule
`hcgniurlrì su pjrshclenmlm (jc je tjrrjch mjphrtnvh). ^ jsl pjrshclenmlm
l`lflrì mjtjrbnclcmh su mjstnch (ilclr je prjbnh le bjahr auilmhr mje
bucmh).
Js phsnfej quj dlyls l`lflmh l`jptlcmh el `rjjc`nl mj quj plrl tn js
nbphsnfej jstlr jc tu pjsh slch, l gujrzl mj grl`lslr rjpjtnmlbjctj jc tus
nctjcths mj ch `hbjr
y mnsguc`nhclejs `hbpuesnvlbjctj.
shc jc plrtj el `lusl mj_ujs
qujjstj tnph mj `rjjc`nls
ch `hcsnils cjiltnvls
ehs rjsuetlmhs quj
tlcth mjsjls.

Lsâ `hbh eh quj tj su`jmj jc el vnml js uc rjgejah mj eh quj tj jstì

h`urrnjcmh phr mjctrh, el ghrbl jc quj tj rjel`nhcls `hc el `hbnml js tlbfnîc
uc rjgejah mj eh quj `rjjs shfrj el vnml. _hrquj els `rjjc`nls mjtjrbnclc
cujstrls l``nhcjs, els `ulejs `hcmn`nhclc cujstrl rjlenmlm. @ulcmh shc
cjiltnvls h enbntlctjs, sujejc ltl`lr cujstrl nctjenijc`nl, cujstrl vleâl,
cujstrh ltrl`tnvh, cujstrl `lpl`nmlm mj sjr lblmhs, cujstrl sjxulenmlm h
`ulequnjr vuecjrlfnenmlm quj tjcilbhs.

¸\uî `rjjs quj tj dl eejvlmh l tu vnml l`tule8

Mjsmj quj cl`jbhs jbpjzlbhs l rj`nfnr suijstnhcjs shfrj `ðbh l`tulbhs
y shfrj `ðbh mjfjrâlbhs sjr. @hbh dlstl ehs snjtj lühs ch tjcjbhs
mjslrrheelml el `lpl`nmlm `râtn`l, l`jptlbhs jsls suijstnhcjs cjiltnvls `hbh
 vjrmlmjs. ^ mj lmueths, bu`dls mj els enbntl`nhcjs quj tjcjbhs vnjcjc mj
jsls suijstnhcjs nc`hcs`njctjs `hcvjrtnmls jc `rjjc`nls nc`hctjstlfejs.

_njcsl jc els `hsls quj `rjjs quj dlc `hctrnfunmh l `rjlr tu sntul`nðc l`tule
rjspj`th l el `hbnml. Vjplsl `ðbh jrl el rjel`nðc mj tus plmrjs `hc el
`hbnml, `hc je `h`nclr, `hc ehs dìfnths lenbjctlrnhs. @ðbh vnvâls ehs
bhbjcths mj `hbjr y `jclr. @ðbh sj vnvâl el lenbjctl`nðc jc tu `lsl, el
rjel`nðc `hc je `ujrph, quî vlehrjs sj mjgjcmâlc h sj `rntn`lflc. \unzì tu
blmrj tj mj`âl1 «Jrjs ihrmntl `hbh tu lfujel» h «\uî bhgejtjs bìs irlcmjs,
quî cnüh bìs slch y gujrtj».
El fujcl chtn`nl js quj sj pujmjc mjsprhirlblr. Lsâ `hbh lrrlc`lbhs els
blels dnjrfls mje alrmâc, els `rjjc`nls cjiltnvls tlbfnîc sj pujmjc jxtnrplr y
sustntunr phr ucl sjbneel quj, sn je tnjbph l`hbplül, el `uetnvlbhs y rjilbhs,
l`lflrì ijrbnclcmh jc ucl cujvl pelctl y gehrj`jrì. Zcl vjz pelctlml,
cujstrh trlflah `hcsnstnrì jc lsjiurlrchs quj jsl sjbneel tjcil thmhs ehs
cutrnjctjs cj`jslrnhs plrl quj pujml sjiunr su `hbjtnmh, je quj yl eejvl jc
su prhpnl ncghrbl`nðc jcjriîtn`l.

]hmh jstj tnjbph tu suf`hcs`njctj tj dl jstlmh prhtjinjcmh. @hc el thbl mj

`hcs`njc`nl pujmjs jcsjülrej quj yl ch cj`jsntls bìs su lyuml. ¡Gujrl el
prhtj``nðc (el irlsl)! ¡Je yh `hcs`njctj slfj `ðbh prhtjijrtj!

 L el `lzl mj El Whz
✐ Els `rjjc`nls enbntlctjs nbpnmjc quj pujmls lblrtj y l`jptlrtj.
✐ \unzì ch sjls `lplz mj `hctrhelr tus pjcslbnjcths, cn eh quj tj bjtjs jc
el fh`l. _jrh pujmjs `hctrhelr els plelfrls quj slejc mj tu fh`l.
✐ Wls l thblr `hc`njc`nl mj quj El Whz ch jrjs tñ. ^ mj quj, lmjbìs, eh quj
tj mn`j ch js `njrth.
✐ _h`h l ph`h, vls l nr mjsphalcmh l El Whz mje phmjr quj jajr`j shfrj tn.

El Whz chs ltl`l `hc rlzhclbnjcths mj felc`h h cjirh (snjbprj/cuc`l/ 

albìs/ cnciñc/thmh/clml/nbphsnfej), chs blcnpuel `hc pjcslbnjcths vlihs,
sutnejs y mngâ`nejs mj rjgutlr. _hr jajbpeh, `ulcmh leiunjc tj mn`j `uìcth tj
glvhrj`j el `lbnsl quj eejvls, ¸El Whz dl`j «puctulenzl`nhcjs» mnsgrlzlmls mj
vjrmlmjs8 «El dj `hbprlmh jc els rjflals» rjsphcmjs, nctjctlcmh quntlrej
nbphrtlc`nl le rj`hch`nbnjcth.
 

El prðxnbl vjz quj leiunjc tj dlil uc `ubpenmh (quî iulpl jstìs, quî fujc
ncghrbj dls rjml`tlmh, quî fujch jrjs jc jsth…), phr prjphtjctj quj tj
plrjz`l, rjspðcmjej `hc uc «irl`nls». Ch austngnqujs. ^ sn jrjs `lplz mj
l`hbplülr je «irl`nls» `hc ucl shcrnsl, bj qunth je shbfrjrh.

El Whztnph
leiñc js buy snfnencl yjctnjcj
mj `hcgen`th bu`dls
rjel`nðc `hc`lrls, y jc elslepjrshcls
el `hbnml, pjsh h quj tnjcjc
le `ujrph,
ncvlrnlfejbjctj `hbplrtj `njrths rlsihs1
El Whz pjrgj``nhcnstl
@ulcmh lmhptl jstj rhe, El Whz sj mjmn`l l fus`lr jajbpehs mj pjrgj``nðc y l
susurrlrchs dl`nl quî nmjle mjfjrâlbhs lspnrlr. Ch tj `hbplrl `hc pjrshcls
rjlejs, snch `hc glctlsâls. Wj nbìijcjs jc els rjmjs sh`nlejs, jc pjeâ`uels, jc
rjvnstls y sj gnal jc el ijctj mj el `leej1 «jsth js uc jajbpeh mj pjrgj``nðc y
lsâ mjfjrâls sjr tñ». Ch tnjcj jc `ujctl quî prj`nh plilc jshs nmjlejs quj
tlcth lmbnrl plrl hftjcjr mn`dl pjrgj``nðc (phr jajbpeh, bhmjehs quj
rjstrncijc su mnjtl dlstl cnvjejs ncslchs, pjrshcls quj mjmn`lc bu`dâsnbls
dhrls le mâl l dl`jr jajr`n`nh jc je inbclsnh, ghths quj jstìc rjth`lmls `hc
_dhthsdhp, jt`.). El Whz pjrgj``nhcnstl `rjj quj `hcsjiunreh js buy gì`ne y
hbntj je prj`nh mj le`lczlr jshs rjsuetlmhs quj tj dl`j pjrsjiunr. Ch js
rjlenstl, `rjj quj h thmh js pjrgj`th h ch vlej clml.
Zsl bu`dh je vjrfh «mjfjr»1
• Mjfjs lmjeilzlr ¡yl!
• Ch mjfjrâls thblrtj tlc jc sjrnh eh mje bncmgue jltnci.
• Mjfjrâls `hbjr bìs prhtjâcls.
• Mjfjrâls sjr tlc fujcl `hbh el Blmrj ]jrjsl.
• Mjfjrâls sjr vjijtlrnlch.
•• Mjfjrâls
Ch, bjahrfjfjr
dlztj 6vjilch.
entrhs mj liul le mâl.
Els pjrshcls jc els quj prjmhbncl El Whz pjrgj``nhcnstl sugrjc bu`dl
grustrl`nðc, pujs jc el vnml rjle el blyhrâl mj nmjlejs ch sj `ubpejc.
El Whz dnpjrl`tnvl
¸Jrjs mj jsls pjrshcls quj snjbprj jstìc `hcgj``nhclcmh enstls mj eh quj
tnjcjc quj dl`jr8 ¸]u vhz tj rj`ujrml nc`jslctjbjctj quj tnjcjs quj dl`jr 
eh quj jstì jc tu enstl8 @ulcmh tl`dls trjs tlrjls mj tu enstlmh, ¸lülmjs `nc`h
bìs8
Jc jstl gl`jtl, El Whz sj `jctrl jc mj`nrchs quî tjcjbhs quj dl`jr plrl
 le`lczlr cujstrh
sjctnr quj cuc`l nmjle mj vnrtum.
dl`jbhs ^ chs jbpual
eh sugn`njctj, eh quj lchs
eejvlreh
subj ljc`lfh. Chs dl`j
uc jstlmh mj
lcsnjmlm j ncsltnsgl``nðc pjrblcjctj.

El Whz slfhtjlmhrl
Lquâ El Whz `hbplrl, `rntn`l, chs ml `hcsjahs `hctrlmn`thrnhs phrquj eh
rj`dlzl lfsheutlbjctj thmh. _lrl jeeh, l bjcumh rj`urrj le sâbne, ucl gniurl
rjtðrn`l utnenzlml plrl `hbplrlr `hsls snbnelrjs jctrj sâ.
• @hbjs `hbh sn ch dufnjrl uc blülcl.
• ]njcjs el `lrl mj plc.
• Jstìs ihrml `hbh ucl vl`l.
Jstj rj`ursh mje sâbne ej pjrbntj sl`lr l el euz `hsls quj tj glstnmnlc pjrh mj
ghrbl sulvj, snc eejilr l dl`jrtj sjctnr tlc ble. Pn tj mn`j «`hbh `hbh sn ch
dufnjrl uc blülcl» js bjchs murh quj sn El Whz tj mnajrl «`hbjs
`hbpuesnvlbjctj». Jc jstj `lsh, jc vjz mj slfhtjlrtj tj sjrâl mj utnenmlm,
pujs tj phcmrâl els pnels plrl `hbprhbjtjrtj l sheu`nhclr jstj prhfejbl. _hr 
jeeh utnenzl el `hbplrl`nðc, dl`njcmh je ltlquj nchgjcsnvh, nc`eush irl`nhsh, y
pjrpjtulcmh je prhfejbl.

Pn leiunjc tj mnajrl phr el `leej «vl`l ihrml», ¸quî dlrâls8

Pnc jbflrih, pjrbntjs quj El Whz tj ncsuetj mj blcjrl mjspnlmlml `lml vjz
quj tj bnrls jc je jspjah. ]j prhphcih quj `lbfnjs je mn`dh quj rjzl «]rltl
l ehs mjbìs `hbh qujrrâls quj tj trltlrlc l tn» phr «]rìtltj `hbh qujrrâls quj
tj trltlrlc ehs mjbìs». ^ uc fujc pucth mj plrtnml js sustntunr je mnìehih
`râtn`h phr je `hbplsnvh. Ch pujmjs pjcslr «tj lbh» y «`lrl plc» l el vjz
(rj`ujrml quj el bjctj `hcs`njctj sheh pujmj tjcjr uc pjcslbnjcth le

bnsbh tnjbph).
«tj lbh» Lsâ quj phr glvhr, ch mjajs mj prl`tn`lr je jajr`n`nh mj mj`nrtj
jc je jspjah.

¸Dls mjtj`tlmh leiucl `rjjc`nl enbntlctj quj tj mnil quj albìs slemrìs mj el
ihrmurl8 ¸\uj pjrmjr pjsh js nbphsnfej plrl tn8 ¸\uj blctjcjr dìfnths
sleumlfejs js buy mngâ`ne8
Jc `lsh mj quj ch dlyls mjs`ufnjrth cnciñc prhirlbl cjiltnvh fìsn`h, l
`hctncul`nðc tj prhphcih els `rjjc`nls cjiltnvls quj sj lefjrilc
 dlfntulebjctj rjspj`th l el `hbnml, je `ujrph, je sjctnr, bjrj`jr, rj`nfnr,
sugrnr, el lfucmlc`nl, tjcjr sugn`njctj, mjs`lcslr…

• @ulcmh pnjrml > ki sjrî gjenz y thmh bj nrì fnjc.

• El `hbnml js je blyhr pel`jr mj bn vnml / js eh quj bìs gjenz bj dl`j.
• @hbjr js el bjahr blcjrl mj prjbnlrbj.
• @ulcmh sj trltl mj `hbnml, ch tjcih gujrzl mj vheuctlm /shy mîfne / 

•su`ubfh l eleejch,
@ulcth bìs tjctl`nðc.
bìs sltnsgj`dh.
• @ulcmh eh dlih ble, yl eh dlih ble mje thmh. ¡Mj pjrmnmhs le râh!
• \uî vlc l pjcslr mj bâ ehs mjbìs sn bj vjc `hbjr lsâ.
• ]jcih quj l`lflrbj thmh eh quj dly jc je pelth (phrquj js mj blel
jmu`l`nðc / «yl quj eh dj plilmh» / dly cnühs quj sj bujrjc mj dlbfrj).
• Pnjbprj dj snmh ucl iehthcl h uc iehtðc.
• Pn jrjs ihrml h ihrmh, ch mjstl`ls.
• Eejvlr ucl vnml sleumlfej js lfurrnmh / rjqunjrj bu`dh sl`rngn`h.
• Ch bj `unmh phrquj jsthy ihrmh y ch bjrj`j el pjcl.
• Bn `ujrph ch jstì dj`dh plrl sjr mjeilmh, l `lusl mj bn bjtlfhensbh / 

•phrquj
_lrl sjrrjtjcih eâqunmhs
ltrl`tnvh, / phr
dly quj ijcîtn`l.
jstlr mjeilmh.
• _lrl lmjeilzlr tjcih quj `hbjr eh bjchs phsnfej.
• @hbjr js uc l`th sh`nle, lsâ quj plrl lmjeilzlr tjcmrî quj mjalr mj
sh`nlenzlrbj.
• Bn blmrj jrl buy mjeilml y ch qunjrh sjr `hbh jeel.
• Bn plrjal bj jxnij jstlr mjeilmh.
• Jc bn `lsl îrlbhs bu`dhs y dlfâl quj jciueenr rìpnmh.
• Bn glbnenl bj prjsnhclfl plrl quj jstuvnjrl mjeilml `hbh bn djrblcl.
• Pnjbprj dj snmh el lbnil ihrmntl y snbpìtn`l.
• L bn jmlm ch dly phsnfnenmlm mj `lbfnlr.
• Jstj bîthmh js uc tnbh, el ijctj sj jcilül sn `rjj quj pujmj lmjeilzlr tlc
gì`nebjctj.
• \unzìs guc`nhcj `hc htrls pjrshcls, pjrh `hcbnih ch rjsuetlrì.
• Pnjbprj bj mj`âlc quj jstlfl ihrml h ihrmh y l ehs <6 lühs jbpj`î `hc
els mnjtls.
• ^h ch dj mj sjr eh prnbjrh / prnhrnzlrbj js sjr jihâstl / ch tjcih tnjbph
plrl pjcslr jc bâ.
• ]jcih quj sjr pjrgj`tl h pjrgj`th.
• Bn vleâl pjrshcle mjpjcmj mj bn ltrl`tnvh / mj bn nctjenijc`nl / mj bns
ehirhs / mj bn stltus.
• @ulcmh bj snjcth ble, bj mhy ltrl`hcjs.
 • Pn lmjeilzh, mjalrî mj rj`nfnr `unmlmhs y ltjc`nðc.
• Pn mjah mj tjcjr prhfejbls mj pjsh ¸l qunîc ej vhy l j`dlr el `uepl mj bns

blejs8
• Pjr enfrj js dl`jr eh prnbjrh quj sj tj plsl phr el `lfjzl.
Je prhpðsnth mje sniunjctj jajr`n`nh (ncspnrlmh jc je jajr`n`nh «Bn `lal mj
`rjjc`nls» mj el ghrbl`nðc  Ltrîvjtj l `hbjr ) js mjs`ulrtnzlr els `rjjc`nls
cjiltnvls fìsn`ls quj jstîc `hcmn`nhclcmh tu rjel`nðc `hc el `hbnml.
J AJV@N@NH1 Lrrlc`lcmh blels dnjrfls

]j pnmh quj jenals el `rjjc`nl mje enstlmh quj `hcsnmjrjs quj bìs `hcmn`nhcl
tu sntul`nðc l`tule h, nc`eush bjahr, quj jelfhrjs je tuyh prhpnh (tj pujmj mlr 
pnstls rjejjr je rjinstrh mj pjcslbnjcths enbntlctjs quj dls nmh jelfhrlcmh l
eh elrih mje prhirlbl).
 ¸\uî `rjjs8

Js`rnfj je jcuc`nlmh mj tu `rjjc`nl h pjcslbnjcth enbntlctj y eîjeh.

¸\uî h`urrj jc tu `ujrph ldhrl `ulcmh pnjcsls h vjrflenzls jc jstl
`rjjc`nl8 ¸Mðcmj chtls jc tu `ujrph je blejstlr quj tj prhmu`j jstj
pjcslbnjcth8
_jrbntj quj rjphsj jc tn, quj mjs`njcml mj el bjctj le `ujrph.
 ¸Mj mðcmj prhvnjcj8

Nmjctngn`l mj mðcmj prh`jmj tu `rjjc`nl. ¸_rh`jmj mj tu glbnenl, mj el

rjeninðc, mj el js`ujel, mj lbnihs, mj jxpjrnjc`nls pjrshclejs, mj el sh`njmlm,
mj bjmnhs mj `hbucn`l`nðc h mj htrls gniurls mj luthrnmlm8
Jctjcmjr mj mðcmj prhvnjcj tj pjrbntj mlrtj `ujctl mj quj jsj
pjcslbnjcth ch js tuyh, quj js sheh jsh, uc pjcslbnjcth. Zcl vjz quj slfjs
quj jsl `rjjc`nl ch js tuyl, pujmjs jbpjzlr l `ujstnhclr sn js `njrtl.
 ¸\uî h`urrj sn `rjjs jc jstj pjcslbnjcth8
 ¸@ðbh tj enbntl h tj jcthrpj`j8 ¸\uî vjs, quî tj mn`js, quî js`u`dls, quî
snjctjs jc je `ujrph y quî jbh`nðc surij le `rjjr jstl `rjjc`nl8 ¸@ðbh
rjl``nhcls8

Hfsjrvl jsj sjctnbnjcth `hbh sn gujrl el prnbjrl vjz quj eh snjctjs, `hc
`urnhsnmlm phr `ðbh js y chtl els sjcsl`nhcjs mj tu `ujrph, sn dly leiñc
`hsquneejh, `lehr, grâh h sn `lbfnl je rntbh mj tus puesl`nhcjs. Ch ej phcils
cnciucl jtnqujtl quj ej mî uc snicngn`lmh.

 ¸]njcjs el `jrtjzl mj quj js lfsheutlbjctj `njrth8 Fus`l trjs jajbpehs

quj eh `hctrlmnilc

¸_ujmjs slfjr `hc lfsheutl `jrtjzl quj jstj pjcslbnjcth js `njrth8 ]j pnmh
quj js`rnfls trjs rlzhcjs quj phmrâlc `hctrlmj`nr tu `rjjc`nl, trjs prujfls
quj bujstrjc quj ch js vjrmlm. _hr jajbpeh, sn tu `rjjc`nl js «Pheh pujmh
`leblr bn jstrîs `hc el `hbnml» phmrâls jc`hctrlr jsths `hctrllriubjcths1
• Zc mâl jc quj jstuvj buy lcsnhsl eelbî l ucl lbnil y, le sjctnrbj
js`u`dlml, bj sjrjcî y ch rj`urrâ l el `hbnml.

•`hrrjr.
Dly pjrshcls quj `ulcmh jstìc jstrjslmls jc euilr mj `hbjr slejc l
• Murlctj ucl îph`l jc quj bjmntlfl le ejvlctlrbj, bj sjctâl bìs jc plz y
ehs lcthahs mnsbncuyjrhc `hcsnmjrlfejbjctj.
 ¸\uî prj`nh plils phr `rjjr jsth8

¸@uìejs shc els `hcsj`ujc`nls (jc tus rjel`nhcjs, jc tu gâsn`h, jc tu sleum…)

mj `rjjr jsj pjcslbnjcth8
¸\unjrjs jshs rjsuetlmhs jc tu vnml8

 ¸@ðbh tj slfhtjl8

¸Mj quî tj snrvj jstl `rjjc`nl8 ¸Js ñtne plrl tn8 ¸]j l`jr`l h tj lejal mj tu
hfajtnvh8 ¸]j lyuml l sjr el pjrshcl quj qunjrjs sjr8 H, phr je `hctrlrnh,
¸slfhtjl eh bjahr mj tn8
 ¸\unîc sjrâls tñ sn ch tuvnjrls jsj pjcslbnjcth8

 ¸_hmrâls mjalr nr jstl `rjjc`nl enbntlctj8 ¸\uî phmrâls dl`jr `hc jeel8
 

Js`rnfj el `rjjc`nl cjiltnvl jc uc plpje y dlz uc rntule quj plrl tn snbfhen`j

quj tj mjsprjcmjs mj tu mhehrhsl `rjjc`nl. _ujmjs rhbpjr jc pjmlzhs je
plpje mhcmj el dls lpuctlmh y tnrlreh l el flsurl. H prjcmjrej gujih y lrrhalr 
els `jcnzls le vìtjr, le blr h jc uc râh; jctjrrlrels jc je alrmâc h mjalr quj sj

els eejvj
jctrj je vnjcth.
tu plslmh y elJstj rntulequj
pjrshcl js nbphrtlctj
jrjs ldhrl. phrquj mnfual ucl eâcjl mnvnshrnl
_jrh shetlr ucl `rjjc`nl lrrlnilml eejvl tnjbph y l bjcumh js cj`jslrnh
rjpjtnr jstj jajr`n`nh vlrnls vj`js. Pn jrjs pl`njctj y pjrsjvjrlctj l`lflrì phr 
mjslplrj`jr.
Pn snjctjs quj lñc ch jstìs jc `hcmn`nhcjs mj mjsprjcmjrtj mj jsl `rjjc`nl
enbntlctj, pujmjs mjalrel jc `ulrjctjcl y trltlr mj vnvnr murlctj uchs mâls h
sjblcls `hbh sn ch el tuvnjrls, lmhptlcmh el `rjjc`nl phsnfnentlmhrl quj
ghrbuelrìs jc je sniunjctj plsh. Hfsjrvl quî `lbfnl ¸dly bìs plz, bìs
lrbhcâl jc tu vnml8 ^ mjspuîs js`hij enfrjbjctj eh quj tñ `hcsnmjrjs quj js
bìs ñtne plrl tn.
 ¸\uî prjgjrnrâls `rjjr jc euilr mj jsl `rjjc`nl enbntlmhrl8
@hc`îctrltj jc tu `rjjc`nl cjiltnvl y trlmñ`jel l ucl lgnrbl`nðc
phsnfnentlmhrl quj tj lyumj l blctjcjr ucl rjel`nðc bìs sleumlfej `hc tu
`ujrph y el `hbnml.

Zcl lgnrbl`nðc phsnfnentlmhrl js el vjrflenzl`nðc mj uc pjcslbnjcth ñtne.

Gâaltj quj mnih ñtne 1 ch dlfeh mj lgnrbl`nhcjs phsntnvls quj ch tj `rjjs y `hc

els quj snjctjs

`rjjc`nls qujphr
enbntlctjs tj jcilüls (jsth quj
pjcslbnjcths ch sjrâl ñtne). Pj
tj lyumjc trltl mj el
l lubjctlr `lbfnlr els
sjcsl`nðc
mj sjiurnmlm y `hcgnlczl, plrl quj tu `ujrph `hbprjcml quj yl ch cj`jsntl
prhtjijrtj `hc el irlsl.
_hr jajbpeh, sn tu `rjjc`nl enbntlctj js «Pnjbprj bj tjcih quj l`lflr thmh
eh quj dly jc je pelth» pujmjs `hcvjrtnrel jc el lgnrbl`nðc phsnfnentlmhrl mj
«Mj`nmh els `lctnmlmjs quj `hbh, js`u`dlcmh bns sjcsl`nhcjs gâsn`ls».
Js nbphrtlctj quj tu lgnrbl`nðc jstî js`rntl1
 ✐  Jc prjsjctj1 sn el js`rnfjs jc guturh, jstìs lsubnjcmh quj jstj ch js je

bhbjcth mj `hbjczlr y jsj guturh cuc`l eejilrì. ¡Pnjbprj sjrì guturh!

✐  Jc phsntnvh1 jc euilr mj lgnrblr «_njrmh ehs knehs quj bj shfrlc» mn`js1
«Jsthy jc bn pjsh nmjle».
✐ \uj sjl ñtne1 quj tj lyumj l `hcsjiunr lqujeeh quj mjsjls jc tu vnml.

Lquâ rj`hah ucl sjrnj mj lgnrbl`nhcjs phsnfnentlmhrls quj tj pujmjc ncspnrlr1

• Bj bjrjz`h ucl vnml sltnsgl`thrnl.
• Bj l`jpth y bj lbh tle `hbh shy.
• Phy gjenz nc`hcmn`nhclebjctj.
• Jsthy fnjc tle `hbh shy.
• Bj l`jpth y bj lbh `hbpejtl y prhgucmlbjctj, `hc thmhs bns prhfejbls
y enbntl`nhcjs.
• @hbh eh quj mjsjh y jsthy jc bn pjsh nmjle.
• @unmlrbj js lblrbj.
• @lml mâl bj rjsuetl bìs gì`ne eejvlr uc jstneh mj vnml sleumlfej.
• @lml mâl tjcih bìs vheuctlm.
• @ulcmh snjcth sl`njmlm y sltnsgl``nðc, plrh mj `hbjr.
• @rjh plz jc bn bjctj y jc bn `hrlzðc.
• L`jpth thmhs ehs lspj`ths mj bn vnml.
• Bj pjrmhch phr ch sjr `hbh bj iustlrâl sjr. Bj pjrbnth sjr `hbh shy.
• Bj jchriueej`j sjr qunjc shy.
• El `lrnmlm jbpnjzl phr uch bnsbh.
• Bj bjrjz`h je lbhr.
• Phy bn bjahr lbnil/lbnih.
• ]jcih `hcgnlczl jc bâ bnsbl/bnsbh.
• Bjrjz`h lblrbj y sjr lblml/lblmh phr ehs mjbìs.
• Lsubh el rjsphcslfnenmlm mj l`jptlrbj.
• _lrl bâ js nbphrtlctj `hbjr `hcs`njctjbjctj y mnsgrutlr mj ucl vnml
sleumlfej.
• Bn vleâl ch el mjtjrbncl bn pjsh cn bn gniurl, snch qunîc shy yh jc rjlenmlm.
• L`jpth bn `ujrph y bn pjsh tle `hbh jstìc jc jstj bhbjcth.
• L`jptlr bn `ujrph y bn pjsh ch snicngn`l quj ehs `hcsnmjrj pjrgj`ths.
• El l`jptl`nðc surij mj bn nctjrnhr. Ch el fus`h gujrl.
• Bns nbpjrgj``nhcjs shc hphrtucnmlmjs mj lprjcmjr ej``nhcjs vlenhsls.
• ]jcih lfucmlc`nl.
• Pjr enfrj js tjcjr `lpl`nmlm mj mj`nmnr.
• Phy `hbpjtjctj y tjcih `hcgnlczl jc bâ.
• []u chbfrjR, tj lbh. ]j lbh mj vjrmlm.
 • ^h, XXXXXXXXXXXX [tu chbfrjR,
ch bfrjR, shyXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.
«Zcl lgnrbl`nðc js ucl grlsj gujrtj

y phsntnvl quj ncmn`l quj leih yl js».

