အီစွတ်ပုံပြင်

'd k U wm0ef t a&;oH k ; yg;
jynf a xmif p k rNyd K uG J a &; 'dt

Yk a&;
wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDñGwfrI rNydKuGJa&; 'dt
Yk a&;
tcsKyt
f jcmtmPm wnfwchH ikd Nf raJ &; 'dt
Yk a&;
jynf o l Y o abmxm;
* jynf y tm;ud k ; yk q d e f ½ d k ; tqd k ; jrif 0g'D r sm;
tm; qef Y u sif M u/
*EdkifiHawmfwnfNidrfat;csrf;a&;ESihfEdkifiHawmf
wdk;wufa&;udkaESmih f,Suf z suf q D ; ol r sm;
tm; qef Y u sif M u/
*EdkifiHawmf\jynfwGif;a&;udk0ifa&mufpGufzuf
aESmifh,Sufaom jynfyEdkifiHrsm;tm;
qefYusifMu/
* jynfwGif;jynfy tzsuform;rsm;tm;
bHk&efoltjzpf owfrSwfacsrIef;Mu/
EdkifiHa&;OD;wnfcsuf (4)&yf
* EdkifiHawmfwnfNidrfa&; &yf&Gmat;csrf;om,ma&;ESihf w&m;Oya'
pdk;rdk;a&;?
* trsdK;om;jyefvnfpnf;vHk;nDñGwfa&;?
* cdkifrmonfh zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'opfjzpfay:vma&;?
* jzpfay:vmonfh zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'opfESifhtnD acwfrD
zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufaomEdkifiHawmfopfwpf&yf wnfaqmufa&;?
pD;yGm;a&;OD;wnfcsuf (4)&yf
* pdkufysdK;a&;udktajccHí tjcmpD;yGm;a&;u@rsm;udkvnf;
bufpHkzGHUNzdK;wdk;wuf atmif wnfaqmufa&;?
* aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf yDjyifpGmjzpfay:vma&;?
* jynfwiG ;f jynfyrS twwfynmESifh t&if;tES;D rsm;zdwaf c:í pD;yGm;a&;
zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufatmif wnfaqmufa&;?
* Edik if aH wmfp;D yGm;a&;wpf&yfv;kH udk zefw;D Edik rf pI rG ;f tm;onf Edik if aH wmfEiS hf
wdkif;&if;om;jynfolwdkY\ vuf0,fwGif&Sda&;?
vlrIa&;OD;wnfcsuf (4)&yf
* wpfrsKd ;om;vH;k \ pdw"f mwfEiS hf tusiphf m&dwå jrifrh m;a&;?
*trsKd ;*kPZf mwd*P
k jf rifrh m;a&;ESi, fh Ofaus;rItarGtESprf sm;
rsdK;om;a&;vu©Pmrsm;raysmufysufatmifxdef;odrf;
apmifha&Smufa&;?
* rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwf &Sifoefxufjrufa&;?
* wpfrsKd ;om;vH;k use;f rmBuchH ikd af &;ESifh ynm&nfjrifrh m;a&;?
urÇmausmf tDpGwfyHkjyifrsm;
AESOP'S FABLES
rif;,ka0 ESifh aiGwm&D
jref r mjyef q d k o nf /
1954 - ck? pmayAdrmefbmomjyefqk&

( yOörtBudrf ESdyfjcif; )
jzefYcsda&;
r[m0d Z Æ m pmay
trSwf - 42? ajrnDxyf? vrf; - 140
rtl u k e f ; &yf u G u f ? wmarG N rd K Ue,f ?
&ef u k e f N rd K U/
pmrlcGifhjyKcsuf 46^99 (10)
rsufESmzHk;cGifhjyKcsuf 28^99 (11)
yxrBud r f 1954 ckeSpf? ZGefv? tkyfa&-3000
'kwd,tBudrf 1991 ckESpf? ZGefv? tkyfa&-1500
wwd , tBud r f 1993 ckESpf? ZGefv? tkyfa&-1500
pwkw¬tBudrf 1995 ckESpf? pufwifbmv?
tkyfa&-1500
yOö r tBud r f 2000-jynhfESpf? Mo*kwfv
tkyfa&-1000
wef z d k ; 350-usyf
rsufESmzHk;yef;csD yef;csDOD;pdef
twGif;o½kyfazmfyef;csD yef;csDOD;pdef? udk[efa&T
xkwfa0ol a':cif0if;&D (01662)
0if;pmay? 88? urÇmat;apwDvrf;?
A[ef;? &efukefNrdKU/
yHkESdyfol (twGif;+tzHk;) OD;ouf0if; (04444)
0if;0if;jrwfatmhzfquf
88? urÇmat;apwDvrf;? A[ef;?
&efukefNrdKU/
trS m pm
urÇmhEdkifiHrsm;wGif ay:xGef;aomyHkjyifrsm;teuf tDpGwfyHkjyifrsm;
onf txif&Sm;qHk; jzpfygonf/ urÇmhpmayynm&Siftrsm;onf tDpGwf
yHjk yifrsm;udk rdrw
d b
Ykd mompum;jzifh toD;oD; jyefqckd MhJ uygonf/ tcsKUd yHjk yif
rsm;udk ausmif;oH;k zwfpmtkyrf sm;wGif xnfo h iG ;f azmfjyMuygonf/ vH;k csi;f
pmtkyftjzpfvnf; xkwfa0cJhMuygonf/
trsm;uyif ]]yHkjyifq&mBuD; tDpGwfonf c&pfray:rD tESpf- 600
avmufu ay:xGef;cJhonf/ *&dvlrsKd; aus;uRefwpfa,muf jzpfonf/
olonf aus;uRefyifjzpfvifhupm; xufjrufonfh ÓPf&Sdonfh yk*¾Kdvf
xl;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh yHkjyifrsm;udk wDxGifa[majymum vlom;wdkYudk
qHk;rcJhonf}} [lí ,lrSwfxm;Muygonf/
od&Yk mwGif okawoe ynm&Sitf csKUd url ]]tDpw
G yf jkH yifrsm;onf tDpw
G f
wDxGifa[majymaom yHkjyifrsm;r[kwf/ a&S;vlBuD;rsm; wDxGifa[majym
aom yHkjyifrsm;jzpfonf/ tcsKdUyHkjyifrsm;rSm ta&SUwdkif;u yHkjyifrsm;
jzpfonf}} ponfjzifh wifjyMuygonf/
rnfodkYyifjzpfap tDpGwfyHkjyifrsm;udk acwftqufquf EIwfjzifh
ajyma[mvmcJMh u&mrS 15 &mpkwiG f *smrefvrl sK;d pwde;f [d0k J (Stainhowel)
u yxrOD;qH;k pkaqmif;í *smrefbmomjzifh a&;om;rSww f rf;wifcohJ nf/
,if;udk jyifopfbkef;awmfBuD; ,lrm;½Id; (Jules Machault) u jyifopf
bmomjzifh jyefqdkcJhonf/ þjyifopf bmomjyefqdkcsufudkrS 1484 ckESpf
wGif 0DvsHuufpwef (William Caxton) u t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh pwif
jyefqfdkcJhonf[lí okawoDwpfOD;u a&;om;wifjyxm;ygonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif 1873 ckESpfü tDpGwfyHkjyifrsm;udk W.Shway
Too Sandays u *&dbmomrS jrefrmbmomjzifh jyefqdkcJhygonf/
xdkbmomjyef pmtkyfudk ]]þpkyf\ '@m&Dpm}} [lí trnfay;um
xk w f a 0cJ h y gonf / xd k a cwf t*F v d y f v uf a tmuf c H jref r mEd k i f i H & S d
wdik ;f &if;jrefrmbmom ausmif;rsm;wGif oifMum;&ef ausmif;oH;k pmtkyt f jzpf
jy|mef;cJhygonf/ xdkYjhyif jrefrmzwfpmrsm;wGif NAdwdoQ ukdvdkeDacwf
rS vGwfvyfa&;&NyD; acwftxd xnfhoGif;azmfjyqJjzpfonfudk awGU&
ygonf/
tDpw G yf jkH yifrsm;onf tvGew
f efz;kd &Sad om pmaumif;ayrGef pm&if;0if
jzpfygonf/ yHkjyifwdkif;yif wpfyk'fvQif oifcef;pmwpfckpD yg0ifygonf/
tcsKdUyHkjyifrsm;rSm av;eufvSojzifh uav;rsm;xuf vlBuD;rsm;ESifh ydkí
oihfavsmfygonf/ urÇmausmf tar&duefor®wBuD; vifuGef;onf
tDpGwf yHkjyifpmtkyfudk vufpGJjyKcJhygonf/
tDpGwfyHkjyifrsm;onf vlrsKd;ra&G;? bmomra&G;? vlom;wdkY\ ÓP
Av? pm&dwAå vESihf rdwAå vwdu Yk kd ysK;d axmif&mwGif rsm;pGm taxmuftul
jyKcJhonf[k qdkMuygonf/
tDpGwfyHkjyifrsm;udk uRefawmfESifh pmqdkaiGwm&DwdkYonf ESpfouf
jrwf E d k ; Muojzif h 1952 ck E S p f 0 ef ; usif w G i f jyef q d k c J h M uygonf /
[Hom0wDowif;pm Ak'[ ¨ ;l aeY txl;xkww f iG f tywfpOf azmfjycJyh gonf/
xd k Y a emuf ,if ; wd k Y u k d pk p nf ; í vH k ; csif ; pmtk y f t jzpf 1954
ckESpfwGif xkwfa0cJhygonf/ ,if;tDpGwfyHkjyifrsm; pmtkyfonf 1954
ckESpf? pmayAdrmef bmomjyefqk (,ckacwftac: trsKd;om;pmay
bmomjyefqk) &&SdcJhygonf/
,if;pmtkyfudk 'kwd,tBudrf? wwd,tBudrf? pwkw¬tBudrf?
yOörtBudrfponfjzifh jyefvnfyHkESdyfxkwfa0ygonf/ xkwfa0&mü
jrefrm pum;ajyta&;tom; tcsKdUudk jyifqifwnf;jzwfjcif; jyKygonf/
,ck þpmtkyfudk jyefvnfxkwfa0&mü uG,fvGefol pmqdkaiGwm&Dudk
trSwfw& *kPfjyKtyfygonf/
rif ; ,k a 0
rmwd u m
yxryd k i f ;
rif;,ka0 jyefqdkonf/
OD ; a& pmrsuf E S m
1/ <uufESifhzm; ... 1
2/ ukef;acsmaomaMumifr ... 3
3/ 0HykavGESifhqdwfi,f ... 5
4/ v,f&SifESifhorif ... 7
5/ rsufpdwpfzufurf;aom'&,f ... 9
6/ olqif;&JESifhewf½kyf ... 11
7/ <uufacgif;aqmifrsm; ... 12
8/ 0rf;AdkufESifh ukd,ft*Fg tpdwftydkif;rsm; ... 14
9/ aA'ifq&m ... 16
10/ ajracG;ESifh 0HykavG ... 17
11/ '&,f? 0HykavGESifh odk; ... 19
12/ v,form;tdkESifh jrnf; ... 20
13/ ajracG;vdr®m ... 22
14/ ,HkrSm;aom 0HykavG ... 24
15/ awm0ufESifh ajracG; ... 26
16/ jcaoFhESifhav;orm; ... 27
17/ jcaoFhESifhEGm; ... 29
18/ jrnf;0,fol ... 31
rmwd u m
19/ jrif;ESifh'&,f ... 33
20/ awmusD;rdkuf ... 34
21/ jrnf;ESifhacG; ... 35
22/ acG;ESifhaygifrkefY ... 36
23/ a>rESifhjzLaumif ... 37
24/ odk;a&NcHKaom 0HykavG ... 38
25/ ajracG;ESifhwJ&Sif ... 39
26/ csKd;ESifhyk&Gufqdwf ... 41
27/ v,form;ESifhajracG; ... 43
28/ remusef;aom'&,f ... 44
29/ jcaoFhESifh trJvdkufacG; ... 45
30/ a0vig;ESifh ig;i,f ... 46
31/ jcaoFhtdk ... 47
32/ 0HykavGESifh t&dyf ... 48
33/ EGm;ESifhzm; ... 49
34/ jcaoFhESifhqif ... 50
35/ usD;ESifh vif;,kefiSuf ... 52
36/ Murf;MuKwfol ... 53
37/ jcaoFhESifhvl ... 54
38/ jrnf;ESifh 0HykavG ... 55
39/ yifv,fESifh oabFmom; ... 57
40/ ae&if;t&yfudk pGefYaomuPef; ... 59
rmwd u m
41/ aMumifESifh Muufwla&G; ... 60
42/ ajracG;ESifh ESHaumif ... 62
43/ aMumifESifh<uuf ... 63
44/ aerif;ESifh zm;rsm; ... 65
45/ tNrD;jywfaom ajracG; ... 66
46/ tdk;ESpfvHk; ... 67
47/ jcaoFhESifh<uuf ... 68
48/ <uufESifhjcaoFhr ... 71
49/ jrnf;ESpfaumif ... 73
50/ uPef;om;trd ... 75
51/ vdyfESifhvif;,kefiSuf ... 76
52/ wHigonfESifhig; ... 77
53/ jcaoFhESifh jcifaumif ... 78
54/ b0ifjrifhaomjrnf; ... 80
55/ jcaoFh? jrnf;ESifh ajracG; ... 81
56/ &Gmom;ESifh a>r ... 83
57/ ra0cGJwwfaomorif ... 84
58/ acG;oef;i,f ... 86
59/ '&,fESifh pyspfcsKH ... 87
60/ NrdKU<uufESifh awm<uuf ... 88
61/ r,m;ESpfa,mufESifhvl ... 90
62/ qdwfi,fESifh 0HykavG ... 92
63/ awmacgif;ESifh jcaoFh ... 93
rmwd u m
64/ rmeBuD;aom zm;rBuD; ... 95
65/ ,morm;ESifha>r ... 97
66/ olcdk;ESifhacG;vdr®m ... 99
67/ odk;ESifh0uf ... 100
68/ ynm&Sdaom jcaoFh ... 101
69/ vrif;ESifh rdcif ... 103
70/ pOf;pm;ÓPfr&Sdaom '&,f ... 104
71/ ESif;qDyifESifh yef;ajcmufyif ... 107
72/ txifBuD;aomacG; ... 108
73/ c&morm; ... 109
74/ jrnf;ESifhacG; ... 110
75/ ,kefESifhjcaoFh ... 112
76/ MuufESpfaumif ... 113
77/ usLESifh 0ufopfcsyif ... 114
78/ odrf;? pGefESifhcdkrsm; ... 116
79/ EGm;xD;ESifh <uufi,f ... 117
80/ jcaoFhESifhajracG; ... 118
81/ jrif;½dkif;ESifhjrif;,Of ... 119
82/ ,ifaumifESifh EGm;xD; ... 120
83/ ap;ESJaom olaX;BuD; ... 121
84/ a>rESifh eus,faumif ... 123
85/ ajracG;ESifh Muufr ... 124
rmwd u m
'k w d , yd k i f ;
aiGwm&D jyefqdkonf/
86/ qdwfxdef;ESifh awmqdwfrsm; ... 126
87/ pGefESifhcdkrsm; ... 128
88/ ajracG;ESifhiSufusm; ... 131
89/ ,mcif;&SifESifhrdk;aqGiSuf ... 133
90/ a&SUaerdkufESifhwnfoD; ... 136
91/ arsmufESifhukvm;tkwf ... 138
92/ v,form;ESifh om;rsm; ... 139
93/ jrnf;\qE´ ... 141
94/ vif;,kefiSufESifh ajracG; ... 143
95/ tBuHydkifaom usD; ... 145
96/ yk&GufqdwfESifh ESHaumif ... 146
97/ zm;ESpaf umif ... 148
98/ jrnf;ESifhacG;i,f ... 149
99/ qdwfESifh jcaoFh ... 151
100/ zsm;emaeaom pGef ... 152
101/ jrif;ESifhjrnf; ... 153
102/ uRef;yifESifh csKHi,f ... 155
103/ v,form;ESifh iSu0f yH kd ... 157
104/ tdkrif;aom trJvu kd af cG; ... 158
105/ olrdkufESifh uyÜvD ... 159
rmwd u m
106/ acG;ESifh t&dyf ... 160
107 c&D;onfESpfOD; ... 162
108/ ½dk;ajzmifhaom opfcw k o
f rm; ... 164
109/ acG;ESifh 0Hyak vG ... 167
110/ v,form;ESifh acG; ... 169
111/ rmefwufaomjrif; ... 170
112/ tr,ftdkESifh q&m0ef ... 172
113/ uJh&JUwwfaom EGm;i,f ... 174
114/ tdrfapmifhacG; ... 176
115/ aemufajymifwwfaomodk;ausmif;om; ... 180
116/ bk&iftvdk&Sdaomzm;rsm; ... 181
117/ jrnf;? MuufzESifhjcaoFh ... 184
118/ 0HykavGESifh opfawmufiu S f ... 185
119/ om;a&ESifhacG; ... 187
120/ ZD;uGufESifhiSufrsm; ... 188
121/ c0gonfESifh rD;aoG;zkwo f rm; ... 190
122/ rD;tdrf ... 192
123/ acG;? MuufzESifh ajracG; ... 193
124/ oli,fESifh opft,fo;D rsm; ... 195
125 ppfom;ESifh jrif; ... 196
126/ jcaoFh? 0HykavGESifh ajracG; ... 198
127/ ukefonfESpfOD; ... 200
rmwd u m
128/ Oa'gif;ESifh BudK;Mum ... 201
129/ arsmufbk&if ... 203
130/ usD;ESifhief; ... 205
131/ EGm;pm;cGuftwGif;rSacG; ... 206
132/ usD;ESifh 'defcJ ... 207
133/ pyspfoD;ESifh ajracG; ... 209
134/ orm;a,mif ... 210
135/ jcaoFhESifh awm0uf ... 212
136/ &efrlwwfaomacG; ... 214
137/ ewfESifhaygufwl;&Sif ... 215
138/ jrnf;? ajracG;ESifh jcaoFh ... 217
139/ EdkYonfrysKd ... 219
140/ <uufwdkYpnf;a0;yGJ ... 221
141/ ESHaumifESihf ZD;uGuf ... 223
142/ vSnfhpm;aom zdeyfcsKyform; ... 225
143/ jrnf;ESifh,ifaumif ... 227
144/ opfcsyif ... 228
145/ odk;ausmif;om;ESifh 0HykavG ... 229
146/ v,form;ESifh usD;t rsm; ... 230
147/ avmbBuD;aom jcaoFh ... 232
148/ opfyifESifh c&D;oGm; ... 234
149/ ydwkef;ESifh vif;,keif u
S f ... 235
rmwd u m
150/ 0g<um;aomzm; ... 237
151/ EGm;xD;ESifh qdwf ... 238
152/ uRefESifhjcaoFh ... 239
153 / jrnf;ESifht&dyf ... 242
154 / tpm;MuL;aom ajracG; ... 243
155 / iSufzrf;orm;ESifhcg ... 245
156 / odk;i,fESifh 0HykavG ... 246
157 / jrnf;ESifh om;tz ... 248
158 / qdwfESifhajracG; ... 252
159 / oufMum;tdkESifhom;rsm; ... 154
160 / rkqdk;ESifhcdk ... 256
161 / jcaoFhESifhjrif; ... 257
162 / rdkufrJaom zm;ESifh<uuf ... 259
163 / qdwfESifh qdwfxdef; ... 261
164 / awmacG;rESpfaumif ... 262
165 / ajracG;ESifharsmuf ... 265
166 / oltdkESifhaorif; ... 267
urÇmausmf
tD pG wf yHk jyif rsm;
<uufESifhzm;
wpf&aH &mtcgu <uufwpfaumif

ESifh zm;wpfaumifonf ajredrfhydkif;
ü ol b k & if j zpf x d k u f o nf ? igbk & if
jzpf x d k u f o nf [l í tjiif ; tcH k
jzpfMuonf/ jiif;cHkrIrSm tawm
rowfEdkifbJ &Sdav&m aemufqHk;ü
olwdkYonf wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; &efjyK
wdkufcdkufjcif;udk jyKMu\/
tpwGif <uufonf jrufyifrsm;atmufrSaeí zm;udk
acsmif;ajrmif; wdkufcdkuf&m zm;onf rsm;pGmyif tcuftcJ
awG U &S d & onf / xd k t cg zm;onf <uuf u d k &S i f ; vif ; aom
uGif;jyifxJü ol&Jaumif;yDyD wdkufcdkuf&ef csdef;qdk\/ <uufvnf;
zm;\ csdef;qdkcsufudk oabmwlvkduf\/ odkYjzifh olwdkYESpfOD;onf
(-) 1
usL½k d ; wH w d k Y u d k vH S w H r sm;tjzpf toH k ; jyKum uG i f ; jyif x J ü
wdkufcdkufMu\/
xdktcdkuf pGefwpfaumifonf av[kefpD;vsuf ysHoef;
vm&mrS olwdkYESpfOD;udk awGU&SdoGm;cJh\/ þwGif olonf cyfvSrf;
vSrf;rS aevsuf t&dyftjcnfudk apmifhMunhfae\/ xdkYaemuf
rMumrDyif olonf ol\&efudk *½krjyKEdkifMubJ wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;
wdk;í jyif;xefpGm wdkufcdkufvsuf &SdMuaom <uufESifh zm;wdkYudk
tvpfwGif xdk;okwfoGm;avawmhownf;/
2 urÇ m ausmf
uk e f ; acsmaomaMumif r
wpf & H a &mtcg tvG e f B uD ; rm;

vSaom 0ufopfcsyifBu;D wpfyif &S\ d /
xd k t yif x d y f z sm;&S d opf u d k i f ; rsm;
tMum;ü vif;,kefiSufrwpfaumif
onf vnf;aumif;? tv,fyifpnf&dS
opf a cgif ; xJ ü aMumif r wpf a umif
onf vnf ; aumif ; ? tyif a jc&if ; &d S opf j rpf w d k Y M um;ü
0uf r wpf a umif o nf vnf ; aumif ; ud k , f p D ud k , f i S y if
om;i,f o rD ; i,f r sm;ud k auR;arG ; apmif h a &S m uf u m
toD;oD;aexdkifMuav\/
wpfaeYoü aMumifronf vif;,kef iSufr&Sd&modkY csOf;uyf
vsuf]]taqG? uREfkyfwdkYonf ,cktcg ab;tEÅ&m,fESifh &ifqdkif
aeNyD/ tyifajc&if;&Sd 0ufronf opfyifBuD; NydKvJoGm;ygu
oif E S i f h u REf k y f w d k Y \ om;i,f ? orD ; i,f r sm;ud k owf j zwf
pm;aomuf&ef opfjrpfwdkYudk wjznf;jznf; wl;jzwfaeNyD/
oifonf tvdk&Sd&m ukdom jyKrlygavmh/ uREfkyfrlum; ae&mrS
tenf;i,frQ z,fcGmjcif; rjyKbJ 0ufr\ t&dyftjcnfudk
apmifhíom Munfhayawmhrnf}}[lí ukef;acsmajymqdkavonf/
xdktcg vif;,kefiSufronf rsm;pGmyif pdk;&drfxdwfvefYjcif;
jzpfrd\/
tD p G w f y H k j yif r sm; 3
aMumifrvnf; vif;,kefiSufrxHrS xGufcGmvmcJhNyD; vQif
0ufrxHoYkd wpfzef csO;f uyfvsuf þodYk uke;f acsmajymqdk jyef\/
]taqG? tyifxdyfzsm;&Sd vif;,kefiSufronf oifESifh uREfkyfwdkY
tpm&Sm xGufcdkufwGif uREfkyfwdkY\om;i,f? orD;i,frsm;udk
xdk;okwfowfjzwfí ol\ om;i,f? orD;i,fwdkY pm;aomuf
ap&ef aqmifMuOf;ay;rnfh taMumif; ajymqdkaeonfudk uREfkyf
wpf p G e f ; wpf p Mum;cJ h & ygonf / xd k Y a Mumif h uREf k y f o nf
ae&mrSrcGmbJ uREfkyf\ om;i,f? orD;i,fwdkYudk apmifha&Smufí
aeygawmhrnf/ toifvnf; uREfkyfuJhodkYyif ae&mrS rcGmbJ
oif\ om;i,f? orD;i,fwdkYudk apmifha&Smufíaernf r[kwfyg
avm/}}
þodkY ajymqdk NyD;onfhaeYrSpí aMumifronf aeYtcg
tpm&SmrxGuf/ ntcgrSom wdwfwqdwf tpm&Sm xGufonf/
xdktcg vif;,kefiSufrESifh 0ufrwdkYu tu,fyif aMumifronf
ae&mrSrcGmbJ ol\om;i,f?orD;i,fwdkYudk apmifha&Smufonf[k
xifrSwfMuonf/ olwdkYvJ ae&mrS rcGmbJ aeMu\/ þwGif
olwkdYESpfOD;pvHk; tpma&pm r&awmh&m olwdkY\ om;i,f
orD;i,fwdkYonf tpma&pm iwfjywfum aoqHk;oGm;Mu
av\/
xdktcg aMumifronf ol\ om;i,f? orD;i,fwdfkYESifh twl
vif;,kefiSuf taoaumifuav;rsm;ESifh 0uftaoaumif
æ
uav;rsm;udk tm;&yg;&jzifh Nrdef,SufpGm pm;aomufav\/
4 urÇ m ausmf
0H y k a vG E S i f h q d w f i ,f
wpf&aH &mtcg 0Hyak vGwpfaumif

onf v,fuGif;wpfckxJü ajy;vTm;
jrL;wl ; vsuf & S d & m qd w f w pf a umif
ukdjrif&m zrf;qD; pm;aomuf&ef
aemufrS ajy;í vdkuf\/ qdwfi,f
onf cG e f t m;&S d o rQ tpG r f ; uk e f
xGufajy;ygaomfvnf; r&/ 0HykavGonf olYudk rDvm\/
þwGif qdwfi,fonf ajy;&mrS &yfwefYvdkufum
0HykavGtm; ]]taqG 0HykavG? uREkfyfonfxGufajy;ygaomf vnf;
oifhvufrS vGwfajrmuf&ef vrf;rjrifawmhyg/ xdkYaMumifh
oifpm;onfudk MunfjzLpGm cHygawmhrnf/ odkYaomf-uREkfyfonf
aoaomtcgü aysmf&TifpGmaovdkaom qE´&Sdojzifh raorD
uckefvdkygonf/ odkYjzpfí uREkfyf uckef&ef oifu yavGudk
rIwfay;yg}} [k y&d,m,fjzifh ajymqdkavonf/
0Hyak vGvnf; qdwif ,f ajymqdo k nft h wdik ;f yavGukd rIw\ f /
qd w f i ,f o nf v nf ; aysmf & T i f p G m jzif h uck e f \ / xd k t cd k u f
cyfvSrf;vSrf;rS v,fapmifhacG;wdkYonf yavGoHudk Mum;ojzifh
ajy;vmav&m 0HyavGonf qdwfi,fudk rpm;jzpfawmhbJ
xGufajy;&avonf/
xdktcg 0HykavGonf awmxJodkY ajy;0if&mrS aemifw
&pGmjzifh þodkY qdk\/
]]igonf udk,fESifh rqdkifaom tvkyfudk vkyfrdojzifh
þod k Y jzpf & ayonf / pif p pf a omf u m; - ig\tvk y f r S m
om;aumifudk udkufowf pm;aomuf&efomjzpfNyD; yavGrIwf&ef
r[kwfygwum;}}/
6 urÇ m ausmf
v,f & S i f E S i f h o rif
wpf a eY o ü orif w pf a umif

onf trJvdkuf acG;wdkY\ ab;&efrS
vGwfajrmufapjcif;iSm EGm;wif;ukyf
wpfcktwGif;odkY aMumufvefY wMum;
0ifa&muf ykef;atmif;\/ xdktcg
wif;ukyftwGif;&Sd EGm;rsm; teufrS
wpfaumifaomEGm;u orifudk ]]taqG? oifonf tb,fh
aMumifh þrQ &efrsm;vSonfh ae&modkY vma&muf ykef;atmif;
&ygoenf;/ rMumrD v,form;wdkY a&muf&Sd vmygu oifhtm;
rkcs awGU&SdoGm;um oufawmhrnf}} [lí qdk\/
xdktcg orifu ]]taqG...? uREfkyf ykef;atmif;&efom
oif w d k Y cG i f h j yKyg/ uREf k y f o nf trJ v d k u f a cG ; wd k Y \ &ef r S
vGwfajrmuf&ef tm;xkwfEdkifygvdrfhrnf}} [k qdkav\/
EG m ;wd k U vnf ; orif \ tvd k o d k Y vd k u f a vsmMuojzif h
orifonf aumuf½kd;ykHatmufü ykef;atmif;í aeav\/
naecsrf;odkY a&mufvwfaomf v,f&SifESifh ol&if;iSm;wdkYonf
aumuf½kd;rsm;udk o,faqmifum v,fawmrS jyefvmMu\/
a&S;OD;pGm ol&if;iSm;wdkYonf orifykef;atmif;&m wif;ukyfodkY
vmí aumuf½kd;rsm;udk xm;NyD;vQif oriftm; rjrifbJ
trSwfrJhyif xGufcGmoGm;Mu\/
þwG i f orif o nf EG m ;wd k Y t m; aus;Zl ; wif p um;
ajymMum;av&m wpfaumifaomEGm;u ]]oif\ vGwfajrmufrI
twGwf igwdkYtm;vHk;yif 0rf;omMuyg\/ odkYaomf oifonf
vHk;0vGwfajrmufNyD [lí rqdkEdkifyg/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf
uREfkyfwdkY\ ocifjzpfaom v,f&Sifonf wif;ukwfodkY ra&muf
vmao;yg/ olonf tvGefw&m rsufpdvsifol jzpfonf/
ol a &muf v mygu oif h t m;awG U &S d v d r f h r nf [ k uREf k y f w d k Y
xifrSwfvsuf &Sdygonf}} [lí qdkav\/
xd k t cd k u f w G i f y if v,f & S i f o nf wif ; uk y f o d k Y a&muf
vmav\/ orifvnf; a&S;enf;twdkif; ykef;atmif;aeav\/
odkYaomf v,f&Sifonf aumuf½dk;yHkudk aocsmpGmMunhfaomtcg
orifO;D csKwd Ykd xd;k xGuaf eonfukd awGU&S&d av\/ þwGif olonf
csufcsif;yif orifudk zrf;qD; owfjzwfypfvdkufav\/
8 urÇ m ausmf
rsuf p d w pf z uf u rf ; aom'&,f
wpf c gaomf rsuf p d w pf z uf

uef;aeaom '&,fwpfaumifonf
yifv,furf;yg;ü tpm pm;vsuf
&Sd\/ þodkY tpmpm;&mü olonf
aumif;aom rsufpdudk ukef;ay:odkY
om vSnfhíxm;\/ taMumif;rl
um; ukef;bufrS trJvdkufacG;rsm; a&muf&Sdvmygu csufcsif;
awGUjrifum a&Smif&Sm;Edkif&ef jzpf\/
xdkYaemuf usefraumif;aom rsufpdwpfzufudkrl yifv,f

bufodkY vSnhfíxm;\/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf yifv,frS
rnfonfhab;&efrQ olYxH usa&mufrnf r[kwfrlí ,lqaom
aMumihfyif/
odkYaomf ol\ ,lqcsufum; vGJrSm;cJhavNyD/ yifv,frS

oabFmom; wpfpkonf oabFmqdkufuyfNyD;aemuf urf;yg;odkY
wufvm&mwGif '&,fudk ½kwfw&uf awGUjrifMuav\/ '&,f
rlum; olwdkYudk rjrifay/ xdkYaMumifh olwdkYonf av;jzifh
ypfvdkufav&m '&,fudk tvG,fwulyif xdrSefoGm;\/
'&,fvnf; jrm;qdyfwufí aotHhqJqJjzpf&mrS ]]tpu
igonf ukef;t&yfrSom ab;&efay:rnf[k xifrSwfcJhonf/
,ckaomfum; igrxifonfh yifv,ft&yfrS ab;&ef ay:ayguf
ojzifh igonf ysufpD;jcif;odkY a&mufcJh&ayonf/ igum; rdkufrJ
vSpGmwum;}} [lí 0rf;enf;pGmjzifh nnf;nLavownf;/
10 urÇ m ausmf
ol q if ; &J E S i f h e wf ½ k y f
wpf & H a &mtcg ol q if ; &J
wpfa,mufü ewf½kyfwpf½kyf&Sd\/
ol o nf xd k e wf ½ k y f u d k aumif ; pG m
yçoxm;\/ xdkYaemuf aeYpOfyif
ewf½kyfudk &Sdcdk;vsuf olYtm; olcsrf;
omwpfa,muftjzpfodkY a&muf&Sd&ef
u,frygrnfh taMumif; qkawmif;
avh&Sd\/
þodkYjzifh umvtwefMumcJhaomfvnf; olYrSm xl;jcm;
írvm/ e*dkqif;&JNrJtwdkif; qif;&Jíom ae\/ xdkYaMumifh
wpfaeYwGif olonf a'goBuD;pGmjzifh ewf½kyfudk,lí ½dkufcGJ
ypfvdkufonf/
xdktcg olonf ½kwfw&uf 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpf
oG m ;\/ taMumif ; rl u m; usKd ; yJ h v suf & S d a om ewf ½ k y f x J r S
rarQmfvifhbJESifh a&T'*Fg;rsm; xGufusvmonfudk awGU&Sdvdkuf&
aomaMumifh yifwnf;/
olonf a&T'*Fg;rsm;udk tm;yg;w& aumuf,lvsuf ]]tkd
pOf;vJaom ewfrdkuf? oifhudk igaumif;pGm yçoxm;pOf tcgu
oifonf ighukdu,frjcif;rjyK? ,ckoihfudk igyçojcif;rjyKbJ
zsufqD;jcif; jyKonfwGifrS ighudk u,frjcif; jyKavonfwum;}}
æ
[lí jypfwifajymqdkav/
<uuf a cgif ; aqmif r sm;
wpfcgaomf a>rygwpfpEk iS hf <uuf

wpftkyfwdkUonf wpfzufESifh wpf
zuf cdkuf&efjzpfyGm;um wdkufcdkufMu
\/ wdkufcdkufonfh tcgwdkif;vnf;
<uuf wdUk onf ta&;edrMhf u\/ olwYkd
onf Budrfzefrsm;pGmyif a>rygwdkY\
zrf;qD; pm;aomufjcif;udk cHMu&\/
xdkYaMumifh wpfaeYwGif olwdkYonf tpnf;ta0; ac:Mu\/
a>rygwdkY\ &efudk rnfodkY wGef;vSef wdkufcdkufrnfudk aqG;aEG;
wdik yf ifMu\/ þwGif <uuftBkd u;D wpfaumifonf ae&mrSxvsuf
]]tcsif;wdkY...igwdkY ppfa&;edrfh&jcif;rSm igwdkYü tkyfcsKyfrnfh
acgif ; aqmif r sm; r&S d a omaMumif h jzpf o nf / tu,f í
acgif;aqmifrsm;xm;&Sdum tpDtpOfjyKí csDwufwdkufcdkufrnf
qdkygu rkcs tEdkif&ayrnf}} [k tBuHay; ajymqdk\/
ol\ tBuHudk <uuftm;vHk;yif oabmwlMu\/ xdkYaMumifh
olwo Ykd nf cGet
f m;tBu;D qH;k jzpfaom <uufrsm;udk a&G;cs,Nf y;D vQif
acgif;aqmifrsm;tjzpf cefYxm;Mu\/ xdk<uufrsm;vnf; OD;pD;
acgif;aqmifEiS hf avsmn f pD mG wHqyd rf sm;? vufeufrsm;udk qifjref;
udkifaqmifMu\/
12 urÇ m ausmf
rMumrDyif <uuftaygif;onf acgif;aqmif <uufrsm;udk
a&SUüxm;um pdwftm;xufoefpGmjzifh csDwufMu\/ odkYaomf
a>rygwdEYk iS hf awGUqHw
k u kd cf ukd Mf uaom tcgüum; ,cifu twdik ;f
yif ppfa&;eddrfhMujyef\/
olwdkYonf ta&;edrfhonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf vsifjrefpGm
xGuaf jy;Ny;D vQif wGi;f rsm;xJoYkd 0ifa&muf yke;f atmif;Mu\/ þodYk
xGufajy; ykef;atmif;Mu&mü tjcm;<uufrsm;tzdkY ab;&efrS
vGwaf jrmufonfum; rSe\ f / odaYk omf acgif;aqmif <uufrsm;um;
rvGwfuif;&Sm/ av;vHaom wJqdyfESifh vufeufrsm;aMumifh
olwdkUonf aumif;pGmvnf; xGufrajy;Edkif? wGif;xJodkYvnf;
r0ifEikd Ef iS hf aemufq;kH ü a>rygwd\ Yk zrf;qD;udu
k o
f wf 0g;NrKd jcif;udk
cHMu&av\/
0rf ; Ad k u f E S i f h uk d , f t *F g tpd w f t yd k i f ; rsm;
wpfcgaomf vl\ukd,f&Sd 0rf;

Adkufudk useft*Fg tpdwftydkif;wdkYu
raumif; qdkMu\/ olwdkY\ ]]0rf;
Adkufonf bmrQ toHk;r0if? tvkyf
vnf;rvkyf? ysif;&dolom jzpfonf/
xdkYaMumifh 0rf;AdkuftwGuf olwdkU
onf bmrQ ulnjD cif; rjyKv}kd } [lí
ajymqdkMu\/
vufu ]]olonf ol\ vufacsmif;uav;rsm;udk vIy&f mS ;í
ay;rnfr[kwf/ odkYrS 0rf;Adkufonf tpmrpm;&bJ iwfrGwfjcif;
jzpfvwHh}} [k qdk\/ yg;pyfuvnf; ]]olonf tpmwdkYudk yg;pyf
twGif;odkY oGwfoGif;aomtcg vufcHjcif; jyKvdrfhrnf r[kwf/
odjYk zpfygu 0rf;Adu
k o
f nf rnfonfeh nf;ESirhf Q tpmpm;cGihf &awmh
rnfr[kwf}} [k qdk\/ oGm;wdkYuvnf; ]]tu,fí yg;pyfonf
tpmudk vufco H nfwh ikd af tmif olwu
Ykd rl 0g;NrKd jcif; jyKrnfr[kw}f }
[lí qdkMujyef\/
ol w d k Y o nf qd k o nf h t wd k i f ; tnD t nG w f jyKrl M u\/
odkYaomf þodkY jyKrlí rsm;rMumrDtwGif;üyif vufwdkYonf
wpfpwpfp tm;enf;vsuf BuHKvSDvmMu\/ yg;pyfonfvnf;
14 urÇ m ausmf
aoGUajcmufum toHk;r0ifjzpfvm\/ oGm;wdkYrSmvnf; 0g;NrdKjcif;
rjyK&ojzifh udkufcJvmMu\/ odkYjzifh ukd,fcE¨m wpfckvHk;
rGwfodyfonfh ab;ESifh &ifqkdif wdk;&av\/
aemufqHk;üum; olwdkYonf 0rf;AdkufxH tpm;ydkYaqmif
auR;arG;jcif; rjyKygu olwdkY tm;vHk;rSmvnf; &SifoefMuvdrfhrnf
r[kwfaMumif;udk oabmaygufoGm;Mu\/ xdkYjyif 0rf;AdkufrSm
om;reftm;jzifh Munfyh gu toH;k r0if[k xif&aomfvnf; pifppf
rSmrl toHk;t0ifqHk; tpdwftydkif; wpfck jzpfaMumif;? olonf
vl\ &Sifoefa&;twGuf aqmif&Gufay;&aMumif;wdkYudk olwdkY
od&SdoGm;avonf/
odkYjzifh olwdkYonf rdkufrJvSonfh olwdkY\ tBuHtpnfESifh
tjyK trlwdkYudk &yfpJvdkufMu\/ þwGifrS ukd,fcE¨mESifhwuG
olwdkY tm;vHk;onf e*dk tiftm;jynhfNzdK;onfh tajcodkY jyefvnf
a&muf&Sd vmMuav\/
aA'if q &m
wpf a eY o ü aA'if q &m
wpfa,mufonf aps;v,faumifü
xd k i f v suf aA'if a r;vma&muf
olrsm;tm; aA'ifa[majymae\/
xdt k cdu k f tdref ;D csi;f wpfa,muf
onf olx Y t H ajy;tvTm; a&mufvm
onf/ ,ckyif aA'ifq&mtdrfudk
olcdk;rsm; azmufxGif;um ypönf;wdkYudk ,laqmifajy;avNyD[k
ajymqdkonf/
tdref ;D csi;f \ pum;udk Mum;onfEiS hf wpfNyKd ief uf aA'ifq&m
onf ae&mrS ½kww f &ufxum olt Y rd &f &dS modYk ajy;oGm;\/ þodYk
ajy;oGm;&mü vrf;wpfavQmufvHk;yif olonf olYqHyifwdkYudk
qGJvsuf idk,dkoGm;\/ xdkYjyif olcdk;udkvnf; usdefqJoGm;\/
xdtk jcif;t&mudk teD;rS jzwfoef;oGm;vmMuol taygif;wdYk
jrifavaomf &,farmMuukef\/ olwdkYtxJrS wpfa,mufaom
olurl &,farm½HkwGif rubJ ]]uREfkyfwdkY aA'ifq&monf tjcm;
olrsm;twGuf a&SUwGif rnfodkYjzpfrnfudk a[majymwwfaomf
vnf; olYtwGuf a&SUtzdkY rnfodkYjzpfrnfudkrl vHk;0 ra[majym
æ
wwfyguvm;}} [k ajymifavSmif ajymqdkvdkufav\/
16 urÇ m ausmf
ajracG ; ES i f h 0H y k a vG
wpfaeYoü ajracG;wpfaumif
onf a&wGif;wpfckxJodkY vdrfhus
oGm;\/ a&xJü olonf epfjrKyftHh
qJqJ jzpfaeonf/ teD;tem;ü
wpfpHkwpfa,mufaomol &Sdygu
ul n D & ef vma&muf p d r f h a omiS m
us,f a vmif p G m atmf [ pf í
tultnD awmif;ae\/
xdkatmfoHudk 0HykavGwpfaumifonf Mum;av&m a&wGif;

