PHYSICS LESSON

Changes of State

Start!
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What Are Changes of State?

Changes of state are physical T

changes in matter. They are
reversible changes that do not involve
changes in chemical properties.
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Common changes of state include

melting, freezing, sublimation,
deposition, condensation, and F
vaporization.

States of matter
Solids
A solid’s particles are closely
together. The particles cannot
move freely; they can only
vibrate. As a result, a solid has a
stable shape and a definite
volume. Solids can only change
shape under force, as when
broken or cut.
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Liquids Gases
A liquid is a fluid whose Gas molecules have either very
molecules have enough energy weak bonds or no bonds at all, X
to move around and it makes so they can move freely and
the structure mobile. This quickly. Because of this, not
means that a liquid is not only will a gas conform to the
definite in shape but rather shape of its container, it will
conforms to the shape. also expand to completely fill
the container. T
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The graphic

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Changes between Liquids and Solids

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Changes of state occur when
matter absorbs or loses
energy.
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There are processes in which
matter changes between
liquid and solid

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These states are freezing and
melting.

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Freezing

The warmer water in the Instead, they remain in T

tray loses heat to the fixed positions, locked in
colder air in the freezer. place by the forces of
The water cools until its attraction between them.
particles no longer have The liquid water has X
enough energy to slide changed to solid ice.
past each other.

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 Freezing pt.2

● The process in which a liquid

changes to a solid is called
freezing. The temperature at
which a liquid changes to a solid
is its freezing point.

● The freezing point of water is 0°

C . Other types of matter may
have higher or lower freezing
points. For example, the
freezing point of iron is 1535°C.
The freezing point of oxygen is
-219°C.
 Melting 1

The process in which a solid 2

changes to a liquid is called
melting. The melting point
is the temperature at which
a solid changes to a liquid.
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 Melting pt.2 1

If we took ice cubes out of a freezer

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and left them in a warm room, the ice
would absorb energy from the warmer
air around it. The energy would allow
the particles of frozen water to
overcome some of the forces of 3
attraction holding them together. In
this way, the solid ice would turn to
liquid water.

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Changing between Liquid and Gas 1

2
Processes in which matter
changes between liquid and
gaseous states are
vaporization, evaporation, and
condensation. 3

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Vaporization

a T

If water gets hot enough, it starts to boil.

Bubbles of water vapor form in boiling
water. X

b
This happens as particles of liquid water
gain enough energy to completely T
overcome the force of attraction
between them and change to the
gaseous state. The bubbles rise through
the water and escape from the pot as
steam. F
 Vaporization pt.2 1

2
The process in which a liquid boils and
changes to a gas is called vaporization.
The temperature at which a liquid boils
is its boiling point. The boiling point of
water is 100°C , while the boiling point 3
of nitrogen is -196°C.

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Evaporation

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Part 1
A liquid can also change to a gas
without boiling. This process is called
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evaporation.

Part 2
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It occurs when particles at the exposed
surface of a liquid absorb just enough
energy to pull away from the liquid and
escape into the air. This happens faster
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at warmer temperatures.
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Condensation

The process in which a gas

changes to a liquid is called X
condensation.
When the water vapor contacts
cooler surfaces, it cools and
loses energy. The cooler water
particles no longer have enough T
energy to overcome the forces
of attraction between them.
They come together and form
droplets of liquid water.
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 Changes Between Solids and Gases 1

Solids that change to gases 2

generally first pass through the
liquid state. However,
sometimes solids change
directly to gases and skip the
liquid state. The reverse can 3
also occur. Sometimes gases
change directly to solids.

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Sublimation

The process in which a solid T

changes directly to a gas is
called sublimation.

It occurs when the particles of a

solid absorb enough energy to
completely overcome the force of T
attraction between them. Dry ice
(solid carbon dioxide, CO2) is an
example of a solid that undergoes
sublimation.
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 Deposition 1

The opposite of sublimation is deposition. This is the process in which a

gas changes directly to a solid without going through the liquid state.
2

It occurs when gas particles

become very cold. For
example, when water vapor in
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the air contacts a very cold
windowpane, the water vapor
may change to tiny ice crystals
on the glass. The ice crystals
are called frost.
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Thank you!