Pdlktn Ilwlnc
_nhcjrl y luthrl shfrj je bhvnbnjcth mj el `hcs`njc`nl ucnvjrsle

Jstls lgnrbl`nhcjs
pujmjs jejinr ucl tleshc suijrjc`nls.
`hbh Niule quj
jstì, bhmngn`lrel `hc els `rjjc`nls
h lmlptlrel cjiltnvls,
bìs l tn. Lucquj eh
nmjle sjrâl quj slenjrlc mj tu `hrlzðc. Ldhrl sâ, js`rnfj el tuyl ldhrl1

J AJV@N@NH1 _elctlcmh cujvls sjbneels

«]hmh dhbfrj pujmj sjr, sn sj eh prhphcj,

js`uethr mj su prhpnh `jrjfrh».
Plctnlih Vlbðc y @lale
_rjbnh Chfje mj Bjmn`ncl quj mjslrrheeð
el «mh`trncl mj el cjurhcl»

@hbprhbîtjtj l plslr uc tnjbph `lml mâl rjpntnjcmh tu cujvl lgnrbl`nðc.

_ujmjs dl`jreh l trlvîs mj mngjrjctjs vâls1
• Js`rnfj tu lgnrbl`nðc <? vj`js sjiunmls `lml mâl.
• Lprhvj`dl `ulequnjr bhbjcth l eh elrih mje mâl plrl rjpjtârtjel jc vhz letl
h bjctlebjctj.
•letl
Mjelctj mjelbls
quj tj jspjah. Mj el
grjctj le bnsbl
jspjah,ghrbl qujmj
l plrtnr tj ldhrl
dls jstlmh
dlz ehmn`njcmh
bnsbh jc
`hcvhz
tu
prhpnl lgnrbl`nðc.
@hc els lgnrbl`nhcjs phsnfnentlmhrls ch trlth mj quj tj `hcvjczls mj quj tj
snjctjs mj blcjrl mnstnctl mj `ðbh tj snjctjs rjlebjctj. Pu guc`nðc ch js je
luthjcilüh, snch quj jsths bjcslajs bìs `hcstru`tnvhs pjcjtrjc jc tu
`hcs`njc`nl, plrl quj ehs cjiltnvhs mjajc mj l`ubuelrsj jc tu `ujrph.
Vj`ujrml quj tu `ujrph js ucl plctleel jc el quj sj prhyj`tlc tus `rjjc`nls.
@ulcmh jbpj`î l trlflalr `hc els lgnrbl`nhcjs phsntnvls, bj sjctâl rnmâ`uel,
els vjâl `hbh ucl pîrmnml mj tnjbph y ch bj `rjâl eh quj bj rjpjtâl. Eh
bnsbh bj h`urrâl `hc je jajr`n`nh mj bnrlrbj le jspjah y mj`nrbj «]j lbh,
 Elnl». Pjctâl vjriõjczl lajcl. Pnc jbflrih, tjcâl ucl irlc `lpl`nmlm plrl
bl`dl`lrbj `hc bjcslajs cjiltnvhs (ch shy sugn`njctj, ch vleih…). El Whz ch

shphrtlfl quj bj mnajrl `hsls fhcntls quj lenbjctlrlc bn luthjstnbl, phr eh

quj bnjctrls rjpjtâl h js`rnfâl bns lgnrbl`nhcjs, bj phcâl hfaj`nhcjs y bj
dl`âl rjprh`djs.

Pn mj`nrtj `hsls djrbhsls tlbfnîc tj rjsuetl mngâ`ne, tj pnmh quj tjcils

pl`njc`nl y quj sjls lblfej `hctnih. Vjpjtnr lgnrbl`nhcjs plrl lblrtj y lblr 
tu `ujrph jstì `hcgrhctlcmh `rjjc`nls buy lctniuls y lrrlnilmls, quj
sj rjsnstjc l rjchvlrsj. Lsâ quj js chrble quj ch tj els `rjls y quj tj `lusjc
`njrth rj`dlzh. Enbâtltj l prl`tn`lrels mj ghrbl `hcstlctj l eh elrih mj uc
pjrnhmh mj tnjbph.

¸@uìcth tnjbph8 Dlstl dl`j ph`h sj `rjâl quj `hc sheh rjpjtnr ucl `hcmu`tl
murlctj 6< mâls, ghrblrâl plrtj mj cujstrl rutncl, `hcvnrtnîcmhsj jc uc dìfnth.
¸Dls `hbprlmh leiñc enfrh quj tj prhbjtâl quj jc 6< mâls tj dlrâls rn`h,
mjalrâls mj gublr h tjcmrâls uc vnjctrj pelch8 ^h sâ. _jrh ch eh `hcsjiuâ 
phrquj rjsuetl quj cujstrh `jrjfrh js buy ldhrrlmhr (y je bâh bìs, quj shy
tlurh y `ltlelcl) y lgn`nhclmh l ehs ltlahs quj ej pjrbntjc rjlenzlr els tlrjls mj
ghrbl rìpnml y jgn`lz, `hc je bâcnbh jsgujrzh.
Pnjcth sjr yh qunjc tj eh mnil, pjrh phr bu`dh quj chs iustj el vâl rìpnml, eh
mj ehs 6< mâls js snbpejbjctj glesh. Lsâ eh mjbujstrl uc rj`njctj jstumnh mje
Zcnvjrsnty @heejij mj Ehcmrjs quj lgnrbl quj plrl `hcvjrtnr uc cujvh
hfajtnvh h l`tnvnmlm jc luthbltnsbh, shc cj`jslrnhs 77 mâls mj prì`tn`l.
Lucquj jc rjlenmlm je cñbjrh mj mâls js bjchs nbphrtlctj quj htrhs gl`thrjs
`hbh je nctjrîs, el nctjcsnmlm, el pjrsjvjrlc`nl y els `lrl`tjrâstn`ls
psn`heðin`ls pjrshclejs. ^ hfvnlbjctj mjpjcmjrì mj el `hbpejanmlm mje
dìfnth quj mjsjlbhs lmqunrnr. Jc je `lsh quj chs h`upl, jstlbhs dlfelcmh
mj `lbfnlr lühs mj `hcmn`nhclbnjcth cjiltnvh. Jstìs pelctlcmh cujvls
sjbneels jc uc tjrrjch rjchvlmh y gîrtne.
 Lchtl thmhs y `lml uch mj ehs bjcslajs quj El Whz tj vlyl mnsplrlcmh,

lucquj plrjz`lc nchgjcsnvhs. Phc tjshrhs quj tj mlc ncghrbl`nðc mj htrls

`rjjc`nls cjiltnvls quj phmrìs vhevjr l trlflalr `hc je jajr`n`nh lctjrnhr.
«Pnjbfrl uc pjcslbnjcth y `hsj`dlrìs ucl l``nðc;
snjbfrl ucl l``nðc y `hsj`dlrìs uc dìfnth;
snjbfrl uc dìfnth y `hsj`dlrìs uc `lrì`tjr;
snjbfrl uc `lrì`tjr y `hsj`dlrìs uc mjstnch».
Lghrnsbh

Vjprhirlbl tu bjctj jc jstlmh legl.

Zc sj`rjth ph`h `hch`nmh
Jc je jajr`n`nh lctjrnhr, dls trlcsghrblmh ucl `rjjc`nl enbntlctj jc ucl
lgnrbl`nðc phsnfnentlmhrl. @rjlr cujvls `rjjc`nls js rjprhirlblr je `jrjfrh
mjsmj el bjctj `hcs`njctj, eh `ule js cj`jslrnh pjrh yl slfjs quj ch js ucl
fltleel quj el rlzðc phr sâ shel pujml ilclr. Ch tjcmrâl sjctnmh gncinr quj
pujmjs `lbfnlr ehs pltrhcjs quj vnjcjs rjpntnjcmh mjsmj quj cl`nstj `hc
sheh pjilr lgnrbl`nhcjs phsntnvls jc je jspjah. Pjrâl ncsuetlctj plrl ehs
prhgjsnhclejs mj el psn`hehiâl y ehs pl`njctjs quj `hc tlcth jsbjrh (y mncjrh)
nctjctlbhs enmnlr `hc el flsurl quj l`lrrjlbhs. ^l tj mnaj quj ch js uc
`lbnch mj rhsls y quj ch dly rj`jtls rìpnmls.
_jrh dly jspjrlczl.
Ch lflcmhcjs el ej`turl, quj ldhrl jbpnjzl el gnjstl. L pjslr mj quj ch sjl
gì`ne dl`jr grjctj l jsls `ujstnhcjs phr uch bnsbh, l plrtnr mj jstj lplrtlmh
mje enfrh vls l l``jmjr l ehs lr`dnvhs mj tu suf`hcs`njctj plrl `lbfnlr tu
rjel`nðc `hc el `hbnml plrl snjbprj.
«Els rjl``nhcjs gâsn`ls shc sheh ucl ghrbl jc quj ehs prhfejbls
quj chs ncqunjtlc pujmjc jxprjslrsj nc`hcs`njctjbjctj».
@lre Iustlv Auci
Bîmn`h psnqunltrl, psn`ðehih y jcslynstl

_lrl dl`jreh, vls l tjcjr quj lprjcmjr uc cujvh nmnhbl1 je mje

suf`hcs`njctj. @hbh js uc cnvje snbfðen`h mj el bjctj, ch jstru`turl el
ncghrbl`nðc mj blcjrl eðin`l y dlfel su prhpnh ejciulaj, flslmh jc
sjcsl`nhcjs, jbh`nhcjs j nbìijcjs. _hr jajbpeh, sn qunjrjs mhrbnr phr el
ch`dj y ch pujmjs, phr bu`dh quj tj mnils «bj qunjrh mhrbnr» ch eh vls l
`hcsjiunr. Bìs fnjc le `hctrlrnh. ¸@hctrhels tu bjbhrnl8 _hr glvhr, ch
bjbhrn`js jstj cñbjrh1 6=9. Ch pujmjs jvntlr bjbhrnzlreh phrquj plrl quj
tu suf`hcs`njctj tj hfjmjz`l, tnjcjs quj sjr buy sutne y dìfne.
 Ldhrl th`l pelctlr els cujvls sjbneels jc cnvjejs bìs prhgucmhs y rjilrels jc
jstlmh mj rjelal`nðc dlstl quj tu bjctj sj ncucmj mj jeels.

Jc su ncspnrlmhr enfrh ]hmh js _hsnfej, je `hl`d Euns _îrjz Plctnlih jxpen`l quj

ucl mj els guc`nhcjs prnc`nplejs mj els cjurhcls `hcsnstj jc trlsbntnr ehs
nbpueshs jeî`trn`hs quj je `jrjfrh ijcjrl. Jsths nbpueshs prhmu`jc ucl sjrnj
mj rntbhs quj sj mjchbnclc hcmls `jrjfrlejs. ^ sjiñc `uìe sjl je rntbh mj

els hcmlsy `jrjfrlejs,

`njctâgn`h l``jmjbhs
psn`ðehih Dlcs l mngjrjctjs
Fjrijr mjtjrbncð jstlmhs mj
el jxnstjc`nl `hcs`njc`nl.
mj `ultrh Je
tnphs mj
hcmls `jrjfrlejs gucmlbjctlejs1 legl, fjtl, tdjtl y mjetl.

Els hcmls fjtl sj prhmu`jc `ulcmh jstlbhs mjspnjrths, jc je jstlmh chrble

mj vninenl. _hr jajbpeh, ldhrl quj jstìs mjslrrheelcmh ucl l`tnvnmlm
`hcs`njctj (ejjr jstj enfrh) tu `jrjfrh jstì ijcjrlcmh hcmls fjtl (l bjchs
quj tj jstîs lfurrnjcmh `hbh ucl hstrl).
 ^l dj bjc`nhclmh quj jc jstlmh mj `hcs`njc`nl mjspnjrtl ch js gì`ne dl`jr 
`lbfnhs prhgucmhs jc cujstrl blcjrl mj pjcslr. _lrl quj tus cujvls
lgnrbl`nhcjs sj `hcvnjrtlc jc plrtj mj tus pjcslbnjcths `htnmnlchs mj ghrbl
bìs rìpnml y prhgucml, mjfjc ncvlmnr tu bjctj suf`hcs`njctj le bnsbh
tnjbph. Wjlbhs `ðbh dl`jreh.
Mjfjs rjpjtnrels jc je jstlmh legl mj `hcs`njc`nl. ]u `jrjfrh prhmu`j hcmls
legl `ulcmh jstìs buy rjelalmh, phr jajbpeh, austh lctjs mj mhrbnr, jc
lqujeehs bhbjcths jc quj tj qujmls «jc Flfnl», h jc îxtlsns `hctjbpelcmh
gnalbjctj je blr h ucl pujstl mj she. ]lbfnîc `ulcmh rjlenzls leiucl
l`tnvnmlm quj ch rjqunjrl bu`dl `hc`jctrl`nðc, quj sjl rjpjtntnvl y
bhcðthcl, `hbh `hcmu`nr 6. ]lbfnîc l``jmjbhs l îe `ulcmh bjmntlbhs.
Ch jstlbhs murbnjcmh, snch jc uc jstlmh quj `hbfncl ucl prhgucml
rjelal`nðc `hc uc jstlmh mj lejrtl.
 _hr su plrtj, els hcmls tdjtl sj prhmu`jc jc uc jstlmh lñc bìs prhgucmh mj
rjelal`nðc. @ulcmh chs jc`hctrlbhs jc jstj jstlmh, phmjbhs rjlenzlr tlrjls
quj ch rjqunjrjc uc `hctrhe `hcs`njctj mj su jaj`u`nðc (`hbh nblinclr,

rjgejxnhclr h shülr mjspnjrths).

Jc el grhctjrl jctrj els hcmls legl y tdjtl rjsnmj cujstrh phtjc`nle `rjltnvh. Je
jstlmh legl sj rjel`nhcl `hc je jstlmh mj jcsnbnsblbnjcth jc quj ejs surij el
ncspnrl`nðc y els nmjls ijcnlejs l lrtnstls j ncvjcthrjs. @ulcmh el bjctj jstì
trlcqunel
nctun`nhcjsyj rj`jptnvl tlbfnîc sj
nc`eush rjvjel`nhcjs rjel`nhcl `hc el lplrn`nðc mj gujrtjs
jspnrntulejs.

@ulcmh je irlc ncvjcthr ]dhbls Levl Jmnsshc sj jc`hctrlfl lctj uc

prhfejbl mngâ`ne, jc euilr mj jstrualrsj je `jrjfrh plrl jc`hctrlr el sheu`nðc,
sj l`hbhmlfl jc su futl`l y sj j`dlfl ucl snjstl. Eh dl`âl shstjcnjcmh ucl
fhel mj bjtle jc el blch, mj bhmh quj jc je bhbjcth jc quj sj mhrbâl (su
`jrjfrh jctrlfl jc jstlmh legl-tdjtl), el fhel mj bjtle `lâl le sujeh y je runmh
eh mjspjrtlfl. Lsâ sj «pneelfl» jc su jstlmh legl y phmâl rj`lflr els nmjls quj
dlfâl tjcnmh murlctj su sjsnðc mj «bjmntl`nðc» plrl `hcstrunr cujvls
sheu`nhcjs. Je pncthr Plevlmhr Mleâ uslfl je bnsbh tru`h, je `ule flutnzð `hbh
«mhrbnr snc mhrbnr».
_hr ñetnbh, tjcjbhs els hcmls mjetl, quj sj ijcjrlc jc cujstrl glsj mj
sujüh prhgucmh, jc el nc`hcs`njc`nl. Js je cnvje bjchs `hch`nmh pjrh plrl je
tjbl quj chs h`upl, chs nctjrjsl slfjr quj bnjctrls mhrbnbhs nctjirlbhs
ehs lprjcmnzlajs mje mâl jc cujstrh nc`hcs`njctj0.
Mj thmhs jsths jstlmhs mj `hcs`njc`nl je cnvje legl-tdjtl tnjcj uc phtjc`nle
mj trlcsghrbl`nðc mje bhmh jc quj pjcslbhs y sjctnbhs bu`dâsnbh bìs
irlcmj. Ldâ js bu`dh bìs gì`ne y rìpnmh nbpelctlr ehs `lbfnhs `hcvjcnjctjs
dlstl quj sj `hcvnjrtlc jc ucl plrtj luthbltnzlml mj cujstrl vnml `htnmnlcl.
@ulcmh dlils tu sjsnðc mj bjmntl`nðc, jc quj snjctls ucl sjcsl`nðc buy
rjelalctj y lirlmlfej, rjpntj bjctlebjctj tu lgnrbl`nðc, plelfrl h grlsj quj tj
iustlrâl nctjirlr.

]lbfnîc pujmjs lprhvj`dlr el phtjc`nlenmlm mje jstlmh legl plrl prl`tn`lr el

vnsulenzl`nðc. @rjl ucl nblijc vnsule mje lspj`th quj tj iustlrâl tjcjr; shfrj
 thmh phcej nctjc`nðc
le prnc`npnh y jbh`nðc.
vnsulen`js Niule qujlh`urrj
snc `hcvn``nðc, `hc els
bjmnml qujlgnrbl`nhcjs, lucquj
eh prl`tnqujs `hc
grj`ujc`nl, tu `jrjfrh jbpjzlrì l `rjjr quj tnjcjs je lspj`th quj vnsulenzls.

@hbprjcmjrì quj yl ch cj`jsntl prhtjijrtj `hc el irlsl y jcthc`js

mjs`hcj`tlrì je ijc ldhrrh. ^ el pîrmnml mj pjsh sjrì ncjvntlfej.

L mngjrjc`nl mj el vnsulenzl`nðc, quj rjqunjrj mj tu plrtn`npl`nðc l`tnvl (phr 

eh quj pjrblcj`js jc jstlmh fjtl), `hc el dnpchsns quj jc`hctrlrìs jc el
pìincl wjf irlflrìs lñc bìs prhgucmlbjctj thmls els `ujstnhcjs quj djbhs
trltlmh dlstl ldhrl, phrquj tj eejvlrì l cnvje tdjtl. _ujmjs prl`tn`lrel thmls
els vj`js quj qunjrls, y `ulcth bìs el js`u`djs, bìs tj shrprjcmjrìs mj ehs
`lbfnhs quj l`hctj`jrìc.

6 @hcmu`nr mj ch`dj, rjpjtnr blctrls h bnrlr el tjejvnsnðc shc l`tnvnmlmjs bhcðthcls quj
tnjcjc uc jgj`th dnpcðtn`h.
0 Jspj`nlebjctj ehs quj chs eejvlbhs l el `lbl austh lctjs mj mhrbnr. Mj ldâ el nbphrtlc`nl
mj `unmlr quî ejjbhs, quî vjbhs phr el ]W y mj quî dlfelbhs lctjs mj l`hstlrchs.
 

<=
Jbpjz
Jbpjzlr mjsmj mhcmj jstìs
 L`jptlr eh quj dly
«El `urnhsl plrlmhal js quj `ulcmh bj l`jpth l bâ bnsbh,
tle y `hbh shy, jcthc`js js `ulcmh pujmh `lbfnlr».
@lre Vhijrs
Jxphcjctj mje jcghquj dublcnstl jc psn`hehiâl

¸@uìctls vj`js dls shülmh `hc eu`nr uc `ujrph bìs jsfjeth, rj`dlzlcmh y
duyjcmh mje quj tnjcjs8 ¸Leiucl vjz dls mjsjlmh sjr ucl pjrshcl mnstnctl l
el quj jrjs8 ¸Dls `rjâmh quj mjfjrâls sjctnrtj mj htrl blcjrl8 ¸]j dls
nctjctlmh ghrzlr l `lbfnlr8 ¸\uî tle guj8 Pjiurlbjctj ch mjblsnlmh fnjc,
phrquj el bhtnvl`nðc plrl je `lbfnh ch guc`nhcl mjsmj el ch l`jptl`nðc y
tlrmj h tjbprlch pjrmjbhs je `hctrhe y tnrlbhs phr el fhrml thmhs ehs
jsgujrzhs rjlenzlmhs.
Jc ijcjrle trltlbhs mj jvntlr ehs jstlmhs mj ìcnbh y ehs pjcslbnjcths
cjiltnvhs phrquj dunr mj eh quj chs dl`j sugrnr js uc bj`lcnsbh clturle mj
supjrvnvjc`nl. Pnc jbflrih, sjiñc je Fumnsbh=, ucl mj els `lusls mje
sugrnbnjcth ”y mj el lenbjctl`nðc nc`hcs`njctj” js, prj`nslbjctj, je mjsjh
mj js`lplr le bnsbh sugrnbnjcth. ]rltlr mj jsqunvlr je mhehr sheh eh dl`j bìs
irlcmj.
«]hmh eh quj rjsnstjs, pjrsnstj».
@lre Iustlv Auci

Pjiñc je js`rnthr y gneðshgh Kjc Ynefjr, jc euilr mj nctjctlr lejalr mj chshtrhs

jshs pjcslbnjcths, jbh`nhcjs h nmjls, el rjspujstl jstì jc rj`hch`jr quj
shc plrtj mj chshtrhs bnsbhs j nctjirlrehs jc cujstrl `hcs`njc`nl. @ulcth
bìs eu`djbhs y chs rjsnstlbhs l cujstrls plrtjs hs`urls, bìs prjsjctjs
jstlrìc. Pj `hbphrtlc `hbh cnühs js`lcmlehshs quj `luslc prhfejbls
jxprjslbjctj phrquj eh ñcn`h quj fus`lc js ltjc`nðc, lucquj sjl l trlvîs
mj `lstnilrejs. Jc `lbfnh, sn els l`jptlbhs, sj sjctnrìc js`u`dlmls j
nctjirlmls, y mjalrìc mj `hbphrtlrsj `hbh jshs cnühs rjvhethshs.
_hr bn tnph mj pjrshclenmlm y el jmu`l`nðc rj`nfnml, mjslrrheeî ucl tjcmjc`nl
 l jvntlr jcgrjctlrbj l els jbh`nhcjs mjslirlmlfejs phrquj bj lfrublflc.
Lprjcmâ l blctjcjr bn blejstlr l mnstlc`nl, `hbnjcmh mj ghrbl nc`hcs`njctj,

gublcmh, fus`lcmh el sheu`nðc jc ucl mnjtl, trlflalcmh jc jx`jsh y fus`lcmh

`lrnüh jc bn plrjal h jc qunîc gujrl. Mjsmj eujih, jsth jrl bìs gì`ne quj
jcgrjctlrbj l els gujctjs mj bn blejstlr. _jrh el bjmn`ncl plrl je mhehr ch js
je mhehr :. Js je lbhr.
@njcthstlemjy `hbh
bnsbl, vj`js jrl.
dlfâl ejâmh
_jrh y js`u`dlmh
bj rjsuetlfl buyquj tjcâl
mngâ`ne. Jc quj l`jptlrbj
prnbjr l bâ 
euilr, phrquj
ch bj `hch`âl jc lfsheuth l bâ bnsbl. _jrh sn ch slfâl qunîc jrl, cn quî
qujrâl, cn quî sj bj mlfl fnjc, cn quî bj lplsnhclfl jc el vnml, ¸`ðbh bj
nfl l l`jptlr8 _hrquj, plrl l`jptlr h lblr leih, prnbjrh dly quj `hch`jreh. Le
ch `hch`jrbj, trltlfl mj l`jptlr uc su`jmìcjh mj bn yh vjrmlmjrh.
Jc je lplrtlmh shfrj el `uepl vnbhs quj je `hch`nbnjcth mj uch bnsbh js el
`elvj plrl enfjrlrchs mje elstrj mj el `uepl. ^ l plrtnr mj mn`dl sj``nðc, djbhs
nmh trlflalcmh `hc bu`dls djrrlbnjctls mj luth`hch`nbnjcth. _jrh l vj`js
su`jmj quj, `ulcmh jbpjzlbhs l bnrlrchs dl`nl lmjctrh `hc ehs hahs fnjc
lfnjrths, mjs`ufrnbhs plrtjs mj chshtrhs quj chs iustlc y htrls quj ch chs
iustlc tlcth. ^nclmj`ulmhs.
`hcsnmjrlbhs eh quj shejbhs dl`jr js rj`dlzlr
Pj `hcvnjrtjc jsths
jc cujvhs ñetnbhs
bhtnvhs lspj`ths
plrl quj El quj
Whz
lplrjz`l jc js`jcl, auziìcmhchs bìs, luthmjstruyîcmhchs bìs y
bl`dl`ìcmhchs bìs quj dlfntulebjctj. Nctjctlbhs lplrtlrehs mj chshtrhs
cjiìcmhehs.

L bjmnml quj tj vlyls `hch`njcmh bìs, js prj`nsh quj plrlejelbjctj

lprjcmls l l`jptlr thmls jsls plrtjs mj tn quj vls mjs`ufrnjcmh, els fhcntls y
els gjls.
L trlvîs mj uc prhgucmh vnlaj mj luth`hch`nbnjcth, jspj`nlebjctj irl`nls l
el tjrlpnl quj sjiuâ, jbpj`î l vjrbj, l `hch`jrbj y l lflcmhclr el nmjl mj
qunîc `rjâl quj mjfâl sjr. Mjalr mj nctjctlr sjr qunjc ch jrl bj pjrbntnð
jstlr jc `hcmn`nhcjs mj l`jptlrbj tle `hbh rjlebjctj jrl, `hc bns eu`js y
bns shbfrls. Jbpj`î l lfrnrbj, l vnvnr el jxpjrnjc`nl mje blejstlr, l mjalr mj
dunr mj bâ bnsbl y mj els `hsls quj bìs tjbâl. ^, plrlmðan`lbjctj, je
sugrnbnjcth sj guj mnshevnjcmh. Pheh l plrtnr mj jcthc`js jbpjzlrhc l
prhmu`nrsj `lbfnhs phsntnvhs y shstjcnfejs jc bâ bnsbl, jc bn `ujrph y jc bn
rjel`nðc `hc el `hbnml.
 Gunmjalr
jc `hbprjcmnjcmh quj
mj `hbjr, cn jccnjejegublr,
prhfejbl cn je
cn jc el sheu`nðc jstlflc
trlflalr bìs jc je `hbjr
h bjchs. \uj elh
supjrl`nðc mj ehs `hcgen`ths `hc el `hbnml plslfl phr lblrbj tle `hbh jrl jc

jsj prj`nsh bhbjcth.

 L`jptl`nðc js rj`hch`jr el sntul`nðc tle y `hbh js y pjrbntnr quj sjl eh quj js,
snc prjtjcmjr `lbfnlrel. Mjalr els `hsls tle `ule jstìc, lsubnjcmh quj el vnml
sjc`neelbjctj js. Cn austl cn ncaustl. Lucquj sj chs vjcml eh `hctrlrnh, yl
djbhs vnsth quj tjcjbhs js`lsh `hctrhe shfrj cujstrl vnml, pujs jstl sj rnij
phr ucls gujrzls quj ch le`lczlbhs l `hctrhelr cn l `hbprjcmjr.
El blyhrâl mj pjrshcls `rjjc quj l`jptlrsj snicngn`l rjsniclrsj y ch dl`jr 
clml plrl `lbfnlr. @rjjc quj el blch murl js el bhtnvl`nðc quj ejs lyumlrì l
lmhptlr dìfnths `hbh el mnjtl h je mjphrtj. ]njcjc lpjih l El Whz phrquj sn
mjalrlc mj dl`jrej `lsh, sj `hcvjrtnrâlc jc pjrjzhshs y ch sj ejvlctlrâlc plrl
nr l trlflalr, sj `hbjrâlc thmh je fugjt, ch jstumnlrâlc y sj lflcmhclrâlc l el
ncmhejc`nl. Pu bhtnvl`nðc plrl je `lbfnh snjbprj dl cl`nmh mj Jeel, mje
mjsprj`nh dl`nl sâ bnsbls, mje bnjmh, el `hcgusnðc, el trnstjzl, el grustrl`nðc h
el `ueplfnenmlm. ]jbjc quj, sn l`jptlc jsls plrtjs quj tlcth hmnlc, ejs mlrìc
pjrbnsh plrl quj sj qujmjc `hc jeels. @hbh sn rj`hch`jr jshs lspj`ths
rjghrzlrl su prjsjc`nl.
_jrh ejahs mj jsth, el vhz luth`râtn`l ijcjrl uc jgj`th mj lbjclzl l el quj je
`jrjfrh rjsphcmj ijcjrlcmh tjcsnðc y jstrîs y jcvnlcmh je bjcslaj mj1
«Jsthy jc pjenirh. ¡Dlz leih, `ujrph!». ^ je ijc ldhrrh slej l js`jcl, dl`njcmh
thmh eh phsnfej plrl prhtjijrchs. Jcthc`js jctrlbhs jc je `âr`ueh vn`nhsh mj
rj`hcghrtlrchs `hc lqujeeh mj eh quj jstlbhs duyjcmh. Vhbpjbhs cujstrh
prhpðsnth mj dl`jr mnjtl h jajr`n`nh y lplrj`j mj cujvh El Whz1 «Ch tnjcjs
gujrzl mj vheuctlm, yl eh dls vujeth l dl`jr, jrjs nc`lplz, jrjs ucl gehal».