&Sd&modkY odvdkaZmESifh tjrefajy;vm Munfh\/ xdktcg ajracG;u
]]taqG 0HykavG? aus;Zl;jyKí oif\ vufudkvSrf;yg/ uREfkyfudk
tay:odkY wufa&mufEdkifatmif ulnDyg/ odkYr[kwfygu uREfkyf
onf rkcs a&epfí aoqHk;&ygvdrfhrnf}} [k qdkonf/
0HykavGvnf; Muifemaom trlt&mjzifh ]]tdk..oem;
pzG,f aumif;vSaom ajracG;? oif\ tjzpfudk jrif&onfh
twGuf uREfkyf tvGefw&m 0rf;enf;vSygonf/ þa&wGif;
xJü oifa&muf&Sdae onfrSm tb,frQ MumNyDenf;/ tb,fh
aMumifh oifþodkY vdrfhus oGm;&ygoenf;/ a&onf tvGef
at;jrygoavm/ vG e f p G m euf ½ d I i f ; ygoavm}} ponf j zif h
ar;jref;\/
xdktcg ajracG;u ]]tkd-0HykavG? ,cktcgonf ar;jref;

ppfaq;ae&ef tcsdefr[kwfyg/ a&S;OD;pGm uREfkyfudk a&wGif;xJrS
vGwaf jrmuf&efom u,fwifygavmh/ xdaYk emufrS taMumif;pHu k kd
oifhtm; uREfkyf ajymjyygtHh}} [k qdkvdkufavownf;/
18 urÇ m ausmf
'&,f ? 0H y k a vG E S i f h od k ;
wpfaeYoü '&,fwpfaumifonf
od k ; wpf a umif teD ; od k Y csOf ; uyf í
olYtm; *sKHpyg; tenf;i,f acs;iSm;
yg&ef ajym\/ ]]taqG o d k ; ? uREf k y f
tay: r,HkrMunf r&SdygESifh? uREfkyf
twGuf 0HykavGu tmrcHygonf}}
[k olu qdk\/
odk;onf '&,fESifh 0HykavG\ vSnfhpm;rIudk txl; ouFm
ruif; jzpfae\/ xdkYaMumifh olu ]]taqG'&,f? 0HykavG
qd k o nf r S m vH k ; 0 tusif h a umif ; ol r [k w f y g/ tu,f í
ypönf;wpfckckudk tvdk&Sdyg u olonf vk,ufí xGufajy;
wwfygonf/ xdkYaemuf rnfonfh tcgrQvnf; xdkypönf;udk
jyefvnfay;onf [lí r&Sdyg/ oifhtzdkY qdkvQifvnf; oifonf
uREf k y f x uf tqaygif ; rsm;pG m tajy;oef o l jzpf y gonf /
tu,fí oifwdkYonf *sKHpyg;udk acs;,lNyD;vQif jyefvnf
ay;qyfjcif; rjyKygu todkYvQif oifwdkYESpfOD;udk uREfkyfonf
rdatmifzrf;qD;í ta&;qdkEdkifygrnfenf;}} [k qdkum jiif;y,f
vdkufav\/
"æ
v,f o rm;td k E S i f h jrnf ;
wpf c gaomf v,f o rm;td k B uD ;

wpf a ,muf o nf pm;usuf w pf c k ü
xdkifum ol\jrnf; tpmpm;aeonfudk
apmifhMuyf Munhf½Iae\/
xd k t cd k u f vuf e uf u d k i f vl q d k ;
wpf p k o nf ol w d k Y x H wjznf ; jznf ;
csOf;uyf vmaeonfudk ½kwfw&uf
awGY&Sd&\/ þwGif olonf ae&mrS vsifjrefpGmxum jrnf;xH
tyg;od k Y uyf v suf ol Y u d k o,f a qmif í xG u f a jy;yg&ef
awmif;yefajymqdk\/ olu ]]taqG? igwdkYonf xGufajy;jcif;
rjyKygu rkcsyif vlqdk;wdkYvufwGif;odkY a&muf&ayawmhtHh}}
[k qdk\/
jrnf;um; xdefvefYjcif;r&Sd/ ]]ocif? tu,fí uREfkyfonf
olwYkd vufwiG ;f odYk a&muf&odS mG ;ygu ,ck oifv h ufwiG ;f ü &Sad epOf
xuf ydkíav;vHaom ypönf;rsm;udk o,faqmif&rnfavm}} [k
at;aq;pGm ar;jref;\/
v,form;tdkBuD;u ]]taqG? oifhtzdkY olwdkYvufwGif;odkY
a&muf&adS omfvnf; uREykf v f ufwiG ;f ü &Sad epOfxuf av;vHaom
ypönf;wdkYudk ydkíum; o,faqmif&rnf r[kwfyg}} [k trSef
twdkif; ajzMum;\/
20 urÇ m ausmf
xdktcg jrnf;u ]]ocif? þodkYjzpfygu uREfkyftm; xGufajy;
&ef rwdkufwGef;ygESifh? olwdkYvufwGif;odkY a&mufaomfvnf;
uREfkyftzdkY ,ckb0xuf ydkrdkí qdk;0g;vmrnf r[kwfojzifh
rIavmufp&m taMumif;r&Sdyg}} [lí jyefvnf ajymqdkvdkuf
av\/
"æ
ajracG ; vd r ® m
wpf c gaomf awmwd & pä m ef

taygif;onf jcaoFhrif; emrusef;
jzpfonf[lí owif;pum; Mum;&
av\/ þwGif ajracG;wpfaumifrS
vG J í usef t m;vH k ; onf jcaoF h x H
olemar; oGm;a&mufMu\/
ajracG;rlum; jcaoFhxH tvsOf;
yif oGm;a&mufjcif; rjyKay/ xdt
k aMumif;udk jcaoFrh if; od&adS omf
taMumif;&if;udk pHkprf;&ef awmacG;wpfaumifudk apvTwfvdkuf
onf/
awmacG;uvnf; ajracG;xH vma&mufí taMumif;&if;udk
pHk;prf;ar;jref;\/ xdktcg ajracG;u ]]taqGawmacG;? jcaoFhrif;
tm; uREf k y f o nf tNrJ w ap ½d k a oav;jrwf p G m &S d a Mumif ;
ajymjy ygavmh/ pifppf uREfkyftzdkYrSm jcaoFhrif; emrusef;
jzpfonfhtwGuf ,cifuxufyif wdk;í ½dkaojcif; jzpfrdygao;
onf / tb,f aMumif h q d k a omf jcaoF h r if ; \ uk d , f r S m
emruse;f jzpfonf qdak omf vnf; ol\ pdwrf mS emruse;f rjzpfaMumif;udk
uREfkyfaumif;pGm owdjyKrdaomaMumifh jzpfygonf}} [lí
ajymMum;\/
22 urÇ m ausmf
awmacG;uvnf; ]]taqGajracG;? oifonf tb,fukd
&nfí þodkY qdkygoenf;}} [k ar;jref;\/
þwGif ajracG;u NyHK;vsuf ]]taqGawmacG;? uREfkyfonf
jcaoFhrif;xH olemoGm;ar;aom wd&pämefwdkY\ ajc&mrsm;udk
owdxm;í Munfhygonf/ xdktcg toGm;ajc&mwdkYudkom
awGUonf/ tjyefajc&mwdkYudkrl vHk;0 rawGU&yg/ xdkYaMumifh
uREfkyfonf jcaoFhrif;xH oGm;a&mufjcif; rjyKcJhyg/ uREfkyfonf
od&oavmufrl jcaoFrh if;onf tu,femruse;f jzpfonf r[kw?f
awmvnfí om;aumifwdkYudk yifyef;pGm &SmazGpm;aomufjcif;
rjyKvd k o jzif h þod k Y vnf q ,f u m ol Y x H om;aumif w d k Y
tvdktavsmuf a&muf&Sdvm&ef jyKrljcif;om jzpfayonf}} [lí
ajzqdkvdkufav\/
"æ
,H k r S m ;aom 0H y k a vG
wpfcgaomf uav;xdef;rdef;r
wpf a ,muf o nf onf ; xef p G m
idka<u;aeaom uav;i,fwpfOD;
tm; tidkwdwf&ef acsmharmh&\/
olonf enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh acsmharmh
onf/ odkYaomfvnf; uav;i,frSm
tidrk wdwaf cs/ odjYk zifh aemufq;kH wGif
uav;i,ftm; ]]tidk rwdwfygu
wHcg;aygufrS y,fcsum 0HykavGpm auR;vdkufrnf}} [lí
Ncdrf;ajcmufavonf/
xdtk csed w
f iG f 0Hyak vGwpfaumifonf tdrw f cH g;teD;ü trSwf
rxif a&muf&Sdaeonf/ uav;xdef; rdef;r\ pum;udk olonf
aumif;pGm Mum;vdkuf&onf/ olonf xdkpum;udk tu,f
xifrSwfvsuf tdrfESifh reD;ra0; wpfae&mrS aeí uav;tm;
wHcg;aygufrS ypfcsrnfh tcsdefudk apmifhae\/
tcsed t
f wefMumaomf uav;i,fvnf; idak <u;&mrS armyef;
ojzifh tdyfaysmfoGm;\/ xdktcg 0HykavGonf tpm rpm;&bJ
qmavmifrGwfodyfpGmjzifh olaexdkif&m awmtkyfodkY jyefvmcJh&
avonf/
awmtkyfodkY a&mufaomtcg ajracG;wpfaumifESifh awGY\/
24 urÇ m ausmf
ajracG;vnf; ESvHk;romr,mESifh jyefvmaom 0HykavGtm;
]]0HykavG? toifbmjzpfvmoenf;/ tb,fhaMumifh oifonf
,aeYntzdkY ESvHk;romr,m jzpfaeygoenf;}} [k ar;jref;onf/
xdktcg 0HykavGu ]]ajracG;? igonf uav;xdef; rdef;r
wpfa,muf\ pum;udk rdu k rf pJ mG ,HMk unfro
d jzifh þodYk pdwrf csr;f
ajrUjcif; jzpf&ayonf}} [lí jyefajymvdkufav\/
"æ
awm0uf E S i f h ajracG ;
wpfaeYoü awm0ufwpfaumif
onf ol\ tpG,w f u
Ykd kd opfyifwpfyif
ü yGwfwdkuf aoG;ae\/
xdtk cdu
k f ajracG;wpfaumifonf
teD;rS jzwfoef;oGm;&m awm0ufudk
awGU&Sd&onf/ ajracG;u awm0uf
tm; ]]&efol r&SdygbJvsuf tb,f
aMumifh tpG,wf uYkd kd aoG;vsuf ppfjyifae&ygoenf;}} [k ar;jref;
avonf/
xdktcg awm0ufu ]]taqGajracG;? ,cktcg ighü &efol
r&Sdonfum; rSefygonf/ odkY&mwGif rMumrD &efol&Sdvmygu
toifhjzpfap&ef igonf tm;vyfaomtcsdefwdkYwGif þuJhodkY
tpG,af oG;jcif;udk jyKral yonf}} [lí ajzMum; vdu k af vownf;/
26 urÇ m ausmf
jcaoF h E S i f h a v;orm;
wpf c gaomf av;orm;wpf

a,muf o nf trJ v d k u f & ef t wG u f
awmtkyf wpfck twGif;odkY 0ifa&muf
oGm;\/ xdktcg jcaoFhwpfaumifrS
vG J í awmwG i f ; &S d usef w d & pä m ef
tm;vH k ; onf aMumuf v ef Y p G m jzif h
ta0;od k Y xG u f a jy;wd r f ; a&S m if o G m ;
Muavonf/
jcaoFrh u l m; tenf;i,frQ wdr;f a&Smifjcif;rjyK/ av;orm;ESihf
,SONf yKd if wdu
k cf u
kd t
f [
hH í
l &ifqikd v
f m\/ av;orm;vnf; jcaoFh
udk jrm;jzifh ypfvdkuf\/ odkYypf&if;vnf; ]][,f-owå0grdkuf?
þt&monf ig\ apwrefrQom jzpfao;onf/ cPtwGi;f yif
oifonf igukd,fwdkif\ tpGrf;udk od&tHh}} [k BuHK;0g;vdkufonf/
av;orm;ypfvdkufaom jrm;onf jcaoFhudk wnfhrwfpGm
xdrSefoGm;\/ jcaoFhonf jyif;xefaom a0'emudk cHpm;&ojzifh
ae&mrS ½kwfjcnf; xGufajy;oGm;\/
xdktjcif;t&mudk ajracG;wpfaumifu jrifojzifh ]]tkd-
jcaoFhrif;? tb,fhaMumifh xGufajy;&oenf;/ &ifqdkifíom
wdkufcdkufygavmh}} [k qdk\/
xdktcg jcaoFhu ]]ajracG;i,f? ightm; av;orm;ESifh
wdkufcdkuf&ef rwdkufwGef;ygESifh? igonf olY&efrS vGwfuif;&ef
xGufajy;rS jzpfygrnf/ taMumif;rlum; ol\ apwrefjzpfaom
jrm;i,f o nf y if þrQ aMumuf r uf z G , f a umif ; aeygu
olukd,fwdkif\ wdkufcdkufrIqdkvQif tb,f qkdzG,f&m &SdEdkifawmh
ygtHhenf;}} [lí jyefvnf ajzqdkvdkufavonf/
28 urÇ m ausmf
jcaoF h E S i f h E G m ;xD ;
wpf a eY o ü tvG e f w &m ql N zd K ;

aom EG m ;xD ; wpf a umif o nf
pm;usuf w pf c k ü tpm pm;ae\/
xd k E G m ;ES i f h reD ; ra0;üum; jcaoF h
wpfaumif &Sdav\/ olonf EGm;udk
zrf;í pm;aomufcsif ae\/
odkYaomf olonf EGm;xD;udk zrf;&ef r0Hhay/ taMumif;rlum;
EGm;xD;ü cRefjraom OD;csKdwdkY &Sdaeojzifh olUtm; ckcH a0SUcwfrnf
udk pdk;&GHUaomaMumifhyif/
rnfodkYyifjzpfap? EGm;xD;udk pm;aomufvdkaom qE´rSmum;
wm;qD;r&? tvGefjyif;jyae\/ xdkYaMumifh olonf EGm;xD;onf
y&d,m,fjzifh csOf;uyfNyD;vQif taqGcifyGef; zGJU\/
]]taqG EG m ;xD ; ? uREf k y f o nf tvG e f w &m cH h n m;wif h
w,fjcif; ESifh jynfhpHkaeaom oifhudk rcsD;usL;bJ raeEdkifyg/
taqG? oif\ OD;acgif;onf wifhw,fvSygbd/ udk,fvufwdkY
rSmvnf; oefrmawmifhwif;vSygbd/ odkYaomf oifhü tjypf
qdkp&mwpfckum; &Sdaeygonf/ þt&mum; tjcm;r[kwf/
oif\ OD;csKdwdkYyif jzpfygonf/ oif\ OD;csKdwdkYonf ajyjypf
wifwh ,fjcif; vH;k 0r&Syd g/ tu,fí ¤if;wdoYk m r&Syd gu oifonf
,ckxuf tqrsm;pGm ydkí wifhw,fvSyygvdrfhrnf}} [líqdk\/
EG m ;xD ; onf tvG e f r d k u f r J v S \ / jcaoF h \ pum;ud k

em;a,mifum ol\ OD;csKdwdkYudk jzwfawmufypfvdkuf\/ xdkcP
üyif jcaoFhvnf; olYudk zrf;qD;av\/ þwGif olonf ckcHjcif;
rjyKEdkifyJ jcaoFhtpm jzpf&avawmh\/
30 urÇ m ausmf
jrnf ; 0,f o l
wpfcgaomf vlwpfa,mufonf
jrnf ; wpf a umif 0,f & ef aps;od k Y
a&muf & S d v m\/ ol o nf jrnf ; rsm;
a&mif;cs&m ae&modkY a&mufaomtcg
rsm;pGmaom jrnf;wdxYk rJ S taumif;qH;k
[k xif & aom jrnf ; wpf a umif u d k
a&G;cs,fvdkufav\/
xdkYaemuf olu jrnf;a&mif;oltm; ]]taqG? þjrnf;udk
aumif;-raumif; od&Sd&ef uREfkyfwdkYtdrfodkY ac:aqmifoGm;um
prf;oyfvdkygonf/ tu,fí aumif;rGefaom jrnf;jzpfaeygu
uREykf 0f ,f,yl grnf/ odaYk omf jrnf;qd;k jzpfaeygrl uREykf 0f ,f,jl cif;
rjyKEdkif? jyefvnfay;ydkYygrnf}} [lí ajymqdkcGifh awmif;\/
jrnf;a&mif;olvnf; oabmwlum cGifhjyKvdkufavonf/
jrnf;0,folonf jrnf;udk tdrfodkY ac:aqmifoGm;NyD;vQif
tjcm;aomol\ jrnf;wdkYESifh twla&mí xm;vdkuf\/ þwGif
xdjk rnf;onf teD;&Sd jrnf;wdu
Yk kd aocsmpGm pl;prf; tuJcwfonf/
xdkYaemuf xdktxJrS tysif;qHk;ESifh avmbtBuD;qHk; jzpfonfh
jrnf;BuD;wpfaumifxH csOf;uyf rdwfzGJUum twl,SOfwGJae\/
xd k t jcif ; t&mud k jrnf ; 0,f o l jrif o nf w G i f jrnf ; ud k
csufcsif;yif qGJac:um a&mif;olxH jyefvnfí tyfESHav\/
a&mif;olonf xdktjyKtrludk em;rvnfEdkifatmif jzpfoGm;av
onf/ xdkYaMumifh olu ]]taqG? tb,fhaMumifh þjrnf;udk
rESpo
f ufygoenf;/ prf;oyfí MunhNf y;D ygNyaD vm}} [lí ar;jref;
onf/
xdktcg 0,folu ]]taqG? þjrnf;udk uREfkyf taxGtxl;
prf;oyf&efrvdak wmhyg/ ol\ taygif;tazmfukd Munhjhf cif;tm;jzifh
ol\ oabmp½dkufudkvnf; uREfkyf odcJh&ygNyD/ olonf uREfkyfwdkY
tdrfrS tysif;qHk;ESifh avmbtBuD;qHk; jzpfaom jrnf;qdk;ESifhom
taygif;toif; jyKygonf/ xdkYaMumifh olYoabmp½dkufrSmvnf;
xdktwdkif; &SdrnfrSm ,HrSm;zG,f&m r&Sdawmhyg}} [k jyefvnf
ajymqdkvdkufav\/
""æ
32 urÇ m ausmf
jrif ; ES i f h ' &,f
wpf&Ha&mtcg jrif;wpfaumifonf
pm;usuw f pfcük tpOf tpmpm;avh&\ dS /
wpfaeYwGifrl olxHodkY '&,fwpfaumif
a&muf&SdvmNyD;vQif olvnf; jrif;pm;
aom pm;usufü tpmpm;xdkufonf/
xd k r Qru ol o nf jrif ; xuf y if
jrufaumif;wdkYudk ydkí pm;xdkufonf[lí qdkvm\/ qdkvmonfh
twdik ;f vnf; '&,fonf toifw h ifq
h ;kH aom ae&mudk a&G;onf/
taumif;qHk;aom jrufwdkYudk pm;onf/
þwGif jrif;onf '&,f\ usL;ausmfapmfum;rIudk wGef;vSef
vdkojzifh vlwpfa,mufxH oGm;onf/ olYtm; ulnDygrnfh
taMumif; ajymqdk\/
vluvnf; ]]taqG? oifhudk ZufMudK;wyfjyD;aemuf oif\
ausmuke;f ay:ü uREykf t f m; wufa&muf pD;eif;cGiu hf kd jyKro S mvQif
uREykf f ulnED ikd yf grnf}} [k qd\ k / jrif;vnf; xdt k csuu f kd oabm
wlvdkuf\/
rMumrD vlEiS jhf rif;wdYk pkaygif; wdu
k cf u kd v
f u
kd of jzifh '&,fonf
pm;usufrS xGufajy;&av\/ odkYaomf jrif;tzdkYum; '&,fudk
atmifjrifpGm armif;xkwfEdkifcJhaomfvnf; ZufBudK;wyfí vl\
æ
pD;eif;jcif;udkrl tNrJyif cHae&&Smav\/
awmusD ; rd k u f
wpf & H a &mtcgu awmusD ; wpf

aumifonf rdrdukd,fudk rdrd tvGef
txifBuD;vsuf &Sd\/ xdkYaMumifh e*dk
&S d & if ; pG J j zpf a om tarG ; euf w d k Y j zif h
ra&mifh&JEdkifatmif jzpfae\/ odkYjzifh
olonf Oa'gif;tcsKdUxHrS uRwfusef&pf
cJhonfh vSyaom tarG;tawmifwdkYudk
pkaqmif;um ol\ukd,fü wyfqifvdkuf\/ NyD;rS ol\ ukd,fudk
Oa'gif;wdkYESifh wlvSNyD[k xifrSwfí ¤if;wdkYxH oGm;a&muf\/
Oa'gif;wdkYxH a&mufaomf olonfvnf; Oa'gif;yifjzpfí
¤if;wdkYESifh twlwuG aexdkif&ef vma&mufaMumif; ajymjyav
onf/ odkY&mwGif Oa'gif;wdkYonf ol\ rlrrSefaom tjzpfudk
odMuNyD;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh olYudk taygif;tazmf rvkyfonfh
tjyif EIwfoD;jzifh xdk;qdwfvTwfMu\/ cGyfí vTwfMu\/
xdktcg usD;rdkufonf rdrd\ Zmwdjzpfaom usD;wdkYxH jyefvm
&avonf/ odkY&mwGif ol\ tazmfusD;wdkYuvnf; ukd,fhtrsKd;udk
txifrBuD;? wpfyg;aom trsKd;udkrS txifBuD;aom usD;rdkufudk
æ
vufrcHMuawmh/ ESifxkwfvdkufMuav\/
34 urÇ m ausmf
jrnf ; ES i f h a cG ;
wpfaeYoü jrnf;wpfaumifESifh
acG ; wpf a umif o nf c&D ; wpf c k u d k
twl o G m ;Mu\/ twef M umaomf
olwdkYonf vrf;ay:ü txkyfwpfckudk
awGU&Sdav\/
jrnf;onf txkyuf kd aumuf,í l
ajzMunfhaomtcg pmrsm;udk awGU&Sd&
onf/ olonf acG;tm; pmrsm;udk zwfjy\/ pmxJüum; jrnf;wdkY
ESpo
f ufaom rka,mpyg;ESihf jrufwUkd taMumif; zGUJ EGUJ a&;om;csuf
rsm; yg0ifavonf/
acG;onf pmudk cPMumrQ wdwfqdwfpGm em;axmifaeao;
\/ odkYaomf tcsdeftwefMumaom tcgürlum; ]] taqGjrnf;?
tjcm;pmrsm;udk vSefavSmí zwf½IygOD;? xdkpmwdkYü trJ? om;?
ig;ESihf t½d;k wdt
Yk aMumif; a&;om;xm;csurf sm; ygvdrrhf nf xifyg
onf}} [k ajymqdk\/
jrnf;vnf; pmrsm;udk vSefavSmMunfh½I\/ odkYaomf acG;wdkY
BudKufESpfoufonfh trJ? om;ig;ESifh t½kd;wdkYtaMumif; a&;om;
azmfjyxm;onfudkrl vHk;0 rawGU&ay/
þwGif acG;u ]]taqGjrnf;? þpmrsm;udk zwf½Iaeí bmrQ
taMumif;rxl;/ ta0;odkYom pGefYypfvdkufygawmh}} [lí ajymqdk
æ
vdkufav\/
acG ; ES i f h a ygif r k e f Y
wpfaeYoü vlwpfa,mufo f nf
acG;udkufcH&\/ þwGif tartdk
wpfOD;onf xdkolYxHodkY csOf;uyf
vsuf ]]temaysmuf u if ; &ef
a&S;OD;pGm aygifrkefYwpfzJhudk ,lí
'Pf & mud k wd k Y y g/ xd k Y a emuf
udkufaomacG;tm; xdkaygifrkefYudk auR;ygav}} [k qdkvm\/
acG;udkufcH&oluvnf; tartdk qdkwdkif;jyK\/ xdktcdkuf
ynm&SdBuD; wpfOD;onf teD;rS jzwfoef;oGm;av&m xdktjcif;
t&mudk jrifav\/ tusKd;taMumif; odvdkojzifh ynm&SdBuD;u
ar;jref;pHkprf;\/ acG;udkufcH&oluvnf; tartdk nTefMum;csuf
t& temaysmufuif;&ef jyKvkyf&aMumif; ajymjy\/
þwGif ynm&SBd u;D u ]]taqG þenf;udk vQKUd 0Supf mG jyKvyk &f ef
uREfkyf awmif;yefygonf/ tu,fí xdktaMumif;ukd NrdKUwGif;&Sd
acG;rsm;om Mum;odygu xdkacG;enf;wl aygifrkefYudk &&Sd&ef uREfkyf
wdYk tm;vH;k udyk g udu
k cf MJ uayawmhrnf wum; [lí ajymqdv k ukd f
æ
av\/
36 urÇ m ausmf
a>rES i f h j zLaumif
wpfcgaomf jzLwpfaumifonf
a>rwdaYk exdik &f m wGi;f 0odYk oGm;a&muf
onf/ olYtm; a>rwGif;wGif twl
aexd k i f c G i f h jyKygrnf h t aMumif ;
awmif;yef ajymqdk\/
a>rwdkYvnf; cGifhjyKvdkufMu\/
od k Y a omf wG i f ; xJ o d k Y jzLaumif
0ifa&mufvmonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf ol\ ukd,f&Sd cRefjraom
ql;rsm;aMumifh a>rwdkYrSm xdcdkufemusifMu ukef\/
þwGif a>rwdkYu ]]taqG? oifESifh igwdkY twlaeí rjzpf?
,ckyif igwdkYae&mrS xGufcGmoGm;ygavmh}} [k ESifMu\/
xdktcg jzLaumifonf xGufcGmjcif;rjyK/ ]]igESifh twlaeí
rjzpfygu þae&mrS oifwdkYomvQif xGufcGmoGm;yg/ igwrlum;
aeíjzpfojzifh þae&mrS xGufcGmroGm;Edkifyg}} [k jyefvnf
ajymqdkvdkufav\/
od k ; a&NcH K aom 0H y k a vG
wpf & H a &mtcg 0H y k a vG w pf

aumifonf odk;a&wpfckudk NcHKvsuf
odk;tkyf wpftkyftwGif;odkY 0ifa&muf
aexd k i f u m aeY p Of y if od k ; rsm;ud k
udkufowf pm;aomuf\/
þodkYjzifh umvtwefMumvm
\/ wpfaeYwGifrl odk;ausmif;om;
onf 0HykavG\ vSnhfpm;rIudk awGU&SdoGm;avonf/ olonf
csufcsif;yif 0HykavGudk zrf;qD;í vnfyif;ü BudK;wyfNyD;vQif
opfyifwpfyifü qGJxm;avonf/
þtjcif ; t&mud k tjcm;od k ; ausmif ; om;wd k Y awG U jrif
avaomf tazmf odk;ausmif;om;tm; ]]taqG? oifonf
tb,fhaMumifh oif\ odk;udk þodkY jyK&ygoenf;}} [k ar;jref;
Muonf/ odk;ausmif;om;u ]]þowå0grSm odk;tppfr[kwf?
odk;a&NcHKxm; aom 0HykavGomwnf;}} [lí &Sif;vif; ajymjy\/
xdktcg odk;ausmif;om; tm;vHk;uyif ]]þodkY jzpfygu
oif\ pD&ifcsufrSm oifhjrwfaypGwum;}} [k tnDtnGwf
æ
axmufcH ajymqdkMuav\/
38 urÇ m ausmf
ajracG ; ES i f h w J & S i f
wpfaeYoü rkqdk;wpfodkufonf
ajracG ; wpf a umif u d k trd z rf ; &ef
aemufrS tjyif;zdí vdkufavonf/
ajracG;vnf; xdwfvefYpGmjzifh tm;ukef
ajy;&mrS wJwpfcka&SUodkY a&mufvm\/
þwGif olu wJ&Siftm; wJtwGif;ü ykef;atmif;cGifhjhyKyg&ef
awmif;yef ajymqdk\/ wJ&Sifonf cGifhjyKvdkufonf/ ajcacG;onf
wJaxmifhwpfae&mwGif 0ifa&mufykef;atmif; ae\/
xdtk wGi;f rkq;kd wdo
Yk nf wJa&SUodYk a&muf&v
dS mMu\/ olwu
Ykd
wJ&Siftm; ]]ajracG;udk jrifvdkufygoavm}} [k ar;jref;Mu\/
wJ&Sifu ]]rnfonfhajracG;udkrS uREfkyfrjrifvdkufyg}} [lí
toHus,fpGmjzifh [pfatmfajymqdk\/ odkYaomf olonf ajracG;
&Sd&m wJaxmifhodkYum; vufn§dK;nTefjy\/ uHtm;avsmfpGmyif
rkq;kd wdo
Yk nf wJ&iS n
f eT jf yonfukd r&dyrf Md u/ ae&mrS xGucf mG oGm;
Mu\/
rkqdk;wdkY xGufcGmoGm;onfESifh wpfNydKifeuf ajracG;onf
wJaxmifhrS xGufvmNyD;vQif wJ&Siftm; rnfodkYrQ rqdkbJ xGufcGm
oGm;\/ þwGif wJ&Sifu vSrf;ac:vsuf þodkYqdk\/
]][,f-ajracG;rdkuf? oifonf oihftoufudk u,foltm;
EIwqf ufírS roGm;? aus;Zl;pum;rSrqd?k roda,mifjyKí xGucf mG
oGm;acsonf/ oifonf vGefpGm aus;Zl;uef;aom owå0gyif
jzpfonfwum;/
xdktcg ajracG;onf wJ&Sifudk pl;pdkufpGm MunhfNyD;vQif
]]taqG? uREfkyfonf ykef;atmif;aepOf oifajymonfh pum;
wd k Y o mru oif v uf n § d K ;nT e f j yonf u d k v nf ; aumif ; pG m
jrifawGUygonf/ tu,fí oifajymonfhpum;ESifh oifhtjyK
trlwdkYom udkufnDrnf qdkygu uREfkyfonf aus;Zl;rqdkbJ
raeyg/ ,ckrl uHaumif; axmufrvGef;ojzifhom uREfkyfrSm
touf c srf ; om&m &cJ h y gonf } } [l í jyef v nf a jymqd k
vdkufav\/
40 urÇ m ausmf
csKd ; ES i f h y k & G u f q d w f
wpf&Ha&mtcg yk&Gwfqdwf
wpfaumifonf a&iwfvSojzifh
acsmif;wpfck &Sd&modkY oGm;&muf
onf/ olonf 0rf;omtm;&jzifh
aomuf&ef qif;vdkufpOf tvGef
vsifjrefaom a&pD;wGif arsmyg
oGm;av\/
xdktcdkuf acsmif;urf;&Sd opfyifwpfyifü csKd;iSuf
wpfaumifonf em;vsuf&Sd&m yk&Gufqdwf\ jzpftifudk
aumif;pGmyif awGUjrif&avonf/ þwGif olonf yk&Gwfqdwfudk
rsm;pGm u½kPmoufvSojzifh opfudkif;i,f wpfckudk EIwfoD;jzifh
csKd;zJh vsuf a&xJodkYypfcsay;\/ yk&Gwfqdwfvnf; xdkopfudkif;
i,fay:odkY wufa&mufum toufab;rS csrf;om&m &&SdoGm;
av\/
þodkYjzpfí rsm;rMumrDyif wpfaeYü rkqdk; wpfa,muf
onf csKd;udkzrf;,l&ef awmwGif;odkY a&muf&Sdvm\/ olonf
axmifacsmufudk axmifvsuf ae&maumif;wpfckrS apmifhae\/
csKd;vnf; xdktaMumif;udk rodbJ axmifacsmuf teD;odkY
a&muf&Sdvmonf/ xdktcg ,cifyk&Gwfqdwfonf taMumif;pHkudk
awGUjrifojzifh rkqdk;\ ajczaemifhudk jyif;xefpGm udkufvdkuf\/
rkqdk;vnf; emusifvSojzifh vTwfceJatmf[pfrdonf/
þwGifcsKd;onf rkqdk;\toHudk Mum;vdkuf&ojzifh xdefYvefY
wMum;jzif h axmif a csmuf r S a0;&mt&yf o d k Y ysH a jy;av&m
toufab;rS csrf;om&m &&SdoGm;avwnf;/
42 urÇ m ausmf
v,f o rm;ES i f h a jracG ;
wpf&aH &mtcg ajracG;wpfaumif

onf v,form;wpfOD;\ NcHwGif;odkY
ntcgrsm;wG i f wd w f w qd w f 0if
a&muf u m Muuf r sm;ud k cd k ; ,l
pm;aomufavh &Sd\/
umv twef M umaomf v,f
orm;onf xdktaMumif;udk &dyfrdod&Sd
oGm;avonf/ þwGif olonf ajracG;udk axmifízrf;&m rMumrD
zrf;rdav\/
ol o nf v uf p m;acsaomtm;jzif h ajracG ; \ tNrD ; wG i f
avmifpmrsm; ywfpnf;csnfaESmifum rD;½IdUí vTwfvdkuf\/
ajracG;vnf; vGefpGm ylavmifvSojzifh v,fuGif;xJodkY
aMumuf v ef Y w Mum; xG u f a jy;onf / v,f u G i f ; xJ ü um;
v,form;\ pyg;yifwdkYrSm rSnfh0if;vsuf &dyfodrf;thHqJqJ
jzpf a e\/ ajracG ; onf xd k p yg;yif M um;od k Y 0if a jy;av&m
pyg;yifrsm;odkY rD;pGJNid avmifuRrf;av\/ odkYjzifh cPcsif;yif
v,f o rm;yd k i f pyg;tm;vH k ; rD ; avmif y suf p D ; oG m ; Muav
ownf;/
æ
emrusef ; aom'&,f
waeYaomtcg '&,fwpfaumif
onf emrusef; jzpfojzifh jrufcif;
wpf c k a y:0,f tm;tif c sd e J Y p G m jzif h
vJavsmif;aeonf/
xd k t cgol \ tazmf j zpf a om
om;aumifwdkYonf olxH olemar;
vma&mufMu\/ þodkY vma&muf&mü olwdkYonf '&,fteD;&Sd
jrufwdkYudk trSwfrxif pm;ypfMu\/ odkYjzifh '&,f\teD;
ywf0if;usifwGif jrufyif[lí tikwfwpfyifrQ rusefatmifyif
jzpfoGm;avonf/
&uf t enf ; i,f M umaomf '&,f o nf tawmf t wef
aeaumif;vmNyDjzpfojzifh tpmudk awmifhwvm\/ odkYaomf
olYtazmfwdkY qifjcifuif;rJhpGm pm;ypfrIaMumifh olYteD;wGif tpm
jrufwdkY vHk;0 r&dSawmhay/ ta0;odkY xGufí &SmazG&efrSmvnf;
emvefxp jzpfaeojzifh olYrSm cGeftm;r&Sd/ odkYjzifh aemufqHk;ü
olonf tpmiwfum aoqHk;oGm;& &Smav\/
44 urÇ m ausmf
jcaoF h E S i f h trJ v d k u f a cG ;
wpfaeYoü trJvdkufacG;
wpf a umif o nf awmxJ ü
vSnhfvnf oGm;vmpOf cyfvSrf;
vS r f ; rS jcaoF h w pf a umif
jzwfoef;oGm;onfudk jrifvdkuf
onf/ þwGif olonf jcaoFu h kd
zrf ; qD ; tH h [l í aemuf r S
ajy;vdkufav\/
tpü jcaoFhonf trIrJh
trSwfrJh jzpfaeojzifh olYaemufrS acG;vdkufvmonfudk rodacs/
odkYaomf rMumrD od&SdonfwGif ½kwfw&uf &yfwefYvdkufonf/
aemufoYkd vSní fh a[mufvu kd of nf/ acG;vnf; vGepf mG aMumuf
vefYvSojzifh tNrD;udkaxmifum vSnhfí ajy;av\/
xdktjcif;t&mudk ajracG;wpfaumifonf awGUjrifvdkufav
onf/ xdktcg olonf ]]&,fzG,faumif;avpG? jcaoFhudk zrf;rnfh
olonf jcaoFhwpfcsuf a[muf½HkrQESifh tNrD;axmifí ajy;avNyD
wum;}} [lí [pfatmfum avSmifajymif ajymqdkvdkufav\/
æ
a0vig;ES i f h ig;i,f
wpfaeYoü a0vig;BuD;
wpfaumifonf ol\tpmjzpfaom
tjcm; ig;i,fwpfaumifukd vdu k vf H
zrf;qD;onf/
ig;i,f v nf ; yif v ,f a &ud k
xd k ; azmuf v suf cG e f t m;&S d o rQ
wdrf;a&SmifxGufajy;\/ odkUaomf
rMumrD trdcH&tHhqJqJ tajcodkY qdkufa&muf oGm;\/ þwGif
olonf tm;ukef ul;cwfvdkufav&m urf;pyfwpfae&m&Sd
oJjyifay:wGif oGm;í wifaeavonf/
a0vig;Bu;D vnf; aemufrS tjyif;vdu k v
f m&m ig;i,fukd rrd?
urf;pyf oJjyifwGif oGm;í wifaeav\/
olwdkYESpfOD;onf ao&rnfhab;udk vGefpGm xdefvefYMuojzifh
a&xJodkY jyefvnfa&muf&Sd&ef ½kef;uefBudK;pm;Mu\/ odkYaomf
tcsnf;tESD;yif/
ig;i,fonf aoab;udk awG;awmum atmufarhae&mrS
rdred nf;wl jzpfaom a0vig;Bu;D udk awGUjrifav\/ xdt k cg olu
]]ightoufukd &ef&mS onfh &efoyl g ighenf;wl jzpfaeojzifh igonf
æ
ao&rnfudk raMumufawmhyg}} [lí ajymqdkvdkufav\/
46 urÇ m ausmf
jcaoF h t d k
wpf&Ha&mtcg jcaoFhwpfaumif
onf tdkrif;rpGrf;jzpfum emrusef;
jzpfvsuf &S\ d / olonf a&m*ga0'em
udk jyif;xefpGm cHpm;&vsuf aotHh
rl;rl;tajcodkY a&mufae\/
xd k t cg wpf c gu ol \
tEdkifusifh jcif;udk cHMu&ukefaom
wd&pämef taygif;onf olYudk jyefvnfí vufpm;acsMu\/
awm0ufonf rdk;BudK;uJhodkY vsifjrefaom t[kefjzifh jcaoFh\
ukd,fudk tpG,fjzifh xdk;\/ EGm;xD;uvnf; ol\ OD;csKdjzifh
jyif ; xef p G m a0S U cwf \ / jcaoF h o nf ol w d k Y u d k vH k ; 0jyef í
&ef r jyKEd k i f a y/ xd k t jcif ; t&mud k jrnf ; onf jrif a omf
ol o nf v nf ; ajy;vmonf / jcaoF h u d k ol \ cG m wd k Y j zif h
uefausmuf\/
þwGif jcaoFhtdkonf nnf;nLvsuf ]]igonf tvGef&J&ifh
í bkef;wefcdk;BuD;ol jzpfygvsuf ,ckuJhodkY wd&pämeftaygif;\
raxrJhjrifjyKjcif;udk cH&onfrSm 0rf;enf;zG,f aumif;avpG/
xdx
Yk uf jrnf;uJo h aYkd om bmrS toH;k rusonfh wd&pämefwpfaumif
\ uefausmufjcif;udk cH&onfrSm ightzdkY tcgwpf&m ao&jcif;
æ
xuf qdk;0g;avpG}} [k jrnfwrf;&Smavownf;/
0H y k a vG E S i f h t&d y f
wpfaeYoü 0HykavGwpfaumif
onf vGifjyifwpfckay:ü vSnhfvnf
oG m ;vmae\/ tcsd e f r S m eH e uf
aexGufp jzpfonf/ ol\ t&dyfrSm
apmif;a&Taom aea&mifjcnfaMumifh
vGifjyifay:wGif BuD;rm;pGm xif&Sm;
ay:vGifvsuf &Sd\/
olonf t&dyfBuD;rm;onfudk rdrdukd,fcE¨m tu,fyif
Bu;D rm;onf[k xifrw S \f / xdaYk Mumifh ]]ig\ cE¨muk, d o
f nf þrQ
txd BuD;rm;aeonfudk ,ckrS igod&onf/ odkYjzpfygu igonf
tb,fah Mumifh jcaoFu h kd aMumuf&UHG ae&rnfenf;/ pifppftm;jzifh
igomvQif awmbk&iftjzpf cH,x l ukd o
f l jzpfonf r[kwyf gavm}}
[lí wpfukd,fwnf; ajymum [efcsDvsuf avQmufoGm;\/
xdktcdkuf jcaoFhwpfaumifonf wpfae&mrS acsmif;aeNyD;
vQif tvpfü olUudk ckeftkyfvdkufav\/ 0HykavGonf jcaoFh\
vufwiG ;f 0,f aotHrh ;l rl;&S&d mrS ]]tu,fí igonf ig\ b0rSef
udo
k m od&cdS yhJ gu ,ck,uJo h Ykd ysuqf ;D rnf r[kwyf gwum;}} [lí
æ
aemifw&pGm jrnfwrf;&Smav\/
48 urÇ m ausmf
EG m ;ES i f h z m;
wpf&Ha&mtcg zm;i,fwpfaumif
onf a&ueftpGef;wpfae&mü xdkifae
\/ xdkpOfwGif reD;ra0; jrifcif;xJwGif
EGm;xD;ESpfaumifwdkY a0SUcwfaeMuonf
udk awGUjrifav\/
xdktcg olonf tazmfjzpfonfh
tjcm;zm;i,fwpfaumiftm; ]]taqG?
aMumufrufzG,faumif;aom &efyGJudk ½Iygavmh/ þ&efyGJaMumifh
igwdv Yk nf; rnfuo hJ Ykd jzpf&rnfukd rodyg}} [lí [pfatmf ajymqdk
onf/
tazmfjzpfaom zm;i,furl vHk;0 rrIay/ ]]taqG pdk;&drf
xdwv f efjY cif; rjzpfygvif/h olwrYkd mS igwdEYk iS hf rwlyg/ olwb Ykd mom
&efjzpfaejcif;onf igwdkYtwGuf bmrQ xdcdkufp&mtaMumif;
r&Sdyg}} [k jyefajym\/
þwG i f pd k ; &d r f [ ef & S d a om zm;i,f u ]]taqG ? þEG m ;
wdkYonf igwdkYESifh rwlonfum; rSefyg\/ odkY&mwGif &efyGJü
wpf a umif a om EG m ;onf tEd k i f & rnf f j zpf o nf / xd k t cg
½IH;edrfhaom usefEGm;onf þa&uefpyf&Sd csKHEG,fwdkY txJwGif
vma&muf ykef;atmif;aeay awmhrnf/ odkYjzpfygu igwdkYonf
ol\ zdeif;jcif;udk cH&um rkcs raoG ysuq f ;D jcif;odYk a&muf&rnf
r[kwfygavm/ pifppfaomf um; olwdkY\ &efyGJonf igwdkY
æ
ESifhvnf; oufqdkifayonfwum;}} [lí &Sif;jy ajymqdkav\/
jcaoF h E S i f h q if
wpf c gaomf jcaoF h w pf a umif