Jxnstjc mhs bhmhs mj bhtnvlrchs1 dl`jreh mjsmj ehs bjcslajs `râtn`hs mj El

Whz, `hbh rjl``nðc le bnjmh h dl`jreh mjsmj ucl ghrbl mj bhtnvl`nðc
supjrnhr, flslml jc el l`jptl`nðc y el `hbplsnðc quj, `hbh cubjrhshs
jstumnhs dlc mjbhstrlmh, glvhrj`j el l``nðc y js bìs jgj`tnvl `hbh
bhtnvlmhrl plrl bjahrlr ehs dìfnths grjctj l el l`tntum `râtn`l y slc`nhclmhrl
 mj El Whz.
Ehs dìfnths mj lenbjctl`nðc `hcs`njctj shc `hbh uc pìalrh quj vujel `hc
sus mhs lels1 el l`jptl`nðc y el `hbplsnðc.

@njrtlbjctj, el nctjc`nðc mj El Whz js lyumlrchs l rjiuelr cujstrls

`hcmu`tls. _jrh `ulcmh lmqunjrj mjblsnlmh prhtlihcnsbh jc cujstrls vnmls,
su `lpl`nmlm mj mjstrunrchs supjrl l el mj lyumlrchs. Bncl el `hcgnlczl jc
chshtrhs bnsbhs y lfshrfj cujstrl vntlenmlm, dl`nîcmhchs rjcuc`nlr l cujstrh
prhpðsnth mj `unmlrchs.
quj dls jstlmh El nmjl
rj`dlzlcmh js quj
phr tlcth l`jptjs
tnjbph1 y `hbprjcmls
tu ^h Ihrmh. jsl plrtj mj tn
J AJV@N@NH1 ]ñ y tu ^h ihrmh
«@ulcmh tj lbls l tn bnsbh,
mjals mj jc`hctrlr bhtnvhs plrl eu`dlr, sugrnr y jctrlr jc `hcgen`th `hc el vnml».
Ijrlrmh P`dbjmenci
Gneðshgh y sh`nðehih.

Jstj pjrshclaj js jsl plrtj tuyl quj rjprjsjctl tu dlbfrj jbh`nhcle, ehs
knehs quj tj shfrlc, je vl`âh, el sjcsl`nðc mj mjs`hctrhe, je lcsnl quj snjctjs,
tu dlbfrj ncsl`nlfej.
]u ^h Ihrmh ch js tu jcjbnih, snch uch mj tus bu`dhs «yhjs» quj ch dls
nctjirlmh y quj sj dl mnsh`nlmh mje rjsth. Jstl sjplrl`nðc dl`j quj tu ^h
Ihrmh l`tñj `hctrl tus nctjrjsjs. _jrh ch js snch ucl sñpen`l mj lbhr.

L`jptlreh ch suphcj quj `hcsnjctls su pjsh. Pnicngn`l dl`jrej uc duj`h jc tu

`hrlzðc. _hrquj bnjctrls îe ch sj snjctl l`hinmh cn js`u`dlmh, sjiunrì
`hctnih. Dl cl`nmh mje bnjmh y dl nmh `rj`njcmh plrl `lptlr tu ltjc`nðc1
cj`jsntl quj eh js`u`djs y quj eh rj`hchz`ls. ]j jstì mjblcmlcmh lbhr y ch
 sj nrì l bjchs quj eh l`jptjs phr eh quj js. ^ sheh `ulcmh sjls `lplz mj
l`jptlreh y lblreh, jstlrìs lmbntnjcmh el thtlenmlm mj tu sjr. Zcl vjz tj
l`jptjs `hbpejtlbjctj, îe sj sjctnrì js`u`dlmh, y mjslplrj`jrì.

@hc je sniunjctj jajr`n`nh vls l lprjcmjr l lblr l tu ^h Ihrmh y vls l sjr 

`lplz mj `hcshelreh plrl quj sj `hcvnjrtl jc tu lenlmh. _lrl jeeh, vls l
jstlfej`jr uc mnìehih `hc tu ^h Ihrmh, mjsmj el dhcjstnmlm. Jstj jajr`n`nh js
uc plsh plrl jbpjzlr l rjshevjr el rjel`nðc jctrj tu plrtj quj `hbj
`hcs`njctjbjctj y el quj eh dl`j mj ghrbl jbh`nhcle.
  Js`râfjej ucl `lrtl l tu ^h Ihrmh jxprjsìcmhej `ðbh tj snjctjs, quî tj
dl`j sjctnr, `ðbh dl mjstrhzlmh tu vnml y `uìcth ej mjtjstls (sn js je `lsh).
Jxprjsl thmh eh quj tj clz`l, snc gnetrhs, snc sjr `hrrj`th. Jstl `lrtl ch el vl l
ejjr clmnj. Js`râfjel ldhrl.
  Zcl vjz dlyls js`rnth el `lrtl l tu ^h Ihrmh, pjrbâtjej quj tj rjsphcml.
@hij mj cujvh plpje y fhen, y prjiñctlej quî qunjrj mj`nrtj. Js`rnfj eh quj
sleil mj tu `hrlzðc, `hbh sn je quj dlfelrl gujrl tu ^h Ihrmh.
Zcl vjz ej dlyls blcngjstlmh tu vjrmlm y ej dlyls pjrbntnmh rjsphcmjr,
mjs`ufrnrìs ucl vjrmlm gucmlbjctle1 ch tj jstì pnmnjcmh `hbnml, sheh tj
supen`l lbhr. @hbh lquje cnüh rjfhtlmh quj tj pnmj sjr rj`hch`nmh y
js`u`dlmh.
J AJV@N@NH1 ]ñ y tu `ujrph

«]hmh geuyj, thmh `lbfnl, clml pjrblcj`j».

Djrì`enth
Gneðshgh irnjih

Bu`dhs mj bns `enjctjs tnjcjc uc nmjle tlc gujrtj y `elrh mje `ujrph quj
mjsjlrâlc ”h mje quj tjcâlc `ulcmh nflc le ncstntuth h lctjs mj tjcjr dnahs”
quj ejs `ujstl bu`dh l`jptlrsj tle y `hbh shc ldhrl. Nctjctlc `lbfnlr su
`ujrph l trlvîs mje bl`dlquj, lenbjctlcmh el lvjrsnðc `hctrl sâ bnsbhs. _jrh
eh ñcn`h quj `hcsniujc js nc`rjbjctlr je `hbjr `hbpuesnvh y je sugrnbnjcth.
Je rjth plsl phr l`jptlr quj jsj `ujrph mje plslmh mngâ`nebjctj vhevjrì. \uj
jsj nmjle mj gâsn`h qunzì yl ch sjl le`lczlfej dhy.
 J AJV@N@NH1 Je jspjah `lrnühsh

El prì`tn`l mnlrnl mje sniunjctj jajr`n`nh tj lyumlrì l mjalr mj elmh els

nbìijcjs utðpn`ls mje plslmh h els nmjlenzl`nhcjs mje guturh, plrl quj
jbpnj`js l l`jptlr qunjc jrjs. Ch tnjcjs phr quî jspjrlr l quj tu `ujrph tj
iustj plrl quj sjls `lplz mj l`jptlreh. _ujmjs l`jptlr je `lbfnh plrl plslr 
mje rj`dlzh l uc jstlmh mj l`jptl`nðc cjutrh.
 @heð`ltj grjctj l uc jspjah mj `ujrph jctjrh, jc uc euilr mhcmj sjpls quj
clmnj tj vl l bhejstlr. Pn pujmjs, bârltj snc rhpl, pjrh sn tj rjsuetl
nc`ðbhmh h vnhejcth, vâstjtj `hc ucl prjcml quj tj pjrbntl vjr el ghrbl mj
tu `ujrph.
 Jenij ucl plrtj mj tu `ujrph quj tj iustj, mj el quj nc`eush snjctls hriueeh
(ch nbphrtl sn shc ehs hahs, el `elvâ`uel h els blchs). Hfsîrvlel. Mjs`râfjel
jc vhz vjz
  Zcl letl.dlyls
Nctjctlhfsjrvlmh
qujmlrtj mjelctj mje jspjah
jsj lspj`th mj tuje `ujrph
bìxnbhquj
tnjbph phsnfej.vj
tj iustl,
lbpenlcmh el pjrspj`tnvl dlstl lflr`lr thmh tu `ujrph. Ldhrl ch sj trltl mj
`jctrlrtj jc ucl plrtj jc `hc`rjth. Bnrl je `ujrph jctjrh quj tnjcjs grjctj l
tn y hfsjrvl `ðbh tj snjctjs. \uîmltj uchs bncuths hfsjrvìcmheh jc je
jspjah. Bârltj mj vjrmlm, snc js`hcmjr flrrnil cn sl`lr pj`dh.
 ¸@ðbh tj snjctjs8 ¸\uî pjcslbnjcths plslc phr tu bjctj8 _ujmj su`jmjr 
quj tj snjctls leiunjc jstñpnmh, nc`ðbhmh h rnmâ`ueh y quj tjcils el
cj`jsnmlm mj mjalr mj bnrlrtj. Js ucl rjl``nðc buy dlfntule. Pî `hcs`njctj
mj jeel, mj `ðbh tj snjctjs y mj ehs pjcslbnjcths quj tnjcjs l`jr`l mj tu
`ujrph, snc auzilr, snc dunr y snc `lbfnlr clml mj eh quj snjctjs h pnjcsls.
Pheh hfsjrvl, lprjcmj l jstlr `hc eh quj dly.
Dlstl ldhrl djbhs `hbprjcmnmh quj plrl `lbfnlr cujstrl blcjrl mj `hbjr,
ch flstl `hc bhmngn`lr cujstrhs dìfnths. _hr jeeh, chs djbhs subjrinmh jc els
prhgucmnmlmjs mje n`jfjri plrl jxpehrlr ehs fjcjgn`nhs (prnblrnhs y
sj`ucmlrnhs) y els `rjjc`nls quj sustjctlc cujstrls `hcmu`tls. ]lbfnîc
djbhs jbpjzlmh l jajr`ntlr je bñs`ueh mj el l`jptl`nðc. Pn tj gnals jc el
nblijc mje n`jfjri mje ncn`nh mje `lpâtueh <0, lñc chs qujmlc uc plr mj
lspj`ths phr ncmlilr1 ehs vlehrjs y el luthjstnbl. L jeehs chs vlbhs l mjmn`lr 
jc ehs `lpâtuehs quj sniujc.

=
 Dlih bu`dl rjgjrjc`nl le fumnsbh, pjrh ch shy fumnstl, yl quj bj `ujstl lpen`lreh jc bn
prhpnl vnml.
: Jstl grlsj el ejâ jc uc irlgntn phr el `leej, mjs`hchz`h su luthrâl.

_lrtj =
DL@NJCMH ELP _L@JP
@HC EL @HBNML, @HC ]Z @ZJV_H
^ @HC]NIH
 

<:
El `hdjrjc`nl vntle
✐ Jc jstj `lpâtueh vls l mjalr mj dl`jr hâmhs shrmhs l eh quj tu `ujrph tj
jstì trltlcmh mj mj`nr y vls l `rjlr ucnmlm, lrbhcâl y jqunenfrnh jctrj eh quj
vlehrls, eh quj cj`jsntls y eh quj mjsjls.
«El gjen`nmlm js `ulcmh eh quj pnjcsls,
eh quj mn`js y eh quj dl`js jstìc jc lrbhcâl».
Bldltbl Ilcmdn

Fu`jlcmh jc tus vlehrjs

]us vlehrjs ghrblc plrtj mj el nmjctnmlm mj tu jsjc`nl y shc el frñauel quj
hrnjctl tus l``nhcjs. L mngjrjc`nl mj els `rjjc`nls, quj sj jxprjslc jc ghrbl
mj ijcjrlenzl`nhcjs h mj «mjfjrâls», ehs vlehrjs chrblebjctj sj blcngnjstlc
jc ghrbl mj nmjls h `hc`jpths `hbh ijcjrhsnmlm, dhcjstnmlm, fjeejzl,
glbnenl, lbnstlm, fhcmlm h enfjrtlm.
]us vlehrjs shc lqujeeh l eh quj tñ `hc`jmjs bìs nbphrtlc`nl jc tu vnml y
quj el eejcl mj snicngn`lmh. Lsâ `hbh tu `heubcl vjrtjfrle js je jaj quj
sustjctl tu jsqujejth, ehs vlehrjs shc el flsj quj shstnjcj tu lebl. Ch shc
nmjlejs quj dly quj pjrsjiunr, cn prnc`npnhs quj sj pujmlc lprjcmjr. Phc tu
ghrbl mj sjctnr, pjcslr y l`tulr y ehs jxprjsls `hc tu blcjrl mj vnvnr.
_jrh `ulcmh tus vlehrjs bìs nbphrtlctjs ch jstìc snjcmh jxprjslmhs jc tu

ghrbl
l jshsmj vnvnr, hch`ulcmh
vlehrjs, pujmjstusjctnr
ghrblsltnsgl``nðc
mj sjctnr, mj
cn pjcslr
plz. y mj l`tulr ch js l`hrmj

Pn ch tnjcjs ucl vnml pejcl, yl slfjs quj tu jstðblih cuc`l phmrì

prhphr`nhclrtj eh quj tj gletl. _lrl vnvnr ucl vnml pejcl js gucmlbjctle quj
tus vlehrjs `elvj sjlc dhcrlmhs `lml mâl y quj jxnstl `hdjrjc`nl jctrj ehs
mngjrjctjs pelchs mj tu sjr.
@HDJVJC@NL WN]LE1
 EH \ZJ PNJC]JP 2 EH \ZJ _NJCPLP 2 EH \ZJ MN@JP 2 EH \ZJ DL@JP
Pn eh quj snjctjs, eh quj pnjcsls, eh quj mn`js y eh quj dl`js ch jstì jc

sncthcâl, tu vnml ch jstlrì lencjlml `hc tus vlehrjs, y phr eh tlcth, sjrì
ncsltnsgl`thrnl. _hr jajbpeh, sn plrl tn el snc`jrnmlm js uc vlehr `elvj, y trlflals
jc uc flc`h jc je quj tnjcjs quj jcilülr l el ijctj plrl vjcmjr eh quj el
jbprjsl tj hfenil l vjcmjr, ¸phmrìs sjctnrtj jc plz8 ¸Jstlrìs `ðbhmh jc jsj
trlflah8 Ch, phrquj tus l``nhcjs ch jstìc lencjlmls `hc uch mj tus vlehrjs
prnc`nplejs.

J AJV@N@NH1 Eh quj vlehrh

@hc jstj jajr`n`nh quj lprjcmâ mj els blicâgn`ls `hl`ds  mj Nctn ]rlnccnci, jc
euilr mj pjmnrtj quj lclen`js y jenals rl`nhclebjctj tus vlehrjs mj uc enstlmh,
ehs vls l jxpjrnbjctlr, ehs vls l sjctnr.
 Jenij : nbìijcjs quj tj iustjc (pujmjc sjr ghths mj tus sjrjs qujrnmhs, mj
plnslajs, mj hfajths, mj vnlajs…). Js`rnfj jc tu enfrjtl mj lenbjctl`nðc
`hcs`njctj phrquî dls jejinmh `lml nblijc y quî js eh quj tj iustl mj `lml
ucl. Js`rnfj els plelfrls quj tj ncspnrl `lml nblijc, els quj tj vlylc
surinjcmh le rjsphcmjr el prjiuctl ¸quî js eh quj tj iustl mj jstl nblijc8
  Vjejj thmls els plelfrls quj dls lchtlmh y js`hij els 4 quj bìs tj
rjsujcjc.
  Ldhrl, dlz ucl `lmjcl mj plelfrls mj `lml ucl mj els 4 plelfrls
sjej``nhclmls. _hr jajbpeh, sn ucl mj tus plelfrls jejinmls dl snmh
«`rjltnvnmlm», ucl phsnfej `lmjcl mj plelfrls phmrâl sjr1
@VJL]NWNMLM
mnfualr, flnelr, plz, mnvjrsnðc, `hehr, ncvjctlr, cnül nctjrnhr, Ptjvj Ahfs, geunr,
`rjlr, irlflr, `hbplrtnr, nblinclr, pnctlr, enfjrtlm…
Ch tnjcjs quj js`rnfnr uc cñbjrh mjtjrbnclmh mj plelfrls, lchtl thmls els
quj tj sleilc mj tus trnpls, snc pjcslrels mjblsnlmh.
  Zcl vjz tjcils els `lmjcls mj plelfrls, mj thmls els plelfrls quj dls
js`rnth, jenij els : quj bìs tj jbh`nhcjc y lcðtlels jc uc enstlmh tntuelmh
«bns vlehrjs».
BNP WLEHVJP
<. .................................................................
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:. .................................................................

  ^l tnjcjs tus : vlehrjs bìs nbphrtlctjs. Ldhrl rjgejxnhcl1 ¸@ðbh jstìs

vnvnjcmh l`tulebjctj jsths vlehrjs8 ¸@uìc `jr`l h ejahs jstì tu vnml jc jstj
bhbjcth mj `lml vlehr8 ¸@uìcth mj sltnsgj`dh jstìs `hc `lml uch mj tus
vlehrjs jc tu vnml8 ]jcnjcmh jc `ujctl jstls prjiuctls, jvleñl `lml vlehr 
mje < le sjej``nhcl
 Ldhrl <?. uc vlehr quj qunjrls vnvnr bìs nctjcslbjctj jc tu vnml.
_ujmjs jejinr je quj tjcil bjchr puctul`nðc h je quj bìs mjsjjs
phtjc`nlr.
 Js`rnfj ucl l``nðc `hc`rjtl quj phmrâls dl`jr plrl vnvnr bìs je vlehr quj
dls jejinmh.
 @hbprhbîtjtj l eejvlr l `lfh jsl l``nðc jc ehs prðxnbhs 6 bjsjs. Pj trltl
mj flalr l el tnjrrl jsj vlehr l trlvîs mj l``nhcjs buy jspj`âgn`ls.
BN @HB_VHBNPH
Jstj js je vlehr quj bj `hbprhbjth l vnvnr bìs nctjcslbjctj jc bn vnml1
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Jstl js el l``nðc `hc`rjtl plrl vnvnr bìs nctjcslbjctj jstj vlehr1
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Jstl l``nðc tj lyumlrì l quj tus vlehrjs jstîc bìs prjsjctjs jc tu vnml.
_ujmjs dl`jr jstj jajr`n`nh `hc `lml uch mj tus : vlehrjs nbphrtlctjs, pjrh
mj bhbjcth jbpnjzl sheh phr uch.
  _lrl tjcjr tus vlehrjs prjsjctjs y quj sj `hcvnjrtlc jc tu iuâl mj vnlaj,
pujmjs dl`jr uc burle `hc nbìijcjs quj rjprjsjctjc `lml uch mj tus :
vlehrjs prnc`nplejs. @heð`leh `jr`l mj tu bjsl mj trlflah h jc uc euilr 
vnsnfej.
Jstj js bn burle mj vlehrjs1
 

_rh`urh
mj thblrtjcjreh snjbprj
`ulequnjr l blch
mj`nsnðc. phrquj js«jsth
Bj prjiucth1 el frñauel quj bjjc
quj lplrj`j lyuml l el ¸bj
bn vnml, dhrl
l`jr`l h bj lejal mj bns vlehrjs8» Bnrh je burle y mj uc ihepj mj vnstl tjcih
el rjspujstl. ^ sn dly muml… Ch dly muml.
@ulcmh ch tj snjctls pejch, vjrngn`l sn jstìs dhcrlcmh ehs vlehrjs quj dls
lchtlmh jc tu enstl h jc tu burle. _rhflfejbjctj mjs`ufrls quj leiuch mj
jeehs jstì snjcmh vuecjrlmh. Nmjctngâ`leh y `hcî`tleh `hc ucl l``nðc `hc`rjtl
plrl quj snjctls quj jsj vlehr ghrbl plrtj mj tu vnml. ^l vjrìs quj tj sjctnrìs
bìs pejch y, jc `hcsj`ujc`nl, bjchs mjpjcmjrìs mj el `hbnml cn mj htrhs
plr`djs.
Jc el wjf www.dlbfrjmjlbhr.`hb
wjf www.dlbfrjmjlbhr.`hb jc`hctrlrìs jstj bnsbh jajr`n`nh jc vâmjh (vjr 
ncstru``nhcjs jc el pìincl 6<).

Ncvjctlrnh mj cj`jsnmlmjs
¸Plfjs `ufrnr tus cj`jsnmlmjs8 ¸]njcmjs l sltnsgl`jr els mj ehs mjbìs
lctjs quj els tuyls8 ¸@hch`js el mngjrjc`nl jctrj cj`jsnmlm y mjsjh8
Wnvnbhs jc uc bucmh quj chs eejvl l jstlr buy h`uplmhs, l tjcjr jstrîs, l
jstlr jxpujsths l mjthclctjs y thxncls, l mhrbnr ph`h y l `hbjr `hbnml rìpnml
y prh`jslml. Mjalbhs quj els prnsls, el `hcvjcnjc`nl y ehs bnjmhs mj el vnml
bhmjrcl mjajc l uc elmh cujstrls cj`jsnmlmjs, chs mjs`hcj`tjc mj cujstrh
yh vjrmlmjrh y tnrjbhs pl elctj.
Jcthc`js ch `hch`jbhs cn sltnsgl`jbhs lprhpnlmlbjctj cujstrls
cj`jsnmlmjs, phr eh quj nctjctlbhs `hbpjcslr jsl mns`hrmlc`nl `hc `hbnml.
Lsâ, bu`dls vj`js `rjjbhs quj cj`jsntlbhs `hbjr `ulcmh cujstrl cj`jsnmlm
rjle js mj lgj`th, mjs`lcsh, mnvjrsnðc h mjs`hbprjsnðc.
¸\unîc guj el prnbjrl pjrshcl quj sj jc`lrið mj `ufrnr cujstrls
cj`jsnmlmjs8 Guj cujstrl blmrj h el gniurl quj mjslrrheelrl jsj plpje.
Murlctj cujstrhs prnbjrhs lühs mj vnml el ltjc`nðc mj cujstrl prhijcnthrl
jstlfl `jctrlml jc `ufrnr cujstrls cj`jsnmlmjs. _jrh l vj`js, mj lmueths, ch
dl`jbhs ucl fujcl ijstnðc mj el bltjrcnmlm, y sjiunbhs fus`lcmh l blbì
jc ehs euilrjs jqunvh`lmhs (jc bn `lsh jc el `hbnml, jc plrjals quj sj
dn`njrlc `lrih mj bâ h jc je tlfl`h). Chrblebjctj jc `hsls jc quj el fh`l
 jstuvnjrl
<
nbpen`lml, pujs jstj ðrilch chs rjbntj mnrj`tlbjctj le pj`dh mj
blbì .
Htrls vj`js, nctjctlbhs dl`jr mj blbì mj ehs mjbìs, `hbpel`njcmh l thmh

je bucmh y lctjphcnjcmh els cj`jsnmlmjs lajcls l els prhpnls. Jc bu`dhs mj

jsths `lshs ch sj trltl mj ucl ijcjrhsnmlm letrunstl j nc`hcmn`nhcle, snch quj
lyumlbhs plrl quj je htrh `ubpel els cj`jsnmlmjs quj ch djbhs lprjcmnmh l
sltnsgl`jr phr chshtrhs bnsbhs. «]j lyumh plrl quj bj mjs `lrnüh», «]j dlih
`hbplüâl plrlfujcl
quj mnils quî quj eujih tñ chquj
pjrshcl bjshy».
mjajs sheh», «]j vhy l vjr le dhspntle plrl
Jc H``nmjctj phmjbhs `rjjr quj «lblrsj l uch bnsbh» js ucl l`tntum
jihâstl y clr`nsnstl y qunzì `hcsnmjrjs bìs lmbnsnfej «lblr le prðanbh». _jrh
tj rj`ujrmh quj el grlsj mj «Lbl l tu prðanbh» `hctncñl `hc «`hbh l tn
bnsbh». ]rltlrchs `hc lblfnenmlm ch snicngn`l ch pjcslr jc ehs mjbìs, snch
mj tjcjrchs jc `ujctl le dl`jreh. Pn tu lcdjeh js `unmlr sleumlfejbjctj l ehs
mjbìs, mjfjs jbpjzlr phr `unmlrtj l tn. _hrquj uch ch pujmj mlr eh quj ch
tnjcj. ¸@ðbh vhy l mlrtj lbhr sn ch tjcih lbhr phr bâ bnsbh8 ¸@ðbh pujmh
prjstlrtj mncjrh sn ch tjcih cn uc murh8

Lmjbìs, sn lprjcmjs l `unmlr mj tus cj`jsnmlmjs, mjalrìs mj rj`urrnr l el

`hbnml plrl sustntunr eh quj mj vjrmlm tj cutrj. ^l slfjs quj tu rjel`nðc `hc
el `hbnml js leih quj vl bu`dh bìs leeì mj el `hbnml jc sâ bnsbl. ¡Mjal l ehs
mjbìs uc phqunth jc plz y mjsdlztj mj el irlc `lril eejvls l `ujstls!
Lctjs mj nctjctlr `hcsjiunr lqujeeh quj mjsjlbhs, js nbprjs`ncmnfej quj
lprjcmlbhs l dl`jrchs mj blmrj l chshtrls bnsbls. Lsâ quj vlbhs l mlrchs
eh quj cj`jsntlbhs, eejcìcmhchs `hc `hsls quj chs cutrjc, lmjbìs mj el
`hbnml.
J AJV@N@NH1 Eh quj cj`jsnth
]hmhs cj`jsntlbhs cutrnrchs. ]hmh sjr dublch tnjcj el cj`jsnmlm mj
sjiurnmlm y mj sjctnrsj l slevh. ]hmhs cj`jsntlbhs sjctnr lbhr y sjr 
vlehrlmhs. ^ thmhs cj`jsntlbhs quj cujstrl vnml tjcil nbphrtlc`nl y sjctnmh.

Els cj`jsnmlmjs l`tñlc `hbh phtjctjs nbpueshrjs mj cujstrl `hcmu`tl, pujs

 je mjsjh
irlc vnjcj mj
lphrtl`nðc jc els cj`jsnmlmjs.
je `lbph Je psn`ðehih
mj el psn`hehiâl mj Lfrldlb Blsehw,dublcls,
els cj`jsnmlmjs dnzh ucl
mnvnmnîcmhels jc : cnvjejs6 `hc su «pnrìbnmj mj cj`jsnmlmjs».

 CJ@JPNMLM
Pjiñc BlsehwMJ PJIZVNMLM
y Vhffncs, / @JV]NMZBFVJ
eh prnbjrh quj cj`jsntl `ufrnr je sjr dublch shc
els cj`jsnmlmjs fìsn`ls gnsnheðin`ls quj ej pjrbntjc shfrjvnvnr1 rjspnrl`nðc,
lenbjctl`nðc, sjiurnmlm gâsn`l y bjctle, mj jbpejh, mj rj`urshs, mj sleum,
`hstubfrjs, `hctrhe, mjs`lcsh, sjxh, jt`.
Jvleñl mje < le : `ðbh mj sltnsgj`dl tnjcjs el cj`jsnmlm fìsn`l mj sjiurnmlm1
< 6 0 = :
Ncsltn
Ncsltnsgj
sgj`dl
`dl Plt
Pltnsg
nsgj`
j`dl
dl phr mjf
mjflah
lah mj el Chrble, `hbh el bjmnl mj el Flstlctj _ejclbjctj
bjmnl phfel`nðc sltnsgj`dl sltnsgj`dl
Dhy `ufrh jstl cj`jsnmlm `hc1

_hr jajbpeh, phmrâls js`rnfnr1 bns ncirjshs shc sugn`njctjs, mujrbh jc uc

`he`dðc `hcghrtlfej, tjcih uc trlflah jstlfej, bj snjcth sjiurh jc el `lsl h
flrrnh jc je quj vnvh.
Pn tu puctul`nðc js 0 h ncgjrnhr, ¸`ðbh phmrâls sltnsgl`jr bjahr jstl
cj`jsnmlm8

 CJ@JPNMLM MJ WLVNJMLM / NC@JV]NMZBFVJ

Zcl vjz `ufnjrtls els cj`jsnmlmjs bìs fìsn`ls, cj`jsntlbhs lphrtlr slfhr l
cujstrl vnml, jqunenfrlr cujstrls rutncls `hc eh ncjspjrlmh, el chvjmlm,
jstnbuelr cujstrhs sjctnmhs y bjctjs l trlvîs mj cujvls rjel`nhcjs, cujvhs
rjths y cujvls jxpjrnjc`nls.
Jvleñl mje < le : `ðbh mj sltnsgj`dl tnjcjs el cj`jsnmlm mj vlrnjmlm1
< 6 0 = :
Ncsltn
Ncsltnsgj
sgj`dl
`dl Plt
Pltnsg
nsgj`
j`dl
dl phr mjf
mjflah
lah mj el Chrble, `hbh el bjmnl mj el Flstlctj _ejclbjctj
bjmnl phfel`nðc sltnsgj`dl sltnsgj`dl
Dhy `ufrh jstl cj`jsnmlm `hc1
 _hr jajbpeh, phmrâls js`rnfnr1 dlih cujvls lbnstlmjs y rjel`nhcjs, prujfh
mngjrjctjs `hbnmls, sujeh vnlalr l mngjrjctjs euilrjs, jc bn trlflah mjslrrheeh

tlrjls vlrnlmls y jstnbuelctjs, bj ghrbh y `uetnvh je lprjcmnzlaj.

El blcjrl mj sltnsgl`jr ucl cj`jsnmlm mjtjrbnclml pujmj sjr `hcstru`tnvl h
mjstru`tnvl (jc jstj `lsh, phmrâl sjr `hc je le`hdhe u htrls lmn``nhcjs).
Pn tu puctul`nðc js 0 h ncgjrnhr, ¸`ðbh phmrâls sltnsgl`jr bjahr jstl
cj`jsnmlm8

 CJ@JPNMLM MJ LBHV ^ WNC@ZEL@NÐC

]hmh sjr dublch tnjcj el cj`jsnmlm mj rjel`nðc, mj lgj`th, mj lblr y sjr 
lblmh, mj lbnstlm, mj sjr `unmlmh y mj nctnbnmlm sjxule. Mj vnc`uel`nðc `hc
je jcthrch, mj sjctnrsj plrtj, mj pjrtjcj`jr l uc iruph.
Jvleñl mje < le : `ðbh mj sltnsgj`dl tnjcjs el cj`jsnmlm mj lbhr1
< 6 0 = :
Ncsltn
Ncsltnsgj
sgj`dl
`dl Plt
Pltnsg
nsgj`
j`dl
dl phr mjf
mjflah
lah mj el Chrble, `hbh el bjmnl mj el Flstlctj _ejclbjctj
bjmnl phfel`nðc sltnsgj`dl sltnsgj`dl
Dhy `ufrh jstl cj`jsnmlm `hc1

_hr jajbpeh, phmrâls js`rnfnr1 bn glbnenl bj ml lgj`th lfnjrtlbjctj, tjcih

fujcls lbnstlmjs âctnbls, shy plrtj mj ucl `hbucnmlm, bj vnc`ueh `hc bns
vj`nchs y `hbplüjrhs mj trlflah, tjcih pjrshcls `hc els quj pujmh `hbplrtnr 
bns `hcgnmjc`nls, pjrtjcjz`h l ucl `lusl.
Pn tu puctul`nðc js 0 h ncgjrnhr, ¸`ðbh phmrâls sltnsgl`jr bjahr jstl
cj`jsnmlm8
 CJ@JPNMLM MJ VJ@HCH@NBNJC]H J NB_HV]LC@NL 

]hmhs cj`jsntlbhs sjctnr quj ehs mjbìs chs vlehrlc, sjr nbphrtlctjs,
jspj`nlejs y rj`hch`nmhs. Je rj`hch`nbnjcth pujmj sjr l cnvje nctjrch
(luthrrj`hch`nbnjcth) h jxtjrch (quj ehs mjbìs chs vlehrjc).
Jvleñl mje < le : `ðbh mj sltnsgj`dl tnjcjs el cj`jsnmlm mj rj`hch`nbnjcth1
 < 6 0 = :
Ncsltn
Ncsltnsgj
sgj`dl
`dl Plt
Pltnsg
nsgj`
j`dl
dl phr mjf
mjflah
lah mj el Chrble, `hbh el bjmnl mj el Flstlctj _ejclbjctj
bjmnl phfel`nðc sltnsgj`dl sltnsgj`dl

Dhy `ufrh jstl cj`jsnmlm `hc1

_hr jajbpeh, phmrâls js`rnfnr1 bj snjcth ñtne, snjcth quj ehs mjbìs lprj`nlc
bns l`ths, dlih vlejr bns mjrj`dhs, jmu`h fnjc l bns dnahs, jc je trlflah bj
dlc vlehrlmh prhbhvnîcmhbj l uc pujsth bjahr h lubjctìcmhbj je sujemh,
jstumnh y `uetnvh bns nctjrjsjs, bj snjcth rjspjtlmh phr bn jcthrch, vlehrh l
ehs mjbìs `hbh bj vlehrh l bâ bnsbh...
Pn tu puctul`nðc js 0 h ncgjrnhr, ¸`ðbh phmrâls sltnsgl`jr bjahr jstl
cj`jsnmlm8
 CJ@JPNMLM MJ @VJ@NBNJC]H ^ LZ]HVVJLENQL@NÐC

Js el cj`jsnmlm mj mjspejilr cujstrh phtjc`nle, mj jxpehtlr cujstrhs mhcjs,

mj supjrlr cujstrhs prhpnhs eâbntjs y mlr eh bjahr quj dly jc chshtrhs, snc
fus`lr rj`hch`nbnjcth. Lquâ tjrbncl el fñsqujml, yl ch dly cnciñc euilr le
quj eejilr phr quj jstìs jc je euilr lmj`ulmh1 lquâ y ldhrl. Eh quj pnjcsls, eh
quj snjctjs y eh quj dl`js jstì lencjlmh.
Jvleñl mje < le : `ðbh mj sltnsgj`dl tnjcjs el cj`jsnmlm mj `rj`nbnjcth1
< 6 0 = :
Ncsltn
Ncsltnsgj
sgj`dl
`dl Plt
Pltnsg
nsgj`
j`dl
dl phr mjf
mjflah
lah mj el Chrble, `hbh el bjmnl mj el Flstlctj _ejclbjctj
bjmnl phfel`nðc sltnsgj`dl sltnsgj`dl

Dhy `ufrh jstl cj`jsnmlm `hc1

_hr jajbpeh, phmrâls js`rnfnr1 jxprjsh bn vjrmlm, fus`h ncchvlr y lphrtlr 

vlehr, `uetnvh bns nctjrjsjs, eh quj dlih js eh quj shy, jsthy sltnsgj`dh y
lprj`nh bns ehirhs, bj bujstrh lfnjrtlbjctj y pjrbnth quj ehs mjbìs vjlc
qunîc shy jc rjlenmlm, bn trlflah js jstnbuelctj, tjcih lgn`nhcjs `rjltnvls.
Pn tu puctul`nðc js 0 h ncgjrnhr, ¸`ðbh phmrâls sltnsgl`jr bjahr jstl
cj`jsnmlm8
 CJ@JPNMLM MJ @HC]VNFZ@NÐC LE @HEJ@]NWH
 

Js el cj`jsnmlm
bucmh, bìs jejvlml.
prjh`uplrsj phr ehs Mlr, lyumlrmjl ehs
nctjrjsjs mjbìs, mjalr
el sh`njmlm ucl dujeel jc El
y trlcsghrblrel. je
`hctrnfu`nðc js je lctâmhth mje jihâsbh y `hbh vjrjbhs bìs lmjelctj,
pjrbntj sltnsgl`jr je rjsth mj cj`jsnmlmjs.
Jvleñl mje < le : `ðbh mj sltnsgj`dl tnjcjs el cj`jsnmlm mj `hctrnfu`nðc1
< 6 0 = :
Ncsltn
Ncsltnsgj
sgj`dl
`dl Plt
Pltnsg
nsgj`
j`dl
dl phr mjf
mjflah
lah mj el Chrble, `hbh el bjmnl mj el Flstlctj _ejclbjctj
bjmnl phfel`nðc sltnsgj`dl sltnsgj`dl
Dhy `ufrh jstl cj`jsnmlm `hc1

_hr jajbpeh,
`lusls quj vlcphmrâls
bìs leeìjs`rnfnr1
mj bns`uetnvh ucljiðn`hs,
nctjrjsjs prì`tn`lbjjspnrntule, bj jctrjihbjl
snjcth `hcj`tlmh,
bujvh phr eh quj bj mn`tl el nctun`nðc y el `urnhsnmlm, ncvjstnih y dlih
lphrtl`nhcjs jc bn `lbph, shy `lrntltnvh, plrtn`nph jc prhyj`ths plrl `hcstrunr 
uc bucmh bjahr.
Pn tu puctul`nðc js 0 h ncgjrnhr, ¸`ðbh phmrâls sltnsgl`jr bjahr jstl
cj`jsnmlm8
Blsehw sjülelfl quj dly cnvjejs mj prnhrnmlmjs mj els cj`jsnmlmjs1 plrl
eejilr l ltjcmjr l els cj`jsnmlmjs ajrìrqun`lbjctj supjrnhrjs, prnbjrh js
cj`jslrnh sltnsgl`jr els cj`jsnmlmjs lctjrnhrjs. ^ lsâ eh `rjâl yh1 prnbjrh bj
h`uplfl mj eh quj bj lphrtlfl jstlfnenmlm y sjiurnmlm y, ucl vjz mnsgrutlrl
mj ucl `ðbhml sntul`nðc j`hcðbn`l, yl bj mjmn`lrâl l `ujstnhcjs bìs
jejvlmls `hbh el `rjltnvnmlm h je prhpðsnth. _jrh le ch tjcjr sltnsgj`dls bns
cj`jsnmlmjs supjrnhrjs, `hbh el luthrrjlenzl`nðc h el `hctrnfu`nðc, bj sjctâl
grustrlml, vl`âl j ncsltnsgj`dl. Jcthc`js jsj jstrîs sj trlselmlfl l els
cj`jsnmlmjs ncgjrnhrjs mj sjiurnmlm y `jrtnmubfrj, cnvjejs mhcmj rjsnmj el
`hbnml. ^ bj rjguinlfl jc jeel phr ch tjcjr sjctnmh jc bn vnml. Nctjctlfl
sltnsgl`jr leih quj ehs lenbjcths gâsn`hs, phr sâ shehs, ch bj phmâlc mlr.
@hc thmh bn rjspjth phr je `îejfrj Lfrldlb Blsehw, quj jc plz mjs`lcsj,
pjrh mjs`ufrâ quj jrl bìs ltnclmh ncvjrtnr el pnrìbnmj1 sn prnbjrh ltjcmjbhs
cujstrls cj`jsnmlmjs supjrnhrjs (mj `rj`nbnjcth y `hctrnfu`nðc), ch
0
 cj`jsntlrjbhs rj`urrnr l els ncgjrnhrjs . Pn fus`lbhs quî `hsls chs mlc
sjctnmh, el `hcgnlczl, el sjiurnmlm y el jstlfnenmlm lplrj`jrìc `hbh
`hcsj`ujc`nl.

• @ulcmh tj lbls, tj h`upls mj sltnsgl`jr els cj`jsnmlmjs quj jstìc phr 

mjflah mj «rj`hch`nbnjcth j nbphrtlc`nl».
• Le `unmlr tu cj`jsnmlm mj lbhr ch cj`jsntls rj`urrnr l el cj`jsnmlm ncgjrnhr 
mj `hbjr (ch cj`jsntls `hbjr phr `ulequnjr rlzðc quj ch sjl el mj cutrnrtj).
•jcjriâl
@ulcmhvntle,
dly mj
sjctnmh jc gâsn`l
tu sleum tu vnml jxpjrnbjctls uc pleplfej lubjcth mj tu
y jbh`nhcle.
• Pn tj ejvlctls phr el blülcl `hc uc sjctnmh y prhpðsnth plrl je mâl, je vl`âh
quj trltlfls mj eejclr `hc `hbnml sj vl mjsvlcj`njcmh.
• @ulcmh mjslrrheels je lbhr dl`nl tn bnsbh, mjals mj uslr tu `ujrph `hbh
gh`h mj luthmjsprj`nh y eh `hcvnjrtjs jc tu lenlmh, plrl quj `hhpjrîns l el
dhrl mj jc`hctrlr ucl blcjrl bjahr mj vnvnr.
• Pn tus mâls tj rjlenzlc, ch cj`jsntls pn`htjlr plrl `hctrlrrjstlr el bhchthcâl
y je lfurrnbnjcth.

]us cj`jsnmlmjs shc els quj tñ cj`jsntls plrl tn; ch shc tus mjsjhs, cn tus
vlehrjs. ^ lucquj ch eh sjpls, `lml mâl dl`js thmh eh phsnfej plrl mjgjcmjr tu
cj`jsnmlm prnc`nple.
]hmhs tjcjbhs jstls sjns cj`jsnmlmjs, pjrh je hrmjc vlrâl bu`dh mj ucl
pjrshcl l htrl y mhs mj jeels sujejc sjr els mhbnclctjs jc `lml uch mj
chshtrhs.
Jc bn `lsh snjbprj bj jsghrzlfl phr sltnsgl`jr bn cj`jsnmlm cñbjrh < mj
rj`hch`nbnjcth. @hbh tj `hctî `hc el nblijc mj el `jfheel, `rjâl quj ch
jstlfl fnjc sjr tle `hbh yh jrl. L `lusl mj bn flal luthjstnbl nctjctlfl
dl`jr `hsls irlcmjs j nbphrtlctjs, plrl hftjcjr je rj`hch`nbnjcth mj ehs
mjbìs, jc euilr mj lprjcmîrbjeh l mlr yh bnsbl. @ulcmh mjs`ufrâ quj bn
cj`jsnmlm bìs nbphrtlctj jrl jsl, el mj rj`hch`nbnjcth, `hbprjcmâ phrquî
ch hftjcâl htrls `hsls quj mjsjlfl pjrh quj ch cj`jsntlfl tlcth (phr 
jajbpeh, bj qujalfl mj ch jc`hctrlr plrjal). _jrh ch bj mlfl `ujctl mj quj
thmhs ehs mâls lenbjctlfl y prnhrnzlfl el cj`jsnmlm sjctnrbj nbphrtlctj y
vlenhsl, lctjs quj el cj`jsnmlm mj lbhr y vnc`uel`nðc. Le rjvnslr bn js`lel mj
prnhrnmlmjs thbî `hcs`njc`nl mj quj le prnhrnzlr tlcth ucls cj`jsnmlmjs,
mjalfl plrl mjspuîs sltnsgl`jr htrls, tle vjz bìs rjejvlctjs plrl bn bhbjcth
l`tule.
 Js buy mj
lsjiurjs nbphrtlctj qujquj
prnhrnzlr els `hcgj``nhcjs tu hrmjc
tu yh vjrmlmjrh mj l`tulebjctj.
tj pnmj cj`jsnmlmjs ^y snquj tj
ch js
lsâ, pujmjs rjhrmjclrels.

¸@uìe mj ehs sniunjctjs jajbpehs jc`lal bìs `hc tu pnrìbnmj ldhrl =8

]jcnjcmh jc `ujctl tu pnrìbnmj y je ncvjctlrnh quj dls dj`dh lctjs, hfsjrvl

`ðbh jstìc mj `ufnjrtls tus mhs cj`jsnmlmjs prnc`nplejs y els nmjls quj
dlyls lchtlmh plrl sltnsgl`jrels bjahr. _njcsl jc l``nhcjs `hc`rjtls y
sjc`neels, `hbh dn`nstj `hc je jajr`n`nh mj «Eh quj vlehrh».
El nmjl sjrâl quj gujrls lubjctlcmh el puctul`nðc mj sltnsgl``nðc mj tus
cj`jsnmlmjs supjrnhrjs plrl jbpjzlr l eejclr tu vnml mj «cutrnjctjs
jsjc`nlejs ch gâsn`hs». Jctjcmjrìs bjahr mj quî tj dlfeh jc je prðxnbh
lplrtlmh shfrj ehs lenbjcths prnblrnhs.

Vjvnslr tu ncvjctlrnh l bjcumh y prnhrnzlr sltnsgl`jr els cj`jsnmlmjs mj tu

vhz nctjrnhr js je blyhr ijsth mj rjspjth dl`nl tn bnsbl. L bjmnml quj tj
dlils bìs sjcsnfej l sus susurrhs, ch tjcmrìs quj jspjrlr l js`u`dlr je
iruünmh mj tu `ujrph cn tjcmrìs quj snejc`nlreh `hc `hbnml.
 Js`u`dl l tu `ujrph
Je `ujrph dublch js el bìquncl bìs nc`rjâfej quj jxnstj. Mjsmj je
bhbjcth jc quj cl`jbhs, je `ujrph slfj `ðbh sjr uc `ujrph, ch ej tjcjbhs

quj jcsjülr l sltnsgl`jr sus cj`jsnmlmjs mj mjs`lcsh, mj tjcjr grâh h `lehr, cn

mj lenbjctl`nðc. Îe shenth eehrl, tnjcj sjm, mninjrj, suml, fhstjzl, vhbntl,
jsthrcuml, trlil, sj râj y `n`ltrnzl. Plfj eh quj dl`j y slfj eh quj cj`jsntl
dl`jr plrl jstlr jc su pjsh y jc su tleel ðptnbhs. Je `ujrph tnjcj uc vlsth
`hch`nbnjcth
plrj`j quj ehsshfrj eh quj
dublchs cj`jsntlbhs
tjcjbhs plrl jstlr
el cj`jsnmlm sltnsgj`dhs
mj nctjrgjrnr y slchs,
jc su pjrh
rjiuel`nðc.
Mjalbhs mj `hcgnlr jc îe, bnjctrls quj sheh tjcmrâlbhs quj enbntlrchs l
js`u`dlreh, rj`hch`jr els sjcsl`nhcjs l els quj mjfjbhs rjsphcmjr y
lqujeels quj mjfjbhs mjalr nr.
@hbh djbhs vnsth, `hc el vnml quj eejvlbhs ch js gì`ne js`u`dlr cujstrh
`ujrph. Jcthc`js ch `hch`jbhs sus cj`jsnmlmjs cn els sltnsgl`jbhs
lprhpnlmlbjctj, phr eh quj nctjctlbhs jvlmnr y `hbpjcslr cujstrls
cj`jsnmlmjs ncsltnsgj`dls `hc `hbnml. Lsâ, bu`dls vj`js `rjjbhs quj
cj`jsntlbhs `hbjr `ulcmh cujstrl cj`jsnmlm rjle js lgj`th, mjs`lcslr,
mnvjrtnrchs h mjs`hbprnbnr. ^ eujih, chs nbphcjbhs l cujstrh `ujrph phrquj
eh `hcsnmjrlbhs uc jcjbnih quj sj cnjil l hfjmj`jrchs.
El `njc`nl lgnrbl quj el ncgelbl`nðc jstì jc je hrnijc mj thml jcgjrbjmlm.
@ulcmh je snstjbl ncbucntlrnh pjr`nfj ucl lirjsnðc, phcj jc blr`dl uc
prh`jsh mj ncgelbl`nðc `hc el nctjc`nðc mj grjclr jsj mlüh. Js mj`nr, quj el
ncgelbl`nðc y el jcgjrbjmlm shc l`ths mj lbhr mj cujstrh `ujrph, quj chs
nctjctl lvnslr y prhtjijr mj leih quj chs jstì mlülcmh. Js ucl ncvntl`nðc l
plrlrchs, l js`u`dlrchs y l quj chs `unmjbhs.

Je prhfejbl ch js je `ujrph, snch chshtrhs, quj nctjrgjrnbhs jc su clturle

guc`nhclbnjcth. ]jcjbhs quj mjalr mj hfenilreh l dl`jr `hsls `hctrl su
vheuctlm. Je `ujrph js je vjdâ`ueh quj cujstrh yh vjrmlmjrh utnenzl plrl
ncghrblrchs mj `ulcmh mjfjbhs plrlr y ltjcmjr leiñc lspj`th mj cujstrl
vnml quj jstlbhs mjs`unmlcmh. Ehs sâcthbls shc el ghrbl quj je `ujrph tnjcj
mj pjmnrchs quj chs lbjbhs.
 @ulcmh je `ujrph chs lvnsl l trlvîs mj leiucl mhejc`nl, ¸`ðbh mjs`ngrlr sus
bjcslajs y `hcgnlr jc îe8 @ulcmh snjctls ucl bhejstnl, phr buy trlcsnthrnl
quj sjl, jc vjz mj prjiuctlrchs1 ¸phr quî l bâ8, ¸phr quî bj tnjcj quj mhejr 

jsth, ldhrl quj thmh nfl fnjc8, ¸sn ch dj dj`dh cnciñc jsgujrzh, phr quî bj
mujej8, rjeìaltj y dlz frjvjbjctj je jajr`n`nh mj «Jstlr `hc eh quj dly».
_rjiñctlej l tu `ujrph quî cj`jsntl. Js`u`dl su rjspujstl `hc `urnhsnmlm y
lblfnenmlm. Js`râfjel. _ujmjs mj`nr els sniunjctjs plelfrls1 «Jsth js eh quj bn
`hrlzðc
Pn ch tjmjsjl y pjrbnthch
eejil cnciucl, quj
tj jsths `lbfnhs
prjh`upjs, sj prhmuz`lc
el vnml tj phcmrìjcjcbnsntul`nhcjs
vnml». quj
tj pjrbntnrìc mjs`ufrnr quî js eh bjahr plrl tn. Jsh sâ, tnjcjs quj jstlr lfnjrth
l ejjr el vnml y l `hcgnlr jc eh quj tj mnil.
Eh bìs shrprjcmjctj mj thmh guj mjs`ufrnr eh nc`rjâfejbjctj lirlmj`nmh
quj js je `ujrph phrquj, le ph`h quj eh jbpnjzls l js`u`dlr y l mlrej eh quj
cj`jsntl `hc lbhr, îe sj snjctj l slevh. ^ `ulcmh sj snjctj l slevh, tnjcj el
`lpl`nmlm mj rjjqunenfrlrsj y jbpjzlr l mjsdl`jrsj mj ehs knehs mj
prhtj``nðc.
¸Leiucl vjz dls jstlmh jclbhrlmh8 ¸Wjrmlm quj el `hbnml plslfl l uc
sjiucmh pelch y ch sjctâls el cj`jsnmlm mj `leblr el lcsnjmlm phr `hbjr8 El
rlzðc js quj je lbhr rhbìctn`h prhmu`j ucl sufnml mj mhplbncl jc je
`jrjfrh, niule quj `ulcmh sl`nls cj`jsnmlmjs prhgucmls. Je jclbhrlbnjcth
phmrâl sjr el sheu`nðc le dlbfrj jbh`nhcle, pjrh mjslghrtuclmlbjctj ch
snjbprj jstlbhs jclbhrlmhs y lucquj eh jstjbhs, sjiñc els ncvjstnil`nhcjs
sheh murlrì jctrj mhs h trjs lühs ”lucquj yh ch `rjh quj sjl lsâ”.
Jcthc`js, ¸phr quî ch sltnsgl`jr cujstrls cj`jsnmlmjs prhgucmls y quj el
mhplbncl sl`nj cujstrl dlbfrj8 ¸_hr quî ch jclbhrlrchs mj chshtrhs
bnsbhs y mj cujstrl vnml8 ¸\uî tj plrj`jrâl mjmn`lr bjchs tnjbph l pjcslr 
jc el `hbnml y jc tu pjsh, y bìs tnjbph l lprj`nlr tu vnml8
J AJV@N@NH1 Eh quj mjsjh

Jbpnjzl `hbpejtlcmh `lml ucl mj els sniunjctjs hrl`nhcjs, `hc eh quj

prnbjrh tj vjcil l el bjctj, snc gnetrhs1
  Lucquj ch eh dlih buy l bjcumh, mnsgruth bu`dh `hc
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
  Pn bj pjrbntnjrl rjelalrbj uc ph`h, phmrâl
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
   Mjmn`lrbj tnjbph plrl
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX bâ js
  Bn auiujtj h aujih glvhrnth mj el ncglc`nl jrl

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
  Lprjcmjr l `hcgnlr jc bâ js
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
  Pn ch gujrl tlc tl`lüh `hcbnih, bj pjrbntnrâl
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
  El ghrbl mj vjstnr quj bjahr bj dl`j sjctnr js
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
  Pn ch shclrl tlc lfsurmh, dlrâl
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
  Pn ch gujrl tlc blyhr 
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
  @lml bjs ncvnjrth jc bn luth`unmlmh el `lctnmlm mj
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

Ldhrl `hij
pujmls dl`jrtuphr
lijcml
tn uch mâl
`lejcmlrnh
le bjs,yncspnrlmh
js`rnfj ucjcpjqujüh ijsth
els grlsjs qujlblfej
l`lflsquj
mj
`hbpejtlr. _hr jajbpeh, sn dls js`rnth «sn ch shclrl tlc lfsurmh, sjrâl `lctlctj
mj ðpjrl» phrquj tj jc`lctl el ðpjrl, ch js cj`jslrnh quj tj lpuctjs l `elsjs
mj `lcth, pjrh sâ phmrâls rjilelrtj ucls jctrlmls l ucl hfrl quj tj dlil
jspj`nle neusnðc. Js mj`nr, ch js tlcth `ubpenr bjtls snch mjmn`lrtj ijsths quj
tj l`jrqujc l lqujeeh quj tu `hrlzðc mjsjl. @ulcmh tj l`hstubfrjs l
prl`tn`lr el lblfnenmlm `hctnih bnsbh, chtlrìs enijrjzl jc tu nctjrnhr.

]lc nbphrtlctj js slfjr nmjctngn`lr ehs mjsjhs y cj`jsnmlmjs mj tu `ujrph,

`hbh je `hbprhbjtjrtj l dl`jrejs `lsh. Lsâ quj lfrj tu lijcml y
`hbprhbîtjtj `hc jstl prì`tn`l.

Jc`ujctrl ucl sltnsgl``nðc murlmjrl1 ehs lenbjcths

prnblrnhs
✐ Je sjctnr uc dlbfrj ncsl`nlfej, ehs lcthahs, ehs ltrl`hcjs, el lcsnjmlm phr 
`hbjr h ch sjr `lpl`js mj `hbjr lfsheutlbjctj clml, shc blcngjstl`nhcjs
gâsn`ls mj leih bìs prhgucmh.
 ✐ Je mîgn`ntjemj cj`jsnmlmjs `ufnjrtls, pujmj sjr uchs mj ehs lspj`ths quj
jxpenqujc dlbfrj jbh`nhcle.
Pnjbprj vlbhs jc fus`l mj el sltnsgl``nðc y bu`dls vj`js je `hbjr mj ghrbl

chrble sj `hcvnjrtj jc `hbjr jc jx`jsh, phrquj nctjctlbhs sltnsgl`jr el gletl

mj leiucl `lrjc`nl. ¡_jrh dly bhcthcjs mj `hsls quj pujmjc sltnsgl`jrchs, l
plrtj mj el `hbnml! Le gncle mje `lpâtueh «@hcs`njc`nl y pîrmnml mj pjsh» tj
`hbjctî quj je tjr`jr plsh plrl mjsdl`jrtj mje dlbfrj jbh`nhcle jrl
cutrnrtj `hc lenbjcths
enfrh Lprjcmj prnblrnhs. El `hl`d mj sleum dheâstn`l Curnl Vhurl, jc su
l vnvnr, lprjcmj l `hbjr , ehs mjgncj `hbh «gujctjs ch lenbjctlrnls mj
cutrn`nðc» quj sltnsgl`jc els cj`jsnmlmjs mj cujstrh `ujrph, mj cujstrl
bjctj y mj cujstrh `hrlzðc.

_lrl mjalr mj lcsnlr tlcth el `hbnml, cj`jsntlbhs eejclrchs `hc mnstnctls

`elsjs mj sltnsgl``nhcjs.
Ehs lenbjcths prnblrnhs sj sujejc mnvnmnr jc = irlcmjs iruphs1
 L`tnvnmlm gâsn`l rjiuelr
 L`tnvnmlm
Chs djbhs `hcvjrtnmh jc ucl jspj`nj buy sjmjctlrnl pjrh cujstrh ijchbl
ch dl `lbfnlmh tlc rìpnmh1 sniuj prhirlblmh plrl bhvjrchs, `hrrjr mjtrìs mj
gnjrls y ejvlctlr pnjmrls. @ulequnjr ðrilch quj ch sj utnen`j plrl el guc`nðc phr 
el `ule guj `rjlmh, vl bjrblcmh. _hr jeeh, uc `ujrph quj ch sj bujvj, ch sj
pujmj sjctnr pejch cn gjenz. Lmjbìs, le dl`jr jajr`n`nh gâsn`h enfjrlbhs
jcmhrgncls, sj nbpuesl el `rjl`nðc mj sjrhthcncl y blctjcjbhs je `jrjfrh
l`tnvh.