onf vGefpGm pdwftm;i,fvsuf &Sd\/
jcaoFt h aygif;onf cGet f m;Avvnf;
&SdMu\/ &JpGrf;owådESifhvnf; jynfhpHk
Mu\/ od k Y y gvsuf ol w d k Y o nf
bmr[kwfonfh MuufwGefoHudkrl aMumuf&GHUxdwfvefY Mu\/
MuufwGefoH Mum;onfESifh wpfNydKifeuf olwdkYonf xdktoHrS
uif;a0;&m t&yfqDodkY xGufajy; ykef;a&SmifMu&onfcsnf;
jzpf\/
xdaYk Mumifh tqdyk g jcaoFoh nf olwu Ykd kd zefqif;aom ewfrif;
BuD;xH oGm;a&mufonf/ xdktaMumif;ESifh ywfoufí jypfwif
ajymqdk\/
ewfrif;BuD;u ]]þtcsufESifh pyfvsOf;í oifonf uREfkyfudk
tjypfrqdkoifh/ oifhtwGuf tuREfkyfonf wwfpGrf;&SdorQ
tpGrf;ukef zefqif;ay;xm;onf r[kwfygavm/ aocsmpGm
oHk;oyfMunhfyg/ oihftzdkY þtcsuf wpfckrS vGJvQif tjcm;
csKdU,Gif;csuf[lí vHk;0 r&Sdyg/ auseyfoihfygonf}} [lí ESpfodrfh
pum; ajymMum;\/
þodkY ewfrif;BuD;u qdkaomfvnf; jcaoFhum; ESpfodrfhjcif;
r&d S / rsm;pG m pd w f t m; i,f v suf & S d & um; touf r &S i f v d k /
50 urÇ m ausmf
aooGm; &efyif qE´jzpfaeonf/
xdkodkY&SdpOf wpfaeYoü olonf tvGefw&m BuD;rm;aom
qifBuD;wpfaumifudk wpfae&mü oGm;awGU\/ qifBuD;udk owd
xm;í Munh f a omtcg qif B uD ; onf ol \ em;&G u f w d k Y u d k
axmifvsuf wpfpHkwpfckaom toHudk em;pGifhvsuf &Sdonfudk
awGU&\/
þwGif jcaoFhu qifBuD;tm; tusKd;taMumif; ar;jref;\/
odkYar;jref;cdkuf ,ifwpfaumifonf olwdkY teD;odkY w0D0D ysHoef;
vmonfudk awGUvdkuf&\/
qifBuD;u ]]taqG? ,ifowå0gudk oifjrifonf r[kwf
ygavm/ uREfkyftzdkY ,ifaumifrsm;udk vGefpGmyif aMumufvefYvS
ygonf/ tu,fí uREkfyf\ em;xJodkY ¤if;wdkYom 0ifa&mufvm
rnfqykd gu uREykf o f nf rkcsaoqH;k &ygvdrrfh nf/ odjYk zpfí ¤if;wdYk
&efrS a&Smif&Sm;Edkif&ef uREfkyfonf tpOf em;pGifhvsuf &Sd&ygonf}}
[k ajzMum;\/
qif\ pum;udkMum;aomf pdwftm;i,fvsuf&Sdaom jcaoFh
tzdYk wpfr[ k w k cf si;f tm;opf0ifvm\/ xdaYk Mumifh olu ]]onfrQ
BuD;rm;aom qifBuD;yifvQif vGefpGm ao;i,faom ,ifaumif
av;udk aMumuf&GHUaeygu ightzdkY ,ifaumifxuf q,fqru
Bu;D rm;aom Muufi,fukd aMumuf&UHG rdonfrmS bmrQ &Suaf Mumuf
tm;i,f z G , f & m r&S d y gwum;}} [l í pd w f w G i f ; rS ajymqd k
æ
vdkufav\/
usD ; ES i f h vif ; ,k e f i S u f
wpf c gaomf od k ; wpf t k y f o nf
ausmufawmifwpfck teD;&Sd pm;usuf
wpfckü tpmpm;ae\/ xdktcdkuf
vif ; ,k e f i S u f wpf a umif o nf
ausmufawmifay:wGif em;vsu&f &dS m
rS od;k tkytf wGi;f &Sd od;k i,fwpfaumif
\ ausmuk e f ; ay:od k Y ½k w f w &uf
xdk;qif;um odk;i,fudk okwfcsDoGm;avonf/
xdktjcif;t&mudk teD;&Sd opfyifwpfyifü em;aeaom usD;
wpfaumifonf aumif;pGm awGUjrifvdkufonf/ olonf rsm;pGm
yif tm;usjcif; jzpfrdonf/
xdkYaMumifh olonf ,if;,kefiSuf\ twkudk ,lvsuf? tjcm;
odk;i,fwpfaumifudk okwf,l&ef opfyifxufrS odk;i,f\
ausmukef;ay:odkY xdk;qif;vdkufonf/ odkYaomf olYtzdkY vif;,kef
iSufuJhodkY odk;i,fudk okwfcsDEdkif&ef a0;pG? olukd,fwdkifyif ysHwuf
jcif;iSm rwwfEdkifawmhay/ taMumif;rlum; ol\ cRefjraom
ajconf;? vufonf;wdkYonf odk;i,f\ tarG;? trSifrsm;wGif
NiduyfaeaomaMumifhyif/
usD;rdkufonf cGeftm;&SdorQ ½kef;uefatmf[pfao;\/
odkYaomf tcsnf;tESD;yif/ rMumrD odk;ausmif;om;onf a&muf&Sd
vmum usD;udk zrf;qD;NyD;vQif uav;i,frsm; upm;&eftwGuf
æ
,laqmifoGm;av\/
52 urÇ m ausmf
Murf ; MuKwf o l
wpfaeYoü vlwpfa,mufonf
opfawmwpfckxJodkY 0ifa&mufvm
um tBuHtdkufaom rsufESmxm;jzifh
awGvsuf &Sod nfukd opfyiftaygif;wdYk
jrifMuuke\
f / þwGif olwu Ykd ]]taqG?
tb,fhaMumifh tBuHtdkufí aeyg
oenf ; / oif \ tjzpf u d k igwd k Y
rMunfh&ufyg}} [lí MuifempGm 0dkif;0ef; ar;jref;Mu\/
xdkolu ]]uREfkyfonf ykqdef½dk;twGuf rnfonfhopfrsKd;tm;
toHk;jyK&rnfudk rod jzpfaeygonf}} [k ajzMum;\/
opfyifwdkYu ]]taqG? þodkYjzpfygu rpdk;&drfygESifh/ uREfkyfwdkY
ajymjyygtH/h awmifw h if;cdik rf maom opfrsK;d onf ykqed ½f ;kd twGuf
toihfavsmfqHk; jzpfygonf}} [lí ajymjyMu\/
xdkpum;udk Mum;onfESifh wpfNydKifeuf xdkolonf opfyif
wdu
Yk kd wpfyifNy;D wpfyif vSjJ zwf\/ awmifw h if;í tcdik rf mqH;k aom
opfyifudk &Sm\/ aemufqHk; oltvdk&Sdaom opfudk &aomtcgü
um; opfyiftm;vHk;eD;yg; ajray:ü vSJjzwfNyD; jzpfaeavNyD/
xdktcg 0ufopfcsyifu uRef;yiftm; ]]tpfudk? igwdkYonf
&ufpufMurf;MuKwfoludk ulnDrdojzifh þodkY ysufqD;&ayonf
wum;}} [lí nnf;wGm;ajymqdk vdkufav\/
tD p G w f y H k j yif r sm; æ 53
jcaoF h E S i f h v l
wpfcgaomf awmacgif;wpf
a,mufESifh jcaoFhwpfaumifonf
wpf a e&mü awG U qH k r d M uonf /
tpwG i f ol w d k Y o nf wpf O D ; ES i f h
wpfOD; tv’myov’my pum;rsm;
ud k o m ajymqd k M u\/ od k Y a omf
aemufqHk;ürl olwdkYonf tjiif;
tckef jzpfMuavonf/
awmacgif;u vlonf jcaoFhxuf omonf[k qdk\/
jcaoFhuvnf; jcaoFhonf vlxuf omonf[k qdk\/
awmacgif;onf rdrjd iif;qdck suo f mvQif tEdik jf zpfapvdo
k jzifh
jcaoFhwpfaumifay:odkY vlwpfa,muf wufcGpD;ae[ef xkvkyf
xm;aom ausmuff½kyfwk wpfckudk jcaoFhtm; jy\/ vlomvQif
jcaoFhxufomaMumif; ajymqdk\/
xdktcg jcaoFhu ]]þausmuf½kyfwkudk jyovsuf oifjiif;
onfqdkonfrSm ,kwådrwefyg/ tu,fí þae&mü igwdkY jcaoFh
rsm;onf ausmufqpform;rsm; jzpfvQiv f nf; vl\ ausmay:odYk
cGp;D aeaom jcaoF½h yk u
f ykd if xkvyk rf nf omwnf;}} [lí jyefvnf
æ
ajymqdkvdkufav\/
54 urÇ m ausmf
jrnf ; ES i f h 0H y k a vG
wpf a eY o ü jrnf ; wpf a umif o nf
pm;usufwpfckwGif tpmpm;aepOf
ta0;rS 0HykavGwpfaumif vmae
onf u d k awG U jrif o nf / þwG i f
olonf ajcusKd;[efjyKí aeav\/
rMumrD 0H y k a vG o nf teD ; od k Y
a&muf&Sd vmonf/ jrnf;tm; tusKd;
taMumif ; pH k p rf ; ar;jref ; \/
jrnf ; uvnf ; ]]taqG ? uREf k y f o nf NcH p nf ; ½d k ; wpf c k u d k
jzwfausmfpOf ql;pl;rdojzifh þodkY jzpfaeygonf/ aus;Zl;jyKí
uREfkyf\ajcü pl;0ifaeaom ql;udk qGJEkwfay;yg/ odkYr[kwfu
uREfkyfudk oifudkufowfpm; onfhtcgwGif xdkql;onf oif\
vnfrsKdudk pl;0ifavawmhrnf}} [lí y&d,m,fjzifh qdk\/
0HykavGvnf; jrnf;\ pum;udk tu,f[lí xifrSwf
rd\/ xdkYaMumifh ]]aumif;NyD? þodkYjzpfygu ql;udk uREfkyfEkwfy,f
ay;rnf}} [k qdkNyD;vQif jrnf;\ajcudk rum ql;udk aocsmpGm
&SmazG\/
xdkpOf jrnf;onf 0HykavG\ rsufESmudk jyif;xefaom t[kef
jzifh uefausmufNyD;vQif xGufajy;oGm;av\/ 0HykavGtzdk Y
jyif;xefaom 'Pf&mudk &&Su
d m yg;pyfxrJ S oGm;rsm;yif jyKwx
f u
G f
usvmavonf/
þwGif 0Hyak vGu ]]ightm; ighzcifonf jrnf;wdu Yk kd awGUygu
rqdkif;rwGyif udkufowfpm;aomuf&ef taotcsm rSmcJhonf/
odaYk omf igonf xdo k rYkd jyKbJ jrnf;\ a0'emudk ukpm;&ef Bu&H ,G f
jcif;jzifh igESifhrqdkifaom trIudk jyKaomaMumifh þodkYjzpf&ay
onf}} [k nnf;wGm;ajymqdk vdkufavownf;/
56 urÇ m ausmf
yif v ,f E S i f h oabF m om;
wpfcgaomf avjyif;rIefwdkif; us
a&mufojzifh yifv,fa&onf rNidrf
rouf jzpfvm\/ vdIif;wHydk;wdkYvnf;
aMumuf r uf z G , f x<uvm\/ xd k
tcsed üf oabFmwpfpif;onf yifv,f
wGi;f ü&d&S m cPwGi;f rSmyif vdiI ;f wHy;kd wdYk
Mum;0,f epfjrKyfoGm;av\/
þwGif oabFmom;rsm;pGmwdkYteuf wpfa,mufaom
oabFmom;onf BudK;pm;í ul;cwfav&m aemufqHk;ü urf;ajc
odkY a&muf&Sdvm\/ olonf armyef;vGef;ojzifh tdyfaysmfoGm;\/
twefMumí tdyf&mrS Edk;aomf olonf yifv,fjyiftm; jypfwif
qJa&;\/
]]tdk-qdk;oGrf;vSaom yifv,f? oifonf tpu NidrfoufcJh
ojzifh igwdoYk nf oabFm vTichf MhJ u\/ ,ckrl oifonf azmufvJG
azmufjyef jyKvdkufojzifh ightaqGwdkY ysufpD;MuukefavNyD/
oifonf aoG;aqmif zsm;a,mif;jcif;jzifh igwdkYtm; ysufpD;jcif;
odkY a&mufapcJhonfwum;}}
xdktcg yifv,fapmifh ewforD;onf ½kwfw&uf ukd,fxif
jyvmonf/ ]]tdk-oabFmom;i,f? ightm; tjypfrqdkygvifh/
avudkom tjypfqdkygavmh/ obm0tm;jzifh igonf ukef;ajr
uJhodkYyif Nidrfouf wnfNidrfol jzpfygonf/ avjyif;rIefwdkif;
wdkufcwfíom þodkY rNidrfrouf jzpfoGm;&ygonf}} [lí
jyefvnf acsy ajymqdkvdkufav\/
58 urÇ m ausmf
ae&if ; t&yf u d k pG e f Y a omuPef ;
wpf & H a &mtcgu uPef ;

wpfaumifonf ol\ ae&if;t&yf
jzpfaom yifv,furf;ajcudk pGefYcGm
vsuf jrufcif;wpfckü ajymif;a&TU
aexdkif\/ taMumif;rSm jrufcif;
onf aexdkif&ef omom,m,m
&S d o nf / tpm&S m vnf ; vG , f u l
onf[lí ,lqaomaMumifhjzpf\/
odkYaomf olajymif;a&TYUNyD;í rMumrDyif ajracG;wpfaumif
onf jrufcif;odkY a&muf&Sdvm\/ olonf vGefpGm qmavmif
rGwfodyfaeonf/ uPef;udk awGUonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf pm;&ef
vdkufzrf;av\/
uPef;onf ajracG;\ yg;pyfwGif;0,f toufaysmuf
tHh qJqJ&Sd&mrS ]]obm0tm;jzifh ig\ t&yfonf y,fv,f
urf;ajc omjzpf\/ odkYpOfvsuf igonf ight&yfudk pGefYcGmum
þae&modkY ajymif;a&TUaexdkifcJhojzifh þodkY jzpf&ayonf
æ
wum;}} [lí jrnfwrf; ajymqdkav\/
aMumif E S i f h Muuf w l a &G ;
Muufwla&G;wpfaumifudk 0,f,lNyD;
vQif tdrfü vTwfxm;\/ Muufwla&G;
vnf; vGwfvyfpGm jrL;xl;ckefayguf
NyD;aemuf usyfcdk;pifay:ü em;vsuf
atmfjrnfae\/
xd k t cg ol \ toH a Mumif h
rD;zdkab;wGif tdyfaysmfvsuf&Sdaom aMumifonf ½kwfw&uf vefY
Edk;oGm;\/ þwGif aMumifu ]]tdk - iSufi,f? oifonf
tb,f u d p ö t wG u f þtd r f o d k Y a&muf & S d v mygoenf ; }} [k
ar;vdkuf\/
Muufwal &G;u ]]oifo
h cifonf uREykf uf kd aps;rS0,fvmNy;D vQif
þtdrfodkY ac:aqmifvmcJhojzifh uREfkyfa&muf&Sdaejcif; jzpfyg
onf}} [lí jyefvnf ajzMum;\/
xd k t cg aMumif u ]]td k - twif h & J v S a om iS u f i ,f ?
oifonf aemufrS a&muf&Sdvmoljzpfygvsuf tb,fhaMumifh
qlnHpGm atmfjrnfae&ygoenf;/ uREfkyfonf þtdrfüyif
arG;um þtdrf üyif aexdkifvmol jzpfygonf/ odkYpOfvsuf
uREfkyf atmfjrnfaom tcgrsm;wGif tdrfom;rsm;onf uREfkyfudk
60 urÇ m ausmf
½dkufESufwwfygonf}} [k ajymqdk\/
þwG i f Muuf w l a &G ; u ]]taqG a Mumif ? onf h t wG u f
tenf; i,frQ pdk;&drfjcif; rjzpfygESifh/ uREfkyftzdkY rnfodkYyif
atmfjrnfap umrl tdrfom;wdkYonf &efjyKMurnf r[kwfyg/
tb,faMumifh qdkaomf uREfkyf\ toHonf oifhtoHuJhodkY
olwdkYudk taESmifh t,Sufrjzpfapyg/ om,mMunfEl;jcif;udkom
jzpfapygonf}} [lí jyefvnf ajymqdkvdkufav\/
ajracG ; ES i f h ES H a umif
wpfcgaomf ESHaumifwpfaumif
onf opf u d k i f ; wpf c k a y:wG i f
em;vsuf atmf j rnf a e\/ ol \
toH u d k ajracG ; wpf a umif o nf
aumif ; pG m Mum;&onf / þwG i f
ajracG;onf ESHaumifudk udkufowfí
Nrd e f , S u f p G m pm;aomuf v d k v m\/
odkYjzpfí olonf ESHaumifudk vSnhfpm;jcif;jzifh olYvufwGif;odkY
a&mufaptHh[k BuHpnf\/
olonf ESHaumif&Sd&m opfyifatmufodkY csOf;uyfNyD;vQif
]]taqGESHaumif? oif\ toHonf tvGef om,memaysmfzG,f
&SdvSygonf/ uREfkyftzdkY oifhuJhodkY om,memaysmfzG,f atmfjrnf
wwfolrsKd;ESifh taqGcifyGef; jzpfvdkvSygonf/ xdkYaMumifh opfyif
xufrS qif;oufí uREykf x f H vmcJyh g}} [k ajrm§ ufyihíf vSnjfh zm;
ajymqdk\/
ESHaumifvnf; ajracG;\ vSnhfjzm;csufudk aumif;pGm &dyfrd
av\/ xdkYaMumifh olu ]]taqGajracG;? oifhteD;odkY uREfkyf
csOf;uyfvmvdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhraeygESifh? ajracG;wdkY aexdkif&m
wGif;0ü uREfkyf\ trsKd;tEG,f ESHaumiffrsm;\ tawmifyHrsm;udk
awGUonfrSpí uREfkyfonf oifwdkY\ tjyKtrludk &dyfrdod&SdNyD;
æ
jzpfygonf}} [lí jyefvnf ajymqdkvdkufav\/
62 urÇ m ausmf
aMumif E S i f h < uuf
wpf & H a &mtcg td r f w pf t d r f ü

<uuf r sm; rif ; rl usuf p m;vsuf
&Sdonf/ tdrf&Sifonf olwdkY\&efudk
umuG , f & ef aMumif w pf a umif u d k
arG ; jrLxm;\/ xd k a Mumif o nf
<uufrsm;udk wpfaumif Ny;D wpfaumif
zrf;,lí udkufowf pm;avonf/
aemufqHk;ü <uufwdkYonf olwdkY\ <uufOD;a& wjznf;jznf;
enf;yg;vmonfukd owdjyKrv d mMu\/ odjYk zifh aMumif\ ab;&ef
rS vG w f u if ; &ef tnD t nG w f pnf ; a0;wd k i f y if M u\/
tpnf;ta0; wGif rnfonf<h uufrQ aMumifrrD&m t&yfjzpfonfh
tdrfeH&H <uufavQmufwef;rsm;ay:rS qif;oufjcif; rjyK&ef
qHk;jzwfMu\/ qHk;jzwfonfhtwdkif;vnf; <uuftm;vHk;onf
<uufavQmufay:ü om oGm;vmaexdkifMuavonf/
xd k t cg aMumif o nf <uuf r sm;ud k vS n h f j zm;jcif ; jzif h
atmuf o d k Y qif ; vmap&ef ol \ uk d , f u d k eH & H ü rS D v suf
ao[efaqmifí aeonf/
þwGi<f uufBu;D wpfaumifonf <uufavQmuftpGe;f rSaeí
ao[efaqmifaeaom aMumiftm; ]]tdk - taqG? oifonf
eH&HudkrSDí aeEdkiforQ aeygavavmh? igwdkYu oihfudk rnfonfh
enf;ESifhrQ ,HkEdkifvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg/ pifppfaomfum; igwdkYonf
aoqH;k aeaom aMumifukd rqdx k m;bd? aumuf½;kd jzifh jyKvyk x
f m;
aom aMumif½yk yf if jzpfapumrl þae&mrS qif;oufvmMuawmh
rnf r[kwfyg}} [k vSrf;í ajymvdkufavownf;/
64 urÇ m ausmf
aerif ; ES i f h zm;rsm;
wpf c gaomf aumif ; uif r S

aerif ; onf xd r f ; jrm;vuf x yf
rnfjyK\/ xdktcg zm;taygif;onf
rd;k aumif;uifoYkd arQmv f suf xdwv f efY
pGmjzifh oHNydKif [pfatmfMu\/
rd k ; aumif ; uif r S ewf r if ; BuD ;
onf zm;wdkY\ qlnHpGm atmf[pfoH
udkMum;aomf rsm;pGmyif em;NiD;jcif;jzpfrd\/ xdkYaMumifh olonf
taMumif;&if;udk pHkprf;tHh[lí zm;wdkYxH vma&mufar;jref;\/
þwGif zm;taygif;u ]]t&Sifewfrif;? tuREfkyfwdkYonf
aumif;uifrS aerif; xdrf;jrm;vufxyfrnfqdkí uefYuGufaom
tm;jzifh þodYk [pfatmfMujcif; jzpfygonf/ taMumif;rSm aerif;
wpfyg;wnf;\ tyl&Sdefudkyif uREfkyfwdkYonf jyif;jypGm cHpm;í
aeMu&ygonf/ tu,fí aerif;onf tdraf xmifjyKrnfqykd gu
om; r,m;yg wd;k yGm;vmrnfjzpf&m uREykf w f t Ykd zdYk olwtYkd m;vH;k \
tyl&eSd u
f kd rnfuo
hJ Ykd cHEikd pf rG ;f &SMd uygawmhtehH nf;}} [lí jyefvnf
ajzMum;vdkufav\/
æ
tNrD ; jywf a om ajracG ;
wpfaeYoü ajracG;wpfaumifonf
axmif a csmuf w pf c k u d k wd k ; 0if r d \ /
olonf axmifacsmufrS vGwaf jrmuf&ef
tjyif;txef ½ke;f uefonf/ aemufq;kH ü
vG w f a jrmuf o G m ;\/ od k Y a omf ol \
tNrD ; rS m rl axmif a csmuf ü nyf u m
jywfvsuf usef&pf\/
ajracG;tzdkY toufab;rS csrf;om&m&onfum; rSef\/
odkYaomf tjcm;ajracG;rsm;ESifh rwl? olwpfaumifwnf; xl;í
tNrD;r&SdbJ jzpfaeojzifh vGefpGm &Suf&GHUrdavonf/ xdkYaMumifh
olonf olYenf;wl tjcm; ajcacG;wdkYvnf; tNrD;jywfrsm; jzpfap
jcif;jzifh olYt&Sufudk umuG,ftHh[k BuHpnfavonf/
wpfaeYwGif olonf ajcacG;taygif;udk pka0;ac:,lonf/
]]taqGwdkY? oifwdkYtzdkY tNrD;rsm; &Sdjcif;jzifh bmrQ tusKd;rxl;/
¤if;wdkYrSm tMunhf&qdk;onf/ tvGefvnf; av;vHvSonf/
xdkYaMumifh jzwfawmufypfMuygavmh}} [k y&d,m,fjzifh tBuHay;
ajymqdk\/
þwGif ajracG;wpfaumifonf ol\ tBuHudk &dyfrdojzifh
]]tdk-taqG? tu,fí oihfüom tNrD;&Sdygu þpum;rsKd;udk
oifqrkd nf r[kwyf gwum;}} [lí ajymifavSmifajymqdk vdu k af v
æ
\/
66 urÇ m ausmf
td k ; ES p f v H k ;
wpfcgaomf ajrtdk;wpfvHk;ESifh
aMu;td k ; wpf v H k ; onf jrpf u rf ; pyf
ay:wGif wif&Sdae&mrS 'Da&wufvm
aomtcg jrpfa&ü twl arsmygoGm;
Muavonf/
xdktcg ajrtdk;onf pdk;&drfylyef
ae&m aMu;tdk;u tusKd;taMumif; ar;jref;\/
ajrtdk;u ]]uREfkyfonf uREfkyf\ rcdkifrmaom tjzpfaMumifh
uGJ&SoGm;rnfukd BudKwifí pdk;&drfylyefae&ygonf}} [k qdk\/
aMu;tdk;u ]]taqG? rpdk;&drfygESifh/ uREfkyf&Sdygao;onf/
uREykf o
f nf oiht f eD;wGif tpOfaevsuf apmifah &SmufygtH}h } [lí
qdkavonf/
xdktcg ajrtdk;u xdefvefYpGmjzifh ]]tdk-taqG? &Sdygap/
txl;ojzifh oifonf uREykf Ef iS hf a0;Edik o
f rQ a0;pGm aeyg/ uREykf f
twGuf ab;tEÅ&m,fudk jzpfapolrSm oifomvQif jzpfygonf/
tu,fí 'Da&t&Sdefjyif;ojzifh vdIif;*,ufwdkY ykwfcwfygrl
uREfkyfonf oifESifh xdwdkufrdum uGJysufjcif;odkY a&muf&ygtHh/
oifhrSmrl uGJysufp&m taMumif;r&Sdyg/ xdkYaMumifh uREfkyfteD;odkY
oifrvma&muf&ef awmif;yefygonf}} [k qdkvdkufavownf;/
æ
jcaoF h E S i f h < uuf
wpfaeYoü jcaoFw h pfaumifonf
aetvGef yljyif;vSojzifh awmvnfí
tpm&S m &ef rwwf E d k i f a wmh a y/
xd k Y a Mumif h o l o nf qmavmif
rG w f o d y f p G m jzif h 0uf o pf c syif B uD ;
wpf y if a tmuf ü vJ a vsmif ; um
tdyfae\/ xdktcg <uufi,fwpfpk
onf wpfpw kH pf&m tEÅ&m,fr&S[ d al om txifjzifh tdyaf ysmv f suf
&Sdonfh olYudk,fay:odkYwufum jrL;wl;ckefaygufí upm;Muukef
\/
tpwGif jcaoFhonf olwdkYwufa&mufjcif;udk vHk;0roday/
odkYaomf twefMumaom tcgürl olonf vefYEdk;oGm;av\/
olonf vufwpfzufudk ½kwfw&uf qefYwef;vdkuf&m <uufi,f
wpfaumifudk uHtm;avsmfpGm zrf;rdoGm;avonf/
olonf <uufi,fudk udkufpm;rnfjyK\/ xdktcg <uufi,f
onf tvGefw&m aMumufvefYvSojzifh toufab;rS csrf;om
ay;yg&ef awmif;yef\/ <uufi,fu ]]t&Sijf caoFrh if; uREykf o
f nf
tvGefw&m ao;i,fvSaom owå0grQom jzpfygonf/ t&Sifh
68 urÇ m ausmf
rSmrl tvGew f &mBu;D rm;í jrifjh rwfaomoljzpfygonf/ xdaYk Mumifh
uREfkyfuJhodkYaom owå0gi,fudk ukdufowfjcif;jzifh jrifhjrwfaom
t&Sif\ ukd,fvufwGif uREfkyf\aoG;rsm; rpGef;ayoihfyg}} [k
qdkavonf/
jcaoFhtzdkY qmavmifrGwfodyfonfum; rSef\/ odkYaomf
<uufi,f\ usK;d EGaH om pum;udk Mum;aomtcgürlum; olonf
rowf&ufawmhay/ xdkYaMumifh <uufi,fudk toufab;rS
csrf;omay;um vTwfvdkufavonf/
þodkYjzpfysufNyD;í &ufrsm;rMumrD wpfaeYwGif jcaoFhonf
rkqdk;wdkYaxmifxm;aom ydkufuGefudk wdk;rdum zrf;rdaeav\/
ol o nf vG w f a jrmuf & ef Bud K ;pm;aomf v nf ; r&awmh a y/
tm;pdkufí atmf[pf½kef;uefonfESifh trQ NidwG,fvsuf&Sdaom
ydkufBudK;onf ol\ukd,fudk wdk;íom wif;usyfap\/ xdkYaMumifh
olonf vufavQmhí aevdkuf&\/
xdt k cdu k f wpfcgu olab;rJah y;cJah om <uufi,fonf ol\
atmfou H kd Mum;&ojzifh olx Y yH g;odYk a&muf&vdS m\/ tjzpftysuf
tvH;k pHu k kd jrifavaomf <uufi,fonf jcaoFt h wGuf vGwaf jrmuf
&ef BudK;pm;av\/ olonf ol\ cRefxufaom oGm;i,fwdkYjzifh
ydu
k Bf uKd ;wdu Yk kd udu
k jf zwf\/ wpfBuKd ;Ny;D vQif wpfBuKd ; udu
k jf zwfav
&m aemufqHk;ü tenf;i,fom usefavawmh\/ þwGif
jcaoFhonf ½kef;uefvdkufav&m tvG,fwul vGwfajrmufoGm;
onf/
xdtk cg <uufi,fu ]]t&Sio
f nf uREykf \
f toufukd csr;f om
ay;ojzifh t&Sifhtoufudkvnf; uREfkyfu u,fwifjcif; jzpfyg
onf}} [k qdk\/
jcaoFhvnf; <uufi,ftm; aus;Zl;pum;qdkum awmxJodkY
0rf;ajrmufpGm 0ifoGm;av\/
70 urÇ m ausmf
<uuf E S i f h j caoF h r
<uufi,f\ u,fwifraI Mumifh
toufab;rS csrf;om&m &cJhonfh
tqd k y gjcaoF h o nf <uuf i ,f u d k
aus;Zl;qyfaom tm;jzifh wpfpHk
wpf & m ay;urf ; rnf [ k BuH \ /
xd k Y a Mumif h o l o nf <uuf i ,f u d k
]]taqG < uuf i ,f ? uREf k y f t m;
oiftvdk&Sd&m qkudkajymyg/ uREfkyf&SmBuHí ay;ygrnf}} [k qdk\/
<uuf i ,f v nf ; twef M umpOf ; pm;NyD ; aemuf ]]t&S i f
jcaoF h r if ; ? uREf k y f t wG u f tvd k & S d & m qk u d k a y;rnf q d k y gu
uREfkyftm; oihforD;ysKdukdom ay;ygavmh/ uREfkyfonf oifhorD;
ysKdudk vufxyfum ZeD;tjzpfaygif;oif;aexdkif vdkygonf}} [lí
awmif;qdkav\/
xdktcg jcaoFhu ]taqG<uufi,f? uREfkyf\ orD;ysKdonf
jcaoFrh jzpfaeojzifh oifEiS hf aygif;oif;aexdik í f jzpfrnfr[kw/f
oifonf tvGefw&m ao;i,faom owå0gjzpfonf/ uREfkyf\
orD;ysKdum; tvGefw&mBuD;rm;aom owå0gjzpfonf}} [k
nifompGm uefYuGufajymqdk\/
<uufi,fuvnf; ]]t&Sif? uREfkyfrSm tvGefw&m ao;i,f
aom owå0gjzpfojzifh tjcm;owå0gwdo Yk nf uREykf u
f kd rsm;pGmyif
txiftjrif ao;Muygonf/ odkYaomf tu,fí uREfkyfonf
BuD ; rm;jrif h j rwf v S a om t&S i f h o rD ; ysKd \ cif y G e f ; jzpf y gu
olwdkYonf rkcsyif uREfkyfudk ½dkaovmMurnf jzpfygonf/
xdkYaMumifh uREfkyf onf t&SifhorD;ysKdudkom tvdk&Sdygonf}} [lí
qdk\/
þwGif jcaoFu h ]]aumif;ygNyD taqG? þodjYk zpfygu uREykf \ f
orD;ysKdudk oifhtm;ay;ygtHh}} [k qdk\/ xdkYaemuf olonf orD;
jzpfolxHoGm;í tusKd;taMumif; ajymjyonf/ jcaoFhysKdrvnf;
xdkpum;udkMum;aomf &,fzG,ftaumif;qHk;aom jyufvHk;wpfck
udk Mum;em&ouJhokY rSwfxifrdav\/
odkYjzifh olonf cifyGef;avmif;ESifh awGUqHk&ef zcifESifhtwl
vdkufvm\/ <uufi,fvnf; olYudk owdkYorD;rjrifrD olu owdkY
orD;udk OD;pGmjrifEdkif&ef jrufyifrsm;tMum;ü ykef;atmif;vsuf
apmifhMunhfae\/
jcaoFyh sKrd onf <uufi,fukd rawGU&ojzifh ]]uRerf \ cifyeG ;f
avmif;b,frSmenf;/ uRefr\ cifyGef;avmif; tb,frSmenf;}}
[k ar;jref;um &,farmonf/ xdkYaemufolonf &,farm&if;
vS n h f y wf u ck e f & m ol \ BuD ; rm;vS a om ajcwpf z uf j zif h
ykef;atmif;aeaom <uufi,fudk eif;rdoGm;\/ <uufi,fvnf;
ydjym;um aoqHk;oGm;&Smavownf;/
72 æ urÇ m ausmf
jrnf ; ES p f a umif
wpfcgaomf jrnf;ESpfaumifonf
c&D;wpfckudk twloGm; Muavonf/
olwdkYESpfaumifteuf wpfaumifrSm
ausmuk e f ; ay:wG i f qm;rsm;ud k
wifaqmifvm&onf/ usefwpfaumif
rSmrl a&jr§Kyfrsm;udk wifaqmifvm&
onf/
rMumrD olwo Ykd nf acsmif;i,fwpfco k Ykd a&muf&v dS mMuonf/
odaYk omf acsmif;i,fü ul;jzwf&ef wHwm;r&S/d olwo Ykd nf a&xJoYkd
qif;um ul;jzwf&avonf/
a&S;OD;pGm qm;rsm;udk o,faqmifvmaom jrnf;onf
acsmif;udkul;jzwf\/ olonf acsmif;v,fodkYta&mufwGif
ausmufw;Hk wpfcu k kd cvkww f ukd rf o
d nf/ þwGif ol\ uk, d o
f nf
,drf;,dkifNydKvJoGm;NyD;vQif ausmukef;ay:ü wifaqmifvmaom
qm;tdwfwdkYudk a&rsm;pdkukefonf/ xdktcg qm;tcsKdUonf a&ü
aysmu f somG ;ojzifh wpfzufurf;odYk a&muf&adS omtcg o,faqmif
&aom tav;'Pfonf ayghyg;oGm;av\/
þtjcif ; t&mud k a&jr§ K yf r sm; o,f a qmif v maom
jrnf;onf awGU&Sdaomf ]]igvnf; ightazmfjrnf;uJhodkY jyKvkyfjcif;
jzifh igo,faqmifvm&aom tav;'Pfukd avsmyh g;oGm;aptH}h }
[k BuHpnfí acsmif;udk ul;jzwf\/
olonf acsmif;tv,fodkY a&mufaomtcg ol\ ukd,fudk
vSJcsvdkufonf/ olYausmukef;ay:&Sd a&jr§KyfwdkYudk a&jzifh pdkpGwf
aponf/ odkYaomf a&jr§KyfwdkYrSm olxifrSwfonfhtwdkif; qm;rsm;
uJhodkY a&xdaomtcg aysmfroGm;/ a&rsm;udkom pkyf,lvdkuf\/
þwGif tav;'Pfonf rlvuxuf ydkrdkwdk;oGm;&um; olonf
vJus&mrS jyefrxEdkifawmh/ a&epfum aoqHk;oGm;avownf;/
74 urÇ m ausmf
uPef ; om;trd
wpf a eY o ü uPef ; ri,f
wpfaumifonf yifv,fuef;pyf
wpfae&mü [dkonf oGm;vmvsuf
&Sd\/ uPef;wdkYrnfonf vrf;oGm;
&mwGif rsuEf mS rl&m t&yfoYkd a&S;½Ií
oGm;vmjcif; rjyK/ ud,k u
f kd ab;wdu k f
xm;íom oGm;vmonf/ xdaYk Mumifh
uPef;ri,fonfvnf; xHk;pH twdkif;yif vrf;oGm;&mü ukd,fudk
ab;wdkufxm;vsufom oGm;vmonf/
xdt
k cduk f rdcif uPef;rBu;D onf wpfae&mrS a&muf&v dS mNy;D
vQif orD;jzpfoltm; ]]orD;? oif\ukd,fudk ab;wdkufxm;vsuf
vrf;oGm;jcif;rSm rsm;pGmt½kyq
f ;kd vSonf/ urÇmay:wGif rnfonfh
owå0grsKd;rS oifuJhodkY oGm;vmjcif; rjyKMu}} [lí jypfwifajym
qdk\/
xdktcg uPef;ri,fu ]]rdcif? uRefronf wwfEdkiforQ
taumif;qHk;enf;jzifh oGm;vmjcif;jyKygonf/ tu,fí rdcifu
tjcm;enf;jzifh oGm;vmapvdyk gvQif uRerf twk,El ikd &f ef uk,
d w f ikd f
pHerlem jyapvdkygonf/ pifppfaomfum; uRefronf rdcif
ab;wdkufoGm;onfhtwdkif;yif oGm;vmvsufaeol jzpfygonf}}
[lí jyefvnf ajymqdkvdkufav\/
✪
vd y f E S i f h v if ; ,k e f i S u f
wpfcgaomf vdyfwpfaumif
onf ajrES i f h a &üom oG m ;vm
aexdkif&jcif;udk NiD;aiGUvmonf/
aumif;uifrSaeí urÇmavmu
BuD;udk Munhf½Ivdkaom qE´jzpfay:
vm\/
xdkYaMumifh olonf aMunm
csuf w pf & yf xk w f j yef v d k u f o nf / aMunmcsuf w G i f ol Y u d k
aumif;uifxufoYkd o,faqmifvsuf urÇmavmuBu;D udk jyoEdik f
oltm; qktjzpf ajratmuf wpfae&mü odk0Sufxm;aom
ausmufrsuf&wemrsm; ay;tyfrnfjzpfaMumif; yg&Sdonf/
þwGif vif;,kefiSufwpfaumif a&muf&Sdvmonf/ vdyfudk
aumif;uifxufodkY o,faqmifvmvsuf urÇmavmuBuD;udk
jyo\/ xdaYk emuf ajrodYk jyefra&mufrD vdyt f m; vif;,keif u
S u f
olYudk ay;tyfrnfqdkaom ausmufrsuf&wemwdkY rnfonfh
t&yfü xm;&Sdygoenf; [lí ar;jref;onf/
vdyfonf ausmufrsuf&wemwdkY xm;&mt&yfudk rnfonfh
tcgurQ rodacs/ vif;,kefiSuf\ ar;jref;csufukd ajzqdkjcif;
rjyKEdkif/ xdktcg vif;,kefiSufonf uwdrwnfaom vdyftm;
o,faqmifxm;&mrS ajrjyifoYkd vTwcf s vdu k af vonf/ vdyo f nf
ausmufawmifrsm;ay:odkY usum tpdwfpdwft`rTm`rTm uGJaMuí
æ
aoqHk;oGm;avownf;/
76 urÇ m ausmf
wH i gonf E S i f h i g;
wpfaeYoü wHigonf wpfa,muf
onf jrpfi,fwpfckwGif ig;rQm;vsuf
&SdpOf ig;i,fwpfaumifudk zrf;rd\/
wHigonf onf ig;i,fukd ig;rQm;csw d rf S
jzKwfum yvdkif;wGif;odkY xnfhrnfjyK\/
xd k t cg ig;i,f o nf vl ; vG e f Y v suf
olYudk owfjzwfjcif;rjyKbJ a&xJodkY
jyefvTwf yg&ef awmif;yefavonf/
wHigonfuvnf; ]]oihu f kd vTiyhf pfjcif;jzifh ightzdYk tb,frmS
vQif tusKd;&SdEdkifygtHhenf;}} [k ar;jref;onf/ ig;i,fu ]],ck
tcsdefwGif uREfkyfrSm tvGefw&m ao;i,fvSygonf/ xdkYaMumifh
wefz;kd rsm;pGm rxduk yf g/ odaYk omf tu,fíom oifonf uREykf u f kd
rowfbJ a&xJoYkd jyefvnfvw T v f ukd rf nfqykd gu aemuftcgwGif
uREfkyfonf tvGefw&m BuD;rm;aom ig;BuD;wpfaumif jzpfvm
ygvdrrhf nf/ wefz;kd vnf; rsm;pGm xdu k w f efvmygvdrrhf nf/ xdt k cgrS
oifonf uREfkyfudk zrf;qD;rnfqdkygvQif rsm;pGm tusKd;&Sdygvdrfh
rnf}} [k qdk\/
xdktcg wHigonfu ]]þodkY jzpfygvQif oihfudk uREfkyfrvTwf
Edkifawmhyg/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf BuD;rm;vmrnfjzpfaom
oifu h kd aemiftcgwGif uREykf zf rf;qD;Edik &f efrmS raocsmaomaMumifh
yifwnf;}} [lí ajymqdkvdkufav\/
✿
jcaoF h E S i f h jcif a umif
wpfaeYoü jcifwpfaumifonf
jcaoFhwpfaumif teD;odkY ysHoef;
vmNyD;vQif þodkYqdk\/
]]jcaoFBh u;D ? oifu
h u
kd REykf pf ;kd pOf; rQ
raMumufyg/ pifppftm;jzifh oif
onf uREfkyfESifh zufNydKif wdkufcdkuf
Ed k i f a vmuf a tmif pG r f ; tm;&S d o l r[k w f y g/ rd e f ; ruJ h o d k Y
vufonf;jzifh ukwfjcpfjcif;ESifh oGm;rsm; jzifh ukdufcJjcif;udkom
jyKEdkifpGrf;ol jzpfonf/ uREfkyfrSmrl oihfxuf pGrf;tm;ydkol
trSefyifjzpfonf/ oif r,HkMunfygu uREfkyf wdkufcdkufjytHh/
þodkY ajymqdkNyD;onfESifh wpfNydKifeuf jcifaumifonf w0D0D
ysHoef;NyD;vQif jcaoFh\ ESmacgif;udk ½kwfw&uf udkufcJ vdkuf\/
jcaoFhvnf; ckcHaomtm;jzifh cRefxufaom vufonf;wdkY
jzifh ukwfjcpfvdkuf\/ odkYaomf jcifaumifonf vsifjrefpGm
wdrf;a&SmifysHoef;vdkufojzifh jcifudk rxd/ rdrd\ ESmacgif;udkom
ukwfjcpfrdoGm;onf/ xdkukwfjcpfrdaom 'PfaMumifh ESmacgif;rS
aoG;rsm; ,dkpD;usvmonf/
78 urÇ m ausmf
þwGif jcifaumifonf jcaoFhxHrS atmifjrifpGm zJcGmysHoef;
vm\/ odkYysHoef;vmpOf vrf;ü olonf yifhultdrfwpfckudk
trSwfrxif 0ifa&mufwdk;rd\/ olonf qufvuf rysHoef;Edkif
awmh? yifu h t
l rd üf Niw
d ,
G u
f m yifu
h \
l tzrf;udk cHae&avonf/
xdkYaemuf tcsdeftenf;i,f twGif;yif awmbk&ifjcaoFhudk
tEdkif,lcJholonf bmrSr[kwfonfh yifhul\ udkufpm; 0g;NrdKjcif;
udk cH&avownf;/
b0if j rif h a omjrnf ;
wpf c gaomf vl w pf a ,muf

onf bk&m;½kyfwk wpfqludk jrnf;
wpfaumif\ ausmay:ü wifvsuf
NrdKUwGif;½Sd bk&m;ausmif; wpfckodkY
,laqmifomG ; \/ xdt k cg vrf;0,f
jzwfoef;oGm; vmvsuf &Sdaom
vltaygif;onf ½kyfwkudk MunfndK
aom tm;jzifh &Sdcdk; t½dktao jyKMu\/
þodkY ½kyfwkudk t½dktaojyKMuonfudk jrnf;u olYudk t½dk
taojyKonf[k xifrw S uf m [dw[ f efxw k í
f oGm;\/ xdrk Qru
aemufqHk;ü olonf tvGef b0ifjrifhoGm;avonf/ rnfonfh
t&mrqdk oloabmus jyKvkyfEdkifonf[lí ,lqvdkuf\/
xdkYaMumifh olonf ½kyfwkudk o,faqmifjcif; rjyKvdkawmh/
a&SUodkY c&D;qufí roGm;bJ ajrodkY 0yfcsvdkuf\/ þwGif
ocifjzpf olonf olYudk wkwfjzifh jyif;xefpGm ½dkufESufvsuf
]]tdk-ÓPfrJh onfh owå0grdkuf? jrnf;udk vlu t½dktaoay;½dk;
&Sdonf[lí oifonf rnfonfhtcgu Mum;zl;ygoenf;}} [k
æ
qJqdk ar;jref; vdkufav\/
80 urÇ m ausmf
jcaoF h ? jrnf ; ES i f h ajracG ;
wpf c gaomf jcaoF h ? jrnf ; ES i f h

ajracG ; wd k Y o nf awmxJ o d k Y tpm
&SmazG &ef twloGm;Muonf/ þodkY
tpm &SmazG&mü &&SdorQaom tpm
wd k Y u d k oH k ; OD ; cG J a 0,l M u&ef v nf ;
olwdkYonfoabmwlnDxm;Muonf/
rMumrD olwdkYonf tvGefw&m
BuD;rm;qlNzdK;vSonfh orifwpfaumifudk zrf;qD;&rd\/ þwGif
jcaoFhu jrnf;tm; oriftaoudk oHk;OD;twGuf cGJa0aponf/
jrnf;vnf; oHk;OD;twGuf tnDtrQyif cGJa0onf/ þuJhodkY
w&m; rQwpG m cG J a 0jcif ; ud k avmbBuD ; aom jcaoF h o nf
rESpfouf/ olonf a0pkudk jrnf;ESifh ajracG;wdkYxuf ydkí
tvdk&Sd\/ xdkYaMumifh olonf jrnf;udk csufcsif;yif tydkif;ydkif;
zpfatmif udkufowf vdkufav\/
xd k Y a emuf o l o nf ajracG ; tm; tpmud k ES p f O D ; twG u f
cGJa0 apjyef\/ ajracG;vnf; vuf&Sdtajctaeudk aumif;pGm
oHk;oyf rdojzifh olYtwGuf tenf;i,frQaom a0pkudkom
,l\/ ajrmuf jrm;pGmaom a0pkudkrl jcaoFhudk ay;\/
awmae wd & pä m ef w d k Y \ bk & if j zpf o nf h jcaoF h v nf ;
ajracG;\ tjyKtrludk vGefpGm ESpfoufjcif; jzpfrd\/ xdkYaMumifh
ol u ]]ajracG ; i,f ? oif \ jyKrl c suf o nf oif h w if h
avsmufywfvSonf/ oifonf þtjyKtrludk rnfolYxHrS
oif,lcJhygoenf;}} [k ar;jref;onf/
xdktcg ajracG;u ]]jcaoFhrif;? uREfkyfonf þtjyKtrludk
a&SUarSmufü aoqHk;vsuf&Sdonfh jrnf;xHrSyif oif,lcJhygonf}}
[lí ajzMum;vdkufav\/
82 urÇ m ausmf
&G m om;ES i f h a>r
tvGefw&m csrf;at;vSaom
nwpfnü &Gmom;wpfa,mufonf
a>rwpfaumifudk NcHpnf;½dk; wpfck
ay:ü awG U &S d a vonf / tvG e f
at;vS o nf h tat;'Pf a Mumif h
a>rrSm aotHhqJqJyif jzpfae\/
&Gmom;onf oem;Muifemaom
aMumifh a>rudk aetdrfodkY ,laqmif
oGm;\/ taEG;"mwf&ap&ef rD;vif;zdkteD;ü xm;\/
twefMumaomf a>ronf tat;'PfrS vGwu f if;um ylaEG;
vm\/ þwGif olonf olYudk u,fwifaom &Gmom;\ ZeD;ESifh
uav;i,fwdkYudk udkufavawmh\/ olwdkYvnf; aMumufvefYpGm
jzifh atmf[pf&m &Gmom;onf xdak e&modYk tjrefa&muf&v dS monf/
olonf taMumif;pHkudk od&SdonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf a>rudk
aygufcRef;jzifh wpfcsufwnf;yif ½dkufowfypfvdkufav\/
½dkufowfvdkufpOf olu ]]tdk-a>r,kwf? oifhtoufudk
u,fwifay;aom ighukd oifonf þenf;jzifh jyefvnfí aus;Zl;
qyfavoavm/ igonf oifhudk oem;ojzifh u,fwifvmonf
udk ,ckoifu ightrd o f m;wdt
Yk m; uduk af vNy/D oift
h zdYk ,ckuo
hJ Ykd
wpfcsufwnf;jzifh aoqHk;onfrSm uHaumif;vSonf/ oifhuJhodkY
,kwfrmí aus;Zl;rJholtm; wpfcsufwnf;r[kwfbJ wpdrfhpdrfh
tjypfay;&efom xdkufayonf}} [lí qJa&;ajymqdkav\/
tD p G w f y H k j yif r sm; æ 83
ra0cG J w wf a omorif
wpfcgaomf orifwpfaumif
onf a&uef w pf c k ü a&aomuf
ae\/ a&jyifonf tvGefMunfvif
aomaMumifh olYt&dyfudk aumif;pGm
jrifae&\/ þwGif olonf olt Y &dyf
udk aocsmpGmMunhfvsuf -
]]ig\ OD;csKrd sm;onftvGewf &m
vSy\/ ,if;wdkYonf ezl;rS wifhw,fpGm xdk;xGufvsuf&Sdojzifh
ig\rsuEf mS onf tvGe½f cI sipf zG,f jzpf&ayawmhonf/ od&Yk mwGif
ig\ ajcaxmufwdkYonfum; wkwfacsmif;uJhodkY BuHKvSD\/
ao;i,f \/ t½k y f q d k ; vS \ / þtusnf ; wef a om
ajcaxmufrsm; &Sdae jcif;onf ightzdkY &SufzG,faumif;avpG}}
[k OD;csKdudk csD;rGef;í ajcaxmufrsm;udk uJh&JU\/
xdktcdkuf rkqdk;tcsKdUESifh trJvdkufacG;wdkY\ toHrsm;udk
Mum;& onf/ orifonf aMumufvefYpGmjzifh xGufajy;\/
olonf awmeufxJodkY 0ifa&mufykef;atmif;&ef ajy;0if\/
xd k t cg ol \ tcRef t aumuf r sm;jzif h twd N yD ; aeonf h
OD;csKw
d o
Ykd nf csKEH ,
G rf sm; ESihf Niwd ,
G af eMu&m xdak e&mrS ra&GU&Sm;Edik f
jzpf a e\/ rnf o d k Y y if ½k e f ; uef u m vG w f a jrmuf & ef
84 urÇ m ausmf
tm;xkwfaomfvnf; r&/ aemufrS vdkufvmMuaom rkqdk;ESifh
trJvdkufacG;rsm;\ vufwGif;odkY usqif;&avonf/ olYudk
trJ v d k u f a cG ; rsm;u ud k u f c J M uonf / rk q d k ; rsm;uvnf ;
½dkufESufMuonf/
orifonf jyif;jyaom a0'emudk cHpm;vsuf aotHhqJqJ
&Sd&mrS þodkY aemifw&pGmjzifh jrnfwrf;avonf/
]]igonf rdkufrJvSygbd/ ightm; þtjzpfodkY a&mufatmif
zefwD;aom aorif;um; ig*kPf,l csD;rGrf;cJhaom OD;csKdwdkYom
jzpfawmhonf/ ig½Iwfcs uJh&JUcJhaom ajcaxmufwdkYonfomvQif
ighudk ab;'ku©rS u,fwifEdkifaom toufocif jzpfawmhonf
wum;/}}
acG ; oef ; i,f
wpfaeYoü acG;oef;wpfaumif
onf vlwpfa,mufudk txyfxyf
udkufcJ\/ tudkufcH&olonf rcH
r&yfEdkif/ acG;oef;udk &SmazG zrf;qD;
onf/ rMumrD zrf;rdoGm;onf/
xd k o l o nf acG ; oef ; i,f u d k
vufjzifn h p§ í
f owfrnfjyK&mrS ]]td-k
rdkufrJaom owå0gi,f? oifonf ighudk raxrJhjrifjyKayonf
wum;}} [lí pdwfqdk;rmefqdk;jzifh ajymqdk\/
acG;oef;i,fvnf; aMumuf&GHUpGmjzifh ]]t&Sif? tuREfkyfudk
rowfygESifh/ tuREfkyf\ toufudk csrf;omay;yg/ uREfkyfonf
tvGefw&mao;i,faom owå0grQom jzpfygonf/ t&Sifhtm;
BuD;pGmaom ab;Oy'fudk ay;Edkifol r[kwfyg}} [k awmif;yef
ajymqdk\/
þwGif tudu k cf &H olu ]][,f-owå0grdu k ?f ightzdYk tEÅ&m,f
qdok nfrmS tBu;D ti,f y"mer[kw/f ighu, kd af y:odYk qdu k af &muf
jcif;omvQif y"mejzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh oifhudk igonf csrf;om
ray;Edkifyg}} [lí ajymqdkvdkufav\/
86 urÇ m ausmf
'&,f E S i f h pyspf c sKH
wpfcgaomf rkq;kd wpfou kd o
f nf
'&,fwpfaumifudk vdkufvH zrf;qD;
\/ '&,f v nf ; ol w d k Y & ef r S
vGwfajrmuf&ef vsifjrefpGm xGuf
ajy;\/ pyspfcsKHEG,fMum;ü wdk;0if
ykef;atmif;ae\/
rkq;kd wdv
Yk nf; rsujf cnfjywfomG ;
onf/ '&,fudk &SmazGjcif;rjyKawmhbJ pyspfcsKHEG,fudk ausmfvGef
oGm;Mu\/ '&,fonf rkqdk;wdkY ausmfvGefoGm;onfudk awGUaom
tcg olYtzdkY ab;uif;oGm;NyD[k ,lqrd\/ xdkYaMumifh olonf
at;csr;f pGmjzifh pyspn f eG w
Yf u
Ykd kd udu
k jf zwf pm;aomufaeavawmh
\/
xdt k cdu
kd f rkq;kd wdo Yk nf xdak e&modYk wpfzef jyefvnfa&muf&dS
vmonf/ '&,f\ udkufjzwfpm;aomufrIaMumifh pyspfcsKHEG,f
vIy&f mS ;aeonfukd awGU&S&d av\/ þwGif rkq;kd wpfa,mufonf
pyspcf sKx
H 0J ,f wpfpw kH pf&maom om;aumif &S&d rnf[k rSe;f qNy;D
vQif jrm;jzifh ypfvu kd \ f / jrm;vnf; '&,f\ uk, d u
f kd wnfrh wfpmG
xdrSefoGm;avonf/
xdt k cg '&,fonf jrm;'Pfukd cHpm;vsuf aotHrh ;l rl; &S&d mrS
]]igonf ig\ tumtuG,fjzpfaom pyspfnGeYfwdkudk zsufqD;
pm;aomufavojzifh þodYk jzpf&ayonfwum;}} [lí aemifw
&pGmjzifh nnf;nLajymqdkvdkufav\/
Nrd K U<uuf E S i f h awm<uuf
wpffaeYoü awmwGifaexdkif
aom <uufwpfaumifxo H Ykd NrKd UwGif
aexdik af om <uufwpfaumifonf
tvnf t ywf a&muf & S d v m\/
olwdkYonf i,fpOfu upm;zuf
taqGcifyGef;rsm; jzpfcJhMuonf/
awm<uufonf taqGcifyeG ;f
jzpfaom NrdKU<uufudk olU0,f&Sdaom taumif;qHk; tpm;tpm
rsm;jzifh auR;arG; {nhcf &H mS onf/ NrKd U<uufonf t&omESihf jynhpf kH
vSonfh NrKd UrS tpm;tpmwdu Yk okd m pm;aomufavh&o dS l jzpfonf/
awm<uuf auR;arG;{nfch o H nfh tpm;tpmwdu Yk kd rESpof ufEikd b f J
&Sdavonf/ xdkYaMumifh olu awm<uuftm; -
]]taqG? oifonf þpdkpGwfat;jrvSonfh v,fuGif;&Sd
wGif;xJü aexdkifjcif;jzifh rnfuJhodkY tusKd;&Sdygrnfenf;/ ,ckyif
uREfkyfESifh NrdKUodkYvdkufí aexdkifygavmh/ NrdKUwGif aexdkifygu
oifonf vGefpGm teHYt&omESifh jynfhpHkaom tpm;tpmwdkYudk
vnf; pm;aomuf&rnf/ cefn Y m;x,f0gvSaom taqmufttHk
üvnf; aexdkif&rnf}} [k qdk\/
awm<uufonf NrdfKU<uuf\ ajymqdkcsufudk ESpfoufrdonf/
xdn k rSmyif NrKd U<uufEiS t
hf wl NrKd UodYk vdu
k o
f mG ;av\/ rMumrD olwYkd
88 urÇ m ausmf
ESpfOD;onf NrdKU<uufaexdkif&m tdrfodkY acsmarmpGm a&muf&Sdvm
Muonf/
awm<uufvnf; NrdfKU<uufaexdkif&m tdrfwGif tppt&m&m
vdkavao;r&Sd crf;em;jynhfpHk aeonfudk awGU&Sd&onf/
olonf vSyaom aumfaZmBuD;wpfckay:wGif xdkufvsuf
tdrfom;rsm;\ eHeufpmtzdkY jyifqifxm;onfh pm;aomufzG,f
rsKd;pHkwdkYudk pm;aomuf&ygonf/ rsm;pGmyif tm;&auseyfjcif;
jzpfrd\/
odkYaomf olYcrsm wm&Snf 0rf;romEdkif&Smay/ rMumrDyif
olwdkYonf tcef;wHcg; zGifhvdkufoHudk Mum;vdkuf&onf/ ra&S;
raESmif;yif acG;BuD;oHk;aumifwkdY [def;a[mifvsuf olwdkYxHodkY
ajy;vmMuonfudk awGU&onf/ olwdkYESpfOD;onf aMumufvefYpGm
jzifh xGuaf jy;Mu\/ vufrwifuav;yif toufab;rS csr;f om
&m &&SdoGm;Muavonf/
þwGif awm<uufonf oufrudk csvsuf NrdKU<uuftm;
]]taqG? oifaexdkif&m NrdKUay:&Sd tdrfudk igonf rESpfoufEdkif
awmhyg/ pifppfaomfum; ightzdkY þtdrfwGif ae&jcif;xuf
v,fuGufxJ&Sd qif;&JvSaom wGif;xJü ae&jcif;u ydkrdkí vHkNcHK
at;csrf;um ab;uif;vSygayonfwum;}} [lí qdkvdkufav
ownf;/
r,m;ES p f a ,muf E S i f h v l
wpf & H a &mtcg vl w pf a ,muf ü

r,m;ESpfa,muf&Sd\/ xdkr,m; ESpf
a,mufteuf r,m;BuD;rSm touf
t&G,f Bu;D &ifo h l jzpfonf/ r,m;i,frmS
rl tvGefw&m toufi,fvSonfh 17
ESpforD; t&G,fomjzpfonf/
r,m;BuD;onf cifyGef;jzpfoludk rsm;pGm cspfjrwfEdk;\/
ol o nf t0wf t pm;ud k vS y aooyf p G m 0wf q if o nf /
xd k Y a emuf cif y G e f ; onf pd w f c srf ; omap&ef wwf E d k i f o rQ
aqmif&Gufay;avh &dSonf/
r,m;BuD ; uJ h o d k Y y if r,m;i,f u vnf ; cif y G e f ; onf u d k
rsm;pGm cspfjrwfEdk;ol jzpf\/ wpfaeYoü olonf cifyGef;onf\
OD ; acgif ; ü qH y if r sm; wjznf ; jznf ; jzLpjyKvmonf u d k
owdxm;rd\/ xdktcg olonf pdwfroufrom jzpfrd\/
tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf cifyGef;onf\ OD;acgif;ü qHyifjzLrsm;
&Sdaejcif;onf cifyGef;onf jzpfolu olYxuf toufrsm;pGm
ydkí BuD;aeaMumif; azmfjyonf ESifh wlaomaMumifhjzpf\/
xdkYaMumifh olonf cifyGef;onfü qHyif teufrsm;om &Sdjcif;jzifh
EkysKdol wpfa,mufyrm jzpfvmap&ef jyK\/ olonf aeYpOfyif
90 urÇ m ausmf
cifyGef;jzpfol\ qHyifwdkYudk NzD;oyf[ef jyKvsuf qHyifjzLwdkYudk
Ekwfypf\/
þuJhodkY cifyGef;onfü qHyifjzLwdkY &Sdaejcif;rSm r,m;
i,f twGuf pdwfroufrom jzpfapaomfvnf; r,m;BuD;
twGufrSm rl 0rf;ajrmufjcif;udk jzpfap\/ tb,fhaMumifh
qdkaomf xdkqHyif jzLwdkY &Sdjcif;jzifh cifyGef;onfrSm olYuhJodkYyif
touft&G,f BuD;&ifh aeaMumif; azmfjyonfESifh wlaom
aMumifhyif/ xdkYaMumifh olonf cifyGef;onfü qHyifjzLwdkYom
&Sad eap&ef jyKjyefonf/ olonf ol\ &ifciG Mf um;ü cifyeG ;f jzpfol
tdyfaysmfaeaom tcsdefwdkYwGif qHyifeufwdkYudk tpOfEkwfypf
avh&Sd\/
þuJhodkY qHyifwdkYudk EkwfMu&mwGif olwdkYonf wpfOD;udk
wpfOD; today;jcif; r&Sd/ tcGifh&wdkif; olwpfrsKd; igwpfzHk
Ekwfy,fMu\/ odkYjzifh aemufqHk;ü cifyGef;jzpfol\ OD;acgif;wGif
qHyif[lí wpfyifrQ r&Sdawmh/ olonf xdyfajymifb0odkY
ul;ajymif;oGm;& &Smavownf;/
qd w f i ,f E S i f h 0H y k a vG
wpf & H a &mtcg qd w f i ,f

wpfaumifonf jrufyifESifh tjcm;
tyifrsm; aygufvsuf&Sdaom tdrf
acgifrdk;ay:odkY wuf\/ tay:odkY
a&mufaomf tyifi,frsm;\ tnGefY
twufrsm;udk udkufjzwf pm;aomuf
onf/ xdkpOf olonf vrf;ay:rS
jzwfoGm;aom 0HykavGwpfaumifudk vSrf;jrif\/
qdwfi,fonf 0HykavG olYudk rrDEdkif[k odojzifh vSrf;í
ajymifavSmif oa&mfvdkufavonf/ xdktcg 0HykavGonf olYudk
armfí MunhfNyD;vQif ]]tdk qdwfi,f? toif\ ajymifavSmifcsuf
udk uREfkyfMum;yg\/ odkY&mwGif ,ckuJhodkY jyKrl0HhonfrSm oifudk,f
wdkif\ tpGrf;owåd r[kwf/ oifwufa&mufvsuf&Sdaom tdrf
acgifrdk;\ tpGrf;owådom jzpfawmhonf}} [k a0zef ajymqdk
vdkufav\/
92 urÇ m ausmf
awmacgif ; ES i f h jcaoF h
wpfaeYoü jcaoFhwpfaumif
onf awmacgif; wpfa,muf\
aetd r f a &S U rS jzwf o ef ; oG m ;pOf
awmacgif;\ orD;i,fukd awGUjrif
oGm;\/ awmacgif;\ orD;i,frf mS
tvGew f &m vSyojzifh jcaoFo h nf
cspfBudKufrdavonf/
xd k Y a Mumif h ol o nf awmacgif ; &S d & mod k Y csOf ; uyf v suf
]]taqG awmacgif;? uREfkyfonf oif\ orD;i,fudk rsm;pGm
cspfjrwfEdk;rd onf/ uREkfyfESifh vufxyf&ef cGifhjyKygavmh}} [lí
ajymqdkonf/
awmacgif;vnf; jcaoFh\ pum;udkMum;aomf rsm;pGm
tHhMo oGm;onf/ olonf csufcsif;yif jiif;y,fvdkufrnf jyK\/
odkYaomf xdkodkY jiif;y,fvdkufygu om;&JwdkY\ bk&ifjzpfaom
jcaoFhonf trsufxGufum olYudk &efrlrnfudk owd& pdk;&drfrd\/
odkYjzpfí olonf jcaoFhtm; ]]tdk-jcaoFhrif;? oifhudkuREfkyf
orD;i,fESifh vufxyf&ef cGifhjyKygrnf/ odkY&mwGif uREfkyf\
orD;i,frSm tvGef w&m i,f&G,fEke,fol jzpfojzifh oif\
xufpGmaom oGm;rsm;ESifh ajconf;vufonf;wdkYudk aMumuf&GHU
vsuf &Sdawmhrnf/ xdkYaMumifh vufrxyfrD oif\ oGm;rsm;ESifh
ajconf ; vuf o nf ; wd k Y u d k Ek w f y ,f y pf y gOD ; avmh } } [l í
y&d,m,fjzifh qdk\/
jcaoF h r vnf ; rpd w f rT e f a eaomaMumif h taxG t xl ;
pOf;pm; awG;awmjcif; rjyK/ ol\ oGm;rsm;ESiahf jconf;vufonf;
wdkYudk rqdkif;rwGyif Ekwfy,fypfvdkufavonf/ þwGif olonf
&ef o l u d k &ef r rl E d k i f o nf h tjzpf o d k Y a&muf & S d o G m ;av&m
awmacgif;onf olYudk tvG,fwulyif owfypfvdkufavonf/
94 urÇ m ausmf
rmeBuD ; aom zm;rBuD ;
wpfaeYoü EGm;xD;wpfaumif
onf v,fuGif;wpfckxJü vSnhf
vnf jrufpm;aepOf zm;i,fwpfpk
tm; ajcjzifh eif;rdoGm;\/ zm;i,f
wpfaumifvnf; aoqHk;oGm;av
\/ xdktcg usefzm;i,fwdkYonf
aMumufvefYpGmjzifh rdcif zm;rBuD;
&Sd&modkY ajy;oGm;MuNyD;vQif taMumif;pHk ajymjyMuonf/ þrQ
avmuf BuD;rm;vSaom owå0gudk olwdkYtzdkY wpfoufwmwGif
þwpfBudrfomvQif jrifzl;aMumif; ajymjyMuavonf/
xd k t cg zm;rBuD ; onf ol \ 0rf ; Ad k u f u d k azmif ; <u

atmifjyK vsuf ]]oifwdkYjrifcJhaom owå0gonf þrQavmuf
BuD;rm;yg oavm}} [k ar;\/
zm;i,f w d k Y u vnf ; ]]þrQru BuD ; rm;ygonf } } [k

qdkMu\/
zm;rBuD;vnf; 0rf;Adkufudk wdk;í azmif;<uatmif jyK
vk y f u m ]]þrQavmuf BuD ; rm;ygoavm}} [k xyf í
ar;\/
þwGif zm;i,fwdkYu ]]rdcif? oif\ 0rf;Adkufonf azmif;<u
vGef;í aygufuGJvQifom aygufuGJoGm;&rnf/ uREfkyfwdkY jrifcJh&
aom owå0gavmufum; oifonf rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ BuD;rm;
Edkifrnf r[kwfyg}} [k qdkMuavonf/
zm;rBu;D um; zm;i,fwYkd pum;udk rem,l/ Bu;D rm;aom uk,d f
tjzpfodfkY a&muf&Sdvmapjcif;iSm ol\ 0rf;Adkuf qxufwdk;í
azmif;<uvmap&efudkom jyK\/ xdkYaMumifh aemufqHk;ü 0rf;Adkuf
aygufuGJum aoqHk;oGm;avownf;/
96 urÇ m ausmf
,morm;ES i f h a >r
wpfaeYoü ,morm;wpfa,muf
\ om;i,f u d k a>rwpf a umif u
udkufcJvdkufonf/ uav;i,fvnf;
xdak >rudu
k af om 'Pf&mESiyhf if aoqH;k
oGm;&&Smavonf/
xdktcg zcifjzpfolonf om;i,f
twGurf sm;pGm ylaqG;jcif;jzpfro
d nfEiS hf
trQ a>rudkvnf; rsm;pGm trsufxGufrd\/ xdkYaMumifh olonf
a>rudk ckwfowftHh[lí a>rykef;atmif;&m wGif;0ü ykqdefudk
udkifvsuf apmifhae\/
twefMumí a>ronf wGif;xJrS xGufay:vmonfwGif
,morm;onf ykqdefjzifh ckwfvdkuf\/ odkYaomf olonf a>r\
ukd,fudk rckwfrd? tNrD;zsm;udkom ckwfrdonf/
a>ronf tNrD; jywfoGm;aomfvnf; touf raoay/
xdkYaMumifh olonf wGif;xJodkY vsifjrefpGm ajy;0if ykef;atmif;
ae vdu k \
f / ,morm;vnf; 'kw, d tBurd f ckwof wf&ef wGi;f 0ü
apmifhjyef\/ odkYaomf onftBudrfwGifum; a>ronf wGif;xJrS
xGufrvmawmhay/
þwGif ,morm;u ]]taqG a>ri,f? igonf oihfudk
&efrjyK awmhyg/ taqGcifyGef;uJhodkYom oabmxm;ygrnf/
xdkYaMumifh at;csrf;pGmjzifh wGif;xJrS xGufíom vmygawmh}}
[lí y&d,m,f jzifh qdkavonf/
xdt k cg a>ru ]]td.k ..,morm;? om; aoqH;k aom oifEiS hf
tNrD;qHk;½IH;aom igwdkYESpfOD;tzdkY tb,frSmvQif taqGcifyGef;
jzpf E d k i f M uawmh y gtH h e nf ; }} [l í wG i f ; xJ r S vS r f ; vsuf
jyefvnf ajymqdkvdkufav\/
98 urÇ m ausmf
ol c d k ; ES i f h a cG ; vd r ® m
wpfckaom nwpfnü olcdk;

wpfa,mufonf tdrfwpftdrfodkY
xdk;,l&ef 0ifa&muf\/ tdrfapmifh
acG;onf cRwfeif; 0ifvmaom
olcdk;udk jrifvQif us,favmifpGm
[def;a[mifonf/
olcdk;onf acG;a[mifoHaMumifh tdrfol tdrfom;wdkY Edk;í
rdrd tBuHysufrnfudk pdk;&drfojzifh toifh ,laqmifvmaom
trJwHk; udk acG;xHodkY ypfay;vdkuf\/
odkY&mwGif acG;onf olxifouJhodkY r[kwf/ trJudk tpm;/
tvGefw&m a'goxGufpGmjzifh þodkY qdkav\/
]]tdk-olcdk;? igonf oihfudk ,cifu vlqdk;wpfa,muf[lí
xif½o kH m xifco hJ nf/ ,ck ightm; trJjzifh vmbfx;kd í Ekwq f w
d f
&ef jyKral om tcgüum; oifonftrSeyf if vlq;kd olc;kd jzpfaMumif;
xif&mS ;pGm od&&dS avNy/D a&SUodYk tenf;i,frQ rwd;k ygESi/hf igonf
ighocif wm0efay;xm;aom tdrfapmifhwm0efudk ausyGefpGm
aqmif&Gufaomtm;jzifh qufvufí [def;a[mifygtHh}}
þodkY qdkNyD;vQif acG;onf tqufrjywf us,favmifpGm
[def;a[mif aeavownf;/
✪
od k ; ES i f h 0 uf
wpfaeYoü od;k trsm; usupf m;&m

t&yfodkY 0ufwpfaumif trSwfrxif
a&muf&Sdvm\/ xdktcg odk;ausmif;
om;onf 0ufudk zrf;qD;NyD;aemuf
om;owform;&Sd&modkY ,laqmifrnf
jyK\/ 0ufvnf; odk;ausmif;om;\
vufrS vGwf&ef aMumufvefYwMum;
[pfatmf ½kef;uefonf/
xdt
k jcif;t&mudk jrifaomf od;k rsm;onf olx Y H csO;f uyfvsuf
]]tcsi;f 0uf? igwdu Yk vkd nf; od;k ausmif;om;onf þodYk rMumrMum
zrf;qD;í ac:aqmifavh&Sdygonf/ odkYaomf igwdkYum; [pfatmf
½kef;uefjcif; rjyKyg/ toifrlum; tjzpfonf; vSonfwum;}}
[lí jypfwif ajymqdkMu\/
þwGif 0ufu ]]tcsi;f wdYk ightjzpfEiS hf oifwt Ykd jzpfrmS rsm;pGm
rS uGmjcm;vSygonf/ oifwdkYudk odk;ausmif;om; ac:aqmifjcif;
rSm oifwdkY tarT;rsm;udk jzwfawmuf &,l&efom jzpfonf/
xdaYk Mumifh oifwrYkd mS tEÅ&m,fr&S/d ,ck ighuu kd m; od;k ausmif;om;
onf owfí tom;udk &,l&eftwGuf ac:aqmifjcif;jzpfonf/
xdkYaMumifh igonf r[pfatmfbJ? r½kef;uefbJ raeEkdifyg}} [lí
jyefvnf ajymqdkvdkufav\/
✪
100 urÇ m ausmf
ynm&S d a om jcaoF h
wpfaeYoü jcaoFw h pfaumifonf

EGm;i,fwpfaumifudk zrf;qD; udkuf
owf \ / ol o nf EG m ;ao teD ; ü
&yf v suf pm;aomuf r nf jyK\/
xd k t cd k u f ol c d k ; wpf a ,muf o nf
½kwfw&uf a&muf&Sdvmonf/ ]]tdk-
jcaoFh? uREfkyftm; tpmwpf0ufudk
ay;yg}} [lí awmif;qdkonf/
xdktcg jcaoFhu ]]taqG? oifonf oifydkifqdkifaom t&m
r[kwfygbJvsuf vdkcsifwyfruf &SdvGef;vSonf/ xdkYaMumifh
oiht
f m; ightpmudk vH;k 0 ray;Edik yf g}} [lí jiif;qdv
k u
kd af vonf/
olcdk;vnf; tpmudk r&bJ jcaoFhtyg;rS xGufcGmoGm;&
av onf/ rMumrD tjcm;olwpfa,mufonf xdkae&modkY
jzwfoef; a&muf&vdS m\/ xdo
k rl mS ½d;k om; ajzmifrh wfojl zpfonf/
tpm pm;rnf j yKaom jcaoF h u d k jrif a omtcg ol o nf
pum; wpfcGef;rQ rqdkbJ odrfarGUpGmjzifh tjcm;wpfae&mrS
vSnhfoGm;rnf jyK\/
xd k t cg jcaoF h o nf xd k o l Y u d k vS r f ; ac:vd k u f o nf /

xdkYaemuf olu ]]taqG? a&SUodkY wdk;í vmygavmh/ uREfkyfonf
oif \ od r f a rG U aom tjyKtrl E S i f h rd r d r yd k i f a om t&mud k
vd k c sif w yf r uf jcif ; r&S d o nf h pd w f " mwf w d k Y u d k rsm;pG m rS
ESpfoufvSygonf/ xdkYaMumifh oifhtm; uREfkyfydkifaom tpmrS
a0pkudk ay;ygtHh}} [k qdkNyD;vQif xuf0ufaom EGm;aoudk
xdkoltm; ay;vdkufav ownf;/
102 urÇ m ausmf

vrif ; ES i f h rd c if
wpfaeYoü vrif;onf rdcif

jzpfolxH csOf;uyfvsuf olYtwGuf
tusÐwpfxnf csKyfvkyfay;&ef ajym
qdk\/
xdktcg rdcifu ]]ighom; onf
wpf c sd e f ü vqef ; jzpf a omf v nf ;
tjcm;wpfcsed üf rlvjynhaf eYjzpfaewwf
onf/ xdkYjyif tcsKdUtcsdefrsm;üvnf; vqkwfjzpfwwf ao;&m
tarh t zd k Y tod k Y v Qif igh o m;ES i f h oih f a wmf r nf h tusÐ u d k
csKyfvkyf ay;EdkifygtHhenf;}} [lí jyefvnf ajymqdkvdkufav\/

pOf ; pm;ÓPf r &S d a om '&,f
wpf a eY o ü jcaoF h w pf a umif

onf emruse;f jzpfaeojzifh tjyifoYkd
xGufí tpm&SmazGjcif; rjyKEdkifay/
xdkYaMumifh olonf taqGcifyGef;jzpf
aom ajracG;tm; ]]taqG? reD;ra0;
t&yfrS BuD;rm;0NzdK;aom '&,fBuD;
wpfaumif &Sdygonf/ olYudk ighxHodkY
a&muf&Sdvm&ef jzm;a,mif; ac:aqmifcJhyg/ igonf olYudk
udkufowfí olYtonf;ESvHk;ESifh OD;aESmufwdkYudk pm ;aomufvdk
ygonf}} [k ajymqdk\/
ajracG;vnf; '&,f&&dS m t&yfoYkd xGucf mG vmNy;D vQif vSnjfh zm;
ajymqdk\/
]]taqG '&,f? uREfkyfwdkY wd&pämefrsm;\ bk&ifjcaoFh
rif; rusef;rrm jzpfaeonfudk oif todyif r[kwfygavm/
,ck ol o nf a&m*grouf o mojzif h aotH h r l ; rl ; jzpf a e
ygonf/ olu oifhudk jrwfEdk;ojzifh olYae&mwGif qufvufí
bk&iftjzpf vkyfudkif&ef vTJtyfcJhygonf/ oifonf tvGefw&m
uHxl;ol jzpfygonf/ uREfkyfonf oifhtwGuf owif;aumif;
Mum;&ojzifh vma&muf ajymqdkjcif; jzpfygonf/ ,ckyif
olxH uREfkyf jyefoGm; &ygOD;rnf/ oifonf uREfkyfESifhtwl olYxH
104 urÇ m ausmf

vd k u f y goif h y gonf / oif o nf ol Y a e&mud k quf c H r nf h
yk*¾Kdvfjzpfojzifh olaoonf txd tem;wGif &Sdaeoifhygonf/
}}
'&,fonf ajracG;\ vSnhfpm; ajymqdkcsufwdkYudk ,HkMunf
rd\/ xdkYaMumifh jcaoFhxH ajracG;ESifh twl vdkufygoGm;onf/
jcaoFhvnf; rdrdteD;odkY '&,fa&muf&SdvmonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf
ckefí zrf;qD;vdkuf\/ odkYaomf '&,fonf vQifjrefpGm qkwfcGm
wdr;f a&Smifvu kd o f jzifh em;&Guw
f pfzufuo kd m tenf;i,f ukwzf hJ
rd\/ '&,fvnf; xGufajy; vGwfajrmufoGm;avonf/
jcaoFo h nf vGepf mG qmavmifrw G o
f yd af eojzifh ajracG;tm;
'kwd,tBudrf '&,fudk vSnhfjzm; ac:,lcJhyg&ef ajymqdk\/
ajracG;u ]]taqG? þtBurd üf rl '&,fukd aoG;aqmifí &Edik rf nf
rxifyg/ odaYk omf &Syd gap/ uREykf f BuKd ;pm;Munhyf gOD;rnf}} [k qdu
k m
'&,fxH xGufcGmvm\/
'&,fonf ajracG;udk jrifonfwGif ]]tdk-ajracG;rdkuf? ighxH
vSnhfjzm;&ef vmao;oavm/ ,ckyif xGufcGmoGm;avmh/
odkYr[kwfu oifhudk igonf OD;csKdjzifh a0SUcwftHh}} [lí ajymqdk
vdkuf\/
ajracG ; u £a`E´ r ysuf y if vS n h f j zm; ajymqd k j yef \ /
]]taqG? oifonf vGefpGm ol&Jabmenf;oljzpfonf/ jcaoFhu
oif h t m; raorD ajymqd k r S m xm;&ef &S d o jzif h tem;od k Y
uyfí ajymqdrk mS Mum; rnfjyKpOf oifu xGuaf jy;cJo h nf/ taqG?

ol&Jabm enf;olyrm jyKrlraeygESifh/ wpfzefjyefvmí oif\
owå d E S i f h t&nf t csif ; wd k Y u d k jyvS n h f y g/ od k Y r [k w f y gu
jcaoF h o nf oif h t pm; 0H y k a vG tm; bk & if &mxl ; ud k
ay;tyfvrd rhf nf/ taqG? bmrS rpd;k &drf ygESi/hf jcaoFo h nf oihu f kd
vH k ; 0 &ef & S m rnf r [k w f a Mumif ; uREf k y f uwd a y;ygonf /
uREfkyfudkvnf; oif\ uRef,Hktjzpf ,HkMunf pdwfcsxm;yg}}
'&,fonf pOf;pm; qifjcifjcif; uif;rJhvSonf/ ajracG;
pum;udk ,HkMunfum jcaoFhxH xyfrHoGm;\/ þtBudrfürlum;
jcaoFhonf '&,fudk rvGwfwrf; zrf;qD;um udkufowfvdkufav
\/
xdkYaemuf olonf qmavmif rGwfodyfpGmjzifh '&,f\
tonf;ESvHk;udk azmufí pm;onf/ ajracG;vnf; wpfzufrSae
í '&,f\ OD;aESmufwu Ykd kd jcaoFt
h vpfü cd;k ,lum 0Sux f m;vdu k f
avonf/
jcaoFhonf '&,f\ tonf;ESvHk;wdkYudk pm;aomufNyD;aom
tcg OD;aESmufudk pm;rnfjyK\/ odkYaomf OD;aESmufudk rawGU&
awmhay/ olonf ae&mtESH OD;aESmufufdk vdkufvH &SmazG\/
xdt
k jcif;t&mudk ajracG;u jrifavaomf ]]td-k taqG? '&,f
\ OD;aESmufudk &SmazGaeí awGUEdkifrnf r[kwfyg/ jcaoFh&Sd&m
t&yfodkY ESpfBudrfwdkifwdkif vma&mufaom owå0gü tb,frSm
vQif OD;aESmuf[lí &SdEdkifygtHhenf;}} [lí ajymqdkvdkufav
ownf;/
✬
106 urÇ m ausmf
ES i f ; qD y if E S i f h yef ; ajcmuf y if
wpf&Ha&mtcg O,smOfwpfck
twGif;ü yef;ajcmufyif wpfyif
ESifh ESif;qDyif wpfyifwdkYonf
a0qmpGm zl;yGifhvsuf &SdMu\/
ES i f ; qD y G i f h w d k Y o nf tvG e f
w&m vS y arT ; Bud K if v S o nf /
yef;ajcmufyifwkdY rlum; &eHY r&Sd
ay/ wpfaeYwGif yef;ajcmufyifu ESif;qDyiftm; þodkY qdk\/
]]taqG? oifhtyGifhwdkUonf uREfkyftzdkY remvdkjcif; jzpf&
avmufatmifyif vSvnf;vSonf/ arT;vnf;arT;\/ xdkYaMumifh
vnf; oihfudk wpfavmuvHk;u jrwfEdk;Muayonf wum;/
xdtk cg ESi;f qDyifu ]]td-k taqG? uREykf \ f tyGiwhf o
Ykd nf vSy
arT;BudKifonfum; rSef\/ odkYaomf xdktvS xdk&eHYwdkYrSm wpffcP
rQom jzpfygonf/ tcsdef tenf;i,ftwGif; olwdkYtm;vHk;
aoGUajcmuf EGr;f e,fum ysuq f ;D jcif;odYk a&muf&&Smonf r[kwyf g
avm/ oiftzdkYrlum; oif\ tyGifhwdkYonf cl;jzwfjcif; jyKonfh
wdkif EGrf;e,f ysufqD;jcif;r&Sd/ umv&SnfMumpGm wnfNrJvsuf
&Sdygonf}} [lí 0rf;enf;pGmjzifh jyefvnf ajymqdkvdkufav
ownf;/
✪

txif B uD ; aomacG ;
wpfaeYoü acG;wpfaumifonf
0H y k a vG w pf a umif \ aemuf o d k Y
jyif ; xef a om t[k e f j zif h ajy;í
vdkuf\/ xdkodkYvdkufpOf olonf ol\
uk d , f u d k rsm;pG m txif B uD ; vsuf
&Sdonf/
]]igonf tvG e f a wmf o l
ygwum;/ ig\ ajcvufwdkYrSmvnf; tvGefoefpGrf;í oefrmvS
ygbd/ 0Hyak vGrmS rl tvGeof em;zG,&f maumif;aom owå0grQom
jzpfacsonf/ ,ck ighudk rzufNydKif0Hhojzifh tpGrf;ukef xGufajy;
vsuf &SdacsNyD}} [lí olonf pdwfxJü qdkum yDwdjzpfvsuf &Sd\/
þwGif 0Hyak vGonf acG;\ tuJukd cwfro d jzifh ajy;vsu&f dS
&mrS jyefvnf wpfcsufvSnhfum ]]tdk-rdwfaqGBuD;? oihfudk
aMumufvefYaomaMumifh uREfkyfajy;aeonf[k rxifygESifh/
uREykf af Mumuf&UHG aom olum; oifr[kw/f oifah emufrS vdu k v
f m
aom oifh ocifrkqdk;om jzpfygonf}} [kk ajymqdkvdkufav\/
108 urÇ m ausmf

c&morm;
wpf & H a &mtcg ppf y G J w pf c k ü
c&mrIwfaom c&morm;wpfOD;onf
&efol\ zrf;qD;jcif;udk cH&av\/
&efolwdkYonf olYudk owf&ef trdefY
csrSwfí pDpOfvsuf&SdMu\/
xdktcg aoab;udk xdwfvefY
vsuf&Sdaom c&morm;onf &efol
ppfom;wdkYtm; awmif;yef\/
]]tcsif;wdkY? ighudk rowfygvifh/ igonf ighvufjzifh wpfpHk
wpfa,muf\ aoG;wpfpufudkrQ ajrodkY usapcJhonfr[kwf/
vufeuf[lívnf; ighü bmwpfckrQ r&Sd/ igonf c&mudkom
udkifí tcsufus rIwf&olrQom jzpfygonf/ ighudk rowfxdkuf
yg}}/
þwGif olYbufrS ppfom;wdkYu ]]tdk-c&morm;? oifonf
oif\ vufjzifh wpfpHkwpfa,mufudkrQ rowfjzwfonfum;
rSef\/ odkYaomf oifonf oif\ c&moHjzifh ppfonf taygif;wdkY
tm; pdwf"mwf wuf<uapvsuf igwdkYudk acsrIef;wdkufcdkuf&ef
txl;tm;ay;cJo h l jzpfonf/ pifppf oifonf ta&;Bu;D qH;k aom
olyif jzpfawmhonfwum;}} [k jyefvnf ajymqdkMuav\/
✪
jrnf ; ES i f h a cG ;
wpf&Ha&mtcg jrnf;wpfaumif
onf aygifrek rYf sm;udk ausmuke;f ay:ü
wif a qmif N yD ; vQif BuD ; rm;aom
acG;BuD;wpfaumifESifhtwl c&D;&Snf
wpfckudk twl oGm;\/
c&D; twefaygufvQif ESpaf umif
pvH;k yif tawmfarmyef;í qmavmif
rGwfodyfvmMu\/ xdktcg jrnf;onf acwå &yfem;NyD;vQif
vrf;ab;ü aygufaeaom jrufyifi,fwdkYudk pm;\/
tazmfjzpfaom acG;onf jrnf; pm;aomufaeonfudk
jrifaomtcg wdk;íyif qmavmif rGwfodyfvm\/ xdkYaMumifh
jrnf;\ ausmukef;ay:wGif wifaqmifvmaom aygifrkefYrsm;
teufrS tenf;i,fudk olUtm;ay;yg&ef awmif;\/
jrnf;u ]]taqGacG;? qmavmifrw G o
f yd o
f nf&adS omf oifpm;
&eftpmudk vrf;ab;üom &Smygavmh/ ig\ ausmukef;ay:rS
aygifrek u
Yf u
kd m; ray;Edik yf g}} [kqu
kd m aygifrek u
Yf kd ray;bJ ae\/
xdktcdkuf ¤if;wdkY\ a&SUwnfhwnfhrS 0HykavG wpfaumif
vmaeonfudk ESpfaumifpvHk; jrifMu\/ jrnf;onf aMumuf&GHU
110 urÇ m ausmf

xdwfvefYae\/ tu,fí 0HykavGonf olYudk udkufowfygu
acG;onf MunhfraebJ olYtwGuf umuG,fay;&ef ajymqdk\/
xdt k cg acG;u ]]tpmudk wpfa,mufwnf;pm;aom olonf
&ef u d k v nf ; wpf a ,muf w nf ; yif ck c H a vawmh / igrl u m;
oifth wGuf aqmif&u G rf ay;Edik af wmhNy}D } [kqu
kd m jrnf;udk 0Hyak vG
a&SUarSmufü wpfaumifwnf;xm;í xGufoGm;av\/

,k e f E S i f h j caoF h
wpfcgaomf jcaoFhwpfaumif
onf wpfae&mü ,keif ,fwpfaumif
tdyaf ysmaf eonfukd awGU&S\
d / olonf
,kefi,fudk vG,fvifhwul zrf;Edkif
ojzifh 0rf;omtm;& zrf;qD;pm;rnf
jyK\/
xdktcdkuf reD;ra0;rS '&,fwpf
aumif ½kwfw&uf jzwfoef;oGm;onfudk awGUvdkuf&\/ þwGif
olonf ,kefi,fudk zrf;qD;jcif; rjyKao;bJ avmbBuD;pGmjzifh
'&,faemufodkY ajy;vdkuf\/
odkYaomf '&,fonf vsifjrefpGm xGufajy; vGwfajrmufoGm;
onf/ zrf;qD;&ef rwwfEikd af wmhacs/ jcaoFv h nf; '&,fukd rpm;&
awmhojzifh ,kefi,f&Sd&modkY wpfzef jyefvm\/
odaYk omf olonf ,keif ,fukd rawGU&awmhay/ ,keif ,fonf
tdy&f mrS Ed;k NyjD zpfojzifh xGuof mG ;avNy/D xdt
k cg jcaoFuh ]]igonf
ighvufwGif;odkY a&muf&SdNyD; tpmudk pGefYcGmvsuf ighvufwGif;odkY
ra&mufao;aom tpmaemufodkY vdkufcJhavojzifh þodkY jzpf&
ayonfwum;}} [lí jrnfwrf;ajymqdk vdkufavownf;/
112 urÇ m ausmf

Muuf E S p f a umif
wpf c gaomf Muuf N cH wpf c k ü

MuufESpfaumifwdkYonf Adkvfvkaom
tm;jzifh wpfaumifudk wpfaumif
cG y f M uavonf / twef M umaomf
Muufwpfaumifonf ½IH;edrfhoGm;\/
olonf acsmifwpfco k Ykd oGm;í ukyaf e
\/
tEdik &f aom MuufrmS rl NcpH nf;½d;k ay:odYk wufí atmifjrifpmG
wGefusL;ae\/ xdktcdkuf vif;,kefiSuf wpfaumifonf ysHoef;
vmonfwGif wGefusL;vsuf&Sdaom Muufudk awGUjrifoGm;onf/
þwGif olonf ½kww f &uf xd;k pdu k f qif;Ny;D vQif Muufukd okwcf sD
oGm;av\/
xdtk cg ,cifu ½I;H edrf chf ahJ om Muufonf acsmifxrJ S xGuv f m
NyD;vQif MuufNcHwpfckvHk;udk ,SOfNydKifolr&Sd? Adkvfvkyf tkyfcsKyfvdkuf
avownf;/

usLES i f h 0uf o pf c syif
wpfaeYaomtcg avjyif;rkew f ikd ;f

wd k u f c wf o jzif h 0uf o pf c syif B uD ;
wpf y if o nf vJ N yd K í acsmif ; wpf c k
twGif;odkY usoGm;onf/
xdkYaemuf a&pD;jzifh tpOfwpdkuf
arsmygoGm;onf/ usLyifi,f wpfyif\
teD;odkY a&mufonfwGifrS ½kwfw&uf
&yfwefYoGm;avonf/
olonf r,dkifrvJbJ e*dktwdkif;yif jzpfaeaom usLyif
i,fudk jrifaomtcg rsm;pGm tHhMord\/ xdkYaMumifh ]]tcsif;
usLyif? iguJhodkY tm;BuD;í cdkifcHhvSaom opfyifBuD;yifvQif
rkefwdkif;'Pfudk rcHEdkif/ vJNydKus&onf/ ao;EGGJUaom oihftzdkY
rysufrpD;bJ &SdonfrSm tb,ftaMumif;aMumifhygenf;}} [k
ar;jref;\/
usLyif u ]]taqG ? taMumif ; &if ; ud k &S n f & S n f a 0;a0;
awG;q ae&efrvdk/ uREfkyfonf rkefwdkif;uspOfu av,l&m
twdkif; tvdkufoifh wdrf;iJhí ,drf;EGJUaeygonf/ xdkYaMumifh
csrf;om&m &cJhygonf/ rkefwdkif; &yfqdkif;oGm;aomtcgrSyif
uREfkyfonf e*dk twdkif; jyefí rwfrwf&yfvdkufygonf/ odkY
114 urÇ m ausmf

twGuf ab;&efuif; í e*dkrlrysuf &SdcJhygonf/ oifhrSmrlum;
oifrEdkifonfh avudk ZGwf&ifqdkifvsuf cdkifcdkifBuD; cHaecJhonf/
aemufqHk;wGif tm;csif; rrQbJ ,ckuJhodkY r½IrvS ysufpD;vJNydK&
ayawmhonf/ taqG? oifonf t&mr[kwfbJ acgif;rmrI
aMumifh tjrpfrS jyKwfum a&wGif arsmyg&acsNyD wum;}} [k
&Sif;vif;ajymqdk vdkufav ownf;/

od r f ; ? pG e f E S i f h c d k r sm;
wpf&Ha&mtcg cdkwpfoif;onf
cdt
k rd wf pfcük ae\/ odaYk epOf pGew f pf
aumifonf olwx Ykd H &Hzef&cH g a&muf&dS
vmonf/ tjyefwiG f cdw k pfaumifuspD
xdk;okwfoGm;wwf\/
aemufqHk;ü cdkwdkYonf odrf;iSuf
wpfaumifxHodkY oGm;Muonf/ olwdkY
udk pGe\
f &efrS umuG,af y;yg&ef ajymqdNk y;D vQif zdwaf c:vmcJ\ h /
odrf;iSufum; olwdkYtm;xm;ouJhodkY olwdkYtwGuf umuG,f
ay;jcif; rjyK/ olwdkYudkom zrf;,l pm;aomufavawmh\/ odkYpm;
&mwGif odrf;iSufzrf;,laom cdkta&twGufrSm pGefzrf;,laom
cdkta&twGufxufyif ydkí rsm;jym;aeao;\/
þwGif cdt k aygif;onf olw\ Ykd trSm;twGuf aemifwBu;D pGm
&vsuf &SdMuav\/
116 urÇ m ausmf