Pjiñc Mlvnm _jrebuttjr, cjurðehih jspj`nlenzlmh jc cutrn`nðc, plrl blctjcjr 

je `jrjfrh l`tnvh js bjahr dl`jr jajr`n`nh gâsn`h, quj jajr`n`nhs bjctlejs tnph
`ru`nirlbls h sumhkus.
@unml tu `lrrulaj. Jenij ucl l`tnvnmlm gâsn`l quj tj iustj, quj tj dlil sjctnr 
fnjc y quj sj pujml lmlptlr l tu vnml. Eh bìs nbphrtlctj js quj tj bujvls
mj ghrbl rjiuelr, uc ph`h `lml mâl. ^ js fujch quj vlyls vlrnlcmh mj
l`tnvnmlmjs.
¸@ðbh eejvls ehs <? bncuths mj bhvnbnjcth jxtrl mnlrnh8 ]j lcnbh l quj
 nc`rjbjctjs jstj dìfnth l 6? bncuths.
 Vjel`nhcjs
Els rjel`nhcjs shc thmls els pjrshcls quj tj rhmjlc y `hcvnvjs1 glbnenl,

lbnihs, plrjal, `hbplüjrhs mj trlflah, mj jstumnhs, jt`. Ch sj trltl tlcth mj

sn slejs bu`dh h ch `hc lbnihs, cn mj sn dl`js bu`dls l`tnvnmlmjs jc iruph.
Pj trltl bìs fnjc mj sjctnr quj shc rjel`nhcjs quj sublc, lfnjrtls, snc`jrls.
¸]j snjctjs jcvujeth mj ijctj8 ¸]j snjctjs lrrhplmh, rj`hcghrtlmh, `unmlmh8
¸]njcjs
pjrshclsleiunjc `hc plrtj
quj ghrblc qunjcmj`hcgnlr
tu vnmly tjphmjrej `hctlr tus
jstìc lphylcmh l elncqunjtumjs8
dhrl mj dl`jr¸Els
ehs
`lbfnhs jc tus cujvhs dìfnths8 Pn el rjspujstl js ch, nctjctl plslr bjchs
tnjbph `hc els pjrshcls quj ch tj lyumlc.
Pn jc je jajr`n`nh mj «Elmrhcjs mj prjsjctj» lpuctlstj quj leiucl rjel`nðc
tj rjstl h tj ijcjrl blejstlr, ldhrl phmrâl sjr buy fujc bhbjcth plrl phcjr 
uc ph`h mj mnstlc`nl.
Lmjbìs mj els rjel`nhcjs `hc ehs mjbìs, tlbfnîc nc`euyj el rjel`nðc quj
tnjcjs `hctnih bnsbh.
 ]rlflah y mjslrrheeh prhgjsnhcle
¸]u trlflah subl h rjstl jc tu vnml8 ¸_hcjs le sjrvn`nh mj ehs mjbìs tus
tlejcths y dlfnenmlmjs8 ¸]j snjctjs lencjlmh `hc tu prhpðsnth8 ¸@lml blülcl,
tnjcjs ucl eu`dl le ejvlctlrtj plrl nr l trlflalr8 ¸@ulcmh eejils l `lsl mje
trlflah jstìs jxtjculmh y sheh mjsjls bjtjrtj jc el `lbl8
Jc `lsh mj quj jstîs aufnelmh h quj ch tjcils cj`jsnmlm mj trlflalr,
pelctîltj sn ncvnjrtjs tu tnjbph jc l`tnvnmlmjs quj tj ncspnrlc, quj tj eejclc,
tj cutrjc, tj mlc plz y fnjcjstlr. _rhflfejbjctj jc je jajr`n`nh mj «]u iehtðc
nctjrnhr» lchtlstj leiucls mj jeels.
Ncmjpjcmnjctjbjctj mj sn trlflals h ch, pujmjs jstlr sugrnjcmh dlbfrj mj
sjctnmh y mj prhpðsnth jc el vnml.
_jrshclebjctj bj `hstð bu`dh trlflah jc`hctrlr bn prhpðsnth y sjctnmh jc

el vnml,
bn l `lusl
`hrlzðc. mj quj
Je vl`âh qujplsî bu`dhs
tj dj lühs mlcmh
bjc`nhclmh tlctlselvj`js
jspleml
qujlsjctâl,
ehs bjcslajs mj
uc lcdjeh
y uc ghcmh mj grustrl`nðc snjbprj bj l`hbplülflc. Bj bhrâl mj dlbfrj mj
sjctnmh, eh `ule l`tnvlfl bn ijc ldhrrh.
Pnjbprj js`u`dlfl y ejâl quj thmhs djbhs cl`nmh plrl dl`jr leih, quj
tjcjbhs uc tlejcth ñcn`h y mngjrjc`nle plrl lphrtlr le bucmh. Leih quj chs
lplsnhcl, quj bnjctrls eh dl`jbhs jstlbhs le <?? % jc jeeh y sj chs hevnml
nc`eush `hbjr.
Bn nctun`nðc slfâl quj yh tjcâl jsl `elsj mj mhc1 je tlejcth lrtâstn`h. _jrh jc
su bhbjcth, bn Whz eh jctjrrð phrquj ch eh `hcsnmjrlfl nbphrtlctj. _hrquj
ch eh vjâl prhmu`tnvh. _hrquj `rjâl quj ch phmrâl vnvnr mj îe. Mjsmj jcthc`js,
 je jc`hctrlr
`ruzlml jc bnbns lptntumjs y mjs`ufrnr plrl quî phmâl sjrvnr, sj `hcvnrtnð ucl
vnml.
Lghrtuclmlbjctj, irl`nls le prh`jsh mj luth`hch`nbnjcth quj dj nmh

vnvnjcmh jc jsths ñetnbhs lühs y l el js`rnturl mj jstj enfrh, dl rjsurinmh jc

bâ je tlejcth lrtâstn`h y `rjltnvh. ^ `hbh rjsuetlmh mj sltnsgl`jr bn cj`jsnmlm
mj `rjltnvnmlm, el eu`dl, je vl`âh y el lcsnjmlm phr `hbjr sj dlc mnsnplmh. Pheh
phr jstj bhtnvh yl dl bjrj`nmh el lejirâl pufen`lreh. Irl`nls ej`thrO phr jstlr 
leJsthy
htrh elmh.
`hcvjc`nml mj quj tñ tlbfnîc tnjcjs leih quj lbls dl`jr, uc mhc quj
el vnml tj dl rjilelmh plrl quj tu jxnstjc`nl tjcil uc prhpðsnth. Pn `hbh yh
dn`j, eh rj`dlzls, tu lebl sjiunrì dlbfrnjctl mj sjctnmh.
 _rì`tn`l jspnrntule
Ch tnjcj phr quî nbpen`lr sjiunr ucl rjeninðc, snch `ulequnjr prì`tn`l quj tj
ncvntj l lqunjtlr el bjctj, l `hcj`tlr `hctnih y l `uetnvlr el plz nctjrnhr.
Plenr l el clturlejzl, bjmntlr, prhgucmnzlr jc leiucl gnehshgâl, lsnstnr l uc iruph
mj rjgejxnðc, prl`tn`lr bncmguecjss… Dly ncgncnths `lbnchs plrl lenbjctlr tu
lebl (y rj`ujrml quj tnjcjs l tu mnsphsn`nðc bns jajr`n`nhs jc lumnh jc el

 wjf).

@ulcths bìs lenbjcths prnblrnhs `hcsubls, bjchs mjpjcmjrìs mj el `hbnml

y bìs tj enfrlrìs mj ehs `hbphrtlbnjcths lmn`tnvhs y mje dlbfrj jbh`nhcle.
_hr je `hctrlrnh, `ulcth bìs tj eejcjs mj `hbnml plrl tlplr eh quj ch qunjrjs
vjr, bjchs jspl`nh mjalrìs jc tu vnml plrl ehs lenbjcths prnblrnhs. _hrquj sn
vnvjs ucl vnml mjsprhvnstl mj lenbjcths prnblrnhs, ch dlfrì `lctnmlm mj
`hbnml jc je bucmh quj pujml sltnsgl`jr tu dlbfrj mj lbhr y mj fnjcjstlr.
_hr bu`dh
phmrì qujeh`hbls,
prhvjjr quj l cuc`l
tu vnmltjejsjctnrìs
gletl. sl`nlmh phrquj tu jstðblih cuc`l tj
@ulcmh ch sltnsgl`jbhs cujstrls cj`jsnmlmjs l trlvîs mj ehs lenbjcths
prnblrnhs, phr bu`dls ilcls y gujrzl mj vheuctlm quj ej phcilbhs, chs
rjsuetlrì buy mngâ`ne lpen`lr ehs = dìfnths mj lenbjctl`nðc `hcs`njctj y `hbjr 
sleumlfejbjctj.
  AJV@N@NH1 El rujml mj el vnml
JDlstl ldhrl dls thblmh `hcs`njc`nl mj `uìejs shc tus vlehrjs, cj`jsnmlmjs y
mjsjhs prnc`nplejs, lsâ `hbh dls vnsth quj phmjbhs lenbjctlr cujstrl vnml

`hc gujctjs mj cutrn`nðc ch gâsn`l (lenbjcths prnblrnhs). Fnjc, ldhrl vls l

snctjtnzlr mj ghrbl irìgn`l lbfhs jcghqujs plrl mjtj`tlr quî ìrjls jsjc`nlejs
mj tu vnml jstìc bìs mjsltjcmnmls, sn js quj lñc ch eh dls vnseubfrlmh (ch tj
eh rjprh`djs, shc bu`dhs lühs mj mjs`hcjxnðc). Eh dlrjbhs l trlvîs mj ucl
djrrlbnjctl
El rujml mjquj yl `hch`js1
el vnml «El rujml
jstì mnvnmnml jc 4mj el vnml». quj vlc l rjprjsjctlr ehs
«qujsnths»
pnelrjs bìs nbphrtlctjs jc tu vnml. @lml plr mj trnìciuehs `hrrjsphcmjc l
uch mj ehs = iruphs mj lenbjcths prnblrnhs.

Jenij els 4 flsjs shfrj els quj sj sustjctl tu fnjcjstlr y js`râfjels jc `lml
qujsnth (nctjctl quj pjrtjcjz`lc l `lml iruph mj lenbjcths prnblrnhs).
Jc bn `lsh dj jejinmh ehs sniunjctjs pnelrjs nbphrtlctjs plrl bn fnjcjstlr1
mjctrh mje fehquj «L`tnvnmlm gâsn`l rjiuelr» dj nc`eunmh «lenbjctl`nðc y
jajr`n`nh gâsn`h» (lucquj lenbjctl`nðc ch js ucl l`tnvnmlm gâsn`l, tnjcj bu`dh
nbpl`th shfrj bn jcjriâl, phr eh quj plrl bâ tnjcj sjctnmh nc`hrphrlrel mjctrh
mj jstj lplrtlmh). Jc «]rlflah y mjslrrheeh prhgjsnhcle» dj ncsjrtlmh ehs
lspj`ths mj «trlflah `hc prhpðsnth y `rjltnvnmlm». «_rì`tn`l jspnrntule» lflr`l
«clturlejzl y bjmntl`nðc» y je lplrtlmh mj «Vjel`nhcjs» `hbprjcmj «glbnenl
y lbhr».
 

Eujih dj puctulmh bn irlmh mj sltnsgl``nðc l`tule rjspj`th l `lml ìrjl, mje ?

le <?. _hr jajbpeh, `hbh jc je ìrjl mj prhpðsnth `hcsnmjrh quj jsthy fnjc, dj
dj`dh mhs puctnths jc el eâcjl mj el rujml `hrrjsphcmnjctj le cnvje > y dj
trlzlmh ucl eâcjl quj ehs ucj. Pn rjsuetl quj bn pjr`jp`nðc mj sltnsgl``nðc
rjspj`th l el prì`tn`l mj jajr`n`nh gâsn`h js mj uc 0, eh puctñh blr`lcmh ehs
mhs puctnths jc jsj cnvje. El vlehrl`nðc js leih thtlebjctj sufajtnvh1 pujmh
ch tjcjr plrjal y puctulrbj buy fnjc jc je lbhr, phrquj bj snjcth jc plz
rjspj`th l jstj tjbl. Zcl vjz puctulmhs thmhs ehs qujsnths, rjeejch el
sufìrjl quj dl qujmlmh mjctrh mj el rujml.

Ldhrl tjcih ucl vnsnðc iehfle mj `ðbh bj snjcth mj sltnsgj`dl mj bn

sntul`nðc vntle l`tule. Jc prnbjr euilr vlehrh els ìrjls quj bjahr tjcih
(¡jcdhrlfujcl, je trlflah, el `rjltnvnmlm, el bjmntl`nðc y je lbhr vlc shfrj
 rujmls!). ^ sjiunmlbjctj, hfsjrvh els ìrjls quj tnjcjc bjchr puctul`nðc y
mj`nmh `hc `uìe jbpjzlr l trlflalr plrl lenbjctlr bjahr bn vnml.
¡Ldhrl tj th`l l tn! Pniuj je bnsbh prh`jmnbnjcth y tj pnmh quj jenals sheh
ucl shel ìrjl quj qunjrls ltjcmjr. Mj bhbjcth, eh mjalbhs lquâ y bìs

lmjelctj rjthblrjbhs tu rujml mj el vnml.

< Jsth eh lprjcmâ `ulcmh bj dn`j bn @lrtl Cltle `hc el blicâgn`l lstrðehil Jevl Lfrne.
6 @hbh vjrìs l `hctncul`nðc, ehs dj lbpenlmh l 7, flsìcmhbj jc els ncvjstnil`nhcjs jc je

`lbph mj els cj`jsnmlmjs

hrlmhr bhtnvl`nhcle Lctdhcy dublcls,
Vhffncs.eejvlmls l `lfh phr je luthr mj mjslrrheeh pjrshcle y
0 Lsubnjcmh quj vnvnbhs phr jc`nbl mje ubfrle mj phfrjzl y quj cujstrls cj`jsnmlmjs
gnsnheðin`ls fìsn`ls jstìc sltnsgj`dls.
= Pjiñc Je enfrh mje els rjel`nhcjs  mj el lstrðehil klffleâstn`l Bnl Lstrle, jstls shc els
`hbfncl`nhcjs bìs `hbucjs pjrh jxnstjc bnejs mj vlrnlctjs. Pn ch tj nmjctngn`ls `hc cnciucl,
`rjl el tuyl prhpnl.
 

_lrtj :
_HC]J JC BLV@DL
 

<7

Dhal mj rutl dl`nl tu pjsh clturle

«Pn prhtjijs tu rutncl, `hc je tnjbph jeel tj prhtjijrì l tn».
_njrs Ptjje
_rhgjshr, psn`ðehih y luthr shfrj bhtnvl`nðc
 y prh`rlstncl`nðc

Dlilbhs uc frjvj rjplsh mj els = glsjs mje dìfnth1 jstâbueh, rjspujstl,

rj`hbpjcsl y `rjjc`nl.
 Je jstâbueh1 dls lprjcmnmh l nmjctngn`lr ehs mjthclctjs quj l`tnvlc tu bhmh
zhbfn mj lenbjctl`nðc nc`hcs`njctj. Jsths pujmjc sjr jxtjrchs (euilr jc je
quj tj jc`ujctrls, pjrshcls `hc els quj jstìs, bhbjcth h leih quj h`urrj)
j nctjrchs (`ðbh tj snjctjs, cj`jsnmlmjs ncsltnsgj`dls, rjl``nhcjs lctj htrls
pjrshcls). @ulcmh vnvnbhs jc pnehth luthbìtn`h, l bjcumh ch shbhs
`hcs`njctjs mj quj djbhs jbpjzlmh l `hbjr nc`hcs`njctjbjctj; mj ldâ el
nbphrtlc`nl mj trlflalr el `hcs`njc`nl pejcl l trlvîs mj prì`tn`ls `hbh el
bjmntl`nðc h je bncmguecjss.
  El rjspujstl1  le rj`nfnr `njrths jstâbuehs tu `jrjfrh qunjrj jvlmnrtj,
rjpntnjcmh `lbnchs jbh`nhclejs yl rj`hrrnmhs (yl sjl `hbnjcmh h `hc
`ulequnjr htrh plr`dj). Jstj js je pucth jc je quj mjfjs phcjr bìs jsgujrzh
plrl rjprhirlblr tu vnjah dìfnth. ]j gl`nentlrì el tlrjl je dj`dh mj mjslrrheelr 

uc
 Elpelc, `hbh  dls
rj`hbpjcsl1 dlrjbhs jc el sniunjctj
mjs`ufnjrth sj``nðc. jbh`nhcle quj tj lphrtlc tus
el rj`hbpjcsl
dìfnths y quj je tru`h rjsnmj jc jc`hctrlr jshs fjcjgn`nhs jc htrls
`hcmu`tls quj tj lyumjc l `unmlrtj bjahr.
  El `rjjc`nl1 plrl quj je `lbfnh mj dìfnths sjl pjrblcjctj, el `rjjc`nl
quj ehs sustjctl mjfj sjr sðenml y ñtne. _hrquj `ulcmh thmh vl fnjc js
rjeltnvlbjctj gì`ne blctjcjr ehs cujvhs dìfnths, pjrh sn els `hsls sj tujr`jc,
el tjctl`nðc mj rj`ljr jc ehs lctniuhs dìfnths ilcl gujrzl. _hr jsh, js mj
vntle nbphrtlc`nl quj lenbjctjs `rjjc`nls quj tj lphrtjc gj jc quj eh
pujmjs ehirlr.
 Je¸Leiucl
_elc vjz dls pjcslmh jc quî qunjrjs rjlebjctj8 ¸]j dls pelctjlmh quî
tj iustlrâl `hcsjiunr l tn, `hbh ncmnvnmuh (ch `hbh blmrj, jsphsl, lbnil, dnal

h trlflalmhrl)8
Je _elc js uc mh`ubjcth jc je quj js`rnfnrìs `hc mjtleej eh quj qunjrjs
`hcsjiunr y `ðbh eh vls l ehirlr. Jc îe sj rj`hij je hfajtnvh gncle y ehs plshs
jspj`âgn`hs quj mj`nmnrìs eejvlr l `lfh plrl `hcsjiunreh.
Le ncn`nh mje enfrh tj pjmâ quj js`rnfnjrls tu «plrl quî», je bhtnvh phr je `ule
qujrâls dl`jr jstj prhirlbl. Vj`upjrl je jcuc`nlmh quj js`rnfnstj. ]le vjz tu
hfajtnvh dlyl `lbfnlmh. Ch nbphrtl. Vjjs`râfjeh l`hrmj l eh quj ldhrl
snjctls.
L el dhrl mj ncn`nlr `ulequnjr `lbfnh mj dìfnths y blctjcjreh, dly quj tjcjr 
uc bhtnvh, uc hfajtnvh gujrtj, ucl plsnðc, leih quj tj bujvl bu`dh y quj tj
mj gujrzls plrl sjiunr lmjelctj. Lsâ quj vls l jbpjzlr phr mjgncnr quî js eh
quj qunjrjs `hc`rjtlbjctj. Ncmjpjcmnjctjbjctj mj eh quj su`jml jc tu vnml
ldhrl, eh prnbjrh js eh`lenzlr je «quî». ^ `ulcmh tnjcjs je «quî», sn js
nbphrtlctj plrl tn, jc`hctrlrìs je «`ðbh» `hcsjiunreh.

¸\uî qunjrjs `hcsjiunr8 ¸\uî prhfejbl qunjrjs sheu`nhclr8 ¸\uî rjsuetlmh

gncle tj iustlrâl `hsj`dlr le tjrbnclr je prhirlbl8 ¸]njcjs el vntlenmlm quj
qunjrjs8 ¸@ðbh qunjrjs quj sjl tu sleum8 ¸@uìctl jcjriâl qunjrjs tjcjr8
¸\uî jajbpeh qunjrjs mlrej l tus dnahs8 ¸Mðcmj qunjrjs jstlr8
@hij eìpnz y tu enfrjtl y rjsphcmj1

 @unml tus plelfrls

@ulcmh jc bn `ursh pnmh l ehs leubchs quî qunjrjc `hcsjiunr, «plrl quî» sj
dlc lpuctlmh le `ursh, bj sujejc mj`nr quj qunjrjc pjrmjr <?ki, 6?Ki, 0?Ki,
mjalr mj `hbjr `njrth lenbjcth, jenbnclr uc lcthah… _jrh mjsmj je prnsbl mj
el _CE, jsths hfajtnvhs ch jstìc fnjc ghrbuelmhs. Wlbhs l lprjcmjr l uslr je
ejciulaj lmj`ulmlbjctj. _nîcsleh phr uc bhbjcth1 sn tj prjiucth phr tu
rjl``nðc le pjrmjr leih, ¸quî jbh`nhcjs rjel`nhcls `hc je vjrfh «pjrmjr»8
_njcsl jc trjs jbh`nhcjs phsntnvls lsh`nlmls l pjrmjr.
_rhflfejbjctj ch dlyls phmnmh jc`hctrlr els trjs jbh`nhcjs phsntnvls
pujsth quj el jbh`nðc quj el pîrmnml ijcjrl js el trnstjzl. «_jrmjr» sj lsh`nl
 l pjrmjr je tnjbph, uc sjr qujrnmh, uc lbhr, ucl lbnstlm, mncjrh, trlflah, uc
fnjc bltjrnle. _hr jeeh, pjrmjr T knehs ch js uc fujc hfajtnvh, pujs le lsh`nlreh
`hc el trnstjzl, tu bjctj, quj tnjcj el bnsnðc mj prhtjijrtj, ch tj vl lyumlr l
`hcsjiunreh. Lmjbìs, eh bìs chrble, js quj sn pnjrmjs leih qunjrls

rj`upjrlreh. ^ je pjsh ch js ucl jx`jp`nðc.

Lsâ quj l el dhrl mj mjgncnr uc hfajtnvh js bjahr `jctrlrchs jc lqujeeh quj
qujrjbhs `hcsjiunr, ch jc eh quj qujrjbhs mjalr ltrìs.

Zc hfajtnvh vìenmh js tu jstlmh mjsjlmh, js`rnth jc phsntnvh (pnjcsl jc eh

quj sâ qunjrjs y ch jc eh quj ch qunjrjs) y js el rjspujstl l el prjiuctl1 ¸\uî
js eh quj qunjrjs rjlebjctj8
Pn js cj`jslrnh, rjghrbuel je jcuc`nlmh mj tu hfajtnvh lquâ1

Ldhrl pjrbâtjbj dl`jrtj htrl prjiuctl1 ¸_lrl quî qunjrjs `hcsjiunr eh quj
tj prhphcjs8
«bjahrlr @hc`rjtl le prjiñctltj
bn luthjstnbl», bìxnbh tusquî bhtnvhs.
sjrâl Pn,
plrlphr jajbpeh,tutuluthjstnbl
tn bjahrlr hfajtnvh jsy
quî lspj`th jspj`âgn`h bjahrlrâl sn tuvnjrls bìs luthjstnbl. H sn dls js`rnth
«tjcjr ucl bjahr sleum», prj`nsl quî lspj`th mj tu sleum tj iustlrâl bjahrlr 
(qunzìs tjcjr bjahrjs mnijstnhcjs, ejvlctlrtj `hc bìs jcjriâl phr el blülcl,
nr bjahr le flüh, mjalr mj sjctnr mhehr jc els rhmneels…).
¸_lrl quî qunjrjs `hcsjiunreh8

Je plrl quî tj `hcj`tl `hc tus vlehrjs, `hc els `hsls quj rjlebjctj tj
nbphrtlc. Jc je `lpâtueh shfrj el `hdjrjc`nl vntle vnbhs quj `ulcmh tus
l``nhcjs shc `hdjrjctjs `hc tus vlehrjs, tj snjctjs sltnsgj`dh. Wjrngn`l quj tu
hfajtnvh jstî lencjlmh `hc tus vlehrjs pujs, sn vl jc `hctrl mj eh quj tj
nbphrtl, ¸`hcsjiunreh tj prhphr`nhclrì plz y mnsgrutj8 _hr supujsth quj ch.
 ]lrajtl mj ehs fjcjgn`nhs
L eh elrih mje enfrh djbhs vnsth quj ehs dìfnths ch sj nctjirlc phr 
hfjmnjc`nl, phr prnvl`nðc cn phr ðrmjcjs nbpjrltnvls. @ubpenbhs cujstrhs
hfajtnvhs `ulcmh cujstrh `jrjfrh jctnjcmj quj shc fjcjgn`nhshs plrl
chshtrhs y quj chs lphrtlc ucl rj`hbpjcsl. _hr jeeh tj sjrì buy ñtne quj
js`rnfls uc enstlmh mj ehs bhtnvhs ”fjcjgn`nhs” phr ehs `ulejs vlej el pjcl
 ehirlr tu hfajtnvh.
Bn hfajtnvh bj lphrtlrì...
_ujmjs plslr jshs fjcjgn`nhs l ucl `lrtuencl y phcjrel jc el cjvjrl h jc uc

euilr vnsnfej plrl quj, `lml vjz quj el vjls, rj`ujrmjs plrl quî qunjrjs eejvlr 
l `lfh je `lbfnh.
 Hah `hc els ijcjrlenzl`nhcjs
Bu`dls pjrshcls `rjjc quj `ulcmh `hcsnilc lmjeilzlr h sj vjlc bìs
ltrl`tnvls, su vnml sj sheu`nhclrì y sjrìc phr gnc gjen`js. Pn js tu `lsh y `rjjs
quj `ulcmh tjcils ucl gniurl jspj`tl`uelr `hcsjiunrìs plrjal, vls l phmjr 
eejvlr el rhpl quj tj iustl, tu luthjstnbl lubjctlrì, hptlrìs l uc trlflah
bjahr, tj sjctnrìs l iusth `hctnih bnsbl y vnlalrìs bìs… ]j vls l grustrlr 
bu`dh. _hrquj jstlrìs snjcmh vâ`tnbl mj el glel`nl mj «`luslenmlm ncvjrsl»1
thblrìs je jgj`th `hbh el `lusl, bnjctrls quj jc rjlenmlm el supujstl `lusl,
js je jgj`th.

Js ejiâtnbh y clturle quj qunjrls sjctnrtj fnjc `hctnih bnsbl, nctrhmu`njcmh

dìfnths jc tu lenbjctl`nðc, jc tu gniurl h jc tu jstneh mj vnml. _jrh ch tj
`hcgucmls, jsls `hsls ch tj mjgncjc y tu vnml ch vl l sjr pjrgj`tl `ulcmh
`hcsnils jsj `ujrph nmjle. Mj dj`dh, ch shbhs bìs gjen`js `ulcmh le`lczlbhs
cujstrh pjsh nmjle, snch quj jstlbhs jc cujstrh pjsh nmjle `ulcmh shbhs
gjen`js.
Lucquj sujcj buy tðpn`h, cj`jsnth rj`le`lr quj tu pjsh, tu lspj`th, el `urvl
mj tu `ncturl, el tleel mj tu pj`dh h je mnìbjtrh mj tu trlsjrh shc sheh shc ucl
pjqujüâsnbl plrtj mj eh quj dl`j quj sjls el pjrshcl quj jrjs. ]ñ ch jrjs
sheh jsls `hsls. Bj dj jc`hctrlmh `hc bu`dls pjrshcls `uyl gjen`nmlm
mjpjcmj mj ehirlr jsj pjsh nmjle pjrh, ucl vjz le`lczlmh, sj mlc `ujctl mj
quj jsl tleel ch ejs lphrtl thmls jsls jxpj`tltnvls quj dlfâlc mjphsntlmh jc
îe. Le dlfjr pujsth tlctl `lril jbh`nhcle jc su hfajtnvh, sj dlc lgjrrlmh l îe,
lmhptlcmh cujvlbjctj el bjctlenmlm mnjtl.
«Je pìalrh ch `lctl phrquj sjl gjenz; js gjenz phrquj `lctl».
Yneenlb Albjs
Gneðshgh y prhgjshr mj psn`hehiâl

Jc ucl h`lsnðc ej prjiuctlrhc le irlc psn`ðehih y gneðshgh Yneenlb Albjs `uìe

jrl je dleelzih bìs nbphrtlctj jc je `lbph mje mjslrrheeh dublch jc ehs
 ñetnbhs `njc lühs, l eh quj rjsphcmnð1 «Dlstl ldhrl sj pjcslfl quj plrl
l`tulr dlfâl quj sjctnr. Dhy sj slfj quj je sjctnbnjcth lplrj`j `ulcmh
jbpjzlbhs l l`tulr. Jstj js plrl bâ je mjs`ufrnbnjcth bìs irlcmj mje snieh

jc je `lbph mje mjslrrheeh dublch». Jcthc`js, ¸plrl quî jspjrlr l le`lczlr 

tu gniurl `hrphrle nmjle plrl sjr gjenz8 ¸_hr quî ch jbpjzlr l jc`hctrlr jshs
rjsuetlmhs (plrjal, rhpl fhcntl, luthjstnbl, uc bjahr trlflah, jstlr l iusth
`hctnih, vnlalr…) le bnsbh tnjbph quj vls mlcmh plshs dl`nl tu hfajtnvh8
Nslfje, ucl leubcl mj bn `ursh, tjcâl bnjmh l blctjcjr rjel`nhcjs sjxulejs
`hc ehs dhbfrjs. Jeel snjbprj dlfâl `rjâmh quj jeumâl els rjel`nhcjs phrquj
ch ej iustlfl su `ujrph y quj sn sj vnjrl bìs mjeilml, sj iustlrâl bìs y jsh
dlrâl quj sj snctnjrl bìs sjiurl mj sâ bnsbl jc je sjxh. _jrh ch guj lsâ. L
pjslr mj dlfjr `hcsjiunmh flalr ehs knehs quj mjsjlfl, sjiuâl jvntlcmh
`ulequnjr jc`ujctrh âctnbh. Pâ, ehirð su pjsh nmjle, pjrh plrlejelbjctj ch
`uetnvð el `hcgnlczl jc sâ bnsbl, cn jcgrjctð sus jbh`nhcjs, cn lprjcmnð clml
shfrj sâ bnsbl murlctj je prh`jsh mj pîrmnml mj pjsh. ]hmhs jsths
prhfejbls pjslflc bìs quj su pjsh `hrphrle.
Pn Nslfje sj dufnjsj prjiuctlmh quî `hsls phmâl jbpjzlr l dl`jr yl plrl
iustlrsj bìs (lmjbìs mj pjrmjr pjsh) y quj ej dn`njrlc sjctnr bìs `hcgnlml,
dlfrâl nmh jc`hctrlcmh el sltnsgl``nðc nctjrnhr, l el plr quj nfl ehirlcmh tu
hfajtnvh.