EG m ;xD ; ES i f h <uuf i ,f
wpfaeYoü <uufi,fwpfaumif
onf EGm;xD;wpfaumif\ ESmacgif;udk
udkufí xGufajy;\/ EGm;xD;vnf;
<uufi,fukd owf&ef vdu k í f zrf;\/
od k Y a omf <uuf i ,f o nf ajrwG i f ;
wpfct k wGi;f odYk vsijf refpmG 0ifa&muf
ykef;atmif;aevdkuf\/
EGm;xD;onf a'goBuD;pGmjzifh ajrudk a0SUcwfuefausmufí
<uufi,fudk &SmazG\/ odkYaomf <uufi,fudk rrd/ olomvQif
arm[dkufí ajcukefvufyef;usum ajray:odkY vHusoGm;av
onf/
þwGif <uufi,fonf wGif;xJrS wpfzef xGufvmNyD;vQif
EGm;xD;udk vma&muf udu k jf yef\/ xdaYk emuf ajrwGi;f odYk wrk[w k f
csif; ajy;0ifoGm;\/ EGm;xD;vnf; rnfodkYrQ rwwfEdkif/ jyif;pGm
trsufxGufíom ae&\/
xdktcg <uufi,fu ajrwGif;xJrS vSrf;vsuf ]]tdk-tiftm;
Bu;D rm;vSaom owå0gBu;D ? tiftm;Bu;D wdik ;f vnf; tm;i,fou l kd
tNrt J Edik &f vdrrhf nf[k rxifrw S yf gESi/hf tm;i,forl sm;onfvnf;
tm;BuD;olrsm;udk wpfcgwpf&H tEdkif&wwfygao;onf}} [lí
æ
ajymqdkvdkufavownf;/

jcaoF h E S i f h a jracG ;
wpf&aH &mtcg jcaoFw h pfaumif
ESifh ajracG;wpfaumifonf twl
yl;aygif;í tpm&SmazG pm;aomuf
Muonf/ odYk &SmazG pm;aomuf &mü
ajracG ; onf om;aumif u d k
a&S;OD;pGm awGUatmif &SmazG&\/
awG U aom tcg jcaoF h u d k
nTefjyMu&\/ jcaoFh vnf; om;aumifudk rvGwfwrf; zrf;qD;
ud k u f o wf & \/ xd k Y a emuf tpmud k ol w d k Y E S p f O D ; cG J a 0í
pm;aomuf M uonf / od k Y cG J a 0pm;aomuf & mü jcaoF h o nf
rsm;aomtpkudk ,l\/ ajracG;rSm rl enf;aomtpkudkom &\/
umvtwefMumaomf ajracG;onf a0pk tenf;i,fom
&onfukd rausreyf jzpfvm\/ xdaYk Mumifh rdrb d mom tpm&Smí
pm;awmhtHh[k BuH&G,fNyD;vQif jcaoFhxHrS cGJxGufvmcJhonf/
xdkodkY cGJxGufvmNyD;í rMumrDyif olonf odk;wpftkyfudk
awGU&S\ d / þwGif olonf od;k i,fwpfaumifukd ½kww f &uf 0ifqJG
í csD,lxGufajy;\/
xdktcsif;t&mudk odk;ausmif;om;jrifaomf acG;rsm;udk
BudK;ajzvTwfí ajracG;aemufodkY vdkufaponf/ ajracG;vnf;
pGrf;tm;&SdorQ ajy;ao;\/ odkYaomf cPtwGif;rSmyif acG;rsm;
rDvmum olYudk 0dkif;í udkufowfypfvdkufMuavonf/
118
✬ urÇ m ausmf
jrif ; ½d k i f ; ES i f h j rif ; ,Of
wpf a eY o ü awmwG i f a exd k i f
onf h jrnf ; ½d k i f ; wpf a umif o nf
[d k o nf vS n f h y wf oG m ;vmaepOf
wpfae&mwGif tjcm;jrnf;wpfaumif
ES i f h BuH K awG U \/ xd k j rnf ; um;
jrif;½dkif;uJhodkY r[kwf/ ukefpnfrsm;udk
o,faqmifaom vlwdkY ESifh twl
aexdkifaom jrnf;,Ofjzpf\/ olonf
acsmarGUaom0wf½Hkudk qifjref; vsuf aeylqm vIHae\/
jrnf;½dkif;onf olYteD;odkY csOf;uyfvsuf ]]taqG? oifum;
uHx;l avpG/ oifqifjref;xm;onfh 0wf½u kH kd Munhjf cif;jzifh rnfrQ
txd csrf;ompGm oifaexdkif&onfudk uREfkyftuJcwfrdygonf/
uREykf tf zdYk oihu
f kd remvdyk if jzpfryd gonf}} [lí cs;D usL;ajymqd\ k /
xdkodkY awGUqHkNyD;í &uftwefMumaomf jrnf;½dk if;onf
tjcm; wpfae&mü jrnf;,Ofudk wpfzefawGUoGm;jyef\/ odkYaomf
þ tBud r f ü um; jrnf ; ,Of r S m vG e f p G m av;vH v S a om
ukeyf pön;f rsm; udk o,faqmifae&onf/ aemufrS ocifjzpfo\ l
½dkufESufí atmf[pf trdefYay;jcif;udkvnf; cHae&avNyD/
þwGif jrnf;½dik ;f u ]]taqG? oifu h kd uREykf rf emvdk rjzpfawmh
yg/ pifppfaomfum; csrf;ompGm aexdkifEdkifrItwGuf oifonf
,ckuJhodkY jyKrlae&ayonfwum;}} [k jrnf;,Oftm; vSrf;í
æ
ajymvdkufav\/

,if a umif E S i f h EG m ;xD ;
wpfcgaomf ,ifaumifwpfaumif
onf EGm;xD;wpfaumif\ OD;csKday:odkY
qif;oufem;onf/ olonf xdkae&m
wGif twefMumrQ em;aeao;onf/
xdkYaemuf tyef;ajzí auseyftm;&
aomtcg vdk&mt&yfodkY ysHoef;rnfjyK
\/
odkYjyKpOf olonf EGm;xD;tm; ]]taqG? uREfkyfoGm;ygtHh/
cGifhjyKygavmh}} [k EIwfquf cGifhawmif;vdkuf\/
þwGif EGm;xD;u olYudk rsufvHk;rQom vSefum armfMunhfNyD;
vHk;0 pdwfr0ifpm;[efjzifh ]]tdk-toif,ifaumif? oifonf
uREfkyfudk cGifhawmif;ae&ef rvdkyg/ uREfkyfonf toifvmí
em;onfudkvnf; vHk;0rod/ ,ck jyefoGm;vQifvnf; vHk;0
odvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg}} [k qdkvdkufav\/
120 urÇ m ausmf

ap;ES J a om ol a X;BuD ;
wpf&aH &mtcg tvGeaf p;ESaJ om
olaX;BuD; wpfOD;&Sdonf/ olonf
&SdorQ ypönf;wdkYudk a&mif;csvsuf a&T
rsm;ud k 0,f , l o nf / xd k Y a emuf
v,fuGif;wpfckü wdwfwqdwf jr§KyfESH
xm;onf/
olonf aeYpOfyif xdkae&modkY
oGm;í a&Trsm;udk acwåw;l azmfum Munh½f aI vh&\ dS / olt
Y zdYk þodYk
jyKrl&jcif;udk rsm;pGm t&om&Sdonf[k xifjrifrdavonf/
wpfaeYoü tapcHwpfa,mufonf ol\ tjyKtrludk
rouFmojzifh wdwfwqdwf aemufa,mifcHum vdkufvHMunhf½I
onf / xd k t cg taMumif ; pH k u d k od & S d o G m ;av\/ þwG i f
olonf ntcgü olaX;BuD;\ a&TwdkYudk wl;azmfí cdk;,lxGuf
ajy;oGm; onf/
eHeufvif;aomf olaX;BuD;onf xdktaMumif;udk rodbJ
cgwdkif;uJhodkYyif v,fuGif;odkY a&muf&Sdvm&m a&Trsm; aysmufqHk;
aeonfudk awGU&Sd&av\/ xdktcg olonf tvGefpdwfxd
cdkuf oGm;onf/ qHyifwdkYudk qGJvsuf onf;xefpGm idka<u;\/

td r f e D ; csif ; wpf O D ; onf xd k t csif ; t&mud k jrif o jzif h
tusKd;taMumif; ar;jref; \/ oluvnf; jzpfysufyHk tvHk;pHkudk
ajymjy\/
þwGif tdrfeD;csif;u ]]taqG? þodkYjzpfygu ylaqG;jcif;
rjzpfygESi/hf [if;vif;jzpfaeaom wGi;f ü ajrovif;cJwu Ykd kd jrK§ yEf HS
Ny;D vQif oif\ OpömtrSwjf zifh cgwdik ;f uJo
h yYkd if oGm;a&mufMunh½f I
yg/ oifhtzdkY a&TwdkYrSm toHk;rcsbJ xm;ojzifh ajroif;cJwdkYESifh
rjcm; jzpfaeygNyD}} [lí ajymqdkvdkufav\/
122 urÇ m ausmf

a>rES i f h eus,f a umif
wpfaeYoü eus,fwpfaumif
onf a>rwpfaumifudk udkufcJ\/
olonf a>r\ukd,fudk tcsufaygif;
rsm;pGm udkufcJNyD;aemuf acgif;ydkif;udk
rvGwfwrf; udkufcJxm;\/
a>rvnf; tvGefw&m emusif
vSojzifh tm;pdkufí ½kef;\/ eus,f
aumifum; rvTwfwrf; udkufNrJom udkufxm;\/
aemufqHk;ü a>ronf rcHr&yfEdkif jzpfvGef;ojzifh ]]ightouf
aovdku aoapawmh/ oifukdum; owfjzpfatmif owfawmh
rnf}} [kqdk\/ qdkonfh twdkif;vnf; olonf teD;rS jzwfoef;
oGm;aom vSnf;wpfpD;\ bD;atmufodkY ol\ acgif;udk xdk;um
tBudwfcHvdkufavonf/ cPcsif;yif olESifh eus,faumif
ESpfaumifpvHk; vSnf;bD;atmufü toufaysmufoGm;av
ownf;/

ajracG ; ES i f h Muuf r
onf tvG e f w &m qmavmif
rGwfodyfae\/ xdkYaMumifh olonf
Muuf? iSufwdkY odkavSmif&m jzpfonfh
avSmiftrd wf pfck twGi;f odYk 0ifa&muf
vsuf pm;&ef tpmudk &SmazGavonf/
ol o nf td y f w ef ; wpf c k a y:ü
0yfvsuf&Sdonfh qlNzdK;vSaom Muufr wpfaumifudk awGU&Sd\/
odkYaomf tdyfwef;rSm jrifhvGef;vSonf/ Muufrudk rzrf;,lEdkif/
þwGif olonf tdyfwef;rS Muufr qif;oufvm&ef tBuHjzifh
þodkY qdk\/
]]td-k ESri,f? oifzsm;emaeonf[í l uREykf Mf um;od&ygonf/
xdkYaMumifh oifhudk uREfkyf vma&mufar;jref;jcif; jzpfygonf/
,ckyif tdyfwef;rS qif;oufcJhyg/ oif\ tzsm;aoG;udk uREfkyf
prf;oyfMunfí h aysmufuif;&ef rnfuo hJ Ykd uko&rnfukd nTeMf um;
ygrnf}}
xdktcg Muufru ]]tdk-ajracG;? uREfkyf zsm;emvsuf&Sdonf
um; rSefyg\/ odkY&mwGif uREfkyfonf tdyfwef;rS qif;oufrnf
um; r[kwyf g/ tb,fah Mumifq h akd omf uREykf nf f qif;oufvmyg
u rkcsyif aoab;ESifh &ifqdkifwdk;&ygvdrfhrnf}} [lí jyefvSef
ajymqdkvdkufav\/
✪
124 urÇ m ausmf
'kw,
d ydik ;f
aiGwm&D jyefqdkonf

qd w f x d e f ; ES i f h awmqd w f r sm;
wpf a eY o ü qd w f x d e f ; wpf O D ;
onf ol\ qdwfwdkYudk pm;usuf
wpfcük xde;f ausmif;ae\/ xdt k cdu
k f
ydkif&Sifr&Sdaom awmqdwftcsKdUonf
ol\ qdwftkyftwGif;odfkY a&maESm
0ifa&muf vm\/
odkYjzifh naecsrf;odkY a&mufaom
tcg olonf xdfkawmqddwfwdkYudk ol\ qdwfwdkYESifhtwl tdrfodkY
armif;ESifoGm;NyD;vQif qdwfNcHü xnfhoGif;xm;vdkufav\/
rdk;aomufaomf &moDOwkrSm tvGef qkd;&Gm;aeojzifh
ol o nf xd k a eY t zd k Y qd w f a usmif ; xG u f j cif ; rjyKawmh a y/
NcH t wG i f ; üom qd w f r sm;ud k apmif h M uyf N yD ; vQif tpmauR;
arG;jcif;udk jyK\/
þodkY tpmauR;&mü ol\ vuf&Sd qdwfa[mif;wdkYudk tpm
r0w0om auR;\/ ,ref a eY u topf a &muf & S d v monf h
awmqdwfwdkYudkrl xl;uJhpGmjzifh tpmrsm;pGm auR;\/ taMumif;
rlum; xdkodkY tpmrsm;pGm auR;arG;ygu awmqdwfwdkYonf
olYxHrS tjcm;odkY xGufcGmoGm;Murnf r[kwf[lí ,lqxm;
aomaMumifh jzpf\/
126 urÇ m ausmf

od k Y a omf awmqd w f w d k Y u m; ol , l q ouJ h o d k Y r[k w f /
aemufwpfaeYü &moD aumif;rGefvmojzifh qdwftm;vHk;udk
pm;usufodkY ac:aqmifoGm;onfwGif vrf;wpf0ufü qdwftkyf
rS ½kwfw&uf zJcGm xGufajy;Muav\/
þwGif qdwfxdef;onf vGefpGm trsufxGufojzifh ]]tdk-
owå0gqdk;rsm;? igonf oifwdkYudk xl;uJpGmjzifh tpm auR;arG;cJh
\/ odkYaomf oifwdkYonf aus;Zl;udk rod/ ,ck ighxHrS xGufcGm
oGm;Muavonfwum;}} [k jrnfwrf; qJa&;jcif;udk jyK\/
xdktcg awmqdwfrsm;teuf wpfaumifaom qdwfonf
xGufajy;&mrS aemufodkY vnfjyefwpfcsuf vSnfhNyD;vQif ]]taqG?
oifonf igwdkYtm; xl;uJpGmjzifh auR;arG;onfum; rSef\/
odkYaomf oifonf oif\ vuf&Sd qdwfa[mif;wdkYudkrl tpm
r0w0om auR;arG;cJh\/ xdkYaMumifhvnf; igwdkYonf oifhxHrS
xG u f c G m ajy;Mu&ygonf / taMumif ; rl u m; aemuf x yf í
qdwfopf rsm; a&muf&Sdvmygu oifonf ,ck jyKrlouJhodkYyif
xd k q d w f o pf wd k Y u d k o m xl ; uJ p G m auR;arG ; ayvd r f h r nf /
qdwfa[mif;jzpfaeonfh igwdkYrlum; vspfvsL½Ium rkcsyif
r0w0omauR;awmhrnfjzpfaomaMumifyh ifwnf;}}[líacsyajymqdk
vdkufavownf;/
✪
pG e f E S i f h c d k r sm;
a&S;oa&mtcg pGefwpfaumif
onf cdt k rd w
f pfck teD;wGif &ufaygif;
twefMumrQ &pf0Jí aeavonf/
olonf cdrk sm;udk okw, f &l ef t&Sed jf zifh
xdk;qif;vmwdkif; tapmifhjzpfaom
cdk\ atmf[pf owday;csufaMumifh
wpfaumifrS r&bJ jyefoGm;&onf
csnf ; jzpf a vonf / aemuf q H k ; wG i f pG e f o nf tBuH w pf c k
jyK&av\/
olonf cdkrsm;teD;odkY tomt,muyfum olwdkYtm; &efjyK
rnfr[kwfaMumif; ajymMum;av\/ olonf cdkrsm;\ rdwfaqG
aumif; wpfa,mufomjzpfaMumif; ol\ pGrf;&nfowådjzifh
cdkrsm;udk ab;taygif;rS umuG,fay;rnfjzpfaMumif; ajymjy\/
aemufqufvufívnf; tu,fíom cdkrsm;u olYtm; bk&if
tjzpf vufcHygvQif olonf cdkrsm;udk tpp rylyif&ap&ef
apmifha&SmufrnfjzpfaMumif; ajymavao;\/
cdkrdkufwdkUonfum; pGef\ csKdompGm ESpfvdkzG,faumif;
aom pum;rsm;udk t<uif;rJh ,HkMunfMuavonf/ xdkYaMumifhyif
ol w d k Y \ bk & if t jzpf pG e f u d k wif a jr§ m uf M uavawmh \ /
128 urÇ m ausmf

odjYk zpfav&m cdEk iS w hf uGaom csK;d iSuw
f Ukd onf pGeu
f kd ½dak oygrnf/
pGef\ pum;udk em,lygrnf[k opömjyK uwdxm;Muukef\/
xdkYaemuf pGefvnf; olwdkYESifhtwl aevm\/
rsm;rMumrD pG e f o nf cd f k r sm;ud k pnf ; a0;apí þod k Y
ajymMum; \/ ]]tcsif;wdkY igonf oifwdkYtm; ab;taygif;rS
apmifha&Smuf umuG,f&\/ ighudk apmifha&Smufc taejzifh
wpfpHkwpf&m ay;qyf oifhay\/ odkYay;Murnfqdkaomf aeYpOf
igpm;&eftwGuf wpfaeY vQif cdkwpfaumifus tvdk&Sdayonf}}
þpum;udkMum;vQif cdkwdkYonf rnfodfkYrQ rwwfEdkif/ olwdkY
uwd p um;ES i f h ol w d k Y jzpf a eojzif h ]]aumif ; ygNyD } } [k o m
0ef c H M u av\/ pG e f o nf v nf ; cd k r sm;xJ r S tql N zd K ;qH k ; ?
toefrmqHk; cdkrsm; udkom a&G;cs,fí pm;aomufypfavonf/
od k Y j zif h tcsd e f M umjrif h vmaomf cd k r sm;onf wjznf ; jznf ;
t&twGuftm;jzifh vnf;aumif;? pdwf"mwftiftm;taejzifh
vnf;aumif; avsmhyg; í vmMuavawmh\/ odkYavsmhyg;av
pGeftzdkY xifwdkif;jyK&ef vG,fulav jzpfvmawmhonf/ xdktcg
pGefonf cdkrsm;udk ,cifu uJhodkY wpfaeYvQif wpfaumifus
r[kwfawmhbJ tvdk&SdorQ zrf;,lpm;aomuf avawmh\/
odkY&mwGif cdkwdkYum; olYudk awmfvSefckcHjcif;iSm rwwfEdkifMuukef/
þod k Y t m;jzif h umv twef M umvQif cd k r sm;tm;vH k ;
ukeaf v awmh\/ aemufq;kH useaf eaom cdik ,fwpfaumifonf

aotHh rl;rl;wGif ]]þodkYjzpf&jcif;rSm pifppfaomf igwdkY\
tjypfomvQif jzpfawmhonf/ igwdkYonf wpfyg;aom Zmwfrwl
owå0g\ vSnhfjzm;ajymqdkcsufudk pOf;pm;qifjcifjcif; rjyKbJ
em;csKd o jzif h tvG G , f w ul vuf f c H c J h M u\/ ol Y u d k
twlvma&mufaexdkif&ef ac:iifrdaomaMumifhom þodkY
jzpf&awmhonf wum;}} [k aemifw &pGmjzifh nnf;wGm; a&&Gwf
&Smavownf;/
130 urÇ m ausmf

ajracG ; ES i f h i S u f u sm;
onf iSufusm;wpfaumiftm; npm
pm;&ef zdwfMum;av\/ auR;arG;
aom tpm;tpmum; BuD ; rm;í
yuf v S a om yef ; uef j ym;twG i f ;
xnfh xm;aom [if;csKdwpfcGufom
jzpf a v onf / ajracG ; onf
Nrdef,SufpGmjzifh yef;uefjym;twGif;rS [if;csKfdrsm;udk vQmjzifh
vsufaomuf&if; iSufusm; tm; apwem&Sd[efjzifh aomuf&ef
wdkufwGef;avonf/
od k Y & mwG i f iS u f u sm;rS m yuf v S o nf h yef ; uef t wG i f ; rS
[if;&nfudk ol\ &Snfvsm;aom EIwfoD;BuD;jzifh aomuf&ef
rwwfEikd af cs/ xdaYk Mumifh vufriId cf sum ai;íom ae&avawmh
onf/ þonfudk jrifvQif ajracG;onf tvGefESpfouf &TifjrL;
jcif; jzpfrdavonf/
rsm;rMumrD iSufusm;u ajracG;udkwpfvSnfh zdwfMum;
jyefav onf/ olonf &Snfvsm;í t0usOf;aom csKdifhwpfck
twG i f ; 0,f t rJ o m;wH k ; rsm;ud k x nf h u majracG ; tm;{nf h c H
auR;arG;avonf/

odkYaomf ajracG;rSm xdkcsKdifhtwGif;odkY ol\ EIwfoD;udk
oGif;jcif; iSm rpGrf;omacs/ tu,fí xnfhoGif;Edkifyguvnf;
tvsm;&Snf onfh csKdifhatmifem;bufwGif &Sdaom tom;wHk;
rsm;udk rrDEdkifay/ xdkYaMumifh qmavmifrGwfodyfjcif; jyif;jypGmESifh
pdwfysuf ai;rdIif í aeavonf/
iSufusm;onfum; ajracG;\ a&SUwGifyif tm;& Nrdef,SufpGm
pm;aomufí aeavawmhownf;/
132 urÇ m ausmf

,mcif ; &S i f E S i f h r d k ; aqG i S u f
wpf&Ha&mtcg ajymif;cif;wpfck
xJ ü rd k ; aqG i S u f r wpf a umif o nf
olaygufzGm;ump om;i,frsm;ESifh
twl aexdik v f su&f \ dS / xdik u
S rf onf
ajymif;rsm;&ifhrSnfh vmrnfhtcsdefudk
tvGefpdk;&drfpGm apmifhvsuf ae&\/
tb,faMumifhqdkaomf ,m&Sifonf
vma&mufí ajymif;rsm;udk &dyfodrf;jcif;jzifh olwdkY\ touf
tdk;tdrfrsm; ysufqD;jcif;odkY a&muf&rnfjzpfaomaMumifhwnf;/
xd k Y a Mumif h tpm&S m xG u f o G m ;onf h tcgwd k i f ; ol r &S d
onfh tcdkuf teD;tem;ü vlwdkY\ ajymoH? qdkoHwdkYudk *½kjyK
rSwfom; xm;&ef om;i,fwdkYtm; rSmcJhavh&Sd\/ oloGm;NyD;í
rsm;rMumrD yif ,m&Sio f nf ol\ om;ESit hf wl a&mufvmav\/
]]igh o m;...ajymif ; wd k Y v J &if h r S n f h M uavNyD / &d y f o d r f ;
&ef tcsd e f w ef N yD / euf j zef eH e uf a pmapmwG i f igwd k Y \
oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifh tdrfeD;em;csif;rsm;udk vma&muf ulnD
&dyfodrf;ay;&ef taMumif; Mum;xm;ygavmh}} [k qdkavonf/
om;uvnf; aumif;ygNyD[k 0efcHav\/
tpm&Sm&mrS iSufr jyefvmaomtcg om;i,fwdkUonf

xdwfvefYwkefvIyfpGmjzifh rdciftm; taMumif;pHkudk ajymjyMu
avonf/ olwdkYtm; ab;&efuif;a0;&m t&yfodkY tjrefqHk;
a&TUajymif;ay;l&efudkvnf; awmif;yefMuav\/ rdcif iSufronf
vnf; om;i,fwdkYtm; ESpfodrfhap\/
]]om;wdkY? rpdk;&drfMuvifh/ tu,fíom ,m&Sifonf ol\
rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh tdrfeD;em;csif;wdkY\ tultnDudk ,l½dk;rSefu
rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ eufjzefwGif &dyfodrf;EdkifvdrfhOD;rnf r[kwf}}
[k qdkavonf/
aemufwpfaeYwiG f iSurf onf cgwdik ;f uJo h yYkd if tpm&SmoGm;í
om;i,fwt Ykd m; rSmNrt
J wdik ;f rSmcJjh yefonf/ rMumrD ,m&Sif a&muf
vmNyD; vma&mufulnDrnfholrsm;udk apmifhpm;aeav\/ odkY&m
wGif aeom jrifo h nfxuf jrifí h vmonf/ ulnrD nfo h w
l Ykd wpfO;D
wpfa,mufrQ ray:vmMuacs/ odkYjzifh wpfaeukefvk&m þodkY
ajymjyefav\/
]]ighom;? rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh tdrfeD;em;csif;rsm;udk tm;udk;aeí
tvkyfrNyD;&m/ oif\ OD;BuD;? OD;av;ESifh 0rf;uGJtpfudkrsm;udkom
reufjzefwGif apmapm vma&mufMu&ef rSmygavmh}}
om;uvnf; aumif;NyDqdkí jyefoGm;Mujyefav\/
rd c if i S u f r jyef v maomtcg om;i,f w d k Y v nf ; Mum;
&onfh twdkif; jyefí ajymMuav\/ iSufrvnf; ]]þuJhodkY
134 urÇ m ausmf

qdkvQif raMumufMuESifhOD;/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf aqGrsKd;
rsm;qd k o nf r S m wpf O D ; ud k w pf O D ; vd k v d k c sif c sif E S i f h
aqmif&Gufay;Mu½dk;r&dS/ xdkYaMumifh oifwdkYonf aemufxyf
Mum;&rnfh pum;wdkYudkom txl;owd jyKí ightm; jyefajym
MuavOD;}} [k rSmxm;vdkufav\/
aemufwpfaeYwGif iSufronf oGm;NrJwdkif; oGm;jyef\/
,m&S i f \ aqG r sKd ; rsm;onf v nf ; td r f e D ; csif ; wd k Y u J h o d k Y y if
rvma&mufMu onfomwnf;/ xdktcg ,m&Sifonf ol\ om;
udkac:í -
]]ighom;? &dyfodrf;&ef wHpOfESpfacsmif;udkom eufjzefeHeuf
rdk;rvif;rD toifh jyifqifxm;avawmh/ igwdfkYonf wjcm;
olrsm; udk tm;udk;aeí rjzpf/ ukd,fwdkifyif &dyfodrf;MurS
jzpfawmhrnf}} [k qdkavonf/
iSufi,fwdkUonf xdktaMumif;udk rdcifjyefvmaomtcg
ajymjyefMujyefav\/ rdcifiu S rf vnf; ]]þodjYk zpfygu igwdo Yk nf
tjref ajymif;a&TUrSjzpfawmhrnf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf rdrdwdkY
udpöudk rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkif aqmif&Gufrnfqdkygu ysufuGufjcif;
&Sdawmhrnf r[kwf}} [k qdkí om;i,fwdkYtm; tvsiftjrefyif
ab;vGwf&modkY ydkYaqmifvdkufav\/
aemuf w pf a eY eH e uf o d k Y a&muf a omtcg om;tz
ESpfa,mufwkdYonf ajymif;yifrsm; tm;vHk;udk wpfcPtwGif;
NyD;pD;atmif &dwfodrf;oGm;Muavownf;/
tD p G w f y H k j yif r sm;
æ 135
a&S U aerd k u f E S i f h w nf o D ;
wpf c gaomf a &S U aewpf a ,muf
onf r*Fvmaqmif tauR;tarG;
wpfckrS zdwfMum;xm;ojzifh oGm;
a&muf pm;aomuf&ef xGufcGmvmcJh
av\/ oGm;&rnfh c&D;rSm twefi,f
a0;avonf/ olonf wjznf;jznf;
avQmufvm&if; vrf;c&D;ü jcif;wpfck
jzifh xnfhxm;aom rSnfh0if;aeonfh
wnfoD;rsm;udk awGU&Sd&av onf/ a&SUaerSm xdktcsdefwGif
tawmf y if qmavmif r G w f o d y f í aeavonf / od k Y & mwG i f
r*FvmaqmifrS auR;arG;rnfhtpmwdkYudk rsm;pGm rpm;EdkifbJ
&Sdrnfpdk;ojzifh awGU&Sdaom wnfoD;rsm;udk rpm; acs/ teD;&Sd
&GHUajrmif;xodkYom uefcsypfcJhavonf/
c&D;twefi,f a&mufvwfaomf a&SUwGif acsmif;i,fwpfck
qD;umaeonfudk awGUjrif&jyefav\/ olonf xdkacsmif;udk
jzwfausmf&ef tm;xkwfavonf/ odkYaomf vGefcJhonfh nu
&Gmxm;aom rdk;aMumifh avSrSm a&wGif arsmygoGm;NyD jzpfav&m
wpfzufurf;odkY ul;&ef cufaeav\/
od k Y j zif h aemuf q H k ; wG i f pd w f y suf p G m vS n h f í
136 urÇ m ausmf

vmvrf ; twd k i f ; jyef c J h & av\/ od k Y j yef c J h & mwG i f ol o nf
tvGewf &mrS qmavmif rGwo f yd v
f suf &Sad vNy/D xdaYk Mumifh ,cif
wnfoD;rsm; &Sd&modkY a&mufaomtcg &GHUajrmif;atmufrS
ayusHaeaom wnfoD;rsm; udk aumuf,l&av\/ aemuf
wwf E d k i f o rQ ok w f o if u m 0rf ; wpf x G m ud k jznf h w if ;
&avownf;/

arsmuf E S i f h u k v m;tk y f
wpfaeYoü wd&pämeftaygif;wdkY
onf pnf;a0;vsuf &SdMu\/ arsmuf
wpfaumifonf olwdkYtm; azsmfajz
vd k a omtm;jzif h uck e f í jy\/
y&dowfwdkYuvnf; oluíNyD;aom
tcg Bu;D pGmaom aumif;cs;D udk ay;Mu
ukef\/
xdt
k jcif;t&mudk ukvm;tkwf wpfaumifonf awGUjrifav
&m vGefpGmrS tm;usjcif; jzpfrd\/ olonfvnf; arsmufenf;wl
jyKrljcif;jzifh y&dowftaygif;\ ESpfoufrIudk &,ltHh[k BuHrdav
\/
xdkYaMumifh olonf ae&mrSxum arsmufenf;wl uckefí
jyavonf/ odkYaomf ol\ ,drf;EGJUvIyf&Sm;rIwdkYrSm rsm;pGmrS tjrif
rawmf jzpfvaS vonf/ ol\ yifu, dk f yHyk ef;oP²mefuyif tcsK;d
tpm; rusav&um; y&dowfwdkYonf olYudk pdwfysufpGmESifh
armif;ESifxkwfvdkufMu avownf;/
138 urÇ m ausmf

v,f o rm;ES i f h om;rsm;
wpfcgaomf v,form;tdkBuD;
wpf a ,muf o nf jyif ; xef p G m
emrusef ; jzpf a vonf / rMumrD
aoqH k ; &awmh r nf u d k od o jzif h
om;ESpfa,mufudk tyg;odkYac:í
þodkY ajymav\/
]]cspfom;wdkY? igr&dSonfhaemuf
oifwdkYtwGuf igxm;&pfcJhEdkifaom ypönf;tpkpkrSm þv,f,m
rsm;om jzpf a vonf / igonf þv,f , majrrsm;ud k
oifwdkYtm; nDwlnDrQ cGJa0í ay;ygtHh/ odkY&mwGif oifwdkYonf
þv,f,m ajrrsm;udw k pfyg;olwt Ykd m;a&mif;csjcif;rjyKygavESi/hf
tb,f h aMumif h qd k a omf igh w G i f & S d a o;onf h tcsKd U aom
&wemwdo Yk nfþv,f,majrrsm;twGi;f wpfayESpaf yceft Y euf&dS
wpfae &m&mwGif jr§KyfESHxm;vsuf &SdaomaMumifhwnf;}}
xd k t cg om;ES p f a ,muf w k Y d \ pd w f x J w G i f ol w d k Y \
zcifonf aMu;aiGOpömtcsKdUudk jr§KyfESHxm;jcif;yif jzpfvdrfhrnf
[k ,lqMuav \/ odkYESifh zcifBuD; aoqHk;NyD;aomtcg
olwdkYonf v,fajrrsm; udk ae&mrvyf rusef&atmifyif wl;qG
um &wem &SmMuavonf/
om;ES p f a ,muf w d k Y o nf aeY p Of & uf q uf ES H Y a tmif
wl;qG\/ odkY&mwGif rnfonfhypönf; OpömudkrQ rawGU&ojzifh
rsm;pGmyif pdwfysuf0rf;enf;jcif; jzpfMu&avawmh\/ odkY&mwGif
þodkY olwdkY ESHYpyfaocsmpGm wl;qGjcif;aMumifh ajrrSm aumif;pGm
xGef,ufxm; NyD; ouJhodkY jzpfaeav\/ xdkYaMumifh olwdkYonf
xdak jrwGif pdu
k yf sK;d Mu&m aumufyo
J ;D ESw
H o
Ykd nf rsm;pGm jzpfxeG ;f í
olwdkY\ vHkYvESifh trQ tusKd;aus;Zl; cHpm;Mu&avownf;/
140 urÇ m ausmf

jrnf ; \qE´
tvGefcsrf;at;vSaom aqmif;
Owk\ aeYwpfaeYwGif jzpforQESifh
ra&mifh&JEdkifaom jrnf;wpfaumif
onf xdkat;pdrfhvSonfh wif;ukyfxJ
üom ae&jcif;? odkavSmifxm;aom
jruf a jcmuf w d k Y u d k o m pm;&jcif ; ü
rwif;wdrf? rausreyfjzpfí aeav
onf/ olonf xdkYxufydkí aEG;aom &moDOwkESifh pdkajypdrf;vef;
aom jrufEkrsm;udk jyif;xefpGm awmifhwrdav\/
wa&GUa&GUjzifh ylaEG;aom aEGOD;ayguf&moDodkY a&muf&Sd
vmcJh avonf/ pdkajyaom jrufcif;wdkUonfvnf; ae&mtESH
pdr;f vef; vsuf &Sad vawmh\/ od&Yk mwGif jrnf;onfaEGO;D umv\
obm0 twk d i f ; tvk y f r sm;ud k Bud K ;pm;yrf ; pm; cG e f t m;
pdkufxkwf vkyfaqmif &av\/ þwGif olwpfcgu awmifhwrd
aom aEGOD;ayguf&moD \ ylaEG;aoma&mifjcnfESifh pdkajyaom
jrufcif;rsm;udk NiD;aiGUum aEGOwkudk awmifhwrdjyef\/
aEGOwkodkY a&mufvmavNyD/ xdktcgrSyif ydkí qdk;ae
onfukd jrnf;onf 0rf;enf;pGm awGU&avawmhonf/ taMumif;
aomf um; xdkyljyif;í &Snfvsm;aom aEG&moD &ufrsm;ü

wpfaeukef wpfaecef; [if;oD;[if;&Gufrsm;? aumuf½dk;rsm;udk
o,faqmif ydkYay;ae&aomaMumifh yifwnf;/
xdktcg pdwftvdktwdkif; rjynhfpHkEdkifao;aom jrnf;onf
aqmif;OD;ayguf&moDodkY a&mufygapawmh[k qE´jzpfrdjyef\/
od&Yk mwGif tu,fyif aqmif;OD;aygufoYkd a&muf&v dS maom tcgü
um; olYrSm yifyef;pGm vkyfudkif&jyef\/ opfoD;rsm;? rsKd;pyg;rsm;
ESihf aqmif;wGi;f twGuf odak vSmifp&m &So d nfrsm;udk Ny;D pD; jynfph kH
onfhwdkifatmif tjyifltxef tcsdefrD vkyfaqmif&av&m
jrnf;onf tvGefw&mrS pdwfysufjcif; jzpfrdavawmhonf/
aemuf q H k ; wG i f u m; ol o nf rnf o d k Y y if csrf ; at;í
ajcmufaoGUaom jruftenf;i,fudkrQ pm;&onfjzpfap olYtzdkY
yifyef;pGm tvkyfvkyf&jcif;rS vGwfuif;onfh aqmif;Owkudkyif
tjref a &muf y gapawmh [ k jyef v nf awmif h w rd a vawmh
ownf;/
142 urÇ m ausmf

vif ; ,k e f i S u f E S i f h ajracG ;
wpf c gaomf vif ; ,k e f i S u f r
wpf a umif o nf om;i,f r sm;ES i f h
twl opf y if B uD ; wpf c k txuf & S d
todkuf0,f aexdkifav\/ olonf
om;i,f r sm;twG u f tpm&S m av
aomf reD;ra0;wGif aeylqm vIHae
aom arG;cgp ajracG;i,fwpfaumif
ud k awG U jrif a v\/ csuf c sif ; yif
ab;ywf0ef;usio f Ykd waph wapmif; Munh½f NI y;D aemuf rnfou Yl rkd Q
rawGU&ojzifh olonf ajracG;i,fukd xd;k okwí f cs,
D vl mav\/
odkY&mwGif ol\ todkuf&Sd&modkY ra&mufrDyif ajracG;rBuD;
a&mufvmavawmhonf/ rsuf&nfrsm; usqif;um olYom;\
toufukd vTwyf g&ef awmif;yef&mS avonf/ onfrQru om;qH;k
aom rdcif\ 'ku©udk oem;Muifem ukd,fcsif;pmyg&efvnf;
txyfxyf ajymqd&k mS avonf/ odaYk omf vif;,keif u S rf onfum;
ol\ pum;wdkYudk vHk;0 *½krxm;cJhay/
vif;,kefiSufr\ todkufrSm tvGefjrifhvSaom opfyif\
xdyfzsm;wGif wnf&Sdavonf/ ajracG;rBuD;onf rnfonfh enf;
ESifhrQ vufpm;acsjcif;iSm wwfEdkifvdrfhrnfr[kwf[k olu
xifrSwf onf/ tenf;i,frQ oem;Muifemaom trlt&m

udkrjybJ ajracG; i,fudk csDNrJcsDí ,laqmifoGm;av\/
þwGif pdwef musn;f jcif; a0'emudk rcHEikd af wmhaom ajracG;
rBuD;onf &Gmom;wdkY v,fewfudk ylaZmfxm;onfh ae&modkY
ajy;oGm;avonf/ xdkYaemuf xGef;n§dxm;aom rD;wdkifwpfckudk
yg;pyfjzifh udkufcsD,laqmifcJhNyD;vQif iSufodkuf&Sd&m opfyifodkY
tvsOftjref csOf;uyfav\/
ajracG;rBuD;onf todkufudk rD;½IdUjcif;jzifh vif;,kefiSufr\
om;orD;i,fwu Ykd v
kd nf; ysuq
f ;D aptH[
h k Bu&H ,G u
f m todu k &f &dS m
odkY wufvmav\/ vif;,kefiSufronf vufpm;acsjcif;iSm
vduk v
f maom ajracG;rBu;D udk jrifvQif rdrEd iS w
hf uGaom om;orD;
i,fw\ Ykd aoab;udk tvGeaf Mumufvefo Y nfjzpfí xdo k Ykd rjyK&ef
awmif;yefav\/ EIwfzsm;wGif udkufcsDxm;aom ajracG;i,f
uav;udk aumifreG pf mG jyefvnfay;tyf vku d af vawmhownf;/
144 urÇ m ausmf

tBuH y d k i f a om usD ;
wpfaeYoü tvGefw&m a&iwf

jcif;jzifh aotHhrl;rl; jzpfaeaom usD;
wpf a umif o nf a&tenf ; i,f & S d
aom csKdifhwpfckudk awGUav\/ odkY&m
wGif uHqdk;aom usD;i,frSm csKdifhwGif;
&Sd a&udk rDjcif;iSm rpGr;f Edik jf zpf&av\/
tBud r f B ud r f Bud K ;pm;aomf v nf ;
tcsnf;tESD;om jzpfavonf/
xdkYaemuf olonf a&csKdifhudk cGJypfjcif;jzifh a&udk&Edkif&ef
BudK;pm;jyefav\/ odkYaomf olYwGif csKdifhudk cGJEdkifavmufaom
tiftm;r&Sdonfudk awGU&jyefavonf/ aemufqHk;üum; teD;
tem;wGi&f adS om ausmufp&pf cJuav;rsm;jzifh a&&&ef But H [
hH k
tm;opfrdjyefav\/
ol o nf ausmuf c J w d k Y u d k wpf v H k ; NyD ; wpf v H k ; cJ , Of ;
yifyef;pGm o,f,lNyD; csKdifhxJodkY ypfcsav\/ þodkY jyKjcif;jzifh
a&onf jrif h í jrif h í vmavonf / ausmuf c J r sm;ud k
Budrfzefrsm;pGm ypfcsNyD;onfh aemufüum; a&onf csKdifh\
EIwfcrf;odkY wdkifatmif wufí vmawmh\/
þwG i f r S yif y ef ; EG r f ; vS a eaom usD ; i,f o nf a&ud k
tm;yg; w& aomufoHk;jcif; jyK&avawmhownf;/
✪
yk & G u f q d w f E S i f h ES H a umif
a&S ; oa&mtcg tH k w pf t H k r S
yk&GufqdwfwdkYonf aqmif;OwkESifh
aEGOwkwdkYwGif txl;yif tvkyfrsm;
vsuf&SdMuonf/ olwdkYonf rdk;&moD
wpfcsdefvHk; tpm&SmrxGufbJ aeEdkif
MupdrfhaomiSm txl;yif BudK;pm;í
&SmazGvsuf&SdMu\/
&SmazGí &orQaom tpm;tpm wdkYudkvnf; olwdkY\
tH h M ozG , f aumif ; avmuf a tmif vH k N cH K aom ajratmuf
tdrfcef; rsm; twGif;ü aocsmpGm odrf;qnf;odkrSD;í xm;Mu
av\/ okYdjzpf av&m rdk;OD;usonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf olwdkYwGif
ajrmufjrm;pGm aom tpmwdo Yk nf pkaaqmif;odrk ;DS Ny;D toifjh zpfí
aeavawmh ownf;/
tvGefrdk;onf;xefí at;jrvSaom aeYwpfaeYü tpm
iwfrGwfjcif;ab;ESifh BuHKawGUae&aom ESHaumifwpfaumifonf
yk&Gufqdwfrsm;&Sd&m awmifydkYodkY vma&mufí tpmawmif;
av \/ tu,fíom tpm r&ygvQif olonf qmavmi
frGwfodyf jcif;jzifh toufqHk;&ygvdrfhrnf [kvnf; ajymqdk
toem;cHavonf/
146 urÇ m ausmf

xdktcg wpfaumifaom yk&Gufqdwfonf olYtm; aqmif;
OwkEiS hf aEGOwk wpfcsed v f ;kH rnfoaYkd exdik o
f nfukd ar;jref;av\/
rdk;wGif;twGuf pm;p&mrsm; odkrSD;jcif; &Sd-r&Sdudkvnf; pHkprf;av
onf/ xdt k cg ESaH umifu ]]taqG? uREyfk o f nf aEGEiS hf aqmif;wdYk
wGif aysmf&TifpGm uckefí jrL;wl;upm;jcif;jzifhom ukefvGefapcJh
ygonf/ rdk;wGif;twGuf pm;p&m odkrSD;xm;&efudk owdrQyif r&
yg}} [k tajzay;avonf/
xdktajzudk Mum;&vQif yk&GufqdwfwdkYu ]]tdk-ysif;&dí
rdkufrJ vSaom toifESHaumif? wpfaqmif;ESifh wpfaEGvHk;
aysmfyg;íom aeaom oifhtzdkY iwfrGwfacgif;yg;jcif;ab;om
arQmvf ih&f ef &Sad wmhonf/ igwdu Yk m; oift h m; rnfonfh tpmudrk Q
ay;Edik vf rd hf rnf r[kwyf g}} [kqu kd mtoD;oD;xGucf mG oGm;Muav
ownf;/

zm;ES p f a umif
tvG e f y l j yif ; onf h aEG & moD
wpfckwGif owå0grsm;rSm a&iwfjcif;
ab;ESifh &ifqdkifaeMu&avonf/
jrpfacsmif; tif;tdkif [lorQwdkYrSm
vnf; cef;ajcmufukefavawmh\/
zm;ESpfaumifwdkYonf twlwuG c&D;
oGm;Mu&if; a&iwfvSojzifh a&udk
ae&m tESHUtjym; &SmazGvsuf &SdMu
avonf/ aemufq;kH wGif olwo Ykd nf tvGeef ufaom a&wGi;f Bu;D
wpfwGif; udk awGU&SdMu&avonf/
xdktcg zm;ESpfaumifonf a&wGif;aygifay:wGif xdkifvsuf
a&wGif;xJodkY ckefcsoifh? rcsoifh aqG;aEG;wkdifyifMuav\/
wpfaumifaom zm;rSm a&iwfjcif;'Pfudk onf;rcHEdkif/
a&wGif;xJodkY tjrefqHk; a&muf&efom vdkvm;ol jzpfavonf/
xdkYaMumifh olu a&wGif;xJü a&rsm;pGm &SdvdrfhrnfjzpfaMumif;?
ckefcsjcif;jzifh wpfpHkwpf&m ab;tEÅ&m,fjzpfEdkifvdrfhrnf rxif
aMumif;rsm;jzifh wdu
k w f eG ;f vdu
k af v\/ od&Yk mwGif tjcm;wpfaumif
url ½kwfcsnf; rqHk;jzwfao;bJ twefMum pOf;pm;vsuf&Sdav
onf/ NyD;rS ]]oifajymaom pum;rsm;rSm [kwfaumif;p&m &SdvS
yg\/ od&Yk mwGif ig ckerf cs0yhH g/ tb,faMumifq h akd omf tu,fí
igwdkYxifouJhodkY a&wGif;ü a&r&Sdygu rnfodkYjyefí xGufMu&yg
tHhenf;}} [k jyefvnf ar;jref;vdkufavownf;/
148 ✿ urÇ m ausmf
jrnf ; ES i f h a cG ; i,f
wpf&Ha&mtcg jrnf;wpfaumif
onf olYocif\ cspfcif ta&;ay;
jcif; cH&aom acG;i,fwpfaumifudk
owdjyKrdav\/ ocifonf xdkacG;
i,fudk ,kvnf;,k,onf? ta&m
vnf;0ifonf/ xdkYjyif aumif;rGef
aom tpm;tpmwdjYk zifv h nf; aeYa&m
nyg auR;arG;jyKp\ k / taMumif;&if;udk &Smaomf tjcm;taMumif;
um; rawGU/ acG;i,f\ upm;jrL;xl;wwfjcif;? ocifjyefvmvQif
qD ; Bud K [d e f ; a[mif w wf j cif ; ? tNrD ; ud k eef Y v suf aemuf r S
vd k u f w wf jcif ; ES i f h ocif \ aygif a y:od k Y wuf í
xdkifwwfjcif;rsm;udkyg awGU& ayonf/ odkYjzifh acG;i,fuJhodkYyif
ocif\ tuRrf;0if cifrifrIudk vdkvm;&Smaom jrnf;onf
acG;i,f\ twkudk,l&ef qHk;jzwfvdkuf av\/
naecif ; wpf c k w G i f ol Y o cif o nf v,f E S i f h N cH r sm;
Munh f ½ I & mrS jyef v mNyD ; uk v m;xd k i f w pf v H k ; jzif h tarmajz
aeonf/ þwGif jrnf;u tcGifhaumif;awmh &ayNyD[lí
0rf ; omtm;& ck e f a yguf um ocif h x H ajy;oG m ;av\/
EI w f u vnf ; atmf j rnf u m acG ; i,f \ trl t &mrsKd ; jzif h
jrL;xl;ckefaygufí vmaeaom jrnf;udk jrifvQif ocifjzpfolrSm

xl;qef;í tjrifrawmfonfh tjyKtrl aMumifh rsm;pGmyif
&,farmrdavawmhonf/
od&Yk mwGif olt Y zdYk Mum&Snpf mG &,farmcGihf r&&Smay/ jrnf;\
Murf;wrf;aom ajcwpfzufonf ta&m0ifvakd om trlt&mjzifh
ol Y & if b wf u d k wd k ; xd v maomaMumif h w nf ; / xd k r Qomru
jrnf;onf aemufajcESpfacsmif;udk axmufum olYaygifay:odkY
ckefwuf&efyif BudK;pm;vkdufavao;\/
þodaYk om aMumufrufz, G &f m tawGUtBuKH EiS hf Bu;D rm;aom
jrnf;\ ukdf,fum, tav;'Pfudk rcHEdkifaom ocifcrsmrSm
jrnf;\ cspfuRrf;0ifrIudk todtrSwf rjyKEdkifawmhbJ xdwfvefY
wMum; atmfrd&Smawmh\/
xd k a tmf o H a Mumih f td r f a emuf a z;wG i f & S d a om tapcH
a,musfm;onf tajy;xGufvmavawmhonf/ olonf ocifh
tay: twif;wufaeaom jrnf;udkjrifvQif vufwGif toihf
ygvmaom wkwjf zifh jyif;xefpmG ½du k Ef u
S af vawmhonf/ þwGif
rS jrnf;onf rdru d ESpo f ufrnfxifí jyKvyk w f ikd ;f vnf; wpfzuf
om;ü auseyfrI rjzpfEikd af Mumif;udk aumif;pGm oabmaygufav
awmhownf;/
150 urÇ m ausmf

qd w f E S i f h jcaoF h
wpf a eY o ü jcaoF h w pf a umif

onf ausmufawmifwpfckay:wGif
tpm pm;aeaom qdww f pfaumifukd
jrifav\/ odkY&mwGif þrQ jrifhrm;í
rwfapmufaom ausmufawmifay:
odo
Yk mG ;a&mufzrf;qD; pm;aomufjcif;
iSm rwwfEdkifacs/ xdkYaMumifh qdwf&Sd&modkY vSrf;í -
]]taqGqdwf? wpfaeYywfvHk; ausmufwHk;wpfwHk;ay:rS
wpfwHk;odkY ckefausmfum oGm;vmaejcif;jzifh oifhtzdkY tb,f
tusKd;&SdEdkifygtHhenf;/ þodkY oGm;vmjcif;rSm tEÅ&m,fuvnf;
rsm;vSygonf/ rdepfwdkif;vdkyif aoab;ESifh &ifqdkifvsuf &Sdae
onf r[kwyf gavm/ uREykf , f ck pm;aeaom jrufcif;jyifü tvGef
csKí
d Eke,fvwfqwfaom jrufyifwUkd onf rsm;vSpmG \/ oifonf
tb,faMumifh þt&dyfodkYvmí usufpm;jcif; rjyKonfudk ig
tHhMoíyif aeygonf}} [k qdkav\/
xdktcg qdwfu ]]oifajymonfrSm tvGefyif rSefuefvSyg
onf/ odkY&mwGif uREfkyf\tjrifudk ajymjy&ygrl oifhudk Munhf&
onf r S m tvG e f q mavmif rG w f o d y f a eyH k v nf ; &ayonf /
aMumufrufz, G vf nf; aumif;vSonf/ xdaYk Mumifh oif&&dS mt&yf
"æ
odkY uREfkyfrvm0Hhyg}} [k jyefvnf ajymMum;vdkufavonf/

zsm;aeaompG e f
wpfcgaomf pGefwpfaumifonf
tjyif;zsm;av\/ ao&rnfhab;rS
vGwfuif;&ef vrf;rjrifaomtcg
rdcifjzpfoltm; ac:í þodkY ajymqdk
av\/
]]rd c if . .? þt&yf ü &S d a om
bk & m;&S d c d k ; ausmif ; rsm;od k Y oG m ;í
vltaygif;wdkYtm; uREfkyftwGuf qkawmif;arwåm ydkYo&ef
ajymMum;acs ygavmh/}}
xdktcg rdcifpGefrBuD;u ]]oifajymonfh twdkif;yif uREfkyf
onf tm;wufoa&m jyKrlcsifyg\/ odkY&mwGif vlwdkYxHrS
qkawmif;arwåmudkum; arQmfvifhí &Edkifrnfrxifyg/ tb,f
aMumifhqdkaomf oifonf vlwdkY\ aumif;usKd;udk rnfonfhtcg
urQ rjyKcJhonfhjyif olwdkYtm; aeYpOfESifhtrQ taESmifht,Suf
ay;aeaomaMumifhyifwnf;}} [k jyefvnf ajzqdkvdkufav\/
152 urÇ m ausmf

jrif ; ES i f h j rnf ;
wpf&aH &mtcg jrif;wpfaumifEiS hf

jrnf;wpfaumifwdkYonf c&D;wpfckudk
twlwuG oGm;Muav\/ olwdkY\
ocifrmS vnf; aemufrS vdu k yf gvm\/
jrif;\ ausmay:ü rnfonfh0efxkyf
0efydk;rQ r&Sdojzifh vGwfvyfayghyg;pGm
oGm;Edkifonf/ jrnf;\ ausmay:ürl
0efwdkYonf txl;yif rsm;jym;vSav&um;? jrnf;&efrSm vIyf&efrS
yif tvGefcJ,Of;pGm vIyf&av\/ c&D;udkvnf; aES;auG;pGmom
oGm;Edkifavonf/ xdktcg jrnf;onf jrif;tm; þodkY awmif;yef
av\/
]]taqGjrif;? uREfkyf\ ausmay:&Sd 0efxkyfwdkYrSm tvGefrsm;
jym;ygonf/ av;vnf; av;vGef;vSyg\/ oifonf uREfkyfudk
Muifemaomtm;jzifh ypönf;tcsKdUudk ulnDo,faqmifay;yg
avmh}}
od k Y & mwG i f wpf u k d , f a umif ; BuH w wf a om jrif ; onf
jrnf;\ awmif;yefpum;udk *½krjyKbJ aeav\/ pdk;pOf;rQaom
tul tnDudkvnf; ray;cJhacs/ odkYjzifh c&D;rsm;pGm ra&mufrDyif
jrnf;crsm 0efxkyf0efydk;wdkY\ tav;'Pfudk BuHUBuHUrcHEdkif

awmh bJ vrf;wGifyif vJusaoqHk;oGm;av\/
ocifonf jrnf;\ toufcsrf;omrIudk wwfEdkifpGrf;orQ
tm;xkwfygaomfvnf; r&vdkufawmhbJ &Sdav\/ odkYjzpfí
olonf jrnf;\ ausmay:rS 0efrsm;udk usef&Sdaeaom jrif;\
ausmukef;xufodkY ajymif;a&TUwifxm;av\/ xdkrQruao;
aoqHk;oGm;aom jrnf;\ ta&cGHudkyg xyfrHwifaqmifum c&D;
qufavawmh\/
þodkYtm;jzifh pdwfxm;,kwfaomjrif;onf qwufxrf;ydk;
wdk;í 0efxkyfwdkYudk wpfukd,fwnf;om yifyef;BuD;pGm o,fydk;
,laqmif oGm;&avawmhownf;/
154 urÇ m ausmf

uRef ; yif E S i f h csKH i ,f
a&S;oa&mtcg tvGefjrifhrm;í
ajzmifhwef;aom uRef;yifBuD;wpfyif
&S d a vonf / ¤if ; onf awmtk y f
twGi;f ü &S&d o
dS rQaom csKEH ,
G yf w
d af ygif;
wdkYtm; vGTrf;rdk;vsuf wnfaeav\/
xdkYaMumifh ol\ jrifhrm;rI? cHhnm;rI
twGuf rmefrme wuf<urqHk; jzpfae
awmhonf/tjcm;aom csKiH ,frsm;tm; ESrd chf saompdwx f m;jzifoh m
tzufrwefoa,mif oabmxm;í aeav\/
wpfaeYaomf csKHi,fonf olYtm; tb,faMumifh þrQ
rmefrme wuf<uí pdwfBuD;0if&onfudk ar;jref;av\/
xd k t cg uRef ; yif u ]]tod k Y ar;ygoenf ; / uREf k y f \
tvSty udk ,SOfNydKifí rSDEdkifaom opfyifonf þawmtkyfü
&S d y goavm/ Munh f y g/ uREf k y f \ xd y f z sm;wd k Y o nf rd k ; xd
xd;k xGuv f suf wdrw
f u kd f rsm; tMum;odyYk if rDvek ;D yg; &Sad eavNy/D
tudkif;tcufwdkY qdkvQif vnf; ab;ywf0ef;usifodkY xdk;xGuf
qefYwef;vsuf cdkifNrJaom tvStyjzifh wnf&SdaeNyD/ oifwdkU

rSmum; ajray:wGif a>r? uif; paom owå0gwd\ Yk twd;k ta0SUudk
cHvsuf wGm;0yfumom aeMuayonf}} [k rmeaxmifvTm;aom
pum;udk qdkav\/
þwGif csKHi,fu ]]oihfpum;rSm rSefoihfoavmuf rSefay
vdrrhf nf/ odaYk omf opfcw
k o
f rm;onf oihu
f kd jzwfvyJS pf&ef ol\
ykqdefjzifh oif\ tjrpf&if;udk ckwfaeaom tcgürl rkcsyif
onfonf igwdkYESifh b0csif; vJcsifvmayvdrfhrnf}} [k qdkvdkuf
avownf;/
156 urÇ m ausmf

v,f o rm;ES i f h iS u f 0 H y d k
wpf c gaomf v,f o rm;wpf

a,mufonf ol\v,fwGif;ü ydkuf
wpfcu k kd axmifíxm;av\/ olonf
ysKd;cgp ajymif;yifrsm;udk 0rf;bJESifh
iSufusm;rsm; vma&mufí pm;jcif;rS
vGwfuif;ap&ef jzpfavonf/ rsm;pGm
aom iSuftaygif;wdkYvnf; ydkufuGef
wGif;odkY oufqif;um ysufqD;jcif;odkY a&mufMu&avawmh\/
wpfaeYwiG f iSu0f yH kd wpfaumifonfvnf; xdyk u kd u
f eG t
f wGi;f
ü rdvsuf ygvmav\/ olonf v,form;tm; þodkY apm'u
wufí toufcsrf;omapjcif;iSm qdkav\/
]]tcsif; v,form;? igonf 0rf;bJvnf;r[kwf? iSufusm;
vnf; r[kwfyg/ oihftm; rnfodkYrQ taESmifht,Sufray;onfh
0HydkiSufrQomvQif jzpfyg\/ ,ckvnf; igonf oif\ ajymif;yif
wduYk kd zsuq
f ;D &ef vmonfr[kw/f tjcm;aom 0rf;bJEiS hf iSuu f sm;
rsm;\ tazmftjzpf vdkufygvmrdjcif;rQom jzpfyg\}}
xdktcg v,form;u ]]toifiSuf? oifajymonfh pum;
wdkY onf rSefaumif; rSefayvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif igonf oihftm;
tjcm;aom ajymif;olcdk;wdkYESifh twlwuG zrf;rdjcif;jzpfí
oif o nf vnf ; ol w d k Y e nf ; wl y if nD r Qom jypf ' Pf u d k
cH&vdrfhrnfomwnf;}} [k qdkvdkufavonf/
tD p G w f y H k j yif r sm; ✿ 157
td k r if ; aom trJ v d k u f a cG ;
wpf & H a &mtcg trJ v d k u f a cG ;

wpfaumifonf rdrd ocifxHü trJ
vdu
k jf cif; trIukd ESpaf ygif; &SnMf umpGm
vkyuf ikd v
f mcJ&h mrS aemufq;kH ü tdrk if;
rpGrf;&Sdí vmcJhav\/
wpf a eY o ü a&S ; uuJ h o d k Y y if
trJvdkuf xGufMupOf xdkacG;onf
a&SUrSjzwfí ajy;aom orifwpfaumifudk jrifav\/ xdkYaMumifh
tm;ukefajy;í vdkufum ajcaxmufudk udkufzrf;í xm;vdkuf
avonf/ od&Yk mwGif ,cifEyk sKpd Ofu tcgrsm;uJo h Ykd NrNJ rpH mG udu
k cf J
xm;jcif; rjyKEdkifacs/ oGm;rsm; usKd;yJhí tiftm;csdeJYNyD jzpf&um;
tm;ukef ½kef;uefaeaom orifudk Mum&Snf qGJrxm;EdkifawmhbJ
vTwfvdkuf&avawmh\/
xdktcg ocifonf acG;tm; orifudk vGwfap&rnfavm[k
a'goBuD;pGmjzifh ½dkufESufav\/ þwGif trJvdkufacG;u -
]]ocif? uREfkyftm; r½dkufygESifh/ uREfkyfonf oif\ cstyf
aom wm0efukd ausyeG pf mG aqmif&u G yf g\/ od&Yk mwGif oifoo d nfh
twdik ;f tkrd if;rpGr;f &SNd yjD zpfí a&S;uuJo h Ykd rpGr;f Edik jf cif; jzpfygonf/
uREfkyfonf ,cktcsdefü oifhtzdkY toHk;rusawmhaomfvnf;
,cif uREykf Ef yk sKpd Ofu pGr;f pGr;f wrH aqmif&u G cf yhJ rkH sm;udk jyefvnf
æ
í owd&oihfyg\}} [k qdkvdkufavownf;/
158 urÇ m ausmf
ol r d k u f E S i f h uyÜ v D
wpfcgaomf vlwpfa,muffonf
uyÜvDvlrsKd; wpfa,mufudk tapcH
tjzpf 0,f,lvdkufav\/ þtBudrf
onf olYtzdkY uyÜvDudk yxrqHk;
tBud r f jrif z l ; jcif ; jzpf a vonf /
olonf uyÜv\ D tom;ta& rJjcif;
rS m roef Y j yef Y r I ? pif M u,f a tmif
rokwfoifrIaMumifhom jzpfonf[k xifrSwfrdav\/ xdkYaMumifh
tjcm; tapcHrsm;udk ac:í ¤if; uyÜvDtm; a&pnfwpfckxJodkY
xnfhcdkif;um tom;ta&wdkY pifMu,fí jzLazG;vmonfhwdkif
wdkufcRwfokwfoifay;&rnf [k trdefYay;vdkufav\/
ol\ tapcHwdkYonfvnf; qdkwkdif;yif jyKvkyfMuukef\/
olwdkYonf yGwfum? wdkufum? acs;wGef;um? a&avmif;umESifh
txyfxyf Budrfzefrsm;pGm jyKvkyfMuavonf/ odkY&mwGif rnfodkY
rQ t&mrxif a v/ aemuf q H k ; \um; yif u k d , f Z mwd u yif
tom;ta&euf&mS aom uyÜvcD rsmrSm jzLpifí vm&rnft h pm;
tat;rdí aoqHk;oGm;&avownf;/
æ
acG ; ES i f h t&d y f
wpfcgaomf trJom;wHk;wpfwHk;
udk udkufcsDvmaom acG;wpfaumif
onf acsmif ; i,f w pf c k u d k jzwf í
aqmufvyk x f m;aom wHwm;i,fwpf
ckukd jzwfu;l av\/ odjYk zwfu;l &mwGif
a&xJoYkd iHMYk unhvf u
kd &f m oleY nf;wlyif
pm;csif z G , f & m trJ o m;wpf w H k ; ud k
udkufcsDvmaom tjcm;acG;wpfaumifudk jrifrdav\/
xd k t cg avmbBuD ; aom xd k a cG ; onf ol Y w G i f & S d o nf h
tom;wHk; wpfwHk;jzifh ra&mifh&JEdkifbJ oljrifaom acG;xHrS
tom;wHk;udkyg &aomf aumif;avpG[k BuHpnf atmufarhrdav
\/ xdak vmb\ wdu k wf eG ;f rIjzifh olonf xdak cG;tm; jcrd ;f ajcmuf
armif;rJí trJom;wHk;udk ,ltHhaomiSm us,favmifaom
toHjzifh [def;a[mifav\/ xdktcg olYyg;pyfü udkufcsDvmaom
tom;wHk;onf vGwfí a&xJodkY usoGm;av\/
trJom;wHk; usoGm;vQifyif a&onf *,uf0dkif;rsm; x
vm av&m apmapmujrif & aom acG ; yH k o P² m ef o nf
aysmufuG,fí oGm;awmh\/ xdktcgusrS oljrif&aom acG;onf
160 urÇ m ausmf

tjcm;wpfyg; aom acG;r[kwf? ol\ t&dyfrQom jzpfonfudk
od & avawmh \ / xd k Y a Mumif h ol \ avmbBuD ; rI t wG u f
qHk;½IH;oGm;&aom trJom; wHk;udk jyef&&ef BudK;pm;av\/
odkY&mwGif trJom;wHk;um; rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ r&Edkifawmh/
a&atmufodkY a&mufoGm;cJhav NyD/ þwGifrS avmbBuD;aom
acG;onf ol\ trSm;udk aemifw BuD;pGm&um qHk;½IH;&aom
trJom;wHk;twGuf ESajrmrqHk;jzpfí aeavawmh ownf;/

c&D ; onf E S p f O D ;
wpfcgaomf c&D;onfESpfOD;onf
awmtkyfwpfckudk jzwfoef;í twl
wuG c&D;oGm;Muav\/ vrf;ü olwYkd
onf wpfpHkwpf&m ab;tEÅ&m,f
BuH K vmcJ h a omf wpf O D ; ud k w pf O D ;
apmifah &SmufMupwrf;[k uwdxm;Mu
avonf/ odkYESifh rMumrD olwdkYonf
c&D;vrf;ü awmtkyfwpfck twGif;rS ajy;xGufvmaom 0uf0H
wpfaumifudk awGUMu&av\/
c&D;onfESpfOD;teuf wpfOD;rSm opfyiftwuf usifvnfol
jzpfavonf/ olonf 0uf0u H kd jrifvQif jrifcsi;f yif eD;&m opfyif
wpfyifodkY ajy;oGm;um wufa&mufykef;atmif; aevdkufav\/
usefwpfOD;rSmum; opfyifvnf; rwufwufojzifh ajray:odkY
½kwfw&uf 0rf;vsm;armufcsvdkufum toufr½IbJ NidrfoufpGm
vlao[efaqmifí aeav\/
0uf0oH nf xdokf t Yl eD;odv
Yk ma&mufí [drk S onfrS erf;½IMH unhf
onf / tu,f y if aoqH k ; aeNyD [ k xif r S w f u m &ef r jyKbJ
awmtwGif;odkY jyefvnf 0ifa&mufoGm;av\/
ab;&ef v G w f a jrmuf a vaomf opf y if a y:rS c&D ; onf
162 urÇ m ausmf

onf qif ; ouf v mNyD ; aemuf ajray:ü vS J a eaom
tazmfjzpfot l m; ]]apmapmu 0uf0o H nf tem;odu
Yk yfí bmrsm;
ajymoGm;yg oenf;}} [k ar;av\/
xdktcg ajray:ü vSJaeaom c&D;onfu ]]tjcm;r[kwfyg/
olu uREykf t f m; oifu h o
hJ Ykd wpfu,
dk af umif;Buí
H ab;udk tvGwf
½ke;f wwfaom olrsK;d tm; a&SUtzdYk b,ftcgrQ ,HMk unfpw d cf sjcif;
rjyKygESifh/ odkYr[kwfu uREfkyfomvQif 'ku©BuHK&vdrfhrnf[lí
tBuHay;pum; ajymMum;oGm;ygonf}} [k qdkvdkufavownf;/

½d k ; ajzmif h a om opf c k w f o rm;
wpf&Ha&mtcg opfckwform;
wpfa,mufonf jrpfurf;yg; wpfck&Sd
opfyifwpfyifudk ckwfvSJí aeav
onf/ odkYckwfae&if;yif ykqdefonf
olYvufrS vGwfí a&xJodkY usoGm;
av\/ ol o nf jrpf u rf ; yg;wG i f
&yfum ol\ qHk;½IH;rItwGuf rsm;pGm
0rf;enf;jcif; jzpfíaeavonf/
wpfcPü jrpfapmifhewfonf ½kwfw&uf ay:vmNyD;vQif
olYtm; tusKd;taMumif; ar;jref;av\/ opfckwform;vnf;
taMumif ; pH k jyef a jymjyav\/ xd k t cg ol \ 'k u © u d k
r½I&ufaom jrpfapmifhewfonf a&xJodkY ikwfvsuf a&Tykqdef
wpfvufudk udkufum jyefwufvmav\/ ]]þykqdefonf
oif a ysmuf q H k ; aom yk q d e f j zpf o vm;}} [k ol u ar;\/
½d k ; ajzmif h í opö m &d S a om opf c k w f o rm;u r[k w f a Mumif ;
jiif;qdv k u
kd af v\/ ewfrif; vnf; 'kw, d tBurd af &xJoiYkd w
k jf yef
avonf/ xdaYk emuf aiGyq k ed w
f pfvufukd uduk qf v JG suf ay:vm
jyefNyD; ]]oif\ ypönf; avm[k ar;jyef\/ opfckwform;vnf;
a&S;enf;twdkif; r[kwf aMumif;jzifh ½dk;om;pGm ajymjyefav\/
xdkYaMumifh jrpfapmifhewf onf aemufwpfBudrf xyfikwfjyefNyD;
164 urÇ m ausmf

aysmufqHk;aeaom ykqdef tppfudk ,lí jyo\/
opfckwform;vnf; 0rf;omtm;&ESifh olYypönf;rSefaMumif;
0efcHav\/ þwGif ol\ ½dk;om;rIudk rsm;pGm ESpfNcdKufoabmus
aom ewfrif;onf a&Tyq k ed Ef iS hf aiGyq
k ed w
f u
Ykd ykd g olt
Y m; ay;tyf
vdkufavawmh\/
olonf ykqdefoHk;vufudk ,lí ae&yfodkY jyefoGm;av\/
ol\ tjzpftysuf tvHk;pHkudk ol\ taygif;tazmfrsm;tm;
ajymjyaomtcg rsm;pG m tH h M oMuuk e f \ / xd k o l r sm;xJ r S
wpfa,mufaom olonf xdo k pfcw k of rm;\ ukov dk u
f aH umif;
yHkudk rsm;pGm tm;usjcif; jzpfrd\/ xdkYaMumifh olukd,fwdkifvnf;
uHprf;OD;tHh[k tBuHjzpfrdavonf/
olonf ,cif opfckwform;enf;wl jrpfurf;yg;odkY oGm;í
opfyifwpfyifudk ckwfvSJ[efjyKum aeav\/ odkY ckwf&if;rS
rawmfwq vGwfusonfh[efjzifh wrifyif olYykqdefudk a&xJodkY
ypfcsvdkufavonf/ xdkYaemuf jrpfurf;yg;ü ai;rdIifawGa0aom
trlt&mjzifh xdkifaeavonf/
olxifonfh twdkif;yif jrpfapmifhewfonf ½kwfw&uf
ay: vmNyD ; taMumif ; pH k u d k ar;jref ; av\/ xd k Y a emuf
a&S;enf;twdkif; a&xJodkYikwfNyD; a&Tykqdefudk,lí wufvm
av\/ avmbBuD;aom opfckwform;um; a&TykqdefjrifvQif
jrpfapmifhewf\ tar;udk rapmifhEdkifawmh/

]]þykqdefonf uREfkyf\ ypönf;jzpfygonf/ trSefyif jzpfyg
onf}} [k tavmwBuD; ajymqdkum vufvSrf;vifh\/ þwGif
jrpfapmifhewfvnf; xdkol\ avmbBuD;rIESifh r½dk;om;jcif;wdkYudk
rsm;pGm pyfqkyfvS&um; a&Tykqdefydk ray;bJ aeav\/
xdkrQomru ol\ oHykqdefudkyg jyefvnf &SmazGay;jcif;
rjyKawmhbJ aysmufuG,fí oGm;avawmh\/ þodkYtm;jzifh
r½dk;ajzmifhaom olYrSm a&Tykqdef? aiGykqdefwdkYudk r&onfomru
ol\ yg&if;pGJ oHykqdefyif qHk;&avawmhownf;/
166 urÇ m ausmf

acG ; ES i f h 0H y k a vG
wpfaeYoü acG;wpfaumifonf
,mcif ; wpf c k \ wH c g;teD ; wG i f
aeqmvI H í aeav\/ xd k t cg
0Hyak vGwpfaumifonf olu Y kd cketf yk f
um udkufpm;rnfjyKav\/ acG;onf
ol\ toufab;rS csrf;omapjcif;
iS m 0H y k a vG t m; awmif ; yef v suf
þodkY ajymqdkav\/
]]uREfkyfrSm oifjrifonfhtwdkif; ,cktcgwGif tvGefyif
ydefcsKH;vsuf&Sdygonf/ oifhtzdkY rGefjrwfaom tpm;tpm;
rjzpf E d k i f yg/ tu,f í om oif o nf &uf t enf ; i,f c ef Y
apmifhEdkifrnf qdkygu uREfkyf\ ocifonf xrif;pm;yGJwpfckudk
usif ; yygvd r f h rnf / xd k y G J w G i f uREf k y f o nf rsm;pG m aom
t½d k ; t&if ; wd k Y u d k pm;aomuf & rnf j zpf í 0Nzd K ;vmrnf r S m
rk c srvG J y if jzpf y gonf / xd k t cg oif o nf uREf k y f u d k
pm;aomufrnfqdkygvQif vGefpGmyif t&om&Sdygvdrfhrnf}}/
0H y k a vG v nf ; xd k t BuH r S m tvG e f y if oif h j rwf
vSayonf[k ,lqrdojzifh rpm;ao;bJ xGufcGmoGm;avonf/
&uftwefMum aomf olonf ,mcif;odkY wpfzefjyefí vmjyef
favonf/ olonf acG;tm; olrrDEdkifaom jrif;apmif;wpfck

\ acgifrdk;ay:wGif 0yfí aeonfudk awGU&av\/
olonf acG;tm; atmufodkYqif;&ef atmfí ajymNyD;aemuf
olwdkYESpfOD;onf ,refaeYu oabmwlnDcsufudk arhNyDavm[k
ar;jref;av\/ odkY&mwGif acG;onf at;aq;aom trlt&mjzifh
]]td-k rdwaf qG? oifonf rnfonftcgwGirf qdk uREykf t
f m; ,mcif;
wHcg;a&SUwGif vJavSmif;aeonfudk awGUu wpfcgwnf; zrf;,l
vdkufyg/ rnfonfh xrif;pm;yGJudkrS apmifhí raeygESifhawmh}} [k
jyefajymvdkufum qif;rvmbJ &Sdavownf;/
168 urÇ m ausmf

v,f o rm;ES i f h acG ;
wpf&Ha&mtcg v,form;
wpfa,mufonf &moDOwk Murf;wrf;
\vSojzifh wGJwGif;rS tjyif tyodkY
rxGufEdkifatmif jzpfí aeav\/
olonf olESifhwuGaom tdrfom;rsm;
twGuf tpm;tpmwdkYudkvnf; tjyif
odkYxGufí r&SmazGEdkifbJ &Sdaeav\/
xdkYaMumifh a&S;OD;pGm ol\ odk;rsm;udkowfí pm;&av\/
xdkYaemuf ESif;rkefwdkif;onf qufvufí usa&mufaeojzifh
qdwfrsm;udk owfí pm;&jyefav\/ aemufqHk;rSm &moDOwkrSm
xl;jcm;aumif;rGefvmonfh vu©Pmudkrjy av&um; olkonf
rwwfomawmhbJ EGm;xD;rsm;udk owfí pm;avawmhonf/
xdkodkY wd&pämeftrsKd;rsKd;wdkY tvSnhfus owfpm;jcif; cH&onf
udk jrifMu&aom ol\ acG;rsm;onf xdwv f efMY uuke\
f / xdaYk Mumifh
olwdkYonf ]]todkYenf; taqGwdkY? uREfkyfwdfkYonf þae&mrS
tjrefqHk; xGufcGmrS oihfawmfayvdrfhrnf/ þodkY r[kwfygu
aemufwpfBurd w f iG f uREykf w
f t
Ykd vSnofh Ykd usa&mufvmvdrrhf nfrmS
rvGJyifwnf;}} [k tcsif;csif; ajymqdk wdkifyifum xGufajy;&ef
pDpOfMu&avownf;/
✪
rmef w uf a omjrif ;
wpfcgaomf ol0wfqif&aom
uBudK;wefqmrsm;twGuf rmefwuf
vsuf & S d a om jrif ; wpf a umif o nf
jrnf;wpfaumifEiS hf vrf;ay:wGif qHrk d
Muav\/ jrnf;onf o,faqmifvm
&aom 0efxkyf0efydk;rsm;\ av;vHrI
aMumifh aES;auG;pGmom avQmufoGm;
Edkifavonf/
xdtk cg jrif;onf olomG ;rnfv h rf;udk ydwq
f &Ykd ygrnfavm[k
Budrf;armif;ajymqdkum jrnf;vGefajrmufoGm;onftxd rapmifh
qdkif;Ekdifatmif jzpfí aeav\/ olonf jrnf;tm; tjrefoGm;
&ef uefausmufvTwfvdkonfh pdwfudk tEdkifEdkif csKyfwD;xm;&av
onf/
od k Y & mwG i f jrnf ; onf u m; onf ; cH v suf o m oG m ;\/
olYpdwf twGif;ürl jrif;\ apmfum;rIudk rarhEdkifawmhacs/ odkYjzifh
umv twefMumaomf jrif;onf tyifyef; rcHEdkifawmhaom
b0odkY a&mufvmavonf/ xdktcg ol\ ocifonf olYtm;
v,form; wpfOD;odkY a&mif;csvdkufav\/
wpf a eY a omtcg ol o nf EG m ;acs;vS n f ; wpf p D ; ud k
170 urÇ m ausmf

qGv
J mpOf ,cifu tcsi;f jzpfymG ;zl;aom jrnf;ESihf awGUqHak v\/
jrnf;onf olu
Y jkd rifaomf oa&mfaomtm;jzifh &,farmvsuf ]]td-k
rmeBuD ; aom rd w f a qG B uD ; ? oif o nf þtjzpf r sKd ; od k Y
a&muf&vdrfhrnf[k vHk;0awG;rdjcif; r&Sdonf r[kwfygavm/
,ckrl oif\ vSycHhnm; aom uBudK;wefqmwdkYonf tb,fodkY
a&muf a vuk e f N yD e nf ; }} [k ajymif a vS m if a r;jref ;
vdkufavownf;/

tr,f t d k E S i f h q&m0ef
wpf&Ha&mtcg trnftdkwpf
a,mufonfa0'emaMumifu h ,
G v f k
rwwfjzpfaeaomrsupf u d qkd &m0ef
wpfa,muftm;jyowdik yf ifav\/
olonfo\ l a0'emaysmufuif;ygu
naq;zdk; 0g;c tajrmuftjrm;
ay;ygrnf[k oufaorsm;a&SUwGif
uwd x m;avonf / tu,f í raysmuf u if ; ygrl wpf j ym;
wpf c syf r Q ay;vd r f h r nf r [k w f a Mumif ; Bud K wif í owd ay;
xm;av\/
q&m0ef o nf vnf ; oabmwl n D í pwif uk oav\/
olonf tr,ftdkxH aq;uk&efvmwdkif; tr,ftdk \ tdrfrS
ypönf;rsm;udk wpfacgufvQif wpfckpD wdwfwqdwf ,liifoGm;
avh &Sdavonf/ odkYjzifh tr,ftdk rsufpdtvif; &awmhrnfh
tcsdefwGif ol aemufqHk;tBudrftjzpf aq;uk&ef a&mufvm
aomtcgüum; ypönf;tm;vHk; ukefqHk;aeavNyD/
tr,ftdkvnf; rsufpdtvif;&í tdrfwGif ypönf;rsm;
wpfckrS r&Sdawmhonfh tjzpfudk jrif&aomtcg q&m0efudk
aiGay;&ef jiif;qdk avawmhonf/ þodYk Burd zf efrsm;pGmjiif;qdak v
&um; q&m0ef onf olYtm; w&m;olBuD;xHodkY ac:aqmifoGm;
172 urÇ m ausmf

avawmhonf/ aemufqHk;wGifolwdkY trIonf½Hk;okdkY a&mufonf/
tr,ftdkrSm olYtwGuf umuG,facsy&ef tqifoifhjyifNyD;
jzpfaeavawmh onf/
tr,ftdku ]]q&m0efxGufqdkonfhtwdkif; olESifh uREfkyf
wdkY\ oabmwlnDcsufrSm trSefyifjzpfygonf/ tu,fíom
olonf uREfkyf\ rsufpda&m*gudk aysmufuif;atmif ukoay;
Edkifygu tcaMu;aiG aumif;pGmay;rnfom jzpfygonf/ ay;&ef
vnf ; uREf k y f wm0ef , l c J h y gonf / xd k Y t wl ol u vnf ;
aysmuf u if ; atmif uk o ray;Ed k i f y gu wpf j ym;wpf c syf r Q
r,lyg[k oufaorsm;a&SU wGif xif&Sm;pGm uwdjyKxm;yg\/
,ck uREfkyf\rsufpd aumif;pGmjkrifNyD; olukoí &Sif;&Sif;
aysmuf u if ; NyD [ k ol u qd k y gonf / od k Y & mwG i f uREf k y f u rl
raysmufuif;onfhtjyif wdk;íyif rIefvm? uG,fvmygao;
onf [ k ajymvd k y gonf / tb,f a Mumif h q d k a omf uREf k y f \
rusufpdudk olrukorDu rsufpdraumif;[k qdkaomfvnf;
uREf k y f r S m uREf k y f t d r f w G i f ; &S d td r f a xmif y &d a bm*rsm;ES i f h
tjcm;0w¬ K rsm;ud k roJ y if r oJ u G J a omf v nf ; jrif E d k i f p G r f ;
&S d y gao; onf / ,ck vH k ; 0aysmuf u if ; NyD [ k qd k a om
tcgüum; bmwpfck udkrQ rjrif&awmhyg/ xdkYaMumifh olukoí
uREfkyf rsufpdaumif; oGm;NyDqdkonfrSm rrSefyg}} [k xkacs
avsmufvJvdkufavownf;/
"æ
uJ h & J U wwf a om EG m ;i,f
a&S;oa&mtcg tvGefpdwfxm;
nHhí wpfzufom;tm; rcHcsifatmif
uJh&JUajymqdkwwfaom EGm;i,fwpf
aumif&Sdavonf/ olonf v,fxGef
&ef ocif E S i f h t wl oG m ;aeaom
EG m ;BuD ; wpf a umif u k d jrif a v\/
olwpfyg;\ pdwfrcsrf;ajrUjcif;ESifh
rcH c sif j zpf j cif ; ud k vd k v m;aomol o nf EG m ;BuD ; tm;
taES m if h t ,S u f ray;bJ raeEk d i f a tmif jzpf r d a vonf /
xdkYaMumifh -
]]tdk-oem;zG,faumif;aom EGm;BuD;? oif\ tjzpfonf
qdk;0g;avpGwum;/ þav;vHaom xGefwHk;BuD;udk qGJvsuf
ajrwd k Y ud k yif y ef ; BuD ; pG m xG e f , uf a y;&aom oih f b 0ud k
uREfkyf u½kPm oufrdygonf/ oifonf yifyef;qif;&JvS
aomfvnf; onfb0rS vGwf&mvGwfaMumif; tm;xkwfrIudk
em;vnf j cif ; r&S d ? tm;xk w f vd r f h r nf r [k w f / uREf k y f \
b0udMk unhyf g/ rnfrQ vGwv f yfí aysm&f iT zf ,
G af umif;ygoenf;/
uREfkyfoGm;csif&modkYvnf; oGm;Edkif onf/ rnfonfhtcsdefürqdk
tvdk&Sd&m opf&dyfwpfckü vJavsmif; tdyfpufaeEkdifonf/
wpfcgwpf&H aea&mifxJüvnf; vSnfhvnf aeEkdifonf/ uREfkyf
tvd k & S d a om tcgrsm;ü prf ; acsmif ; uav;od k Y oG m ;í
174 urÇ m ausmf
at;jrMunfvifaom a&udk tvdk&SdorQ aomufEkdifao; onf/
oifhrSmrlum; aemufusdí enf;yg;vSpGmaom a&udkom r0w0
aomuf & ayawmh o nf } } [k wpf z uf o m; rcH c sif a tmif
qdkav\/
odkY&mwGif EGm;BuD;um; ol\ pum;udk rnfodkYrQ ta&;rxm;
rlí ocifhaemufrSom Nidrfouf at;csrf;pGm vdkufygoGm;av
onf/ tvkyfNyD;pD;onfh naetcsdefü EGm;BuD;onf taESmiftzGJU
rS vGwfuif;vsuf csrf;ompGm vSnhfvnfoGm;vGifh &av&m
jrufayg&m &GmjyifodkY xGufvmcJhav\/
xdtk cduk o f o l nf eHeufu awGUcJah om EGm;i,fukd ,Zfyal Zmf
&ef vlwpfpk qGJac:oGm;onfudk jrifvdkufavonf/ olonf
vdkufíMunhf&m ,ZfylaZmfonfh ae&mü vnfukyfay:wGif
ckwfydkif;&ef "m;toihfwifNyD; jzpfaeaom EGm;i,fudk awGU&av
\/
xdktcg olu teD;odkYuyfí ]]tkd-EGm;i,f? oif\ wpfzuf
om;tm; rcHcsiaf tmif uJ&h UJ ajymqdk aESmif, h uS rf \
I tusK;d w&m;
udk ½Iygavmh/ oiftxifBuD;cJhaom oif\ xifovdkae&onfh
b0onf þodkYaom tjzpfqdk;rsKd;odkY a&muf&jcif;\ taMumif;
w&m;yif jzpfawmhonf/ ,ckyif oihfb0ESifh oifuJh&JUcJhaom
ig\ b0wdw Yk iG f rnfobYl 0u ydrk í
kd aumif;rGeo
f nfukd onfu, dk f
wdkifoifodNyDr[kwfygavm}} [k wD;wdk;ar;jref;ajymqdk vdkufav
"æ
ownf;/

td r f a pmif h a cG ;
tvGefvomaom nwpfnü
qmavmifrGwfodyfaom 'PfaMumifh
ydefBuHKcsdeJYaeaom 0HykavGwpfaumif
onf [dkonf vnfvsuf&Sdav\/
olonf tpm awGUEd;k Ed;k ESihf &SmazG&if;
acG ; wpf a umif E S i f h awG U qH k a v\/
xdkacG;rSm 0NzdK;aeonf/ aysmf&Tifae
onf/ olYb0wGif wpfeyfpmrQaom tpmudkyif wpfBudrfwpfcg
rQ iwfz;l [efr&Sad y/ xdaYkd Mumifh 0Hyak vGonf acG;teD;odYk csO;f uyf
vsuf aumif;pGm EIwfqufNyD;aomf -
]]taqG? oifonf tb,faMumifh þrQ aysmf&Tifjcif; jzpf&
ygoenf;/ oift h zdYk tpm;tpm[lonfrmS vnf; tvG,w f ulyif
&SmazG awGU&Sd[ef&Sd\/ uREfkyfonf oihfxufydkrdkí jyifyü
vSnfhvnf oGm;vmzl;onf[k ajym0Hhyg\/ avmuBuD;udkvnf;
oifxh ufyí kd eD;uyfpmG jrifz;l yg\/ oihx f uf ydrk í kd vnf; avmu
taMumif;udk em;vnfrI &Sdyg\/ odkY&mwGif tb,fhaMumifh
uREfkyfonf tpmudk vHkavmufpGm r&Edkifygoenf;/ toifodyg
p}} [k ar;jref;av\/
xdktcg acG;u ]]taqG? 0HykavG? oifvnf; uREfkyfenf;wl
176 urÇ m ausmf

aeEdkifyg\/ uREfkyfjyKvkyfouJhodkYom jyKyg/ uREfkyfuJhodkY 00NzdK;NzdK;
ESifh aysmf&TifpGm ae&ygvdrfhrnf}} [k qdkav\/ 0HykavGu ]]odkYjzpf
vQif rnfodkY jyK&rnfenf;}} [k xyfrH ar;jref;av\/ acG;u
]]vkyf&eftvkyfum; tjcm;r[kwfyg/ ntcgwGif uREfkyfocif\
ypönf;rsm;udk olcdk;rsm; azmufxGif;0ifa&mufí r,lEdkif&ef
aumif;pGm apmifha&Smuf&jcif;yif jzpfygonf}} [k qdk\/
]]td-k odq
Yk v
kd Qif pdwt
f m;xufoefpmG ESiyhf if uREykf jf yKvyk yf gtH}h }
[k 0HuykavGu uwday;\/ ]]odkYrSom uREfkyftzdkY aEG;aomtdrf
wGif aumif;pGm ae&ayawmhrnf/ odkYr[kwfygu awmxJwGif
vSnv fh nfvsuf &moDOwk\ qd;k &Gm;aom'Pfukd cHpm;ae&ayvdrhf
rnf/ aeYpOfvnf; aumif;rGefaom tpmrsm;udk pm;&ayvwåHU}}
[k qdkav\/
]]rSefayonf taqG}} [k acG;u axmufcHvsuf olYaemufrS
vdkufcJh&ef ac:oGm;av\/ olwdkYESpfOD;om; ab;csif; ,SOfvsuf
avQmufoGm;aeMucdkuf 0HykavGonf acG;\vnfrS vnfywfudk
jrifav\/ tvGefodvdk? rSwfvdkaom owå0gjzpfí xdkypönf;
taMumif;udk pHkprf;av\/ yxraomf acG;onf bmrS r[kwfyg
[k jiif;qefvdkufao;onf/ odkY&mwGif xyfumxyfum ar;ae
aomaMumifh aemufqHk;wGif ajymjyavawmhonf/
]]aumif ; NyD ? oif o d v d k u uREf k y f a jymjyygawmh r nf /