Ch ej pnmls l tu pjsh `hrphrle eh quj ch tj pujmj mlr. Ch jspjrjs l ehirlr tu

hfajtnvh plrl `hcvjrtnrtj jc el pjrshcl quj qunjrjs sjr.
 Gnetrlcmh tu hfajtnvh
Ldhrl quj yl tnjcjs `elrh tu hfajtnvh, pjrbâtjbj vjrngn`lr sn El Whz jstì
dl`njcmh mj els suyls.
l) ¸]j rjsuetl jbh`nhclctj8
• Pn tj dls pujsth uc hfajtnvh mjblsnlmh pjqujüh (quj ch tj rjtl, ch tj
bhtnvl j nc`eush tj lfurrj), ¸quî phmrâls lülmnrej plrl dl`jreh bìs irlcmj8
_njcsl jc `ðbh phmrâls jcslc`dlreh bìs plrl quj rjlebjctj tj rjsuetj
ncspnrlmhr (pujs sn je hfajtnvh ch js rjlebjctj rjtlmhr plrl tn, ch dlfrì
bhtnvl`nðc). ]j pujmj lyumlr prjiuctlrtj1
¸Js plrtj mj uc hfajtnvh supjrnhr8
¸_hr quî js nbphrtlctj plrl bâ ehirlreh8
¸@uìe js su gnclenmlm ñetnbl8
 • Pn, phr je `hctrlrnh, sj trltl mj uc hfajtnvh tlc irlcmj quj tj rjsuetl
jstrjslctj, tj jstlrìs phcnjcmh ucl bjtl nrrjlenstl quj ch tj el vls l `rjjr y
quj sj tj vl l dl`jr ucl bhctlül, phr eh quj ch vls l bhvjr uc mjmh plrl
nctjctlr `hcsjiunrel. _rjiñctltj1

¸\uî js eh quj bj nbpnmj le`lczlreh8

Jcthc`js `hcvnjrtj ehs hfstì`uehs quj dlyls jc`hctrlmh jc pjqujühs
hfajtnvhs, mj blcjrl quj sjlc bjchs irlcmjs y bìs le`lczlfejs. Jenij uch
mj jsths hfajtnvhs bìs pjqujühs y `hcvnîrtjeh jc tu hfajtnvh.
• Pn tnjcjs vlrnhs hfajtnvhs jc bjctj y ch slfjs `uìe jejinr, pnjcsl jc `uìe
mj jeehs quntlrâl bìs elstrj mj tu vnml, h tj lphrtlrâl bìs lejirâl, plz y
`hcgnlczl.

L vj`js, snbpejbjctj `lbfnlcmh je dhrnzhctj tjbphrle `hcvjrtnbhs ucl bjtl

mjblsnlmh irlcmj jc ucl bjtl le`lczlfej. \unzìs jc uc bjs ch `hcsnih jstlr 
prjplrlmh plrl `hrrjr ucl blrltðc, pjrh mjctrh mj <6 bjsjs sâ sjl gl`tnfej.
 ^ quj El Whz ch tj slfhtjj, pujs l vj`js chs dl`j `rjjr quj jstlbhs
`hcgucmnmhs plrl ch tjcjr quj `hbprhbjtjrchs `hc lqujeeh quj rjlebjctj
lcdjelbhs, pjrh quj `rjjbhs quj ch phmjbhs `hcsjiunr.
f) ¸@uìe vl l sjr su nbpl`th8
¸@ðbh tu hfajtnvh lgj`tlrì l tus l`tnvnmlmjs rutnclrnls8 ¸\uî ilclrìc h
pjrmjrìc ehs mjbìs8
`) ¸@ðbh slfrìs quj dls ehirlmh tu hfajtnvh8
¸@uìe sjrì el jvnmjc`nl quj tj ncmn`lrì quj dls eejilmh8
 ]u «^h guturh»
Nblincl, vnsulenzl y snjctj quj yl dls tjrbnclmh je prhirlbl y quj dls
le`lczlmh
¸@ðbh js tutu bnrlml,
jstlmh mjsjlmh, `hcmj
el jxprjsnðc thmh
tu euah mjjc
rhstrh mjtleej. Hfsjrvl
je jspjah8 ¸\uîehhyjs8
quj vjrâls.
¸\uî
tj mn`j el ijctj le vjrtj lsâ8 ¸\uî tj mn`js tñ, quî tj `ujctls l tn bnsbh8
¸@ðbh tj snjctjs8 ¸@ðbh js tu phsturl8
Ldhrl js`rnfj ucl `lrtl mj tu «yh guturh» l tu yh mje prjsjctj, jc el quj
jxpen`ls `ðbh tj snjctjs ldhrl quj yl dls hftjcnmh ehs rjsuetlmhs quj
mjsjlfls `hc je prhirlbl. ]j mls els irl`nls phr dlfjr ehirlmh je hfajtnvh
dlfnjcmh lpen`lmh ehs dìfnths. Jc el `lrtl jxpen`l phrquj eh dn`nstj, `hbh js
tu vnml ldhrl quj yl eh dls `hcsjiunmh y els 0 rlzhcjs phr els quj ch mjalstj
mj phcjr jc prì`tn`l els tlrjls y ehs dìfnths mje prhirlbl.
 Jstl `lrtl js buy nbphrtlctj. ^ tj pnmh quj, jc eh quj rjstl mj prhirlbl, el
tjcils l blch
Js`râfjel y el
ldhrl jcejls `lml mâl
tu enfrjtl lctjs
h jc ucl mj l`hstlrtj.
dhal lplrtj.
 Eh quj tj gletl

¸\uî tj gletl plrl le`lczlr jsh quj tñ mjsjls8 ¸\uî tj mjtnjcj mj ehirlr je
hfajtnvh ldhrl8 ¸\uî pnjcsls dl`jr `hc jsth8
_njcsl jc jstrltjinls quj tj pjrbntlc enmnlr `hc ehs hfstì`uehs quj pujmlc
lplrj`jr phr je `lbnch y quj tj eejvjc l vhevjr l tus vnjahs, pjrh `hcghrtlfejs,
dìfnths.
JAJB_EHP1 bnjmh l grl`lslr, gletl mj bhtnvl`nðc, ncgrlvlehrlr el nbphrtlc`nl mj
`hcsjiunreh, gletl mj luthjstnbl, sjr ph`h `hcstlctj, blel ijstnðc mje tnjbph,
gletl mj gujrzl mj vheuctlm, gletl mj mncjrh…
 Eh quj yl tnjcjs
¸\uî rj`urshs tnjcjs yl plrl le`lczlr tu hfajtnvh8
Pn, phr jajbpeh, tu hfajtnvh js `hbjr bìs sleumlfejbjctj, pujmj sjr quj
l`tulebjctj ch eh dlils pjrgj`th, pjrh prhflfejbjctj ch `hbls ble l thmls
dhrls. ¸\uî js eh quj yl jstìs dl`njcmh fnjc jc jstj bhbjcth8 Jsth sjrâl uc
rj`ursh quj yl phsjjs.

 Enstlmh mj bn`rhplshs
«Zc vnlaj mj bne bneels `hbnjczl `hc uc prnbjr plsh».
Elh ]sj

Jcdhrlfujcl, tu hfajtnvh dl plslmh thmhs ehs gnetrhs plrl vjrngn`lr quj js

vìenmh. Ldhrl th`l plslr l el l``nðc, mjgncnjcmh ehs bn`rhplshs quj `rjls quj
phmrâls dl`jr plrl jbpjzlr l `hcsjiunr tu hfajtnvh. Lñc ch jstìs mj`nmnjcmh
clml, sj trltl mj quj jxpehrjs phsnfnenmlmjs. Lsâ quj ch tj enbntjs, dlz ucl
eeuvnl mj nmjls mj thmh eh quj `rjls quj cj`jsntlrâls dl`jr plrl `hcsjiunr tu
hfajtnvh.
\unzìs tj pujmls ncspnrlr `hc jsths jajbpehs mj hfajtnvhs y bn`rhplshs1
Jajbpehs mj hfajtnvhs1 Jajbpehs mj bn`rhplshs1
@hbjr bìs lenbjcths grjs`hs y mj • Dl`jr ucl pjqujül bhmngn`l`nðc jc ucl `hbnml mje mâl, phr jajbpeh, thblr grutl
tjbphrlml quj bj iustj jc el bjrnjcml.
• Hfsjrvlr `ðbh sj snjctj bn `ujrph trls ucl sjblcl mj `hbjr bìs grutl.
Jctrjclr bn ltjc`nðc prl`tn`lcmh • Vjsjrvlr tnjbph jc bn lijcml plrl mjmn`ìrsjeh l jsj hfajtnvh.
bjmntl`nðc • Dl`jr sheh : bncuths mj bjmntl`nðc le mâl murlctj ucl sjblcl.
• Nr nc`rjbjctlcm
nc`rjbjctlcmhh : bncuths sjblclebj
sjblclebjctj.
ctj.
]jcjr ucl l`tntum bìs phsntnvl y • Vjpjtnr ucl mj els lgnrbl`nhcjs phsntnvls quj dj nmh jelfhrlcmh murlctj je
lbhrhsl prhirlbl.
• _hcjrbj uc rj`hrmlthrnh jc je bðvne h js`rnfnr el lgnrbl`nðc jc uc phst nt y pjilreh
jc je jspjah.
Pjr bìs l`tnvh • @hbprlrbj ucls zlpltneels mjphrtnvls.
• Mlr uc plsjh mj : bncuths phr uc euilr lirlmlfej.
 • Nc`rjbjctlr sjblclebjctj : bncuths.

Eeuvnl mj bn`rhplshs
¸_hmrâls jc`hctrlr bìs hp`nhcjs8 ¸Pn uc lbnih jstuvnjrl jc tu sntul`nðc, quî

ej rj`hbjcmlrâls dl`jr8 Leiunjc quj tj lbj nc`hcmn`nhclebjctj, ¸quî tj mnrâl

quj tnjcjs quj dl`jr plrl le`lczlr je hfajtnvh8
¸\uî pjrshcls h jcthrchs tj phmrâlc ncspnrlr plrl fus`lr bìs letjrcltnvls8
¸Dls pjcslmh jc leiunjc quj tj pujmj lyumlr l `hcsjiunreh8 _njcsl jc
jcthrchs y pjrshcls quj tj lyumjc l sjr qunjc qunjrjs sjr.
Lchtl thmh eh quj tj vjcil l el bjctj, `ulctls bìs hp`nhcjs bjahr.
Leiucls hp`nhcjs bìs...
Ehs bn`rhplshs mjfjc sjr prhirjsnvhs y tlc gì`nejs quj `ulcmh eejiujc
bhbjcths mngâ`nejs, tj plrjz`lc supjrlfejs.
 Blchs l el hfrl
Ejj ehs bn`rhplshs quj dls js`rnth y jenij uch jc plrtn`uelr (h gusnhcl vlrnhs
mj jeehs, pjrh rj`ujrml, quj sjlc sjc`neehs). Js`hij uch plrl eejvlr l `lfh
jstl sjblcl. ¸\uî mâl eh vls l dl`jr8 ¸L quî dhrl8
Je mâl XXXXXXXXXXXXXX l els XXXXXXXXXXXXXX vhy l dl`jr je bn`rhplsh1
 _rîbnltj
Vj`ujrml quj snc rj`hbpjcsl ch dlfrì dìfnth; thmh `hbphrtlbnjcth tnjcj
ucl nctjc`nðc phsntnvl y je `jrjfrh `hcvnjrtj uc `hbphrtlbnjcth jc uc dìfnth
sn pjr`nfj ucl rj`hbpjcsl le dl`jreh, uc fjcjgn`nh. Lsâ quj sj trltl mj ucnr je
cujvh dìfnth le pel`jr (y ch le sugrnbnjcth).
Vj`upjrl tu rujml mj el vnml y tu ncvjctlrnh mj cj`jsnmlmjs y trlcsghrbl
jsls cj`jsnmlmjs ch ltjcmnmls jc prjbnhs. Js`rnfj `ðbh tj vls l prjbnlr,
tlcth plrl `lml bn`rhplsh `hbh le `hcsjiunr tu hfajtnvh gncle. Ehs prjbnhs ch
tnjcjc phrquî sjr jx`eusnvlbjctj jxtjrchs (`hbprlrtj rhpl, mlrtj uc flüh
`hc slejs, thblrtj uc djelmh…) snch quj tlbfnîc pujmjc sjr rj`hbpjcsls
nctjrcls. _hr jajbpeh, sjr `hcs`njctj mj els jbh`nhcjs phsntnvls quj tj
prhmu`j je dj`dh mj dlfjr `ubpenmh `hc tu `hbprhbnsh, mj els sjcsl`nhcjs
`hrphrlejs y jbh`nhcjs quj surijc lctjs, murlctj y trls dlfjr rjlenzlmh jsj
bn`rhplsh. ]lbfnîc pujmjs `hcj`tlr `hc el sltnsgl``nðc mj `hbplrtnr `hc ehs
mjbìs, `hc je luthrrj`hch`nbnjcth phr tu ehirh h phr dlfjr dhcrlmh tus
vlehrjs.
Lsh`nl ucl rj`hbpjcsl `hc`rjtl l `lml plsh1
BN@VH_LPH BN@VH_VJBNH

<. <.
 6. 6.

0. 0.

… …

@hc tu enstlmh mj bn`rhplshs y mj bn`rhprjbnhs jc blch, lchtl jc tu lijcml

je bn`rhplsh quj dls jejinmh eejvlr l `lfh jstl sjblcl y tlbfnîc je
bn`rhprjbnh quj tnjcj lsh`nlmh. Eujih `lejcmlrnzl je rjsth mj bn`rhplshs,
uch `lml sjblcl y quî bn`rhprjbnhs tj vls l mlr. Cujvlbjctj `hc`rjtl je
mâl y el dhrl jc quj ehs vls l `ubpenr.
 ^ gnclebjctj dl eejilmh je bhbjcth mj jejinr je dhbjclaj quj tj vls l mlr 
`ulcmh dlyls nctjirlmh tu cujvh dìfnth u hfajtnvh `hbh plrtj mj tu rutncl
dlfntule (ch rl`lcjjs)1
¸@ðbh tj vls l prjbnlr phr ehirlr tu hfajtnvh8

_ujmjs mjslrrheelr tu `lpl`nmlm mj phsphcjr tu rj`hbpjcsl. _hr jajbpeh,

nblincl qujtnjcjs
jc`lctl. ^l eejvls tnjbph pjrh
je mncjrh, ldhrrlcmh
jc euilrplrl `hbprlrtjle mjsjh
mj su`ubfnr uc bujfej quj tj
mj `hbprlreh
yl, mj`nmjs jspjrlr l ehirlr tu hfajtnvh plrl `hbprlreh. Jstl `lpl`nmlm mj ch
`jmjr l eh prnbjrh quj sj tj plsl phr el `lfjzl ghrtlej`jrì tlbfnîc tu
dlfnenmlm mj ch rjsphcmjr `hbnjcmh le bâcnbh jstâbueh mje dlbfrj.
Lmjbìs mj prjbnlrtj, jsj bujfej sj `hcvjrtnrì jc uc lc`elaj, leih quj tj
rj`hrmlrì tu ehirh `lml vjz quj eh vjls h eh usjs. Dlfrìs `hcj`tlmh tu prjbnh
l ucl jxpjrnjc`nl phsntnvl.
¸\uî qunjrjs `hcsjiunr8
<. @unml tus plelfrls ¸_lrl quî qunjrjs `hcsjiunreh8
6. ]lrajtl mj ehs fjcjgn`nhs ]u hfajtnvh tj lphrtlrì...

0. Hah `hc els ijcjrlenzl`nhcjs

l) ¸]j rjsuetl jbh`nhclctj8
Ch sugn`njctj
Mjblsnlmh
=. Gnetrlcmh tu hfajtnvh
¸]njcjs vlrnhs hfajtnvhs8
f) ¸@uìe vl l sjr su nbpl`th8
`) ¸@ðbh slfrìs quj dls ehirlmh tu hfajtnvh8

VJPZBNJCMH
:. ]u «^h guturh»
7. Eh quj tj gletl
9. Eh quj yl tnjcjs
 4. Enstlmh mj bn`rhplshs

>. Blchs l el hfrl Je mâlXXXXXXXXXXXXXX l els XXXXXXXXXXXXXX vhy l dl`jr je bn`rhplsh1

Bn`rhplshs Bn`rhprjbnhs
<?. _rîbnltj
¸@ðbh tj vls l prjbnlr phr ehirlr tu hfajtnvh8

 Luthslfhtlajs
«Cujstrh tjbhr bìs prhgucmh ch js quj sjlbhs nclmj`ulmhs. Cujstrh tjbhr bìs
prhgucmh js quj shbhs jx`jsnvlbjctj phmjrhshs. Js cujstrl euz y ch cujstrl hs`urnmlm
el quj chs ltjbhrnzl. Chs prjiuctlbhs1 ¸qunîc shy yh plrl sjr frneelctj, blicâgn`h,
tlejcthsh y glfuehsh8 Jc rjlenmlm, ¸qunîc jrjs plrl ch sjreh8 Ncgrlvlehrìcmhtj ch lyumls
le bucmh. Ch dly clml mj ncstru`tnvh jc jc`hijrsj plrl quj htrls pjrshcls ch sj snjctlc
ncsjiurls `jr`l l tn. Jstl irlcmjzl mj jspârntu ch sj jc`ujctrl sheh jc leiuchs mj
chshtrhs; jstì jc thmhs. ^ le pjrbntnr quj frneej cujstrl prhpnl euz, mj ghrbl tì`ntl
jstlbhs mlcmh l ehs mjbìs pjrbnsh plrl dl`jr eh bnsbh. Le enfjrlrchs mj cujstrh prhpnh
bnjmh, luthbìtn`lbjctj cujstrl prjsjc`nl enfjrl l htrhs».
Blrnlccj Yneenlbshc
_rhgjshrl jspnrntule, js`rnthrl y l`tnvnstl

]hmls els pjrshcls mj jstj pelcjtl shbhs sjrjs jxtrlhrmnclrnhs. ]jcjbhs uc

irlc phtjc`nle jc cujstrh nctjrnhr quj sj bjrj`j slenr ldâ gujrl y frneelr. _jrh
tjcjbhs bnjmh l frneelr y `lml mhs phr trjs fhn`htjlbhs jsj jspejcmhr.

Jc ijcjrle, els buajrjs chs gnalbhs bìs jc el pîrmnml mj pjsh quj ehs
dhbfrjs, y tjcjbhs blyhr tjcmjc`nl l sjr `râtn`ls `hc cujstrh `ujrph. El
rjvnstl Ielbhur, l trlvîs mj ucl jc`ujstl quj rjlenzð l 00.??? buajrjs, rjvjeð
quj je 9: % mj els plrtn`nplctjs mj`elrlflc jstlr mjblsnlmh ihrmls. ^ 
`urnhslbjctj, je >? % mj ehs lsnstjctjs l bns `urshs shc buajrjs.
Pnjbprj bj dj prjiuctlmh l quî sj mjfj jstl frj`dl. ¸_hmrâl mjfjrsj l
bj`lcnsbhs fnheðin`hs `hbh els dhrbhcls8 ¸H l quj, l mngjrjc`nl mj ehs
dhbfrjs, els buajrjs tjcjbhs bìs mjpðsnths mj irlsl plrl glvhrj`jr el
gjrtnenmlm8 ¸]le vjz phr el nbphrtlc`nl `ueturle quj sj el ml l el lplrnjc`nl
gâsn`l mj els buajrjs8 ¸_hr ehs rhejs mj iîcjrh8 Jc je ghcmh `rjh quj (y jsth
bj eh sl`h mj el blcil, ch dj fus`lmh ncvjstnil`nhcjs l jstj rjspj`th), jc
ijcjrle, els buajrjs tjcjbhs el luthjstnbl bìs flantl quj ehs dhbfrjs y jsh
chs eejvl l prhyj`tlr cujstrl vleâl jc cujstrh gâsn`h.
Ncmjpjcmnjctjbjctj mj `uìe sjl tu iîcjrh, ¸tj dl h`urrnmh leiucl vjz quj,
austh jc je bhbjcth jc quj jstlfls jc je fujc `lbnch dl`nl ehirlr uc
hfajtnvh, rjlplrj`nð El Whz `hcvjc`nîcmhtj mj quj eh quj tj dlfâls
 prhpujsth ch jrl phsnfej plrl tn8
_hr jajbpeh, jc jstj pucth mje prhirlbl bu`dls pjrshcls jc`ujctrlc leiucl
rlzðc, phr ch eelblrej jx`usl, plrl lflcmhclreh. L pjslr mj quj jstlflc
bhtnvlmls y mj quj dlfâlc mlmh plshs snicngn`ltnvhs, rjpjctnclbjctj

jbpnjzlc l hevnmlrsj mj sjiunr ehs jajr`n`nhs, mjalc mj tjcjr tnjbph h ejs

surijc sñfnths nbprjvnsths. ¸\uî dl`j quj `ulcmh chs prhphcjbhs uc
`lbfnh, nc`eush dlfnjcmh dj`dh lvlc`js nbphrtlctjs dl`nl îe, lflcmhcjbhs
thmh je trlflah rjlenzlmh8 Ehs luthslfhtlajs.
@ulcmh lgnrblbhs quj qujrjbhs `hcsjiunr leih pjrh cujstrls l``nhcjs chs
mjsvâlc mje `lbnch jbprjcmnmh, chs jstlbhs slfhtjlcmh. Chs jstlbhs
phcnjcmh el zlc`lmneel l chshtrhs bnsbhs plrl ch `hcsjiunr eh quj chs djbhs
prhpujsth. Fìsn`lbjctj js El Whz quj chs jbpnjzl l mlr ucl sjrnj mj jx`usls
plrl lejalrchs mj cujstrh hfajtnvh, mnsgrlzlmls mj rlzhcjs buy eðin`ls y
`hcvnc`jctjs `hbh1
• Ch tjcih tnjbph (plrl `hbjr `hcs`njctjbjctj, plrl nr le inbclsnh, plrl
`unmlrbj…).
• Ch tjcih gujrzl mj vheuctlm.
• Ch tjcih mncjrh.
• @hbh jc je trlflah y ch pujmh prl`tn`lr ehs dìfnths quj bj dj prhpujsth.
• ]jcih quj `h`nclr plrl ehs cnühs.
• ]jcih lcsnjmlm.
• Ch shy `hcstlctj.
• Jc bn `lsl sj `hbj buy rìpnmh.
• Pnjbprj phstjrih bns mj`nsnhcjs.
• Jsthy thmh je mâl trlflalcmh.
• Clmnj bj lyuml `hc ehs cnühs.
• Eejih buy tlrmj l `lsl.
• ]jcih bu`dl vnml sh`nle.
• Js`rnfj tu jx`usl dlfntule lquâ 
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.
@hbh vjs, je luthslfhtlaj utnenzl el cjil`nðc mj tus cj`jsnmlmjs. «Ch
tjcih», «ch pujmh», «ch qunjrh». @ulcmh lgnrbls quj ch tnjcjs gujrzl mj
vheuctlm, ¸ch tnjcjs gujrzl mj vheuctlm cuc`l8 ¸Ch tj ejvlctls phr els
blülcls8 ¸Ch eejvls l tus dnahs le `hejinh8 ¸Ch tj elvls ehs mnjctjs lucquj
tjcils uc sujüh lrrheelmhr8
Htrl mj els jx`usls bìs `eìsn`ls js «ch tjcih tnjbph». Jxl`tlbjctj tnjcjs
6=d. ]j ncvnth l quj rjvnsjs `ðbh jbpejls tu tnjbph. Pjiurlbjctj
mjs`ufrnrìs quj ch js quj ch tjcils tnjbph, js quj prnhrnzls htrls `hsls. _hr 
jajbpeh, hfsjrvl `uìcth tnjbph mjstncls le bðvne, l clvjilr phr nctjrcjt h l
 bnrlr el ]W. Nmjctngn`l mj mðcmj pujmjs sl`lr tnjbph plrl tu luth`unmlmh. L
`hctncul`nðc tj prhphcih
bu`dh bìs tnjbph, ucl
tjcmrì uc prì`tn`l
nbpl`th buyquj, lmjbìsshfrj
fjcjgn`nhsh mj pjrbntnrtj ilclr 
tu fnjcjstlr.

El ñcn`l mnjtl quj guc`nhcl

«Dly bu`dls `hsls quj uc dhbfrj slfnh
mjsjlrì mjs`hch`jr».
Vlepd Ylemh Jbjrshc
Js`rnthr, phjtl y gneðshgh

Ehs lcuc`nhs mj tjejvnsnðc, els rjvnstls gjbjcncls, ehs prhirlbls mj rlmnh, els
rjmjs sh`nlejs y els pìincls mj Nctjrcjt sj mnrnijc dl`nl jsl plrtj mj cujstrl
bjctj quj l`jptl ehs bjcslajs cjiltnvhs `hbh `ulcmh îrlbhs cnühs. El
tjejvnsnðc tnjcj uc phmjr dnpcðtn`h quj chs eejvl le jstlmh legl, mhcmj yl
slfjs quj els nmjls y ehs bjcslajs sj irlflc bìs prhgucmlbjctj quj jc
jstlmh fjtl.
Nbìijcjs mj bhmjehs jtîrjls, lcuc`nhs mj mnjtls, dnsthrnls mj ijctj glbhsl
quj ilcl y pnjrmj pjsh chs ncmu`jc l utnenzlr cujstrh `ujrph `hbh mnlcl
mhcmj prhyj`tlr cujstrh blejstlr. Je bjcslaj quj chs jcvâlc, clml
sufenbncle phr `njrth, js quj plrl sjr gjen`js tjcjbhs quj jstlr mjeilmhs. Je
blctrl quj chs nch`uelc js quj ch shbhs sugn`njctj `hbh shbhs h `hbh
jstlbhs. \uj sn jstuvnîrlbhs mjeilmhs, chs qujrrâlc.
El ncghxn`l`nðc l el quj jstlbhs shbjtnmhs js ucl jcgjrbjmlm mj el bjctj,
ch mje `ujrph. _rhvh`l quj, lctjs mj js`u`dlr l cujstrh prhpnh `ujrph,
js`u`djbhs l pufen`nstls, jxpjrths y `jejfrnmlmjs. _hr glvhr, mjal mj l`jptlr 
je bjcslaj mj quj mjfjrâls `lbfnlr tu `ujrph plrl sjr gjenz. _lrl jeeh, tj
prhjc`ujctrjs jvntlcmh eh quj tnjcjs quj dl`jr, phr pjrjzl h nc`hbhmnmlm,
phcih uc rjth1
El mnjtl bjmnìtn`l

Jbprjcmj uc lyuch bjmnìtn`h murlctj trjs bjsjs, mjs`hcj`tlcmh mj thmhs

ehs bjmnhs mj `hbucn`l`nðc. Ch ejls pjrnðmn`hs, rjvnstls, ch js`u`djs el
rlmnh, cn els chtn`nls jc el ]W murlctj trjs bjsjs. Lmjbìs mj sleum bjctle ¡ch
nblincls je tnjbph quj vls l ilclr plrl mjmn`lreh l `hsls bìs cutrntnvls `hbh
bjmntlr, vjr pjeâ`uels quj jejvjc tu `hcs`njc`nl, rjlenzlr l`tnvnmlmjs `rjltnvls
 h lprhvj`dlr plrl rjelalrtj.
• Lfstjctj mj vjr els chtn`nls quj dl`jc lphehiâl mj el vnhejc`nl.
• Lflcmhcl els rjvnstls quj jcirhslc ehs pjcslbnjcths cjiltnvhs.
• Mjal mj sjiunr l ncgeujc`jrs  quj bujstrlc sus `ujrphs pjrgj`ths y quj

jbntjc bjcslajs sjxulejs l trlvîs mj els rjmjs sh`nlejs.