þ vnfywfrSm aeYtcgwGif uREfkyftm; ocifu tdrfwGif;ü
avSmifxm;cdkuf oHBudK;jzihf csnfaESmif&ef uGif;yifjzpfygonf/
uREfkyfonf tvGefw&m udkufwwfaomaMumifh {nhfonf
rsm; vmvQif udkufrnfpdk;aomaMumifh oHBudK;jzifh csnfaESmif
xm;yg onf/ ntcgrSyif BuKd ;rS vTwyf gawmhonf/ uREykf v f nf;
xdktcgrS yif vGwfvyfaysmf&TifpGm ckefaygufoGm;vm&ygonf/
aeYcif; tcsdef rsm;wGifrl þuJhodkY ae&jcif;udk tvGefyif
NiD;aiGUvSojzifh wpfaeY vHk; tdyfpufvsuf pdwfoufomrIudk
&Sm&ygawmhonf/}}
þwGif 0HykavGvnf; a&SUqufí rvdkufawmhbJ &yfwefYí
aeavawmh\/ acG;vnf; olYrdwfaqGtm; taMumif;odvdkí
vSnMhf unhaf vaomf xl;jcm;rI trlt&mudk 0Hyak vG\ rsuEf mS ay:
wGif jrif&av\/
]]taqG ? taMumif ; tod k Y x l ; ygoenf ; }} [k acG ; u
ar;av aomf 0HykavGonf þodkY jyefMum;avonf/ ]]0rf;enf;
ygonf rdwaf qG? uREykf f oifEiS t hf wl rvdu k Ef ikd af wmhyg/ oifonf
oihfb0wGif aysmf&Tifonf[k qdkonf/ oifhtzdkY [kwfaumif;
[kwfayvdrfhrnf/ xdkYaMumifhyif onfonf xdkaysmf&TifrIudk
aumif ; pG m cH , l E d k i f a y\/ uREf k y f t zd k Y a omf u m; oih f u J h o d k Y
ESpfouf jcif; rjzpfEdkifyg/ uREfkyfonf tNrJyif vGwfvyfpGm
178 urÇ m ausmf

aevd k y gonf / od k Y r [k w f u ao½H k o m &S d y gvd r f h r nf /
pif p pf a omf u m; uREf k y f \ vG w f v yf a om b0ud k
qHk;½IH;&rnfqdkygvQif &Sifbk&ifyif jzpf& ygapumrl rjzpfvdkyg}}/
þodq Yk Nkd y;D vQif 0Hyak vGonf awmwGi;f odYk jyef0ifomG ;av\/
acG;onf wpfaumifwnf;yif tdrf&Sd&modkYjyef&if; 0HykavGonf
tvG e f x l ; qef ; aom owå 0 gaywum;[k awG ; awmaerd
avawmhownf;/

aemuf a jymif w wf f a om od k ; ausmif ; om;
wpf&Ha&mtcg odk;ausmif;om;
i,f wpfa,mufonf ol\ od;k rsm;udk
&GmteD;&Sd jrufcif;ü xdef;ausmif;ae
avonf/ olonf aemufajymifvdk
aomtm;jzifh rMumcPyif ]]0HykavG?
0H y k a vG } } [k xd w f v ef Y w Mum;
atmf[pf avh&Sd\/
ol\atmfoHudk Mum;&wdkif;vnf; &Gmol&Gmom;wdkYonf
uln&D ef tvsit f jref ajy;vmavh&MdS u\/ þodaYk om tcgrsK;d rsm;
ü odk;ausmif;om;i,fonf tm;&0rf;om rsm;pGm &,farmavh
&Sd\/ &Gmom;wdkYum; ol\ aemufajymifrIudk pdwfqdk;jcif;jzpfum
jyefoGm;Mu&onfom jzpfonf/
þodkYjzifh wpfaeUaomtcg 0HykavGwpfaumifonf ol\
odk;rsm;udk vma&mufí udkufqGJav\/ oli,fonf xdwfvefY
wMum;jzifh ]]0HykavG-0HykavG}} [k us,favmifpl;&SpGm atmf[pf
tultnD awmif;av\/ ol\ atmfoHudk Mum;aomfvnf;
&Gmom;wdkYrSm cgwdkif;uJhodkYyif aemufajymifjcif;jzpfvdrfhrnf[k
,lqum &,farmvsufom aeMuukef\/
þodkYtm;jzifh odk;ausmif;om;i,frSm ol\ odk;rsm; qHk;½IH;&
avawmhownf;/
✪
180 urÇ m ausmf
bk & if t vd k & S d a omzm;rsm;
a&S;oa&mtcg a&tdkifwpftdkif
ü zm;trsm; &SdMuukef\/ olwdkYonf
Nidrfoufat;csrf;pGm ae&aom olwdkY
\ b0udk rwif;wdrfMuacs/ olwdkY
tm; pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfí rif;vkyfrnfhol
udk tvd&k MdS u\/ xdaYk Mumifh ewftBu;D
tuJ wpf y g;tm; ol w d k Y t wG u f
bk&ifwpfyg; ydkYvTwf&ef awmif;qdkMu\/ xdkowif;udkMum;vQif
ewfrif;onf rsm;pGm &,farmrdawmhonf/ xdaYk emuf Bu;D rm;aom
opfwHk;BuD; wpfwHk;udk olwdkY&Sd&m a&uefxJodkY ypfcsvdkufav\/
]]þum; oifwdkYtwGuf bk&ifaywnf;}} [k qdkavonf/
opfwHk;ESifh a&jyif xdonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf a&rsm; ab;ESpf
zuf o d k Y vG i f h p Of x G u f v mav\/ zm;wd k Y v nf ; tvG e f w &m
aMumuf&UHG jcif; jzpfMuuke\ f / xdaYk Mumifh a&xJwiG f wvdrv hf rd Ehf iS hf
epfwakH y:wHk jzpfaeaom opfw;kH udk olwo Ykd nf yke;f atmif;ae&m
rS owdjyKum acsmif;ajrmif;Munfh½I aeMuav\/
od k Y & mwG i f rMumjrif h r D y if opf w H k ; onf wjznf ; jznf ;
NidrfoGm; NyD; a&ay:wGif tenf;i,frQom tNidrfhpD;aeonfudk

jrifMu&av \/ xdktcg olwdkYonf twefi,f &Jwif;vmMuNyD;
ykef;atmif; &mrS xGufí teD;odkY uyfvmMuav\/ opfwHk;udk
aphpyfaocsm pGm tbufbufrS tuJcwf pHkprf;NyD;aemuf
rvIyfawmhonfudk awGU&um; ydkrdkí &Jwif;vmMujyef\/
aemufqHk;wGif pGefYpm;jcif; ü 0goemygaom zm;i,fwpfaumif
onf ½kwfw&uf opfwHk;ay: odkY ckefwufvdkufavawmh\/
usef & S d a om zm;rsm;vnf ; jzpf a y: vmrnf h ta&;ud k
pdwftm;xufoefpGm apmifhvifhMuukef\/ odkY&mwGif rnfodkYrQ
taMumif;rxl;vmaom tcg tjcm;zm;rsm;vnf; wufvm
Muav\/ odkYjzifh tcsdeftenf;i,f twGif;üyif tm;vHk;aom
zm;wdkYonf opfwHk;ay:ü aysmf&TifjrL;wl;pGm ajy;vTm; upm;í
aeMuavawmh\/
umvtwefMumí xdu k pm;enf;udk Ni;D aiGUvmMuaomtcg
olwdkYonf ewfrif;tm; þodkY ylqm Mujyefav\/
rnfuo hJ aYkd om bk&ifrsK;d ayenf;/ tNrw
J rf; vJavSmif;aejcif;
rSví JG bmwpfcrk Qvnf; rvkyaf cs/ ,kwpf t G qH;k uREyfk w
f tYkd m;yif
pum;wpfceG rf Q rajymcJah cs/ t&Sio f nf uREykf w
f tYkd m; onfx h uf
aumif;rGefaom bk&ifudk ay;&ef oifhygonf/
xd k t cg ewf r if ; onf ,cif w pf B ud r f u uJ h o d k Y r&,f
awmh a cs/ zm;wd k Y \ ol Y t ay: r½d k a orI ? aES i f h , S u f r I u d k
182 urÇ m ausmf

onf;rcHEdkifawmh& um; iSuf0Hydkwpfaumifudk bk&iftjzpf
apvTwfvdkufavawmh\/
iS u f 0 H y k d o nf a&uef o d k Y a &muf v Qif zm;wd k Y t ajrmuf
trsm;&S d aom ae&mwpf c k j zpf a Mumif ; aumif ; pG m od & av
awmh \ / ol o nf rsm;pG m tcsd e f j zKef ; í raeawmh a cs/
wpf a umif N yD ; wpf a umif o m tjref q H k ; zrf ; ,l p m;aomuf
avawmh\/ xdktcg zm;wdkYonf ewfrif;xH tjrefoGm;a&mufí
iSuf0Hydkudk jyefvnfac:aqmif yg&ef toem;cHMujyefavonf/
od k Y & mwG i f ewf r if ; url wif ; wif ; rmrmyif jiif ; qef
vdkufav onf/ olu qufvufí ]]oifwdkYonf &orQESifh
a&mifh&Jwif;wdrf wwfMuolrsm; r[kwfacs/ oifwdkUum; Oy'f
rjzpfapaom opfwHk; udkay;&mü tvdkr&Sdqdkí ,ck iSuf0Hydkudk
ay;cJh&jcif; jzpfayonf/ uREfkyfjyefrodrf;Edkif/ þiSufonf
oifwdkYtm; uREfkyfxHvmí rMumcP wdkifawmjcif; rjyK&ef
oif M um;jyoayvd r f h r nf / xd k r Qomru rysif ; r&d & ef v nf ;
nTefjyayvdrfhOD;rnf/ taMumif; qdkaomf oifwdkY\ ysif;&dí
tNrJtdyfpufaeygu iSuf0Hydk\ tpmjzpf&vdrfhrnf/ xdkYaMumifh
þiSufudk oifwdkY\ rdkufrJrItwGuf owday; qHk;rcsuftaejzifh
tNrJwrf; xm;&Sd&vdrfhrnfomwnf;}} [k ajymqdk vdkufav
ownf;/
✪
jrnf ; ? Muuf z ES i f h j caoF h
MuufzwpfaumifwdkYonf uRJEGm;rsm;
xm;aom NcHwpfckxJwGif twl &Sdae
Muavonf/ xdktcdkuf &ufaygif;
tawmfMumrQ tpm iwfrw G af eaom
jcaoFhwpfaumifonf olwdkY &Sd&modkY
a&muf&Sdfvmum jrnf;udk ckeftkyfrnf
jyKav\/ xd k t cg Muuf z onf
wwfEdkiforQ tjrifhqHk;ysHwufum
tawmifEpS zf ufukd jyif;xefpmG wzsyzf sycf wfvsuf xdwv f efzY ,
G f
&m wGefjrnfvdkufav\/
avmuwGif jcaoFw h t Ykd m; xdwvf efaY ponfh wpfcw k nf;aom
t&mrSm MuufweG o f yH if jzpfonf[k qdpkf rSwjf yKMuonf/ xdaYk Mumifh
jcaoFhonfvnf; MuufwGefoH Mum;onfESifh wpfNydKifeuf xGuf
ajy;avawmh\/
þwGif jrnf;onf tvGefw&m &J&ifhí pdwftm;wuf<u
oGm;av\/ MuufzuJhodkYaom owå0gi,fudkrQ rsufESmcsif;
rqdkif&JvQif olYtm;rl omíomyif &ifrqdkif0hHayvdrfhrnf[k
awG;qrdav\/
xdkYaMumifholonf ae&mrSxum jcaoFhaemufodkY ajy;vdkuf
av\/ od&Yk mwGif olwEYkd pS Of ;D vH;k Muuf\ rsuu f ,
G o
f Ykd a&mufonf
ESihf wpfNyKd ief uf jcaoFo h nf ½kww f &ufvn S u
fh m jrnf;udk cket f yk íf
æ
udkufpm;ypfvdkufavownf;/
184 urÇ m ausmf
0H y k a vG E S i f h opf a wmuf i S u f
onf tpmpm;pOf t½dk;pl;av\/
t½d k ; onf vnf a csmif ; twG i f ; ü
uefYvefYjzwfí ae&um; rsm;pGmyif
emusifjcif; jzpfav\/ xdkYaMumifh
olonf [pfatmfNiD;wGm;um t&yf
av;rsuf E S m ok Y d vS n h f v nf a e\/
ol\ t½dk;udk vma&muf z,f&Sm;ay;yg&efvnf; awGUorQ
wd&pämef taygif;wdkYtm; awmif;yefavonf/
od k Y a omf ol \ awmif ; yef c suf u d k rnf o nf h owå 0 g
wpf a umif w pf a vurQ vuf c H j cif ; rjyKMuacs/ xd k t cg
0HykavGu tu,fí wpfpHkwpfa,mufaom olonf olYtm;
ulnDygrl xdkol tm; tzdk;te*¢xdkufaom qkudk ay;ygrnf[k
xyfí qdk\/ odkYwdkif atmifvnf; rnfolurQ jyefMum;jcif;
rjyKMuacs/
xd k t cd k u f opf a wmuf i S u f w pf a umif o nf teD ; rS
jzwfoef; oGm;pOf ol\ tjzpfudk jrifavaomf oem;Muifem
jcif; jzpfrdav \/ xdkYaMumifh 0HykavGtm; yg;pyfudk zGifh[apum
ol\ &Snfvsm; aom EIwfoD;jzifh t½dk;udk EIwf,lay;av\/
0HykavGvnf; csrf;om jcif;odkY a&mufav\/
xdktcg opfawmufiSufonf 0HykavGtm; uwdtwdkif;
olYudk qkay;&ef awmif;qdkav\/
]]td-k opfawmufiu S ?f igonf oiht
f m; oifOh ;D acgif;wpfcv k ;kH
ig\yg;pyftwGi;f odYk a&mufaeaomfvnf; toufab;rS csr;f om
ay;vdu k o f nf r[kwaf vm/ þtcsuo f nfyif oift h zdYk qktjzpf
rnfyg\/ þ&NyD;aom qkESifhyif auseyfoifhayonf/ rnfonfh
qkurkd Q xyfríH rawmif;avESiahf wmh/ odrYk [kwf igonf oihu f kd
udkufowfpm;&ygvdrfhrnf}} [k ajymvdkufav\/
þwGif opfawmufiSufvnf; tcsKdUaom owå0gwdkY\
aus;Zl;rodwwfyHkudk awG;awm&if; ta0;odkY ysHoef;oGm;av
ownf;/
186 urÇ m ausmf

om;a&ES i f h a cG ;
wpf&Ha&mtcg acG;wpfpkonf
tpma&pm acgif ; yg;jcif ; aMumif h
qmavmifrGwfodyfjcif; jyif;pGmjzpfí
aeMuavonf/ xdt k cdu
k f olwo Ykd nf
jrpf w pf c k t wG i f ; epf j rKyf a eaom
om;a&rsm;udk jrifawGUMu&av\/
odkU&mwGif jrpfrSm eufvSojzifh qif;í ,laqmif&ef rwwfEdkif
Muacs/ xdaYk Mumifh olwoYkd nf acgif;csi;f ½du
k uf m pnf;a0; wdik yf if
Muavonf/
xdaYk emuf om;a&rsm;udk olwYkd vSr;f rDonftxd jrpfrS a&rsm;
wdrfoGm;apjcif;iSm aomufypfMuukeftHh[k qHk;jzwfMuav\/
odkYaomf olwdkYtvdk&Sdwdkif; rjzpfrDyif a&aomufvGefjcif;aMumifh
olwdkYtm;vHk; 0rf;AdkufuGJí aoqHk;Mu&avownf;/

ZD ; uG u f E S i f h i S u f r sm;
wpfcgaomf ZD;uGufwpfaumif
onf awmwGif;ü yxrqHk; tBudrf
aygufaom 0ufopfcsyifudk jrifvQif
iSuftaygif;wdkYtm; pnf;a0;apí
þodkY qdkav\/
]]tcsif ; wd k Y ? þopf y if i ,f u d k
jrifMuyg\avm/ oifwdkYonf uREfkyf
\ tBuHay;csufudk vdkufemrnfqdkygvQif ,ckyif þtyifi,f
udk zsufqD;ypfMuygav/ tu,fí xdktyifBuD;rm;vmygu
EG,yf ifwpfrsK;d onf xdo k pfyifay:ü wG,w f uf aygufa&mufvm
vdrfhrnf/ ¤if;EG,fyifrS iSufrsm;udk axmifzrf;&mü toHk;jyKaom
tap;rsm; &vdrfhrnf/ xdktcg oifwdkYtm;vHk;onf ysufqD;jcif;
odkY a&mufMu&vwåHU}}/
odkY&mwGif iSuftaygif;wdkYum; olYpum;udk r,HkMunfMuay/
wpfzef ZD;uGufonf yxrqHk;tBudrf ysKd;BuJxm;aom
*keaf vQmaf phukd jrifjyefav\/ xdt k cg a&S;enf;twdik ;f iSuw
f t
Ykd m;
pk½Hk;apí atmufygtwdkif; ajymjyefav\/
]]taqG w d k Y ? xd k r sKd ; aph r sm;ud k oG m ;a&muf í pm;ypf M u
ygav/ ¤if;wdkYrSm *kefavQmfaphrsm; jzpfMuonf/ xdktyifrsm;
aygufvmyg u wpfaeYwGif vlwdkYonf oifwdkYtm; zrf;qD;&ef
188 urÇ m ausmf
ydkufuGefrsm;udk ¤if;*kefavQmfwdkYjzifh &ufvkyfMuayvdrfhrnf}}/
odkYaomf iSuftaygif;wdkUonf ol\ pum;udk ta&;rxm;
Muay/
xdkYaemuf yxrqHk;tBudrf awmwGif;odkY a&mufvmaom
av;orm;udk ZD;uGufonf jrifjyefav\/ xdktcg olonf
xdwfvefYwMum;jzifh -
]]td-k iSut f aygif;wdYk xdo
k o l nf oifw\ Ykd tBu;D qH;k &efoyl if
wnf;/ oifwdkY\ ysufqD;jcif;odkY a&muf&ukefawmhtHh/ olonf
oifw\ Ykd tarT;tawmifrsm;jzifyh if jyKvyk x f m;aom jrm;rsm;jzifh
oifwdkYtm; ypfowfayawmhrnf/ a&Smif&Sm;Muukefavmh}} [k
owday;av\/
od&Yk mwGif iSut f aygif;wdu Yk m; ol\ owday;csuu f kd tav;
rrl/ olu Y kd ajymifavSmif&,farmíyif vTwMf uuke\ f / olwo Ykd nf
ZD;uGuftm; ½l;oGyfaeonf[k qdkMuukef\/
rnfoyYkd ifjzpfap ZD;uGuaf jymonft h wdik ;f wpfpwpfp jzpfí
vmawmh\/ xdktcgrS ZD;uGufay:wGif pdwfxm; ajymif;oGm;Mu
um aus;Zl;wifav;pm;jcif; &SdMuavukef\/
xdaYk Mumifh ZD;uGuv f mwdik ;f olw\ Ykd aumif;&maumif;aMumif;
twGuf tBuÓ H Pfrsm;ay;&ef arQmv f ifjh cif;Bu;D pGmjzifh csO;f uyfvm
wwfMuavonf/
odkYjzpfapumrl ZD;uGufonf a&S;uuJhodkY rajymawmhacs/
qdwfqdwfomvQif aeavawmhownf;/
✿
c0gonf E S i f h rD ; aoG ; zk w f o rm;
wpf&Ha&mtcg rD;aoG;zkwform;
wpf a ,muf o nf wpf u k d , f w nf ;
tvkyfvkyfum aexdkifvsuf&Sd\/ ol
aexdik o
f nfh ae&mESihf reD;ra0; wpfck
aom tdrfü c0gonfwpfa,muf
onfvnf; olYenf;wl wpffa,muf
wnf; tvkyfvkyfum aexdkifvsuf
&Sdaejyef\/
rD ; aoG ; zk w f o rm;onf c0gonf t m; td r f e D ; csif ;
wpfOD; tae jzifh rdwfaqGzGJUvmavonf/ rdwfaqGjzpfMu
NyD ; aemuf c0gonf rS m aygif ; tyf a om rd w f a qG a umif ;
wpfOD;jzpfaMumif; odf&Sdvmav &um; wpfaeYoü rD;aoG;
zkwform;u þodkY zdwfac:av\/
]]taqG c0gonf? uREfkyf\ tdrfwGifyif uREfkyfESifhtwl
vmí aevSnfhyg/ uREkfyfwdkYonf wpfOD;taMumif;udk wpfOD;
,ckxuf ydkí odMu&aytHh/ xdkYtjyif twl aexdkifMujcif;jzifh
tdrfp&dwf vnf; ydkrdk oufomayvdrfhrnf/
xdktcg c0gonfu olYtm; aus;Zl;wifaMumif;jzifh yPmr
cHNyD;vQif ]]taqG\tBuHrSm oihfjrwfvSaomfvnf; jzpfEdkifvdrfh
190 urÇ m ausmf
rnfum; rxifyg/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf uREfkyftxl;wvnf
tyifyef;cHum jzLpifatmif avQmzf wG xf m;&aom t0wftxnf
rsm;onf oif\ rD;aoG;rsm;aMumifh pGef;ay rnf;npfukefrnfudk
pdk;&drfaomaMumifh jzpfygonf}} [kqdkum jiif;vdkufavownf;/

rD ; td r f
wpf&Ha&mtcg qDtjynhf
xnf h x m;aom rD ; td r f w pf c k o nf
Munfvif&iT ;f yí Nird o
f ufaom tvQH
jzifh awmufavmifaeonf/ ¤if;onf
þodYk wifw h ,fpmG xGe;f vif;&onfukd
rsm;pGmyif *kP, f í
l rmefrme wuf<u
rdavonf/ aerif;xufyif ¤if;u
ydkrdkí rmefrme wuf<urdavonf/ aerif;xufyif ¤if;u ydkí
ta&mift0g awmufyayonf[kvnf; <um;0g ajymqdkav\/
xd k c Püyif avwpf o k w f wd k u f c wf v d k u f & m ¤if ; rS m
½kww f &uf rD;Nird ;f oGm;&avawmh\/ þwGif vlwpfa,mufonf
rD;jcpfudk jcpfí ¤if;tm; jyefvnf xGef;nd§&if; ]]toif rD;tdrf?
oifonf Nird o f ufpmG awmufavmifíyif aeygavmh/ aerif;udk
*kPw f k ,SONf yKd ijf cif; jyKraeygvif/h aerif;udk *kPw f k ,SONf yKd ijf cif;
jzpfraeygvifh/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf aerif;udk rqdkxm;ESifh
ao;i,faom Mu,fuav;rsm;udyk if oift h m; ,ck uREykf jf yKouJh
odkY jyefvnfxGef;n§djcif;jyK&onf r&SdMuacs}} [k ajymqdkvdkufav
æ
ownf;/
192 urÇ m ausmf

acG ; ? Muuf z ES i f h ajracG ;
wpfcgaomf acG;wpfaumifESifh
MuufzwpfaumifwdkYonf rdwfaqG
tjzpf cifrif&if;ES;D vsuf &SMd uuke\
f /
wpfaeYwGif olwdkY ESpfOD;onf twl
wuG c&D;xGufcJhMuavonf/
ntcsd e f a&muf a omtcg
Muufzonf jrifhrm;aom opfyif\
tudkif;rsm;qDodkY ysHwufum tdyfwef;wufavonf/ acG;rlum;
xkdopfyif\ yifpnf&Sd opfacgif;twGif;ü acGí tdyfav\/
eHeufvif;p jyKvmaomtcg Muufzonf Edk;vmav\/
Edk;vmonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf ol\ aeYpOfjyKaeMu 0wå&m;twdkif;
us,favmifpGm wGefusL;vdkufavonf/ xdkdodkY MuufwGefoHudk
ajracG;wpfaumifonf Mum;vdkufav&um; ol\ eHeufpmtzdkY
xdkMuufudkyif &atmif zrf;awmhtHh [k qHk;jzwfrdav\/
xdkYaMumifh ajracG;onf Muuf&Sd&m opfyifatmufodkY vmí
Muufqif;vmap&ef aoG;aqmif\/ olonf Muufudk ]]taqG?
uREykf o
f nf oihu f o hJ Ykd toHomvSaom olwpfO;D ESihf tvGew f &m
rSyif rdwaf qG jzpfcsiv f yS g\}} [k ajrm§ ufyifu
h m ajymvdu
k af v onf/

ol\ tBuHudk odaomMuufu ]]taqGajracG; oifonf
þtyifajc&if;ü tdyfaeaom uREfkyf\ tapmifhukd Edk;vdkufygu
oif0ifvmEdik &f ef wHcg;udk zGiahf y;ygvdrrhf nf}} [k jyefvnf ajymqdk
av\/
ajracG;vnf; olajymonft h wdik ;f yifpnfukd vufjzifyh w
k u
f m
EdI;\/ þwGif acG;onf Edk;vmNyD; opfacgif;wGif;rS wpf[kefxdk;
wdk;xGufum ajracG;udfk tpdwfpdwft>rm>rm jzpfonftxd
udkufqGJ,rf;cg ypfvdkufavawmhownf;/
194 urÇ m ausmf

ol i ,f E S i f h opf t ,f o D ; rsm;
wpfcgaomf oli,fwpfa,muf
onf opf t ,f o D ; xnf h x m;aom
zefcsKdifh wpfcktwGif;odkY EdIuf\/
olonf opft,foD;rsm;udk rsm;
Edik o
f rQ rsm;atmif vufjzifh qkyu f m
,l a vonf / od k Y & mwG i f vuf u d k
jyefEkwfaomtcgürl r&awmhacs/
zefcsKdifh\ vnfyif;rSm twefi,fusOf;aeonf/ tqrwef
rsm;vSaom opft,fo;D rsm;udk qkyu f ikd x
f m;onfh ol\ vufo;D
qkyfrSmum; BuD;rm;vSonf/
oli,frmS opfo;D rsm;udv k nf; tavsmrh cHEikd /f vufuv kd nf;
onftwdik ;f jyefxw k í
f t&Edik Ef iS hf tcufBuKH ae&onf/ trsK;d rsK;d
BudK;pm;aomfvnf; r&ojzifh aemufqHk;wGif idka<u;avawmh\/
þonfudk teD;wGif &yfaeaom vlwpfa,mufu jrifav
onf/ xdaYk Mumifh oli,ftm; ]]oli,f? þrQavmuf avmbrBu;D
ygavESifh/ ,ckEdIuf,lxm;onfudk wpf0ufrQ &vQifyif auseyf
ygawmh/ odkYrSmom oif\vufudk vG,fulpGm xkwf,lEdkifayvdrfh
rnf}} [k qdkvdkufavownf;/
æ
ppf o m;ES i f h jrif ;
wpf & H a &mtcg ppf o m;
wpfa,mufü jrif;wpfp;D &Sad vonf/
olonf ppfjzpfyGm;aeonfh tcsdef
tcgrsm;wGif ol\ jrif;udk ajrmufjrm;
pGmaom jrif;pm;*sKHwdfkYjzifh auR;arG;
jyKpkavonf/ xdkrQom ru txl;
*½kpu kd í
f vnf; apmifah &Smuf Munh½f I xm;avao;\/ taMumif;
qdkaomf olonf xdkjrif;tm; ppfyGJ\ tcuftcJ trsKd;rsKd;wdkYudk
wGef;vSefatmifjrifEdkifpdrfhaomiSmESifh rdrdtm; ta&;BuHKcJhaomf
ab;vGwf&modkY o,faqmifajy;Ekdifap&efyif jzpfavonf/
odkY&mwGif ppfBuD;NyD;qHk;oGm;aom tcgüum; þodkY Munfh½I
apmifah &Smufjcif; rjyKawmhay/ ppfjrif;wpfp;D ESihf rxdu k w
f efaom
tvkyfMurf;wdkYudk yifyef;BuD;pGm vkyfudkifapavawmhonf/
pm;aomuf&eftwGuf qfdkygvQifvnf; zGJEkrSwpfyg; rnfonfh
rGefjrwfonfh tpmtm[m&udkrS auR;arG;jcif; rjyKawmhay/
odkYjzifh ESpfaygif; twefi,fMumaomtcg ppfBuD;onf
wpfzefjyefvnf jzpfyGm;&jyefavawmhonf/ ppfom;onf ol\
jrif ; ud k a&S ; utwd k i f ; yif uk e f ; ES D ; rsm;? uBud K ;wef q mrsm;
wyfqif ay;um ppfxGuf&ef jyifavonf/ oludk,fwdkifvnf;
196 urÇ m ausmf

oHcsyfum tusÐudk 0wfNyD;aemuf jrif;ay:odkY wufí pD;av\/
odkYaomf r0a&pmrQom pm;&aom jrif;crsmrSm ol\ cE¨mukd,f
tav; 'Pf u d k rcH E d k i f & S m awmh b J 'l ; nG w f u m
vJusoGm;avawmh\/
xdktcg jrif;onf olYausmay:wGif tcefYom; xdkifaeonfh
ocifjzpfoludk armhMunfhvsuf ]]tdk-ocif? ,cktcsdefwGifrl
oifonf wdkufyGJ&Sd&modkY ajcusifyif oGm;&ayawmhrnf/ uREfkyf
onf oifauR;arG;onfh raumif;aom tpmtm[m&ESihf yifyef;
pGm cdkif;apaom 'PfcsufwdkYaMumifh jrif;b0rS jrnf;b0odkY
ajymif;vJcJh&ygNyD/ rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ oifonf uREfkyfudk ,ck
tcsdeftenf;i,ftwGif; jrif;b0odkY jyefvnf ydkYaqmifEdfkifvdrfh
rnf r[kwfyg }} [k ajymqdkvdkufavownf;/

jcaoF h ? 0H y k a vG E S i f h ajracG ;
wpf c gaomf jcaoF h t d k B uD ;

wpfaumifonf ol\ aexdkfif&m *l
twGif;ü emrusef;jzpfí aeav\/
ajracG;rSty tjcm;awmwGi;f &Sd om;&J
wd & pä m ef t m;vH k ; wd k Y o nf ol Y u d k
vma&muf í owif ; ar;Mu\/
þtcsuo f nf ajracG;udk 'kua© &mufapaom taumif;qH;k aom
tcGifhta&;jzpfonf[k pOf;pm;rdaom 0HykavGonf jcaoFhtm;
þodkY ukef;acsav\/
]]t&Sif jcaoFhrif;? uREfkyfESifhwuG tm;vHk;aom wd&pämefwdkY
onf t&Siu f kd vma&mufMunf½h MI uonfukd jrif\ r[kwyf gavm/
odkY&mwGif ajracG;onfum; t&Sif\ teD;odkY rvma&mufcJhay/
pifppf olonf t&Sifhudk tav;*½kjyKol r[kwfyg}}
xd k c Pü ajracG ; onf a&muf v mav&m 0H y k a vG \
aemufqHk; pum;rsm;udk Mum;vdkufavonf/ jcaoFhonfvnf;
ajracG;udk jrifvQif a'goBuD;pGmjzifh [def;a[mufvdkufav\/
ajracG;url ol\ ysufuGufrIudk &Sif;vif;cGifhjyKyg&ef awmif;yef
avonf/
xdkYaemuf ]]t&Sif jcaoFhrif;? uREfkyfonf t&Sifhudk *½k
198 urÇ m ausmf

rxm;í rvma&mufjcif; r[kwfyg/ pifppfaomfum; þowå0g
taygif; wdkYwGif uREfkyfavmuf t&Sifh\ usef;rmrIudk vdkvm;ol
&Sdrnf rxifyg/ uREfkyfonf t&Sifh\ a0'emudk ukpm;&ef
enf ; vrf ; rsm; ud k orm;awmf toD ; oD ; wd k Y x H ü
pHpk rf;&SmazGaeygaomaMumifh ,ckuo hJ Ykd aemufusjcif; jzpfygonf}}
[k ajymqdkav\/
xdktcg jcaoFhu ]]þodkYqdkvQif enf;vrf;aumif;rsm; &cJhyg
\avm}} [k ar;jref;\/ þwGif ajracG;u ]]&cJyh g\/ xdak q;enf;
rSm tjcm;r[kwyf g/ t&Sio f nf 0Hyak vGwpfaumifukd owfNy;D vQif
ol\ om;a&jzifh t&Sifhukd,fudk &pfywfvTrf;NcHK xm;&efyif jzpfyg
onf}} [k qdkav\/
xdpk um;udk Mum;vQif jcaoFo
h nf ajracG;\ aq;nTe;f twdik ;f
jzpfpdrfhaomiSm 0HykavGudkvSnhfí wpfcsufwnf;jzifh aoatmif
udkufowfvdkufav\/ ajracG;vnf; &,farmvsuf ]]olwpfyg;
tm; raumif;BuHpnfjcif;jzifh þtusKd;w&m;rsKd;om &&Sdayvdrfh
rnf}} [k wpfukd,fwnf;ajymqdk vdkufavownf;/

uk e f o nf E S p f O D ;
wpf&Ha&mtcg NrdfKYBuD;wpfNrdfKUrS
NrKd Uol NrKd Uom;wdoYk nf pnf;a0;wdik yf if
Mu\/ olwo Ykd nf olwNYkd rKd Uudk umuG,f
&eftvdkYiSm cHwyfBuD;wpfck aqmuf
vkyf&mwGif rnfonfh 0w¬Kypönf;jzifh
aqmufvkyfu taumif;qHk;jzpfrnf
udk toD;oD; wifjyaqG;aEG;vsuf
&SdMu\/
xdt k cg v,form;wpfO;D u opfom;omvQif cHwyfaqmuf
&mwGif taumif;qH;k jzpfaMumif;? tb,faMumifq h akd omf opfom;
onf aygaygrsm;rsm; &&SdEdkifí aqmufvkyf&müvnf; vG,ful
aMumif; taMumif;jyajymqdk avonf/
xdktqdkdudk ausmufyef;&Hq&mwpfOD;u uefYuGufavonf/
opfom;rSm rD;avmifvG,fonf[k qdkum ¤if;tpm; ausmufudk
toHk;jyK&ef tBuHay;jyefav\/
þwG i f om;a&e,f o rm;wpf a ,muf o nf pH k & yf v suf
]]uREfkyf\ tjrifudk ajym&vQifum; om;a&avmufaumif;aom
wnf a qmuf & ef 0w¬ K ypö n f ; r&S d a wmh y g}} [k qd k v d k u f a v
ownf;/
æ
200 urÇ m ausmf
Oa'gif ; ES i f h Bud K ;Mum
wpfaeYoü Oa'gif;wpfaumifEiS hf
BuKd ;Mumwpfaumifwo Ykd nf yef;Ncw H pf
ck0,f qHak wGUrdMuav\/ Oa'gif;iSuf
onf ol\ vSyaom tNrD;udkjzefYum
[efa&;jyvsuf &Sd&mrS BudK;MumiSuf
tm; txif t jrif ao;jcif ; ES i f h
rcefYav;pm; oabmxm;aom trlt&mwdkUjzifh Munhfvdkufav
onf / xd k Y a emuf ]]td k - tb,f r Qavmuf xH k x d k i f ; í
cHn
h m;wifw
h ,f jcif; uif;rJah om owå0genf;}} [k uJ&h UJ ½IUH csaom
pum;udk qdkvdkuf av\/
]]uREf k y f u d k qd k y govm; taqG } } [k Bud K ;MumiS u f u
at;aq; pG m jyef í ar;avonf / ]]uREf k y f o nf toif
ajymouJhodkYyif rcHh nm;onfrSm [kwfaumif;[kwfygvdrfhrnf/
od k Y & mwG i f oih f x uf tqaygif ; rsm;pG m yd k r d k j rif h j rwf í
t"dyÜm,f&SdonfrSmum; xif&Sm; vSygonf/ uREfkyfonf rdk;om;
wdrfwdkufrsm;udk ausmfvGefíyif aumif;uifü ysH0JEdkifpGrf; &Sdyg\/
xdkYjyif aea&mifjzifh vTrf;NcHKxm; onfh oifESifhwuGaom
avmuBuD; wpfckvHk;tm; txufpD;rS Munhf½IEdkifpGrf;vnf;
&Sdyg\/ oifrlum; þaMumifusm;vSpGmaom tarG;tawmif

wd k Y j zif h [ef a &;jyumom tcsd e f u k e f y gbd \ / oif o nf
uav;oli,fwdkY pdwf&TifjrL;&ef Munfh½Ip&m owå0g wpfckxuf
bmrQyd k í wef z d k ; r&S d a cswum;}} [k jyef v S e f ajymqd k
vdkufavonfwum;/
202 urÇ m ausmf

arsmuf b k & if
wpf&Ha&mtcg wd&pämef
taygif;wdkYonf pnf;a0;Muum
olwu Ykd kd tkycf sKy&f ef rif;avmif;udk
a&G ; cs,f M uuk e f \ / ol w d k Y o nf
olwdkYtm; ujyazsmfajzjcif;jzifh
aysmf & T i f r I u d k ay;pG r f ; Ed k i f a om
arsmufudk rif;tjzpf oabmwl wifajr§mufMuukef\/
odkY&mwGif ajracG;onfum; arsmuf\BuD;jrifhrIudk txl;yif
rausreyfjzpfí aeawmhonf/ xdkYaMumifh wpfaeYwGif trJom;
wHk;xnfhxm;aom axmifacsmufwpfckudk &SmazGxm;av\/
xdkYaemuf arsmufudk ac:vmavonf/
olu arsmuftm; ]]þtrJwHk;onf uREfkyfawGU&Sdaom
tpmyif jzpfyg\/ odkY&mwGif uREfkyfwdkY\ bk&ifjzpfaom oifESifh
om xdkufwefonf[k ,lqrdojzifh uREfkyfrpm;cJhyg/ oifonf
xdktpmudk vufcHygrnfavm}} [k ar;jref;av\/
arsmufonfvnf; rqdkif;rwGyif trJom;wHk;udk pm;&ef
axmifacsmuftwGif;odkY 0if&m jyefrxGufEdkifbJ &Sdavawmh\/
þwGif olonf ajracG;tm; þodkY ab;a&mufatmif jyK&ygrnf

avm[k tjyif;txef jypfwif Budrf;armif;avawmh\/
odkY&mwGif ajracG;url &,farmum ]]tdk-arsmuf? oifonf
oifhukd,f oif om;&Jtaygif;wdkY\ bk&if[k ac:wGifum uREfkyf
wdkYudk tkyfcsKyfvsuf &Sdayonf/ odk&mwGif oif\ todÓPfum;
oihfudk þaxmifacsmufodkY rusa&mufap&efrQyif rwm;jrpfEdkif
ygacswum;}} [k qdkvdkufavownf;/
204 urÇ m ausmf

usD ; ES i f h i ef ;
wpfcgaomf usD;wpfaumifonf
jzLazG;aom tarG;tawmifwdkYjzifh
wifhw,fvSaom ief;wpfaumifudk
remvd k j cif ; rsm;pG m jzpf r d a v\/
olonf xdkief;\ jzLazG;pifMu,fjcif;
rSm jrpfacsmif;teD;wGif aexdkifvsuf
tNrJ w ap a&ul ; ? a&csKd ; aejcif ;
aMumifhyif jzpfrnf[k xifrSwfaeavonf/
xdkYaMumifh ol\ rlv ae&mXmejzpfaom tpm;tpm
vHak vmufpmG &&So d nfh opfyw k yf v’iu f kd pGeí
Yf jrpfacsmif;tif;tdik f
rsm; &Sd&modkY ajymif;a&TUaexdkif\/ xdkodkY aexdkifNyD;aemuf wpfaeY
vQif tBudrfaygif;rsm;pGm a&csKd;um ol\ rnf;eufaom tarG;
tawmifwdkUudk jzLpifap&ef tm;xkwf\/
odaYk omf olxifrw S x f m;ouJo h Ykd ol\ tarG;rsm;um; jzL;azG;
í rvmcJhacs/ aemufqHk;wGif olomvQif tpmiwfrGwfjcif;jzifh
aoqHk;&avawmhownf;/
æ
EG m ;pm;cG u f t wG i f ; rS a cG ;
wpfcgaomf acG;wpfaumifonf
EGm;pmcGufwpfck twGif;&Sd aumuf½dk;
rsm;ay:ü vJavsmif;í aeav\/
tcsdefwefí uRJESifhEGm;rsm; tpmpm;
&ef vma&mufMuaomtcg ae&mrS
z,fray;bJ [def;a[mifum udkufqGJ
rnf jyKav\/
xdktcg EGm;wpfaumifonf ol\ tazmfrsm;odkY vSnhfí
]]Munhfprf;yg taqGwdkY? rnfrQ 0efwdkí remvdkpdwf tm;BuD;aom
owå0gygenf;/ þaumuf½dk;rsm;udk olukd,fwdkifvnf; rpm;Edkif?
pm;Edik o
f nfh uREykf w
f u
Ykd v
kd nf; pm;cGirhf ay; vdyfk gwum;}} [k uJ&h UJ
ajymqdkvdkufavownf;/
206 urÇ m ausmf

usD ; ES i f h 'd e f c J
wpfaeYoü usD;wpfaumifonf
'defcJwpfckudk udkufcsDvsuf opfudkif;
wpfckay:wGif em;ae\/ xdktjcif;
t&mudk ajracG;wpfaumifonf jrif
av\/ þwGif olonf us;D xHrS 'decf J
udk &,lvdkaom qE´ jzpfay:vmav
onf/ xdkYaMumifh rnfodkY jyK&rnfenf;[k BuHpnf awG;awmav
awmh\/
xd k Y a emuf ol o nf usD ; em;aeaom opf u d k i f ; atmuf
wnfhwnfhodkY oGm;um armhMunhfvsuf þodkY qdkav\/
]]opfudkif;xufwGif uREfkyfjrif&onfh iSufonfum; jrwfEdk;
zG,af umif;ygbd/ ol\ vSyaMumh&iS ;f rIukd rnforl Q wkNyKd iEf ikd rf nf
r[kwf/ tarG;tawmifwdkYrSmvnf; awmufajymifí acsmvS
ayonfwum;/ tu,fíom ol\ ½kyfqif;oP²mef vSyouJh
odkY ol\ toHonfvnf; csKdjrygrl rkcsyif olonf iSuftaygif;
wdkY\ bk&ifjzpfxdkufygayonf}}/
xdkodkY ajr§mufyihfaom pum;udk Mum;avaomf usD;onf
rsm;pGm pdwfBuD;0if wuf<urI jzpfrdav\/ xdkYjyif olonf

om,m pG m jrnf a <u;Ed k i f a Mumif ; vnf ; ajracG ; tm;
odapvdkao;onf/ xdkYaMumifh EIwfoD;udk zGifh[um ]t-t} [k
jrnfa<u;jyvdkuf\/
xdck Pü 'decf o
J nf EIwof ;D rS vGwí
f atmufoYkd usvmav
awmh\/ toihfapmifhaeaom ajracG;onf ajrodkY 'defcJra&muf
rD ckef[yfum pm;NrdKvdkufavawmh\/
xdkYaemuf usD;udk armhMunfhvsuf ]]taqG? oifhü trSefyif
om,maomtoH&Sdygayonf/ vdkaeonfum; qifjcifwdkif;xGm
wwfaom ÓPfynmyifwnf;}} [kajymum xGufoGm;av
ownf;/
208 urÇ m ausmf