• Lplil ehs prhirlbls quj rjgujrzlc tus mjgj`ths `hc je ñcn`h gnc mj eu`rlrsj.
• Mjal mj js`u`dlr l els buajrjs quj sheh dlfelc mj el pjrgj``nðc y mje pjsh
nmjle.
¸@ðbh jstì rjl``nhclcmh tu bjctj lctj jstj rjth8 ¸Mj quî tnjcj bnjmh8
¸]le vjz mj ch jstlr ncghrblml8
Eejvh <? lühs snc vjr chtn`nls cn ejjr pjrnðmn`hs. Pâ, pujmj quj jstî
mjsncghrblml, pjrh jsthy prnhrnzlcmh bn fnjcjstlr l `hbjrbj el ncgncnmlm mj
chtn`nls shfrj `ðbh el ijctj sugrj mâl l mâl. Lmjbìs, snjbprj bj l`lfh
jctjrlcmh mj els `hsls rjlebjctj nbphrtlctjs. Je thblr mnstlc`nl mj ehs
bjmnhs, `urnhslbjctj bj dl pjrbntnmhr sjr ucl `hcsubnmhrl bìs `râtn`l y
fnjc ncghrblml; `ulcmh vjh chtn`nls h lcuc`nhs mj rjgneðc, shy bu`dh bìs
`hcs`njctj mj bn rjl``nðc jbh`nhcle y mj `ðbh ehs bjmnhs chs nctjctlc
blcnpuelr sjbfrlcmh je bnjmh. Bj shrprjcmh mj el gl`nenmlm `hc el quj el
pufen`nmlm usl plelfrls^ `hbh
prhmu`ths prh`jslmhs. mj elenijrh, clturle h cutrntnvh
`lsn ncjxnstjctj plrlmjvjcmjrchs
pufen`nmlm grutls y
dhrtlenzls, prhmu`ths j`heðin`hs h `jrjlejs nctjirlejs.

Plfhtlajs mj ehs mjbìs

Js flstlctj dlfntule quj, `ulcmh mj`nmjs dl`jr uc `lbfnh jc tu vnml, els
pjrshcls mj tu jcthrch (plrjal, plmrjs, lbnihs, dnahs) tj nctjctjc slfhtjlr.
Clmnj tj prjiuctl cn tj l`hbplül. @lml uch tj jxpen`l eh quj `rjj, tj ml su
hpncnðc.
@ulcmh jbpj`î l `lbfnlr bn ghrbl mj lenbjctlrbj, chtlfl quj l bn glbnenl
ej bhejstlfl. Mj`âlc1 «]j jstìs hfsjsnhclcmh», «Dly quj `hbjr mj thmh»,
«Elnl ldhrl dl`j `hbnmls jxðtn`ls», «]j vlc l gletlr prhtjâcls», «]njcjs
lchrjxnl», «@hbj uc phqunth mj plstje lcml, phr uc mâl ch plsl clml».
Pn tj jc`ujctrls jc jstl sntul`nðc, js nbphrtlctj quj `hbprjcmls quj ejahs
mj ch mjsjlr tu fnjc, su rjspujstl prhvnjcj mj su bnjmh1
• Bnjmh l quj `hc je `lbfnh pnjrmlc leih mj tn, mj tu lctniuh yh.
• Bnjmh l quj `lbfnjs tlcth quj tlbfnîc `lbfnj tu rjel`nðc `hc jeehs.
• ^, shfrj thmh, bnjmh l quj tu trlcsghrbl`nðc ejs hfeniuj l dl`jr `lbfnhs
jc sâ bnsbhs y tjcilc quj rjcuc`nlr l `hsls quj ch qunjrjc lgrhctlr.
¸@ðbh ch `ljr jc ehs slfhtlajs mj ehs mjbìs8
 • _ujmj quj je dj`dh mj jbpjzlr l js`u`dlrtj bìs l tn jc euilr mj l ehs
mjbìs, ejs `rjj `hctrlrnjmlm. _njcsl quj ch jstìc l`hstubfrlmhs y quj sheh
js `ujstnðc mj tnjbph. ^ tjc buy prjsjctj quj js su bnjmh, tnjcj bìs quj
vjr `hc jeehs quj `hctnih.

• Pn tu `lbfnh dl snmh ncn`nlmh, blctjcnmh y prhbhvnmh phr tn, eh dlrìs `hc

`hcgnlczl y `hc uc gujrtj `hbprhbnsh `hctnih. Ch pnjrmls mj vnstl je
hfajtnvh quj tj jbpual l eejvlreh l `lfh (phr jeeh tj rj`hbjcmlfl quj
`hehqujs nbìijcjs quj rjprjsjctjc ehs fjcjgn`nhs mj `hcsjiunr eh quj tj
dls prhpujsth).
• ^ sâ, js elbjctlfej pjrh leiucls pjrshcls sj snjctjc bìs `ðbhmls `hc tu
lspj`th y tu `hbphrtlbnjcth lctniuh. _jrh `hbpel`jrels nbpen`lrì
trln`nhclrtj l tn bnsbl y vhevjr le `hbjr jbh`nhcle y le blejstlr. ]ñ mj`nmjs
l qunîc prjgnjrjs `hbpel`jr.

]nps lctnrrj`lâml
 Pn tnjcjs uc ble mâl y eh j`dls thmh phr el fhrml, ch mjsjspjrjs. Js clturle
quj su`jml y ghrbl plrtj mje prh`jsh. Le`lczlr hfajtnvhs js `hbh flnelr uc
vles1 mlbhs trjs plshs plrl ltrìs phr `lml plsh quj mlbhs dl`nl lmjelctj.
¡_jrh sjiunbhs flnelcmh! Lmjbìs, uc ble mâl pujmj rjlgnrblrtj jc tu
mjtjrbncl`nðc plrl sjiunr `hc tu hfajtnvh. ^ l plrtnr mj jsj fl`dj, rjsuetl
bu`dh bìs gì`ne blctjcjr tu `hbprhbnsh.
  @îctrltj jc je prh`jsh, ch jc je rjsuetlmh gncle. @ulcmh tj jc`ujctrjs
jvntlcmh eh quj tnjcjs quj dl`jr, phr pjrjzl h nc`hbhmnmlm, phc tu
ltjc`nðc jc je prh`jsh mj `hcstru``nðc, jc ehs bn`rhplshs. _hr jajbpeh, jc
euilr mj pjcslr jc tu hfajtnvh mj jstlr jc ghrbl, mntj1 «vhy l dl`jr uc plsjh
mj 6? bncuths».
L tu zhbfn nctjrnhr ej iustlc ehs prh`jshs, phrquj ehs pujmj rjlenzlr snc tu
cj`jsnmlm mj pjcslr. Lsâ `hcvnjrtjs l tu zhbfn jc tu lenlmh.
  @ulcmh tj vjcils lflah, dlz ucls rjspnrl`nhcjs prhgucmls, gjen`âtltj phr 

thmh eh qujl jstìs

  Vjlenzl `hcsniunjcmh
bjcumh y pjrmðcltj
je sniunjctj jajr`n`nhphr
mjtu `hctrlstj
mjfnenmlm.bjctle1 `heh`l
nbìijcjs jc tu `lsl h jc je trlflah quj tj dlilc tjcjr buy prjsjctj el
mngjrjc`nl jctrj mðcmj jstìs ldhrl y mðcmj qunjrjs jstlr. Ghths quj tj
bujstrjc mðcmj qunjrjs jstlr y htrls quj tj rj`ujrmjc `ðbh js el vnml quj
tnjcjs l`tulebjctj, quj jc rjlenmlm ch tj dl`j gjenz y phr jeeh jstìs slenjcmh
mj jeel.
 @hc el vnsulenzl`nðc. Zcl ghrbl buy jgj`tnvl mj prjplrlrtj bjctlebjctj js
el djrrlbnjctl mj el vnsulenzl`nðc, ucl tî`cn`l quj utnenzlc ehs mjphrtnstls
plrl jctrjclrsj bjctlebjctj tlcth plrl el jaj`u`nðc mj el prujfl, je
 plrtnmh h je `lbpjhclth, `hbh plrl `hcsjiunr je hfajtnvh gncle, quj js
ilclr.
_lrl hftjcjr je bìxnbh fjcjgn`nh mj el vnsulenzl`nðc, l``jmj l
 www.dlbfrjmjlbhr.`hb y mjs`lril irltuntlbjctj je lumnh

«Plenr l `hbjr gujrl» (vjr ncstru``nhcjs jc el pìincl 6<).

J AJV@N@NH1 Plenr l `hbjr gujrl

«Je mjs`ufrnbnjcth mj uc cujvh pelth `hcgnjrj bìs gjen`nmlm l el dublcnmlm quj je

mjs`ufrnbnjcth mj ucl cujvl jstrjeel».
Ajlc Lctdjebj Frneelt-Plvlrnc
Js`rnthr quj pelctjð el ilstrhchbâl `hbh uc lrtj,
gnehshgâl h `hbh ghrbl mj vnml

Dhy jc mâl, `lml mhs phr trjs tjcjbhs `hbnmls y `jcls jc rjstlurlctjs, jc
els quj el `hbnml sleumlfej ch sujej lfucmlr. Je snbpej dj`dh mj `hbjr jc
`hbplüâl mj htrhs
phrquj slfjs quj h gujrl mj `lsl, nc`ubpenrìs
prhflfejbjctj pujmj sjr ucl
tus gujctj
dìfnthsmj
mjprjh`upl`nðc,
lenbjctl`nðc
`hcs`njctj y jejinrìs pelths quj cuc`l `hbjs jstlcmh shel h jc `lsl.
Ehs leubchs mj bns `urshs l bjcumh bj `hbjctlc1 «L vj`js `hbh lctjs mj
slenr mj `lsl plrl ch `hbjr mjblsnlmh… Lucquj ch bj snrvj mj bu`dh».
«]jcih bnjmh `ulcmh pnjcsh jc slenr l `jclr `hc bns lbnihs, phrquj vhy l
`hbjr mjblsnlmh». _hrquj l vj`js h`urrj quj, mj leiucl blcjrl, sjctnbhs
`hbh sn cujstrhs l`hbplülctjs chs mnjrlc pjrbnsh plrl `hbjr ehs lenbjcths
quj chshtrhs ch chs pjrbntnbhs. H `hbjbhs `hsls ph`h sleumlfejs, quj
chrblebjctj ch pjmnrâlbhs, snbpejbjctj plrl l`hbplülr l el htrl pjrshcl.
Jc h`lsnhcjs chs enbntlbhs l el dhrl mj pjmnr eh quj rjlebjctj mjsjlbhs
`hbjr phr bnjmh l quj chs auziujc1 «\uî vlc l pjcslr mj bâ… ¡quj shy ucl
`hbnehcl!».
Mjtrìs mj jstj tnph mj prjh`upl`nhcjs dly bnjmh. Wlbhs l lgrhctlreh
lctn`npìcmhchs le jvjcth mj slenr l `hbjr gujrl `hc el `lpl`nmlm quj thmhs ehs
sjrjs dublchs phsjjbhs, mj prjplrlrchs bjctlebjctj lctjs mj `hbjr gujrl
y jc `hbplüâl, plrl jvntlr quj tjcil uc nbpl`th shfrj je cujstrh pjsh y
cujstrh jstlmh mj ìcnbh.
 Lctjs mj nr l uc jvjcth jc je quj pujmj dlfjr mjs`hctrhe `hc el `hbnml y el
fjfnml, js`u`dl el vnsulenzl`nðc quj jc`hctrlrìs jc el wjf plrl lgrhctlreh `hc
ucl sjcsl`nðc mj `lebl, mnsgrutlcmh mj el `hbnml y mj el `hbplüâl, snc `hbjr 

jc jx`jsh cn sjctnrtj `ueplfej.

  Phy `hcs`njctj mj quj el jcjriâl ncn`nle quj tjcjbhs l el dhrl mj
prhphcjrchs uc `lbfnh, js `hbñc quj sj vlyl mjfnentlcmh ph`h l ph`h. _hr 
jeeh, plrl lyumlrtj l ch rjcuc`nlr jc ehs bhbjcths mj mjslenjcth, tnjcjs l
tu mnsphsn`nðc mhs rjilenths1
l. Je iruph sj`rjth mj Gl`jfhhk «Lmnðs Dlbfrj Jbh`nhcle» jc je quj phmrìs
rjel`nhclrtj `hc ucl `hbucnmlm ghrblml phr pjrshcls mj bjctlenmlm
plrj`nml l el tuyl, quj `hbplrtj je bnsbh prhpðsnth quj tñ, `hc ucl vnsnðc
prhl`tnvl mj el vnml. Je lphyh mj uc iruph vl l lenbjctlr buy
glvhrlfejbjctj tu `rjjc`nl y gj jc quj pujmjs `hcsjiunreh. Fus`l jc
Gl`jfhhk «Lmnðs Dlbfrj Jbh`nhcle» y shen`ntl tu l``jsh <.
f. @hbh lirlmj`nbnjcth phr dlfjr `hcgnlmh jc bn prhirlbl y `hbh prjbnh
phr dlfjr jbprjcmnmh jstj vnlaj dl`nl je lbhr, plrl gl`nentlrtj el prì`tn`l mj
thmh eh quj jstlbhs lprjcmnjcmh tj hgrjz`h uc mjs`ujcth mje :? % plrl bn
`ursh hcencj «Lmnðs Dlbfrj Jbh`nhcle», flslmh jc jstj enfrh.

< Pj tj pjmnrì ucl `hctrlsjül plrl jctrlr, nctrhmu`j el bnsbl quj jc el wjf «LMNHP
DLBFVJJBH@NHCLE».
 

_lrtj 7
_HCNJCMH GNC L EL IZJVVL
«Els vjrmlmjrls fltleels sj enfrlc jc je nctjrnhr».
Pð`rltjs
 

<9

@hbplsnðc, irltntum y luthrrjiuel`nðc

Jc je `lpâtueh «Pnjctj eh quj nctjctls jvntlr sjctnr `hc el `hbnml» tj `hctî bn
jxpjrnjc`nl `hc je vl`âh y quj mjs`ufrâ quj trls els lmn``nhcjs sj js`hcmâl uc
prhgucmh rj`dlzh dl`nl bâ bnsbl. L gujrzl mj prl`tn`lr rjpjtnmlbjctj je
jajr`n`nh «jstlr `hc eh quj dly», pumj dl`jr htrh dleelzih1 le ltrjvjrbj l
`hcj`tlr `hc jsj vl`âh, lplrj`âl je bnjmh.
_jrh… ¸Mj quî tjcâl bnjmh8
El vjrmlm, lñc ch eh sî y tlbph`h bj nbphrtl mjblsnlmh je `hctjcnmh mj
jsj tjbhr, phrquj tjcih el `url plrl je bnjmh1 je lbhr. Nctuyh quj js ucl
`ujstnðc jspnrntule y, phr eh tlcth, el sheu`nðc vjrmlmjrl tnjcj quj sjr tlbfnîc
jspnrntule. _jrh jstlbhs jc el rj`tl gncle mje enfrh y ch bj vhy l jcrjmlr `hc
jstj tnph mj lsucths. _hrquj el nctjc`nðc mj jstj prhirlbl js lfhrmlr eh bìs
mnrj`th j ncbjmnlth quj tjcjbhs1 je `ujrph, els sjcsl`nhcjs gâsn`ls y els
jbh`nhcjs. @jctrîbhchs prnbjrh jc rjjqunenfrlr cujstrh `h`dj, phrquj, sn
`hbh `hcmu`thrjs ch tjcjbhs el `lpl`nmlm mj thblr je blcmh mj cujstrh
`ujrph gâsn`h, ¸`ðbh vlbhs l blcjalr cnvjejs bìs `hbpejahs `hbh je lebl h
je jspârntu8 Mj bhbjcth, prjgnjrh `hcstrunr el `lsl phr ehs `nbnjcths; qunîc
slfj sn jc uc guturh enfrh jcgh`lrî je dlbfrj mjsmj ucl vnsnðc bìs jspnrntule.
Pheh pjrbâtjbj bjc`nhclr frjvjbjctj ucls pnc`jelmls mj els prì`tn`ls
bjchs tjrrjclejs quj bj dlc lyumlmh l plslr mj ucl lenbjctl`nðc
mnsguc`nhcle l ucl rjel`nðc pejcl y jc plz `hc el `hbnml.

El `hbplsnðc `hc uch bnsbh `hbh bhthr

mje `lbfnh
«Ìblbj `ulcmh bjchs eh bjrjz`l phrquj
js `ulcmh bìs eh cj`jsnth».
_rhvjrfnh `dnch

El rlâz eltncl mj el plelfrl `hbplsnðc snicngn`l «sugrnr `hc» htrl pjrshcl y, jc el

psn`hehiâl h``nmjctle, Ihjtz el mjgncnð `hbh «Je sjctnbnjcth quj surij le
 prjsjc`nlr je sugrnbnjcth mj htrh y quj `hceejvl uc mjsjh mj lyumlr».
Pj sujej `hcgucmnr `hc eìstnbl h pjcl phr leiunjc, pjrh qunjc snjctj jsth jc
`njrth bhmh sj `heh`l jc ucl phsn`nðc mj supjrnhrnmlm rjspj`th le htrh. Jc
`lbfnh, els jcsjülczls fumnstls mn`jc quj el `hbplsnðc js «mlrsj `ujctl mje

sugrnbnjcth y mjsjlr quj sj rjmuz`l, jstlcmh jc je bnsbh pelch je

sugrnbnjcth mj uch bnsbh `hc je mje htrh». Js mj`nr, sj snjctj jctrj niulejs y
jxnstj `hcjxnðc `hc je quj sugrj.
]lbfnîc sj sujej shelplr `hc je `hc`jpth mj jbpltâl, pjrh ch js
jxl`tlbjctj eh bnsbh. Pn fnjc irl`nls l el jbpltâl shbhs `lpl`js mj
jctjcmjr y sjctnr els jbh`nhcjs mj ehs mjbìs, `hc el `hbplsnðc chs
nmjctngn`lbhs `hc je mhehr mje htrh, `hc`rjtlbjctj. ^ lmjbìs, sjctnbhs je
mjsjh mj dl`jr leih phr lenvnlreh.
Mj ldâ cl`nð ucl `hrrnjctj mje bncmguecjss  flslml jc el luth`hbplsnðc, quj
chs ncvntl l trltlrchs `hc lblfnenmlm y rjspjth, rj`hch`njcmh eh quj tjcjbhs
jc `hbñc `hc htrls jctnmlmjs vnvls. Niule quj h`urrj `hc el `hbplsnðc, el
luth`hbplsnðc ch snicngn`l sjr luthncmueijctj, sjctnr eìstnbl h sjr 
jx`jsnvlbjctj `hbpel`njctj `hc uch bnsbh. Chs lyuml l rjsphcmjr `hc lbhr 
y `hbprjcsnðc dl`nl cujstrh mhehr, niule quj eh dl`jbhs dl`nl ehs mjbìs.

Pn tu bjahr lbnil tj jxpen`lrl quj sj snjctj lgeninml y lciustnlml phrquj sj

dl `hbnmh uc plqujtj jctjrh mj ileejtls, ¸quî plelfrls ej mnrâls8 ¸\uî thch
utnenzlrâls plrl `hcshelrel8 ¸\uî l`tntum tjcmrâls plrl dl`jr quj sj snctnjrl
bjahr8 ¸L`lsh ej rjsphcmjrâls «eh dls dj`dh gltle. Ch tnjcjs gujrzl mj
vheuctlm. Jrjs ucl ihrml»8
Jsthy sjiurl mj quj sjrâls lblfej `hc jeel y ej mnrâls plelfrls mj `hcsujeh,
rj`hcghrtlctjs y `hbplsnvls plrl lenvnlr su sugrnbnjcth.
Ldhrl rj`ujrml
jx`jsh. leiucljch`lsnðc
¸\uî tj mj`âls tu gujrhjc quj dlyls
nctjrch8 ¸\uîsnmh
thch tñ qunjc¸\uî
uslstj8 dl `hbnmh jc
plelfrls8
_rhflfejbjctj ch gunstj tlc lbhrhsl `hbh eh sjrâls `hc tu lbnil, snch quj
mjalstj vâl enfrj l El Whz plrl quj tj elczlrl bjcslajs `râtn`hs y `lrilmhs mj
rjprh`djs.
Jc je lplrtlmh «Ncvjctlrnh mj cj`jsnmlmjs» vnbhs el nbphrtlc`nl mj
lprjcmjr l dl`jrchs mj blmrj l chshtrls bnsbls. ¸@ðbh tj dufnjsj iustlmh
quj tu blmrj tj `hcshelrl `ulcmh ch l`tulstj `hbh tj iustl8 ¸\uî plelfrls
mj `hcghrt dufnjsjs cj`jsntlmh rj`nfnr `ulcmh leih ch tj sleâl fnjc8 Js trnstj
quj uc cnüh ch rj`nfl je lphyh `hcvjcnjctj jc ehs bhbjcths mngâ`nejs, pjrh
 niule mj trnstj js quj uc lmueth ch sj eh sjpl mlr l sâ bnsbh.
Lsâ quj«Cuc`l
mîfne», pujmjsbjsjiunr
pujmhelczìcmhtj bjcslajs
jqunvh`lr», «]jcih mj
qujluthjxnijc`nl mjethmh»,
sjr je bjahr jc tnph «Phy
«Eh
tjcih quj `hcsjiunr sheh», «Ch tjcih gujrzl mj vheuctlm», «Eh prnbjrh shc els

hfenil`nhcjs», h pujmjs hptlr phr dlfelrtj `hc lblfnenmlm1 «Ch plsl clml,
thmhs chs jqunvh`lbhs». «Eh nbphrtlctj js quj eh jstìs nctjctlcmh». «Ch eh
dls dj`dh fnjc, pjrh blülcl sjrì htrh mâl y eh phmrìs vhevjr l nctjctlr».
¸Mjsmj `uìe mj jsths mhs mns`urshs nctjrchs tj pujmj sjr bìs gì`ne sjiunr 
lvlczlcmh dl`nl tu prhpðsnth mj `unmlrtj bjahr8
«Pn qunjrjs quj htrhs sjlc gjen`js prl`tn`l el `hbplsnðc; y sn qunjrjs sjr gjenz tñ,
prl`tn`l el `hbplsnðc».
]jcznc Iyltsh
<=± Mleln-Elbl mje ]nfjt 

El luthjxnijc`nl js hpujstl l el luth`hbplsnðc phrquj sj `jctrl jc «qunîc

mjfjrâls sjr» mnstlc`nìcmhtj mj «qunîc jrjs jc rjlenmlm». ^ `hbh vnbhs `hc
je mnfuah mj el `jfheel, jc jstl mnstlc`nl dly mhehr, bnjmh y vl`âh, ehs `ulejs
lubjctlc els prhflfnenmlmjs mj quj j`djbhs blch le `dh`heltj.

El luth`hbplsnðc js mjalr mj sjr tlc luthjxnijctjs, mj prjsnhclrchs tlcth,

mj hfenilrchs l dl`jr `hsls, mj gustnilrchs phr ch dl`jrels, mj `rjjr quj ch
shbhs eh flstlctj fujchs. _hr je `hctrlrnh, js trltlrchs fnjc, mjsmj ucl
phsn`nðc mj lblfnenmlm jc euilr mj uslr je mnìehih `lstnilmhr y `hbfltnvh mj
El Whz.
Pî quj ch js gì`ne sjr thejrlctj `hc uch bnsbh `ulcmh tj dls mlmh uc ltrl`ðc
mj pltltls grntls, pjrh auzilrtj ch tj pjrbntnrì lvlczlr jc je `lbnch mj
`unmlrtj
iustl, jsbjahr. Jc ehs
mj`nsnvh qujbhbjcths jc quj eh quj mn`js,
tjcils luth`hbplsnðc, dl`js h ypnjcsls
snc auzilrtj ch tj
snc nctjctlr 
`lbfnlr eh quj jrjs. ]rìtltj `hc lbhr y rjspjth, `hc ucl l`tntum `hbprjsnvl
dl`nl tu prhpnh sugrnbnjcth. L`jptl el jxpjrnjc`nl tle `hbh js, cn fujcl cn
blel, austh jc je bhbjcth jc je quj sj hrnincl.

@ulcmh els `hsls ch sleilc `hbh jspjrlfls, rj`ujrml `ðbh sjrâl je thch quj
 utnenzlrâls `hc tu bjahr lbnih, sn jstuvnjrl jc tu bnsbl sntul`nðc. ]le vjz ej
mnrâls, `hsls `hbh «Jsth quj snjctjs js mhehrhsh, pjrh plslrì», «L thmhs chs
pujmj plslr leih lsâ», «Jqunvh`lrchs js dublch», «Pnjbprj nctjctls dl`jreh
eh bjahr phsnfej, pjrh l vj`js ch slej tlc fnjc `hbh qunsnjrls, y ch tj mjfjs

`ueplr phr jeeh», jt`… Js nbphrtlctj quj je thch quj utnen`js sjl lblfej y
`ìenmh.
 Luth`hbplsnðc
 Luth`hbplsnðc y lenbj
lenbjctl`nðc
ctl`nðc `hcs
`hcs`njctj
`njctj

Le prnc`npnh, `hbjr mj ghrbl `hcs`njctj, nbpen`lcmh thmhs ehs sjctnmhs jc je

l`th mj `hbjr, jc els sjcsl`nhcjs y jbh`nhcjs quj chs mjspnjrtlc ehs
lenbjcths, ch js tlrjl gì`ne. Pn jstl prì`tn`l ch vl l`hbplülml mj l`jptl`nðc y
`hbplsnðc, sj pujmj `hcvjrtnr jc niule mj el`jrlctj quj je dj`dh mj dl`jr 
mnjtl. _lrl jvntlreh, tj suinjrh quj tjcils buy prjsjctjs els sniunjctjs
l`tntumjs luth`hbplsnvls1
• @ulcmh nctjctlbhs `hbjr `hcs`njctjbjctj y chs mlbhs `ujctl mj quj el
bjctj sj dl mnstrlâmh… jc euilr mj `ueplrchs, vhevjbhs `hc `lrnüh y
pl`njc`nl l ehs slfhrjs y l els sjülejs mj dlbfrj y sl`njmlm, mn`nîcmhchs quj
jstlbhs lprjcmnjcmh l `hbjr mj ucl ghrbl mnstnctl y quj js chrble quj le
prnc`npnh chs `ujstj.
• @ulcmh dl`jbhs leih mj eh quj chs lrrjpnctlbhs… jc vjz mj `lstnilrchs
chs trltlbhs `hbh eh dlrâlbhs `hc cujstrh bjahr lbnih1 «jstì fnjc, thmhs chs
jqunvh`lbhs».
• @ulcmh bjmntlbhs y l ehs 6 bncuths el bjctj mnvlil… trljbhs mj vujetl
el ltjc`nðc l el rjspnrl`nðc, `hc tjrcurl y snc pjejlrchs.
• @ulcmh ch djbhs snmh `lpl`js mj `hbjr `hbh chs iustlrâl, prhcuc`nlbhs
leiucl lgnrbl`nðc lblfej.
J AJV@N@NH1 Bjmntl`nðc mj el luth`hbplsnðc

@ulcmh El Whz sj lphmjrj mj tu bjctj phrquj els `hsls ch sjlc `hbh tu

nmjle mj pjrgj``nðc, prl`tn`l je sniunjctj jajr`n`nh mj luth`hbplsnðc.
@njrrl ehs hahs, dlz ucls rjspnrl`nhcjs prhgucmls y `hcj`tl `hc je mhehr quj
 jstìs snctnjcmh. Nctjctl ufn`lr jc quî plrtj mje `ujrph chtls jsl sjcsl`nðc.

Eujih, rjpntj
dlfelrtj jc dlrâls
`hbh eh vhz letl
`hc helbjctlebjctj
pjrshcl l el els
qujsniunjctjs grlsjs. Vj`ujrml
qunjrjs, `ulcmh trltls mj
`hcshelrel1

Pî lblfej `hctnih bnsbh/l

Pî `hbprjcsnvh/l `hctnih bnsbh/l
]jc sjiurnmlm
L`jptl tu vnml tle y `hbh js jc jstj bhbjcth.
Mjspuîs mj dlfjrtj `hcshelmh l`tnvlbjctj `hc el `hbplsnðc, sî `hcs`njctj
mj `ðbh tj snjctjs y mj ehs `lbfnhs quj sj dlc prhmu`nmh jc tu `ujrph,
bjctj y tñ `hrlzðc.
Jc
Jc www.dlbfrjmjlbhr.`hb
 www.dlbfrjmjlbhr.`hb tnjcjs l``jsh l el djrbhsl bjmntl`nðc
mj el `hbplsnðc y mje lbhr nc`hcmn`nhcle. Mjs`ìrilel irltuntlbjctj
(vjr ncstru``nhcjs jc el pìincl 6<).

@rjlcmh pejcntum1 El irltntum

El blyhrâl mj chshtrhs ch vlehrlbhs cujstrh `ujrph cn je dj`dh mj ihzlr mj
fujcl sleum. Ehs quj dlfntlbhs sh`njmlmjs bltjrnlebjctj mjslrrheelmls, jc
els quj tjcjbhs tlcth mj thmh, plrj`j quj tjcjbhs mjfnentlmh je sjctnmh mj
el irltntum y sheh vlehrlbhs ihzlr mj fujcl sleum phr `hctrlstj1 prjstlbhs
ltjc`nðc le `ujrph `ulcmh jcgjrblbhs y, `ulcmh chs rj`upjrlbhs, eh
hevnmlbhs mj cujvh, phrquj mlbhs phr dj`dh quj guc`nhcj `hc chrblenmlm.
@ulcmh leiunjc mj cujstrl jmlm `lj jc ucl irlvj jcgjrbjmlm h bujrj, phr 
uchs mâls thblbhs `hcs`njc`nl mj el grlinenmlm mj el sleum y mj quj el vnml js
tjbphrle. _jrh prhcth dl`jbhs fhrrðc y `ujctl cujvl y `ljbhs cujvlbjctj
jc je vnjah mnìehih `hctrl cujstrh `ujrph `ulcmh ch jstì l el leturl mj
cujstrls jxpj`tltnvls.
Jc ehs plâsjs mjslrrheelmhs el vjrmlmjrl jpnmjbnl mje snieh  TTN  ch js el
hfjsnmlm, je `ìc`jr h ehs prhfejbls `lrmâl`hs, snch je lnselbnjcth, el shejmlm
y el mjprjsnðc. Jstl ñetnbl js bu`dh bìs grj`ujctj quj htrls jcgjrbjmlmjs
bìs tjbnmls, `hbh je snml h je `ìc`jr1 l`tulebjctj =:? bneehcjs mj pjrshcls
jstìc mnrj`tlbjctj lgj`tlmls phr uc trlsthrch bjctle y jc Jstlmhs Zcnmhs
je `hcsubh mj lctnmjprjsnvhs dl lubjctlmh uc =?? % jc ehs ñetnbhs 6? lühs.
 ^ sjiñc el HBP `lml lüh sj sun`nmlc lerjmjmhr mj 4??.??? pjrshcls.
El mjprjsnðc js uc gujrtj mjsjc`lmjclctj mje `hbjr jc jx`jsh, lsâ `hbh eh
shc je jstrîs y el shejmlm, lspj`ths buy `lrl`tjrâstn`hs mje jstneh mj vnml
bhmjrch. _jrh phcjbhs je gh`h mj ltjc`nðc jc je shfrjpjsh y el hfjsnmlm.
Ehs ihfnjrchs dlc mjslrrheelmh irlc `lctnmlm mj pheâtn`ls jmu`ltnvls shfrj
lenbjctl`nðc sleumlfej mjstnclmls l rjmu`nr el hfjsnmlm. Jc ijcjrle, shbhs
 pjrshcls ghrblmls y mnsphcjbhs mj bu`dâsnbl ncghrbl`nðc shfrj quî
lenbjcths chs `hcmu`jc le shfrjpjsh, el hfjsnmlm, el dnpjrtjcsnðc y els
`lrmnhpltâls. _jrh luc lsâ je prhfejbl sniuj lubjctlcmh.
Je bhcaj fumnstl Lcmy _ummn`hbfj, jc su jx`jejctj enfrh Mnjtl Bncmguecjss,

jxpen`l quj «bìs mj <:?? bneehcjs mj pjrshcls tnjcjc shfrjpjsh u hfjsnmlm.

Jsth js, `lsn je 6: % mj el phfel`nðc bucmnle jstì lbjclzlml phr je jx`jsh mj
pjsh. (…) Mj bhmh quj l`tulebjctj jc je bucmh jxnstjc je mhfej mj
pjrshcls quj sj jcgrjctlc l rnjsihs plrl su sleum phr `hbjr jc jx`jsh h phr 
gletl mj jajr`n`nh quj pjrshcls quj sugrjc dlbfrj y blecutrn`nðc phr gletl mj
lenbjcths y mj ehs cutrnjctjs lmj`ulmhs».
¸\uî jstì h`urrnjcmh8 ¸\uî js eh quj sj chs jstì js`lplcmh8 Bn hpncnðc js
quj sn pusnîrlbhs bìs ltjc`nðc jc slclr el ncsltnsgl``nðc quj ihfnjrcl
cujstrls jc`lr`jelmls vnmls y rj`upjrìrlbhs je `hctl`th `hc vlehrjs `hbh el
irltntum, el `hbplsnðc, je letrunsbh y el fjcjvhejc`nl, prhflfejbjctj ch
jstlrâlbhs tlc ihrmhs. _hrquj jctrjilr je `hrlzðc `hctrlrrjstl je sjctnbnjcth
mj shejmlm<  cl`nmh mje lnselbnjcth jc je quj vnvnbhs, y prj`urshr mje
blejstlr y mje `hbjr jbh`nhcle. 
jbh`nhcle. Ncvjstnil`nhcjs rj`njctjs lgnrblc quj `ulcmh
els pjrshcls fus`lbhs ch sheh cujstrh prhpnh nctjrîs, snch tlbfnîc je
rjspjth, je lphyh, je lirlmj`nbnjcth y el `hbplsnðc dl`nl ehs mjbìs,
sltnsgl`jbhs bjahr cujstrls prhpnls cj`jsnmlmjs fìsn`ls y jxpjrnbjctlbhs
blyhr sjcsl`nðc mj fnjcjstlr.
 ^ lucquj pujmls dlfjr js`u`dlmh uc bhctðc mj vj`js quj je
lirlmj`nbnjcth js el `elvj mj el gjen`nmlm, qunzìs tj prjiuctjs1 ¸@ðbh vhy l
lirlmj`jr `hc je `ujrph y el vnml quj tjcih8 Je sj`rjth jstì jc quj el irltntum
jcijcmrl irltntum; mje bnsbh bhmh quj cujstrh pjsh nmjle eejil `ulcmh
shbhs bìs gjen`js, `ulcth bìs prl`tn`lbhs je lirlmj`nbnjcth, `lml vjz
jc`hctrlbhs bìs bhtnvhs plrl sjiunr lirlmj`njcmh.
J AJV@N@NH1 @nc`h jajr`n`nhs plrl ghrtlej`jr el irltntum

«@hbj jc pejcl `hcs`njc`nl y sjrìs bjrj`jmhr

mj el ]njrrl y mje `njeh».
]dn`d Cdlt Dlcd
Bljstrh fumnstl

Lctjs djbhs vnsth quj `ulcmh ehs dublchs tjcjbhs mjblsnlmh, plrj`j quj
 `lml vjz cujstrls vnmls chs sltnsgl`jc bjchs y cujstrh sjctnmh mj el irltntum
sj ltrhgnl. Ch hfstlctj, phmjbhs rjlenzlr vlrnls prì`tn`ls plrl jctrjclr je
bñs`ueh mj el irltntum, plrl vnvnr ucl jxnstjc`nl sltnsgl`thrnl y enfrj mj
sugrnbnjcth.
  Pî `hcs`njctj mj el prjsjc`nl mj tu `hbnml, lirlmj`j tjcjrel. Lctjs mj

elczlrtj l jciueenr, hfsjrvl tu pelth j nblincl je trlflah quj dl supujsth

quj eh tjcils ldâ, jcgrjctj mj tn. Mjsmj je `uetnvh dlstl je trlcsphrtj mj ehs
lenbjcths, plslcmh phr su prjplrl`nðc. ]hmls els blchs quj dlc
nctjrvjcnmh plrl quj jsl `hbnml jstî jc tu bjsl. Lirlmj`j jstj dj`dh y,
sjiunmlbjctj, `hbj phcnjcmh jc prì`tn`l ehs = dìfnths mj lenbjctl`nðc
`hcs`njctj. Js ucl ghrbl mj bhstrlr lirlmj`nbnjcth y vlehrlr je elfhrnhsh
trlflah mj thmhs ehs sjrjs quj dlc plrtn`nplmh jc je prh`jsh.
 @hij uc tlrrh mj `rnstle y `lml sjblcl ncsjrtl jc îe uc plpjenth jc je quj
dlyls js`rnth leih phr eh quj snjctls lirlmj`nbnjcth. Le gnclenzlr je bjs, lfrj
je tlrrh y ejj thmls tus chtls.
  Lprhvj`dl tus bhbjcths mj bjmntl`nðc plrl ncdlelr irltntum y jxpueslr 
thmh lqujeeh quj tj lejal mj jeel.
 @lml mâl, le ejvlctlrtj h lctjs mj slenr mj el mu`dl, ml els irl`nls phr vnvnr 
el jxpjrnjc`nl mj uc cujvh mâl h phr leih `hc`rjth quj tj dlil neusnðc mj
jsj mâl.

 J AJV@N@NH1 @lrtl l tu `ujrph

Bj iustlrâl pjmnrtj uc ñetnbh jajr`n`nh, pjrshclebjctj. Lctjs mj quj `njrrjs

je enfrh, dlz ucl plusl y js`râfjej ucl `lrtl mj irltntum l tu sufjstnblmh
`ujrph. _ujmjs jbpjzlr el `lrtl mn`njcmh «\ujrnmh `ujrph, snjcth quj… tj
pnmh pjrmðc phr… tj mhy els irl`nls phr…».

Mnej eh quj qunjrls. Ch js cj`jslrnh quj sjl buy jxtjcsl. Js`râfjel l blch.
@hbplrth `hctnih el prj`nhsl `lrtl quj ucl leubcl js`rnfnð l su `ujrph1
\ujrnmh `ujrph1
Dj jstlmh jcglmlml `hctnih murlctj bu`dh tnjbph y bj dl rjsuetlmh mngâ`ne pjrmhclrtj. Jc
leiñc bhbjcth `jmâ thmh bn phmjr l bn bjctj mjsfh`lml, qunjc thbð je blcmh y mnrninð 
cujstrl jxnstjc`nl. L plrtnr mj jcthc`js, gun l`ubuelcmh `lpls y `lpls mj `jfheel, mj mhehr,
mj irlsl y mj sugrnbnjcth quj bj mnstlc`nlflc y mjs`hcj`tlflc mj tn, mj cujstrh `hrlzðc,
mhcmj rjsnmjc el gjen`nmlm, el plz y je fnjcjstlr.
Bj pjiuî ucl bìs`lrl jc el `lrl plrl bhstrlr le bucmh, quj bj nfl mnstlc`nlcmh bìs y
 bìs mj cujstrl vjrmlmjrl clturlejzl. Jc jsl mnstlc`nl sj nfl jcslc`dlcmh uc jchrbj vl`âh
quj nctjctlfl eejclr `hc el `hbnml y `hc htrls sustlc`nls.
¡^ yh quj `rjâl quj tu `jeuentns y tu gel`nmjz jrlc el rlâz mj thmhs bns prhfejbls! _jrh ldhrl
`hbprjcmh quj ch jrlc bìs quj ucl sjüle mj quj jstlfl yjcmh jc `hctrl mj bâ bnsbl. Ch
slfâl nctjrprjtlr tus bjcslajs. _jrmðclbj, `ujrpj`nth.

 Ldhrl sî quj jrls el plctleel quj bj bhstrlfl thmh lqujeeh quj ch bj dl`âl gjenz. ^ quj
ehs knehs mj irlsl jrlc je js`umh jbh`nhcle quj bj prhtjiâl mj ehs mjbìs.
Irl`nls l quj `uetnvî el `lebl y je snejc`nh pumj vjr `hc `elrnmlm quj el bjctj dlfâl
lmqunrnmh mjblsnlmh prhtlihcnsbh jc cujstrls vnmls. ^ quj chs jstlfl mjstruyjcmh.
Mjalbhs mj dl`jr lqujeels `hsls quj chs jc`lctlflc, `hbh flnelr, mlrchs blslajs y
lfrlzhs y pnctlr. Bn `hcgnlczl jc tn, jc bâ, guj sh`lvlml.
_jrh lprjcmâ l vjrtj, l sjctnrtj y l js`u`dlrtj y `hehquî el bjctj le sjrvn`nh mj cujstrh
`hrlzðc, cujstrh irlc lenlmh. Jbpj`î phr mjsdl`jrbj mj jsl gleml quj iulrmlfl jc je 
lrblrnh mjsmj je 6??<. Vjcuc`nî l nctjctlr bjtjrtj jc tjalchs nbphsnfejs. Bj mnstlc`nî mj
`njrtls pjrshcls y mj `njrtls sntul`nhcjs quj bj jbpualflc dl`nl lflah.
Mj ghrbl ejctl y `lsn nbpjr`jptnfej, mjaî mj mj`nr «Ch tjcih tnjbph plrl `unmlrtj» y bj
ltrjvâ l plrlr, l mlrtj mjs`lcsh, l tjcjr tnjbph enfrj.
Mjsnstâ mj mjsjlr quj gujrls mngjrjctj, y `hbjc`î l l`jptlrtj jc tu thtlenmlm, nc`eunmhs tus
bn`djencjs, tus pj`dhs `lâmhs y tus rhmneels thr`nmls.
 Ldhrl lirlmjz`h l bn vnjctrj quj dlyl snmh je rj`jptì`ueh mj eh quj bìs qunjrh jc je 
bucmh. Bj vnsth `hc shstjcjs sjxys y lirlmjz`h l bns rhmneels thmh je pjsh quj dlc tjcnmh
quj `lrilr.
]j pnmh pjrmðc phr thmh je mlüh quj tj dj dj`dh. ]j mhy els irl`nls phr tu rjsnstjc`nl. Dls
dj`dh ilel mj ucl irlc `lpl`nmlm mj rj`upjrl`nðc. _jrh yl ch cj`jsnth prhtj``nðc. El
prhtj``nðc quj eejvls tlcth tnjbph lcdjelcmh tj el vhy l mlr yh, ¡yl jsthy lquâ! ^h shy tñ.
 Ldhrl sî quj je lbhr js eh ñcn`h rjle y quj clml pujmj mjstrunreh.
mjstrunreh.
]j lbh phr jstlr snjbprj ldâ.
Pnjbprj tuyl,
]u iujrrjrl

]rls dlfjr rjml`tlmh ucl `lrtl mjsmj tu bjctj `hcs`njctj l tu `ujrph,

pjrbâtjej quj tj `hctjstj. _âmjej l tu `ujrph quj tj js`rnfl eh quj qunjrj
mj`nrtj, niule quj dn`nstj `hc tu ^h Ihrmh. ]u suf`hcs`njctj phsjj je
bjcslaj quj mjfjs js`u`dlr y `hch`j els nbìijcjs quj cj`jsntls vjr.
_jrbâtjej l tu `ujrph quj sj jxprjsj l trlvîs mj tn. Js`u`dl `hc ltjc`nðc el
vhz mje `ujrph dl`nl tn y js`rnfj lqujeeh quj jc`ujctrjs jc su nctjrnhr. Els
rjspujstls jstìc ldâ.

< Jemh`ubjctle El tjhrâl suj`l mje lbhr  ncmlil

 ncmlil jc ehs hrâijcjs mj el shejmlm quj ncvlmj l el
sh`njmlm suj`l. Jc els sh`njmlmjs «lvlczlmls» `rjjbhs quj el ncmjpjcmjc`nl ml el gjen`nmlm,
 phr eh quj rhbpjbhs ehs elzhs quj chs ucjc l ehs mjbìs. _jrh, tle `hbh ncmn`ð uc jstumnh mj
@ruz Vhal, je =? % mj ehs suj`hs sj snjctj lflcmhclmh y uch mj `lml `ultrh bujrj snc quj
clmnj rj`elbj su `lmìvjr.

<4

Jc `hc`eusnðc… _jrbâtjtj
gjenz `hbjr y sî
Pn `hc jstj prhirlbl `hcsniujs le bjchs trjs `hsls, dlfrì bjrj`nmh el lejirâl
dlfjreh js`rnth1
 @hbjr eh quj mjsjjs `ulcmh tjcils dlbfrj
 Pjctnr y sltnsgl`jr tus jbh`nhcjs mjslirlmlfejs
 Jstlr l iusth `hc el pjrshcl y `hc je `ujrph quj jrjs dhy
 ^ sn `hctncñls lenbjctlcmh1
• ]u `ujrph `hc `hbnml quj tj cutrj
• ]u `hrlzðc `hc `hbplsnðc, lirlmj`nbnjcth y lbhr 
• ]u `hcs`njc`nl `hc el prì`tn`l mj el ltjc`nðc pejcl
]jcmrìs ucl vnml y uc `ujrph jc sncthcâl `hc sus ejyjs clturlejs, `hc tus
vlehrjs, `hc tus `rjjc`nls phsnfnentlmhrls, `hc tus pjcslbnjcths ñtnejs, `hc els
jbh`nhcjs fnjc ltjcmnmls y `hc el `hcgnlczl jc tn bnsbl quj tj pjrbntnrìc
vnvnr el vnml pejcl y gjenz quj tj bjrj`js.
Irl`nls phr dlfjr eejilmh dlstl lquâ.
 

«Bj lrrjpnjcth mj els mnjtls, mj ehs pelths mjen`nhshs rj`dlzlmhs phr vlcnmlm, tlcth
`hbh elbjcth els h`lsnhcjs mj dl`jr je lbhr quj dj mjalmh plslr phr h`uplrbj mj
tlrjls pjcmnjctjs h phr vnrtum purntlcl».
Nslfje Leejcmj
 

Fnfenhirlgâl sjej``nhclml
Ìelvl
Blmrnm, Vjyjs,
6??6. Bª Ajsñs1
El ncutnenmlm mje sugrnbnjcth, El Jsgjrl mj ehs Enfrhs,
”1 Eh bjahr mj tu vnml jrjs tñ , El Jsgjrl mj ehs Enfrhs, Blmrnm, 6?<4.
Frlmghrm, Bhctsj1 El lenbjctl`nðc y els jbh`nhcjs, H`îlch, Bîxn`h, 6?<9.
Fyrhc, K., y Ptjpdjc, B.1  Lblr eh quj js1 @ultrh prjiuctls quj pujmjc `lbfnlr tu vnml,
Fhhks=ph`kjt, Flr`jehcl, 6??>.
@lbpneeh Ìevlrjz, Ahsî Jcrnquj1 Je bhch hfjsh1 El jvheu`nðc dublcl y els
jcgjrbjmlmjs mj el hpuejc`nl, Zrlch, Flr`jehcl, 6?<?.
@lbphs Clvlrrh, Jvl1  Len`nl jc je plâ plâss mj els rhsquneels1  Zc vnlaj nctjrnhr l trlvîs mj tus
knehs mj bìs, Zrlch, Flr`jehcl, 6?<0.
@dhprl, Mjjplk1 ¸Mj quî tnjcjs dlbfrj81 El sheu`nðc @dhprl plrl el pîrmnml mj pjsh
pjrblcjctj, je fnjcjstlr y je lenbjcth mje lebl, Zrlch, Flr`jehcl, 6?<=.
@dhzjc Flys, Alc1 @hbjr ltjcths1 Iuâl plrl rjmjs`ufrnr ucl rjel`nðc slcl `hc ehs
lenbjcths, Klnrðs, Flr`jehcl, 6?<0.
MnPlevh, Mlvnm1 \uî dl`j gjenz l tu `jrjfrh. ^ phr quî mjfjrâls dl`jr eh `hctrlrnh, Jmlg,
Blmrnm, 6?<=.
Mudnii, @dlrejs1 Je phmjr mj ehs dìfnths1 _hr quî dl`jbhs eh quj dl`jbhs jc el vnml y jc
el jbprjsl, Wjrilrl, Flr`jehcl, 6?<6.
Gejtl, ^., y Inbîcjz, A.1 @hl`dnci cutrn`nhcle1 Dlz quj tu mnjtl guc`nhcj,   Mjfhesneeh,
Flr`jehcl, 6?<:.
Ilfrnje, Ahc1 Je bîthmh Ilfrnje1 ]rlcsghrbl tu `ujrph snc dl`jr mnjtl, Zrlch, Flr`jehcl,
6?<?.
Ijhrinjvn`d Phbhv, _lvje1 Jltnci tdj bhbjct 1 <=< bncmgue prl`tn`js th hvjr`hbj
hvjrjltnci hcj bjle lt l tnbj, Cjw Dlrfncijr _ufen`ltnhcs, 6??4.
Ihejblc, Mlcnje1 Ncn`nl`nðc le bncmguecjss, Klnrðs, Flr`jehcl, 6?<:.
”1 Gh`us, Klnrðs, Flr`jehcl, 6?<0.
Irlnc, Djejc1 Bncmguecjss. El blinl mje bhbjcth, _eltlghrbl Jmnthrnle, Flr`jehcl,
6?<7.
Dly, E., Kdlmrh, L., y Mlcj, D.1 _jcslbnjcths y lenbjcths, Zrlch, Flr`jehcl, 6?<:.
Klflt-Qncc, Ahdc1 Bncmgucjss jc el vnml `htnmnlcl, _lnmðs, Flr`jehcl, 6?<?.
 Elrruy, Lcthcnh A.1 Wnvnr snc pjcslr, vnvnr jc pejcntum1 Vjspujstls mje lebl l els prjiuctls
mj el vnml, @ulmrneìtjrh mj enfrhs, Ej`tnh, Flr`jehcl, 6?<=.
Ehbflrtj, E., y Gejtl, ^.1 Els jbh`nhcjs sj snjctlc l el bjsl, @hblcjirl, 6?<>.
B`kjccl, _lue1 _ujmh dl`jrtj lmjeilzlr, Jsplsl, Blmrnm, 6?<?.
Cdl ]dlc, ]., y @djuci, E.1 Plfhrjlr1 Bncmguecjss plrl `hbjr y vnvnr fnjc,  Hcnrh,

Flr`jehcl, 6?<<.
_îrjz Plctnlih, Euns1 ]hmh js phsnfej1 Lprjcmj l ijstnhclr tu vnml `hc je `hctrhe bjctle y
je Bîthmh Pnevl, Jmlg, Blmrnm, 6?<7.
_ummn`hbfj, Lcmy1 Mnjtl bncmguecjss1 Lenbjctl`nðc `hcs`njctj `hc je bîthmh djlmspl`j,
Jmlg, Blmrnm, 6?<=.
_ucsjt, Jmulrmh1 Je vnlaj le phmjr mj el bjctj, Mjstnch, Flr`jehcl, 6?<?.
”1 Je lebl jstì jc je `jrjfrh, Mjstnch, Flr`jehcl, 6?<6.
\unctjrh, A., Gîenx-Le`ìctlrl B. _., Flczh Lriuns, @., Gjrcìcmjz Vhah, P., y Bhrl
Bâciujz, G.1 Dlbfrj, jbh`nhcjs y `jrjfrh1 @hbjr `hc el `lfjzl,  JBPJ JML__ P.E.,
6?<4.
Vhtd, Ijjcjc1 @ulcmh el `hbnml js bìs quj `hbnml1 Zc `lbnch jspnrntule plrl pjrmjr 
pjsh y rj`upjrlr el luthjstnbl, F=p, 6?<9.
Vhurl, Curnl1  Lprjcmj l vnvnr, lprjcmj l `hbjr1 ]rlcsghrbl tu vnml, tu sleum y tu rjel`nðc
`hc el `hbnml, Qjcntd, 6?<9.

Pnbðc _îrjz, Fneflh,

mj Frhuwjr, Wn`jctj16??>.
Wnvnr `hc pejcl ltjc`nðc. Mj el l`jptl`nðc l el prjsjc`nl , Mjs`eîj

Phrnl, @rnstncl1 Ch shc els mnjtls, shc ehs dìfnths1 ]rlflal tu nctjrnhr plrl blctjcjr uc
jstneh mj vnml sleumlfej, Jsplsl, Blmrnm, 6?<4.
 Yneenlbshc, Blrnlccj1 El mnjtl mje lebl1 6< ej``nhcjs jspnrntulejs quj phcmrìc gnc plrl
snjbprj l tus prhfejbls mj pjsh,  Fhhks=ph`kjt, Flr`jehcl, 6?<7.
 

 Lirlmj`nbnjcths
Djbhselsl`lflmh
thmls dlfelcmh
pjrshcls mj lirlmj`nbnjcth,
quj, mnrj`tl y yh mjsjh
h ncmnrj`tlbjctj, mlr els irl`nls
dlc `hctrnfunmh jc jel
cl`nbnjcth mj jstj enfrh. Jc plrtn`uelr, bj iustlrâl jxprjslr bn
lirlmj`nbnjcth1
L thmls els pjrshcls quj dlc sjiunmh je `ursh h snbnelr, quj tlcth bj dlfîns
jcsjülmh y mnvjrtnmh murlctj cujstrls sjsnhcjs. Irl`nls phr `hcgnlr jc bn
trlflah. Phns bns vjrmlmjrls bljstrls y vujstrls dnsthrnls dlc ncspnrlmh el
blyhrâl mj jcsjülczls quj `hbplrth jc jstj enfrh. ¡Wujstrhs îxnths bj
lcnblc mnlrnlbjctj l sjiunr trlflalcmh jc jstj prhyj`th!
L el gnje `hbucnmlm mj sus`rnpthrjs, tlcth mj bn wjf dlbfrjmjlbhr.`hb
`hbh mj bns rjmjs sh`nlejs. Bj lenbjctl `hcvjrslr y `hbplrtnr 
vnrtulebjctj `hc vhshtrhs.
L thmhs ehs luthrjs, `uyhs tjxths dj `hcsuetlmh snc su pjrbnsh y quj dlc
plrtn`nplmh plsnvlbjctj jc jstj enfrh. ]hmhs shns bjc`nhclmhs jc el
fnfenhirlgâl.
L el mh`thrl @lrbjc P. Lejirâl, phr tu lphyh y phr tu fjeeh prðehih.
L bn psn`ðehil Lcl (tj el rj`hbnjcmh). Irl`nls l el tjrlpnl `hctnih dj
lprjcmnmh l l`jptlrbj y l lblrbj phr eh quj shy y phr eh quj ch shy.
L Euns. L tu elmh bj dj mlmh `ujctl mj quî snicngn`l je lbhr nc`hcmn`nhcle y
el jblc`npl`nðc jbh`nhcle. Irl`nls phr thmh eh quj bj dls jcsjülmh.
Irl`nls l bns plmrjs, phr cutrnrbj snjbprj quj eh dj cj`jsntlmh.
L bns djrblchs, Ahlc, Cñrnl, Blr`je y Iuneejb, phr thml ucl vnml aucths.
Irl`nls jc jspj`nle l Ahlc, phr `hrrjinr je enfrh `hc tlctl liumjzl y rlpnmjz.
 ^ tlbfnîc l Blr`je, phr je lenjcth y je lphyh nc`hcmn`nhcle quj bj dls
frncmlmh snjbprj. Bj snjcth hriueehsl mj el glbnenl quj tjcjbhs.
L Blrtl, phr tu lphyh mjsnctjrjslmh mjsmj je prnbjr `ursh quj nbplrtâ. Jrjs
el bjahr hrilcnzlmhrl mj jvjcths quj jxnstj. ^ irl`nls phr ehs `lgîs, ehs vnchs y
els rnsls `hbplrtnmls.
Irl`nls l bn `ujrph, phr sjr tlc lirlmj`nmh y fhcnth, y phr liulctlrbj
murlctj thmhs jsths lühs. L pjslr mj thmh eh quj tj dj bletrltlmh, dls dj`dh
ilel mj ucl irlc slfnmurâl j nc`rjâfej `lpl`nmlm mj rjjqunenfrnh.
 Irl`nls l thmhs ehs `jctrhs quj dlfîns `hcgnlmh jc hgrj`jr bns tleejrjs mj
lenbjctl`nðc `hcs`njctj y bncmgue jltnci.
Irl`nls l el jmnthrnle Jmlg, phr mlrbj el hphrtucnmlm mj `hbplrtnr bn
`rjltnvnmlm y phr tjcjr je vlehr mj pufen`lr uc enfrh mnstncth shfrj
lenbjctl`nðc `hcs`njctj y lmjeilzlbnjcth.

 ^ phr ñetnbh, pjrh ch bjchs nbphrtlctj, bu`dls irl`nls l tn, ej`thrl, ej`thr,
phr dlfjr `hcgnlmh jc bâ, y phr tu `hbprhbnsh `hc tu bnsnðc mj sjr bìs gjenz.
 

Htrhs tâtuehs