pyspf o D ; ES i f h ajracG ;
wpf & H a &mtcg qmavmif

rGwof yd af om ajracG;wpfaumifonf
pyspfcdkifrsm;udk jrifav\/ odkY&mwGif
pyspcf if;rSm tvGejf rifah om &mZrwf
uGufrsm;wGif wufa&muf EG,fwuf
aeaomaMumifh olYtzdkY tvSrf;rrD
jzpf & avawmh o nf / rnf o f d k Y y if
tpG r f ; &S d o rQ Bud K ;pm;í &&ef tm;xk w f y gaomf v nf ;
tcsnf;tESD;om jzpf&avawmh\/
aemufqHk;wGifum; olonf vufavQmhí xGufcGmoGm;&
avawmhonf/ odkYoGm;&if; olonf pdwfwGif rnfodkYrQ rxdcdkuf
av[efjzifh ]]igonf þpyspfoD;rsm;udk rSnfhvS? csKdvSvdrfhrnf[k
rqGu xifcJhrdonf/ ,ckaomf ¤if;wdkYonf tvGefyif csOfvS
ayonfwum;}} [k ajymqdkvdkufavownf;/

orm;a,mif
wpf c gaomf vl w pf a ,muf

emruse;f jzpf&m tdy&f mrS rxEdik af om
tajcod k Y qd k u f a &muf o G m ;av\/
xdktcg olonf pdk;&drfxdwfvefYvS
ojzifh aq;q&m trsKd;rsKd;wdkYudk yifhí
jyo\/ <uvmorQaom aq;q&m
wdkYteuf wpfOD;rSvGJí useftm;vHk;wdkYu vlemtm; raoEdkif
aMumif;? tcsdeftwefi,f MumrQum; a0'em cHpm;&vdrfhrnf
jzpfaMumif;? pdk;&drf&ef rvdkaMumif; toD;oD; ajymjyMu\/
aemufqHk;q&mjzpfonfh q&mwpfOD;wnf;uom xdkol\
a&m*grSm arQmfvifhzG,f r&Sdonfjzpfí ESpfq,fhav;em&D twGif;
aoqHk;aytHh[k xl;xl;jcm;jcm; qdkavonf/ olvnf; rnfodkYrQ
rukpm;Edkifawmh[k vufavQmhavonf/
od&Yk mwGif vlemum; olqw kd ikd ;f rjzpfcahJ cs/ tjcm;aom q&m
tm;vHk;wdkY ajymjycsuftwdkif;yif &uftenf;i,fMumaomtcg
tdyf&mrS xEdkifavonf/
od k Y & mwG i f ol \ tom;ta&rS m aoG ; tm; enf ; yg;
vGef;ojzifh vlwpfa,mufESifh rwlatmifyif jzLqGwfaoG;qkwf
í aeavawmh\/
210 urÇ m ausmf

ol o nf vrf ; avQmuf p jyKav&m wpf a eY o ü ol Y t m;
wpf&uf twGif; aoqHk;rnf[k edrdwfzwfcJhaom q&mESifh
vrf;wGif awGUqHk av\/ xdktcg aq;orm;onf xdwfvefY
[efjyKvsuf ]]tdk-taqG? oifonf b0opfwGif arhavsmhí
aeonfxifyg\/ uREfkyfwdfkY\ aoqHk;oGm;Muonfh rdwfaqG
trsm;onf oifwdkY\ b0opfü aumif;rGefpGm &SdMuyg\avm}}
[k ar;jref;\/
xdktcg vlemu ]]oif\ rdwfaqGa[mif;rsm;onf txl;yif
csrf;ompGm &SdMuyg\/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf olwdkYonf arhap
wwfaom tazsmf&nfudk aomufoHk;Mujcif;jzifh 'ku©t00udk
arhaysmufuek Mf uayNy/D pum;pyfrí
d ajym&ayOD;rnf/ uREykf f ,ck
xGufrvmrDyif b0opfrS tmPmydkifwdkYonf aq;q&mrsm;udk
tqHk;pD&if&ef tpDtpOfrsm; jyKvkyf aqG;aEG;vsuf &SdMuygonf/
olwdkY\ taMumif;jycsufrSm aq;q&mrsm;onf vlemrsm;udk
ukoay;Muojzifh tvG,fwulESifh raoEdkifMuawmhbJ b0opf
odkY ta&mufenf;yg; aomaMumifh[líyif jzpfygonf/ xdkodkY
pD&ifrnfh aq;q&mrsm; pm&if;xJwGif oif\ trnfudkvnf;
awGU&ygonf/ xdkYaMumifh uREfkyfu ]]oifonf tu,fpifppf
aq;q&mr[kwfaMumif;? orm;[efaqmifaom vlom;wpfOD;
om jzpfaMumif;udk 0ifa&mufajymqdkum uefYuGufcJh&yg\}} [k
æ
acsyajymqdkvdkufavownf;/

jcaoF h E S i f h awm0uf
tvGeyf t l u
kd í
f ajcmufaoGUaom
aEG&moD aeYwpfaeYwGif jcaoFhwpf
aumifESifh awm0ufwpfaumifwdkY
onf prf;acsmif;wpfckodkY a&aomuf
&ef toD;oD; qif;vmMu\/
ol w d k Y o nf prf ; acsmif ; od k Y
wpfNyKd ief uf a&muf&MdS u&m rnfou l
t&ifa&aomufoiho f nfudk jiif;cHkMu\/ xdkodkY jiif;cHkae&mrS
wpf c PtwG i f ; owf y k w f j cif ; od k Y a&muf & avawmh \ /
olwdkYonf wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; a'goBuD;pGmjzifh oJoJrJrJ udkufcJ
owfykwfMu \/
odkYaomf rsm;rMumrDyif olwdkYonf armyef;vmMuojzifh
toD;oD;&yfem;um tarmajzí aeMuav\/ xdktcgrS olwdkY
onf olwdkYESifh reD;ra0; ausmufwHk;wpfckay:ü em;um olwdkY
wpfOD;OD;\ taoudk apmifhaeMuonfh vif;wrsm;udk jrifrdMu
av\/ xdkiSufrsm;onf olwdkY aoqHk;aomtcg pm;aomufMu
&ef BudKwifapmihfarQmf aeMujcif; jzpfawmh\/
xdktjcif;t&monf olwdkY\ trsufa'goudk Nidrf;apí
owd w&m;ukd 0ifvmap\/ xdkYaMumifh olwdkYonf ]]igwdkYum;
212 urÇ m ausmf

wpfO;D ESiw
hf pfO;D cdu
k &f ef jzpfymG ;jcif;jzifh tusK;d r&Syd g/ aemufq;kH ü
vif;wwdkY\ tpmom jzpfMuukef&m\/ odkYjzpf&jcif;xuf igwdkY
ESpfOD;om; rdwfaqGtjzpf oihfjrwfpGm ae&jcif;u aumif;ao;
awmhonf}} [k qdkum &efjzpfjcif;rS &yfpJvdkufMuavownf;/

&ef r l w wf a omacG ;
a&S;oa&mtcg tdrfwpftdrfü
&efrlwwfaom acG;wpfaumif &Sdav
onf/ olonf &efjyK&ef taMumif;
wpfpwkH pf&mr&Sb
d J vlwu Ykd kd ½kww
f &uf
[yfjcif;? udkufqGJjcif;rsm;udk jyKvkyf
wwfavonf/ xdkYaMumifh olonf
ol \ ocif t d r f o d k Y vmorQaom
vl w d k i f ; twG u f BuD ; pG m aom taES m if h t ,S u f w pf c k jzpf í
aeavawmh\/
xk d t aMumif ; ud k o d a om ocif o nf csLi,f w pf v H k ; uk d
ol \ vnf w G i f wyf q if a y;xm;\/ vl t aygif ; wd k Y v nf ;
csLoHMum;jcif; jzifh ol&SdrSef; odMuum vGwfuif;&modkY a&Smif&Sm;
EdkifMuavonf/
xdkacG;onfum; olqGJqif&aom csLi,ftwGuf txl;yif
rmewuf aoG;BuD;aeawmh\/ wwifwiftoHudk jrnfapvsuf
tvGeaf useyfpmG jzifh xdrk þ S rS [efcsuD m vrf;avQmufaeavh &S\ d /
od k Y & mwG i f wpf a eY o ü acG ; td k w pf a umif o nf ol \
teD;odkY uyfvmNyD; ]]þrQ <um;0gum [efvkyfí raevQif
ydkrdkaumif;vdrfh rnf[k xifygonf rdwfaqGBuD;/ oifonf
tvGefvdr®mvSaom aMumifh þcsLudk qGJqif&onf[k xifjrif
,lqaeygoavm/ þodkY um; vHk;0r[kwfyg/ pifppfaomfrl
þt&monf oif\ qdk;0g;rI twGuf txdrf;trSwf wHqdyf
wpfckom jzpfawmhonf}} [k uJh&JU ajymqdkvdkufavownf;/
214 ✪ urÇ m ausmf
ewf E S i f h a yguf w l ; &S i f
wpf&Ha&mtcg vlwpfa,muf
onf ol\ pyspfjcif;udk jyefvnf
wl;qGí jyKjyifvsu&f \ dS / wpfaeYwiG f
ol \ ayguf w l ; aysmuf q H k ; oG m ;
av&m twlvyk af eaom tazmfrsm;
xJrS wpfa,mufa,muf cdk;,lvdrfh
rnf[k wpfxpfcs qGJ,lvdkufavawmh\/
xdaYk Mumifh xdok rl sm; teD;odYk csO;f uyfvsuf pH;k prf;ar;jref;\/
od&Yk mwGif vlwikd ;f uyif bmrQ rod&aMumif;jzifh jiif;uG,af jymqdk
avonf/ xdktcg olwdkY\ ajymqdkcsufudk r,HkMunfEdkifaom
aygufwl;&Sifonf xdkoltm;vHk;tm; NrdKU&Sd ewfuGef;odkY oGm;í
usdefwG,fjy&rnf[k ajymqdkavawmh\/
NrdKU&Sd ewfuGef;odkY oGm;&onfrSmvnf; tjcm;aMumifhr[kwf/
olwdkY&Gm&Sd ewfwdkYxuf NrdKUewfwdkYu ydkrdk bkef;wefcdk; BuD;rm;onf
[k ,lqaomaMumifhyif jzpfonf/ xdkbkef;BuD;aom ewfwdkY\
wefcdk;jzifh olcdk;udk rkcs zrf;Edkif&rnf[k olu aumif;pGm ,HkMunf
avonf/
odkYjzifh olwdkYtm;vHk; NrdKUodkY oGm;Muav\/ NrdKUwHcg;rS

0ifrd vQif armif;orm;wdkYonf wpfpHkwpfckudk [pfatmfaMunm
ae onfudk Mum;&av\/ aMunmcsufrSm xdkNrdKU&Sd ewfuGef;rS
ypönf; tcsKdUudk olcdk;cdk;oGm;ojzifh cdk;oludk owif;ay;Edkifoltm;
qkaiG ay;rnf[lí jzpfavonf/
þwGif xdkolonf twefi,f pOf;pm;í ]]igonf awmodkY
jyefrSyif aumif;ayvdrfhrnf/ þNrdKU&Sd ewfwdkYonf olwdkYykdif
ewfuGef;rS ypönf;aysmufonfudkyif olcdk;udk azmfrxkwfEkdifbJ
todkYvQif ig\ aygufwl;olcdk;udk &Smay;EdkifMuygvdrfhrnfenf;}}
[k wpfukd,fwnf;a&&Gwf ajymqdkvdkufavownf;/
216 urÇ m ausmf

jrnf ; ? ajracG ; ES i f h jcaoF h
ajracG;wpfaumifonf taqGcifyeG ;f
tjzpf tuRrf;w0if jyKMuNyD; tpm;
tpmtvdkYiSm c&D;wpfckudk twloGm;
Mu\/ þodkY oGm;Muí c&D;rsm;pGm
rayguf a o;rD ol w d k Y a&S U wl ½ l r S
vmaeaom jcaoF h w pf a umif u d k
jrifMu&av\/ olwdkYonf txl;yif aMumufvefYwkefvIyfjcif;
jzpfrdMuavonf/ odkY&mwGif ajracG;onf ol\ toufcsrf;om
rnfh enf;vrf;wpfckudk awG;awmrdojzifh jcaoFhteD;odkY &J0HhpGm
uyfoGm;avonf/ xdkYaemuf jcaoFh\ teD;odkY uyfum -
]]taqG jcaoFh? uREfkyfonf xdkjrnf;udk tvG,fwulESifh
oihv f ufwiG ;f odYk a&mufatmif pDpOfay;ygrnf/ uREykf t
f oufukd
om csrf;omay;rnf[k uwday;ygavmh}} [k wD;wdk; ajymqdk\/
þwGif ajracG;onf olYtazmf jrnf;&Sd&modkY jyefoGm;NyD;
opöm rJhpGmjzifh þodkY jyKvkyfav\/ olonf jrnf;tm; jcaoFh
&efrS vGwf uif;&ef tjcm;vrf;jzifh oGm;tHh[k vSnhfjzm;
ac:aqmifoGm;onf/ olnTefjyaom vrf;wGif awmaumifrsm;

tm; axmifxm;aom rkqdk;rsm;\ axmifacsmufusif;BuD;
&Sdavonf/ ol\ pOf;vJaom tBuHudk rodaom jrnf;onf
olac:aqmif&modkY vdkufygoGm;&m rMumrDyif usif;wpfckxJodkY
vdrfhusoGm;avawmh\/
xd k t jcif ; t&mud k jcaoF h j rif a vaomf jrnf ; onf
xdu k si;f xJ rS xGuEf ikd ?f rxGuEf ikd f pl;prf;onf/ rnfonfeh nf;ESirhf Q
rvG w f ajrmuf E k d i f r S e f ; od a omtcg ol o nf ol Y t eD ; wG i f
&yfaeonfh ajracG;tm; a&S;OD;pGm ½kwfw&ufzrf;qD; udkuf0g;
pm;aomufypf vdkufav\/ NyD;rS axmifacsmufwGif rdaeaom
jrnf;udk at;aq; pGm qufvuf pm;aomufavawmhownf;/
218 urÇ m ausmf

Ed k Y o nf r ysKd
wpfcgaomf v,form;wpfOD;\
ord;ysKdwpfa,mufonf EGm;rsm;udk
EdkYn§pf&ef oGm;a&muf\/ EdkYn§pfNyD;
aemuf &&Sdaom EdkYrsm;udk yHk;wpfvHk;
wGix f nfí
h acgif;ay:ü &Guu f m tdrf
odYk jyefvm\/ xdok jYkd yefvm&if; þodYk
MunfE;l pGm wpfu, kd w f nf; awG;awm
rdavonf/
]]þyHk;xJ&Sd EGm;EdkYrsm;udk usKdí &&Sdaom rvdkifrsm;jzifh
axmywf jyKvkyfrnf/ xdkaxmywfrsm;udk aps;odkY a&mif;cs&ef
,loGm;rnf/ wpfzef a&mif;&aomaiGjzifh MuufOrsm; 0,f
vdkufrnf/ xdkOrsm; rS tawmftwefrsm;jym;aom Muufi,frsm;
ayguf z G m ;vwå H U / þod k Y jyKzef r sm;aomf wpf p wpf p jzif h
Muufi,frsm; wdk;yGm;vmum rMumrDyif igonf BuD;rm;aom
MuufNcHydkif&Sif tjzpfodkY a&muf&Sd ayvdrfhrnf/ xdktcgusrS
tcsKdUaom Muufrsm;udk a&mif;í &onfh aiGjzifh ightwGuf
vSyaom 0wfpHktopfwpfck 0,fvdkuf&OD;rnf/ xdk0wfpHkudk
igonf yG J o G m ;aomtcgrsm;wG i f 0wf q if & rnf / xd k t cg
jrifjriforQaom vl&G,ftaygif;wdkYonf ig\ tvS*kPfudk

csD;usL;MuaytHh/ xdkrQomru ighxHodkYvmí olwdkYtm; arwåm
rQygrnfhtaMumif; awmif;yefMuayvdrfhOD;rnf/ odkY&mwGif
igonf olwdkYtm; EIwfrSzGifh[í wpfcGef;rQ jyefMum;jcif;rjyKbJ
jiif ; qef aom trl t &mjzif h acgif ; ud k aemuf o d k Y
vSnfhypfvdkufrnf/
olonf þodkY awG;awm&if; acgif;ay:rS yHk;udk owdr&bJ
pdwo f mG ;&m uk,
d yf gum acgif;udk aemufoYkd vSnyfh pfvu
kd rf ad v\/
þwGif EGm;EdkYykH;onf ajray:odkY w&Sdefwnf; xdk;usoGm;NyD;
EGm;EdkYrsm;onf vrf;wpfavQmuf zdfwfpOfum pD;qif;oGm;Muav
awmh\/ ol\ avxJrS eef;awmfBuD;onfvnf; rsufpdwpfrSdwf
vQyfwpfjyuftwGif; aysmufuG,fí oGm;av\/
220 urÇ m ausmf

<uuf w d k Y p nf ; a0;yG J
wpfaeYoü <uufrsm;onf pk½Hk;

vsuf pnf;a0;Mu\/ tpnf;ta0;
ü ol w d k Y o nf aMumif \ &ef u d k
umuG,af &;ESihf ywfoufí aqG;aEG;
wdkifyifMu\/
<uufysKdwpfaumifonf ae&mrS
xvsuf ]]taqGw?Ykd aMumif\ vnfü
acgif;avmif;wpfckudk csdwfqGJxm;rnf qdkygu ol\ &efrS
igwdkYuif;vGwfEdkif rnfrSm rkcsjzpfonf/ aMumifvIyf&Sm;onfESifh
trQ vnfü&Sdaom acgif;avmif;onfvnf; vIyf&Sm; wD;jrnfae
rnfjzpfonf/ igwdkYtm;vHk;onf olvmaMumif;udk ta0;rSyif
od&Sdum vG,fulpGm a&Smifwdrf;Edkifrnf}} [lí pdwftm;xufoef
pGmjzifh tBuHay; ajymqdk\/
xdkpum;udk <uuftaygif;vnf; rsm;pGmyif ESpfoufMu\/
olwdkYu olwdkYwpfoufwmzdkY þrQavmufaumif;rGefaom
tBuH tpnfrsK;d udk þwpfBurd o f m Mum;zl;aMumif; cs;D usL;ajymqdk
Mu\/
xd k t cg ynm&S d <uuf t d k B uD ; wpf a umif o nf ae&mrS
jznf;nif;pGm xvsuf ]]taqGwdkY? <uufysKd\ pum;rSm oihfjrwf

onf u m; rS e f y g\/ od k Y a omf tBuH a y;csuf t wd k i f ; rjyKrD
igwdkYtm; olonf xyfrHí tcsufESpfcsufudk tBuHay;&ef
vdkygao;onf/ ,if;wdkYum; tjcm;r[kwf/ aMumif\vnfü
acgif;avmif;udk rnfuo hJ Ykd wyfqif&rnfenf; [laom tcsuEf iS hf
rnfolonf xdkacgif;avmif;udk aMumif\ vnfü oGm;a&muf
wyfqifrnfenf; [lonfh tcsuw f yYkd ifwnf;}} [k ajymqdak v\/
þwG i f ql n H v suf & S d o nf h <uuf t aygif ; onf wpf p H k
wpf&mrQ jyefvnfajzMum;jcif; rjyKEdkif? Nidrfoufí oGm;Mu
avawmh\/
222 urÇ m ausmf

ES H a umif E S i f h ZD ; uG u f
wpf&aH &mtcg opfyifwpfyif

\ tacgif;wpfcx k üJ ZD;uGuf wpf
aumifonf aexdkif\/ olonf
aeY t cgrsm;wG i f opf a cgif ; xJ ü
tdy\f / ntcsed f a&mufaom tcg
wGirf S tjyifoYkd tpm&Sm xGuaf vh&dS
onf/ odkY&mwGif olonf ESpfNcdKuf
pGm rtdyf&acs/ xdkopfyif\ tudkif;rsm;wGif aexdkif usufpm;
aom ESHaumifwpfaumifonf tvGefpl;&Sus,favmifaom
toHjzifh atmfjrnfum olYudk tpOfaESmifh,Sufvsuf &Sdavonf/
ZDD;uGufonf rdrd\ Nidrf;at;rIudk &&eftwGuf ESHaumiftm;
ratmfzYkd txyfxyf awmif;yef&mS onf/ od&Yk mwGif ESaH umifonf
um; wd k ; íyif us,f a vmif p G m atmf j rnf v d k u f a o;onf /
aemufq;kH wGif onf;rcHEikd af wmhaom ZD;uGuo
f nf y&d,m,fjzifh
xdk'ku©rS uif;ap&ef BuH&awmhthH[k qHk;jzwfrdavonf/
wpfaeYwGif olonf ESHaumiftm; ol\ taMumif;udk
ajymjy rd w f q uf a vonf / xd k Y a emuf tvG e f c sKd o maom
toHjzifh ]]taqG ESHaumif? uREkfyfonf oif\ aw;oHaMumihf
vHk;0 tdyfr&onfrSm rSefygonf/ odkY tdyfr&ojzifh em;axmif

Munhfrd&m ewfapmif;oH uJhodkY tvGefyifom,mvSaMumif;udk
tHhMojcif; BuD;pGmjzifh Mum;od &ygonf/ taqG? uREfkyfwGif
rGefjrwfonfh tpm;tpmrsm; &Sdyg onf/ taqGuJhodkYaom
xl;jcm;onfh aw;oH&SifwpfOD;ESifh twl wuG vufqHk;pm;&vQif
tvG e f y if usuf o a&&S d v d r f h r nf xif y g onf / taqG
vufcHygavmh}} [k zdwfMum;avonf/
xdt
k cg ESaH umifonf ZD;uGu\ f ajrm§ ufyifch suw
f iG f b0ifjrifh
í txl;yif wuf<ujcif; jzpfrdavonf/ xdkYjyif tvGefyif
t&om &SdvSrnfjzpfaom rGefjrwfonfh tm[m&udkvnf;
oGm;&nfusvSNyDjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh ZD;uGuf\ zdwfMum;csufudk
0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om vufcHvdkufav\/
okdYvufcHNyD;aemuf ZD;uGufaexdkif&m opfacgif;wGif;odkY
0ifa&mufrdonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf ZD;uGuf\ ½kwfw&uf xdk;okwf
0g;NrdKpm;aomufjcif;udk cHvdkuf&avawmhownf;/
224 urÇ m ausmf

vS n f h p m;aom zd e yf c sKyf o rm;
wpf&Ha&mtcg ruRrf;usifaom
zdeyfcsKyform; wpfa,muf&Sdonf/
olonf xdktwwfjzifh toufarG;
jcif;iSm rjzpfEkdif&um; aq;q&m
tjzpfodkY ul;ajymif;vdkufav\/
olonf xif&Sm;ausmfapmaom
aq;q&mwpfOD;jzpfaMumif;? olYwGif
tvGexf ufjrufaom tqdyaf jzaq; &Sad Mumif;jzifh vltaygif;wdYk
tm; odap\/
xdt
Yk jyif odYk ausmaf pm&jcif;rSmvnf; ol\ xl;uJaom ynm
t&nftcsif;aMumifhyif jzpfonf[k ukd,f&nfaoG;avh&Sd\/
vltaygif;vnf; ,HkMunfpGmjzihf olYxH oGm;a&mufMu\/
wpfaeYaomtcg olonf jyif;xefaom tzsm;a&m*g pGu J yf
\/ bk&ifonf xdkol\ aq;pGrf;udk prf;oyfcGifh&NyD[lí pdwful;
rd\/ xdaYk Mumifh cGuw
f pfcxk wJ iG f tpGr;f xufonfqakd om tqdyf
ajzaq;udkxnfhí wpfzef tqdyfudkyg a&maESmxnfh[efjyKum
a&azsmfí olYudk aomuf&ef ay;tyf\/
xdt
k cg tqdyyf gonf[k xifaeaom aq;q&ma,mifonf

tqdyfygonf[k xifum tvGefxdwfvefYvSojzifh taMumif;pHk
udk trSeftwdkif; zGifh[ ajymqdk\/ ol\ tqdyfajzaq;onf
bmrQ tpGrf;rxufaMumif;udkvnf; 0efcH&avawmh\/
þwGif &Sifbk&ifonf ol\ rl;rwfrsm;ESifh wdkif;oljynfom;
taygif;wdkYtm; ]]oifwdkYxuf rdkufrJaomolonf þurÇmwGif
&Syd gOD;rnfavm/ þzdeyfcsKyo
f rm;tm; oifwt Ykd xJrS wpfa,muf
aom olurQyif zdeyfudk csKyf&ef rtyfESHvdkcJhay/ odkYaomf tzdk;
xdkufwefaom oifwdkY\ toufrsm;udkum; ,HkMunfpdwfcspGm
jzifh olYtm; yHktyfMuavonfwum;}} [k xdkolwdkY\ trSm;udk
ajz&Sif; ajymjyvdkufavwnf;/
226 urÇ m ausmf

jrnf ; ES i f h , if a umif
wpf c gaomf ,if a umif

wpfaumifonf jrnf;wpfaumif qGJ
vmaom vSn;f wpfp;D ay:wGif em;ae
\/
xdkYaemuf jrnf;tm; ]]oifonf
tvGeaf ES;auG;aom owå0gjzpfonf/
tjref q G J y gavmh / od k Y r [k w f u
oif h t m; uREf k y f u d k u f & vd r f h r nf } } ponf j zif h
jypfwifBurd ;f armif;jcif; jyK\/ od&Yk mwGif jrnf;url ol\ pum;ukd
pdk;pOf;rQyif ta&; r,lacs/
]]uREfkyf\ ocifonf þvSnf;ay:wGif vdkufygvmonf/
uREykf \ f ZufBuKd ;rsm;udk xde;f ESiv f suf ESiw f jH zifh wdu Yk m nTeMf um;
vsuf &Syd gonf/ uREykf v f nf; olt Y rdet Yf wdik ;f vdu k ef m aqmif&u G f
vsufyif &Sdfygonf/ oifbmrS 0ifa&mufpGufzuf&ef rvdkyg/
uREykf of nf rnfonft h csed üf aES;í rnfoaYkd om tcgü jref&rnf
udk odNyD;jzpfygonf}} [k jyefajymvdkufav\/

opf c syif
wpf&Ha&mtcg vrf;ab;wGif
ayguf a eaom opf c syif w pf y if
onf ESpfwdkif; ajrmufjrm;pGmaom
toD;wdkYudk oD;\/ tyifteD;odkY
jzwfoef;oGm;vm olwo Ykd nf toD;
udk&&Sdapjcif;iSm wkwf? cJponfwdkY
jzifh tudkif;tcufwdkUudk ypfcsMu\/ xdkYaMumifh opfcsyifcrsmrSm
jyif;pGm a0'em cHpm;&&Smavonf/
þwGif olu ]]uREykf \ f toD;rsm;udpk m;vsuf ESpo
f rd ahf useyf
rI &Muukeaf om vlwo Ykd nf uREykf t
f m; jyif;xefaom ykwcf wfjcif;
jzifh taESmift
h ,Suaf y;MuonfrmS qd;k &Gm;vSygawmhonf wum;}}
[k nnf;nLjrnfwrf; &Smavonfwum;/
228 urÇ m ausmf

od k ; ausmif ; om;ES i f h 0H y k a vG
wpf c gaomf od k ; ausmif ; om;
wpf a ,muf o nf avvG i f h a om
0Hyak vGwpfaumiftm; pm;usuw f iG ;f
ü awGU\/ olonf ¤if;tm; tdrfodkY
,l a qmif v mNyD ; acG ; rsm;ES i f h t wl
arG;jrLí xm;av\/
xd k 0 H y k a vG i ,f o nf BuD ; jyif ;
vmaomtcg acG;wdkYESifhtwl odk;cdk;
&ef vmaom 0HykavGrsm;tm; vdkufvH zrf;avh&Sd\/ wpfcgwpf&H
acG;rsm;onf 0HykavGrsm;udk rDatmif rvdkufEdkifMubJ vufavsmh
um tdrfodkYvSnhfjyefavh &SdMuonf/
xdktcgrsKd;wGif 0HykavGurl jyefí rvSnhfacs/ aemufodkY
qufvufí vdkufonf/ rDonfhtcgwGif odk;cdk;ol 0HykavGrsm;
xHrS a0pkudk,lí pm;aomufNyD; jyefvmavh&Sd\/
wpfcgwpf&H &ufaygif;tawmfMumrQ odk;rsm;udk 0HykavGwdkY
rcd;k bJ aeMuvQif xd0k yH ak vGonf olu, kd w f ikd yf if cd;k í acG;rsm;ESihf
a0iSpm;aomufavonf/
umvtwefMumavaomf odk;ausmif;om;onf ouFm
ruif;jzpfvmum acsmif;ajrmif;pHpk rf;\/ wpfaeYwiG f 0Hyak vGtm;
vufyl;vufMuyfrdav&m csufcsif;yif zrf;qD;í teD;&Sd opfyif
"æ
wGif BudK;qGJcsum owfypfvdkufavownf;/
v,f o rm;ES i f h usD ; trsm;
wpfcgaomf v,form; wpf

a,mufonf ysK;d Bux J m;aom *sKcH if;
wpfcif;udk apmifhMuyfMunhf½Iae\/
tb,faMumifhqdkaomf cdkESifh usD;t
wdo Yk nf rjywfp½k ;kH vsuf rsK;d aphrsm;udk
vma&muf pm;wwf a omaMumif h
jzpf o nf / v,f o rm;ES i f h t wl ol \ om;i,f o nf v nf ;
av;cGudk udkifum vdkufygvmavonf/
odkYaomf v,form;onf iSufrsm;udk ypfcwf&ef om;i,f
xHrS av;cGudk awmif;wdkif; vlESifh eD;uyfpGmaeí ,Ofyg;ae
Muaom cdkrsm;onf em;vnfMuum usD;trsm;udk owday;avh
&S d M u\/ xd k t cgrsm;wG i f ol w d k Y o nf wpf p k w pf ½ H k ; wnf ;
ysHoef;ajy;wufMu avonf/ xdkYaMumifh v,form;onf þodkY
ÓPfqif&av\/
]]om;armif? aemiftcgrsm;wGif av;cGtvdk&Sdygu av;cG
ay;[k rawmif;bJ ]t[rf;} [k acsmif;udkom ][efYvdkufrnf/
oifonf tvsit f jref ightm; av;cGukd ay;avawmh}} [k rSmxm;
avonf/
rMumrD iS u f t k y f B uD ; onf ysH o ef ; vmMuavonf /
230 urÇ m ausmf

v,form; vnf; ]t[rf;} [k acsmif;wpfcsuf [efYvdkufonf/
cdkrsm;um; xdktjyKtrludk *½krjyKombJ aeMuavonf/
þwGif v,form;onf av;cGjzifh vTJumvTJum tquf
rjywf ypfavawmh\/ iSufrsm;teuf wpfaumifrSm OD;acgif;ü?
tjcm;wpfaumifrSm ajcü aemufwpfaumifrSm tawmifü
toD;oD; 'Pf&m&Muavonf/
olwdkYvnf; xdwfvefYwMum; ysHajy;Mu&mwGif BudK;Mum iSuf
wpftyk Ef iS hf vrf;wGif awGUqHMk u\/ BuKd ;MumiSuw
f Ukd u taMumif;
udk ar;avaomf wpfaumifaom usD;tu ]]tdk-taqGwdkY?
,kwfrmvSaomvlrsm;aMumifh uREfkyfwdkU 'ku©a&mufMu&ygonf/
oifwdkYvnf; xdkvlrsm;teD;odkY roGm;Muukefvifh/ olwdkYonf
qdkvdkonfh t"dyÜm,ftwdkif; EIwfrS rajymMuojzifh uREfkyfwdkY\
rdwaf qGtrsm;yif aovkrwwf cHcMhJ u&ygNy}D } [k jyefMum;ajymqdk
avownf;/

avmbBuD ; aom jcaoF h
wpfaeYoü jcaoFhwpfaumifESifh
tjcm;aom wd&pämefwdkUonf omwl
nDrQ 0g'jzifh wpfOD;ukdwpfOD; ulnD
pwrf ; [k oabmwl n D c suf w pf c k
jyKvkyfMuav\/ þtcsufukd tjcm;
aom wd&pämeftoD;oD;wdo Yk nf rsm;pGm
yif ESpfoufMu\/ tb,fhaMumifh
qdak omf olwx Ykd wJ iG f jcaoFoh nf cGet
f m;tBu;D qH;k ESihf om;aumif
rsm;\ aMumuf&GHUjcif;udk tcH&qHk;aomol jzpfojzifh tm;udk;vdk
aomaMumifhaywnf;/
odkY nDnGwfMuNyD; wpfaeYaomtcg olwdkYonf tvGefqlNzdK;
aom orifBu;D wpfaumifukd zrf;qD; &rdMuav\/ zrf;qD;&mwGif
yg0ifun l MD uolrsm;rSm av;OD;jzpfavonf/ olwo Ykd nf orifBu;D
udk av;ydkif;tnDtrQ ydkif;í cGJa0Mu\/ tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk
ajray:ü csxm;NyD;aomtcg jcaoFhonf a&SUodkYxGufvmvsuf
þodkYqdk\/
]]tcsif ; wd k Y ? þyxrtyd k i f ; ud k a0pk t jzpf ig,l t H h /
tb,f aMumifq h akd om igonf om;aumifw\ Ykd bk&if jcaoFrh if;
jzpfaom aMumifhwnf;/ 'kwd,tydkif;aomfum; ig\ owådESifh
232 urÇ m ausmf

t&S d e f t 0gaMumif h o m þrQvG , f u l p G m zrf ; qD ; &rd o nf
jzpfaomaMumifh igyif ,l&vdrrhf nf/ wwd, f tydik ;f udrk l oifw\Ykd
bk&ifjzpfaom ightm; tcGeftjzpf oifwdkY qufoxdkufojzifh
igyif odrf;ydkuf&aytHh/ þa0pkrsm;udk om;aumif&Smr&aom
aeYrsm;wGif pm;aomufEdkif &ef ig odkavSmifodrf;qnf;xm;
vdkufrnf/ ,ckavmavmq,f tzdkYum; igonf þom;aumif
ud k zrf ; qD ; &jcif ; jzif h armyef ; rG w f o d y f a eNyD jzpf a v&m
usefaemufqHk;tydkif;udk pm;&aytHh}} [k qdkav\/
xdkrQru qufvufíyif ]]tu,fí oifwdkYtxJü ig\
tjyKtrlukd rauseyfo&l u dS xGuaf vmh/ xdo k o l nf toufab;
ESifh eD;uyfaeNyDudk odaptHh/ igonf xdkoludkvnf; þorifenf;
wl udkufjzwfpm;aomufrnf}} [k ajymjyefao;onf/
þwG i f tjcm;om;aumif r sm;onf wpf c G e f ; rQ r[0H h
Muacs/ jcaoFhteD;rSom qmavmifrGwfodyfpGmjzifh toD;oD;
wdwfqdwfpGm zJcGmoGm;Muavownf;/

opf y if E S i f h c&D ; oG m ;
wpfcgaomf c&D;onfESpfOD;onf
aEG & moD \ yl j yif ; aom aea&mif
atmuf0,f zkefxlaom c&D;vrf;udk
jzwf o ef ; vmaeMu\/ rMumrD y if
opfyifwpfyifudk awGU&onf/ olwdkY
onf 0rf;omtm;&jzifh opfyif&dyfodkY
0ifMuavonf/ aerSm jcpfjcpfawmuf
ylavmifvSaomfvnf; opfyif\ tkyfqdkif;aom tudkif;tcuf
rsm;aMumihf t&dyfrSm at;jrvSonf/
odkYem;aepOf wpfa,mufaom c&D;oGm;onf opfyifudk
armhMunfhum ]]þopfyifum; rnfodkYrQ toHk;r0ifaom tyif
omjzpfonf/ toD;vnf; roD; vlwdkYtwGufvnf; vHk;0 toHk;
rus}} [k uJh&JUjypfwif ajymqdkav\/
þwG i f opf y if o nf a'goxG u f p G m jzif h ]]td k - aus;Zl ;
rodwwf aom owå0g? oifonf yljyif;aom aet&SdefrS
vGwfajrmufpdrfh aomiSm uREfkyf\ t&dyfüvnf; cdkvIHao;onf/
odkYat;jraom t&dyf0,f csrf;ompGm ae&if;uyif uREfkyf\
twif ; ud k a jymí uREf k y f u d k toH k ; rusaom t&mwpf c k [ k
qdkonfrSm qdkEdkif&ufvS ayonfwum;}} [k jyefvnfajymqdk
æ
vdkufavownf;/
234 urÇ m ausmf

yd w k e f ; ES i f h vif ; ,k e f i S u f
wpfaeYaomtcg vif;,kefiSuf
wpfaumifonf ,kefi,fwpfaumif
tm; vdkufvHxdk;okwf\/ ,kefi,f
onf cGetf m;&So
d rQ ajy;a&Smifygao;
\/ odkYaomf aemufqHk;ü vGwfuif;
&ef taMumif;rjrifawmhojzifh teD;
tem;wGif u,frrnfo h ul kd &SmazG\/
þwG i f yd w k e f ; wpf a umif u d k
awGUav &m vif;,kefiSuf\ ab;&efrS olYudk umuG,fay;&ef
awmif;yef av\/
ydwkef;vnf; vif;,keftm; ,kefi,fudk rxd&ef ajymqdk\/
vif;,kefonf olYudk *½krpkduf/ ,kefi,fudk xdk;okwfíom
oGm;awmhonf/
xdktjzpftysufudk ydwkef;onf arhír&/ vif;,kefudk
wpfenf;enf;jzifh jyefvnf vufpm;acstHh[k pdwfydkif;jzwfxm;
avonf / ol o nf vif ; ,k e f \ tod k u f t eD ; od k Y oG m ;um
rsufjcnf rjywfapmifh\/ xdkYaemuf xdkiSufO wpfOOwdkif;
tvpfwGif todkuf&Sd&modkY ysHwufum xdkOudk ajray:odkY
wGef;cs\/ odkYjzifh vif;,kefiSufonf olYOrsm;udk tNrJwrf;
qHk;½IH;ae&avonf/
aemufqHk;wGif BuH&mr& jzpf&av&um; ewfrif;BuD;wpfyg;
xH oGm;a&mufwdkifMum;\/ xdkewfrif;BuD;rSm vif;,kefiSufwdkYudk
umuG,af y;ol jzpfavonf/ olu vif;,ke\ f Orsm;udk ab;uif;
ap&ef ol\ tusÐtdwfxJü Oavmh[k qdk\/
xdktaMumif;udk ydwkef;i,fvnf; aumif;pGm od&Sdavonf/
xdkYaMumifh vif;,kefO t&G,fcefY&Sdaom trdIuftnpftaMu;wdkY
udk tvHk;i,fjyKvkyfum ewfrif;\ tdyfaxmifxJodkY ypfxnfh\/
ewfrif;onf xdktnpftaMu;wdkYudk &GHU&SmvSojzifh iSufOwdkYudk
owdr&EdkifawmhbJ cgxkwf&ef BudK;pm;av\/ olonf tdyfudk
oGefarSmufí cgxkwfonf&Sdaomf Orsm;onf atmufodkYusí
a&SUenf;twdkif; uGJMujyefav\/
xdktcgrS pí ydwkef;rsm;xGufonfh &moDwGif vif;,kefiSuf
rsm; OrOMu[k vlwdkY qdkprSwfjyKMuukef\/
236 urÇ m ausmf

0g<um;aomzm;
wpfcgaomf zm;wpfaumifonf
wd&pämeftaygif;wdYk pka0;&mt&yfoYkd
a&muf&v dS m\/ olonf rsm;pGmaom
owå0gwdkYtm; pnf;a0;apvsuf
ol\ taMumif;udk þodkY aMunm
av\/
]]taqGwdkY? uREfkyfonf tvGef wwfuRrf;em;vnfaom
q&m0efwpfOD;yif jzpfygonf/ aq;azmfpyfjcif;ü txl;vdr®mí
rnfonfh a&m*ga0'emrsKd;rqdk &Sif;vif;pGm aysmufuif;atmif
ukoay;Edkifygonf}}/
ol \ pum;ud k 0d k i f ; em;axmif a eMuaom wd & pä m ef
taygif ; wd k Y w G i f ajracG ; wpf a umif v nf ; yg0if a vonf /
xdkajracG;u zm;\pum; qHk;vQif ]]tdk-q&m0efBuD;? oifonf
rnfonfha&m*g a0'emrqdk aysmufuif;atmif ukoEdkifonf
[kom qdkonf/ oifukd,fwdkifü jzpfay:aeaom ajccGifjcif;ESifh
tzk t yd e f Y x G u f u m wG e f Y v d r f a eaom ta&cG H w d k Y u d k u m;
aysmufuif;atmif ukoEdik f jcif; rjyKEikd w f um;}} [k ajymqdv k ukd f
av\/
✪
EG m ;xD ; ES i f h qd w f
wpf&aH &mtcg EGm;xD;wpfaumif

onf jcaoFh\ ab;&efrS ajy;a&Smif
&if; *lwpfckteD;odkY a&muf&Sdvmav
\/ toufab;rS vGwfpdrfhaomiSm
xdk*lxJodkY 0ifa&muf ykef;atmif;&ef
tBuHjyKrdavonf/ odkY&mwGif *l0ü
a'goBuD;pGm jzpfaeaom qdwfwpf
aumifu umqD;vsuf &yfaeonfudk awGU&\/
EGm;xD;onf xdq k w
d Ef iS hf pum;tajctwif ajymqdí k *lwiG ;f
odkY0if&ef BuHaqmifjcif;jzifh tcsdfefukefum tusKd;,kwfrnfudk
wGuq f rd\/ xdaYk Mumifh xdak e&mrS tjrefq;kH z,fcmG oGm;&ef tBuH
jyKvdkufav\/
odkY xGufcGmoGm;cgeD;wGif qdwftm; vSrf;í ]]toifqdwf?
,ck uREfkyfz,fcGmoGm;jcif;rSm oifhudk aMumuf&GHUí[k rrSwfvifh/
tu,fíom jcaoFhonf uREfkyfaemufrS xyfMuyfruGm vdkufyg
rvmcJhaomf uREfkyfonf þae&mü aeí EGm;xD;ESifh qdwfwdkY\
uGmjcm;yHuk kd jyjzpfatmif jyrnfomjzpfonf}} [k ajymqdv k u
kd af v
æ
\/
238 urÇ m ausmf

uRef E S i f h j caoF h
wpf&Ha&mtcg tvGef&ufpuf
Murf;MuKwfaom ocifxHrS uRefwpf
a,mifonf xGufajy;av\/ olYudk
jyefvnf rzrf;rdatmif oJuEÅm&xJ
wGif ykef;atmif;aeavonf/
olonf aexdkif&ef ae&mESifh
pm;&ef tpm;tpmud k &S m azG & ef
vSnhfvnfoGm;vmpOf *lwpfckodkY a&muf&SdoGm;onf/ xdk*lwGif
rnfol wpfpHkwpfa,mufrQ aexdkifonfudk rawGU&ay/ pifppf
aomfum; xdkae&mrSm jcaoFhwpfaumif\ ae&myif jzpfawmh
onf/
ola&mufonfh cPüyif jcaoFv h nf; *l0ü ay:vmavawmh
\/ pdwfysuftm;i,faeojzifh olonf jcaoFhudk &ifqdkifawGUae
&aomfvnf; vGwfajrmuf&ef vrf;pudk &SmazG&ef rBudK;pm;awmh
ay/ jzpfvdk&m jzpfapawmh[kom pdwfudk avsmhí xm;vdkufav
awmh\/
odkYaomf olonf ½kwfw&uf tHhMooGm;onf/ tb,fh
aMumifh qdkaomf jcoFhonf olYudkjrifvQif ckeftkyf udkuf0g; pm;rsKd
ypfvdkuf rnfhtpm; rdwfzGJUvdk[ef vu©Pmudk jyaomaMumifh
aywnf;/

jcaoFhvnf; &TifjrL;aomtoHjzifh [def;a[mufum ¤if;\
ajcwpfzufudk ajr§mufí jyav\/ xd k a jcwG i f zl ; zl ; a&mif í
&if;aeaom temBuD;udk jrif&ojzifh aocsmpGm pl;prf;Munfh½I&m
ajcacsmif;uav;rsm; tMum; BuD;rm;aom ql;BuD;wpfacsmif;
pl;0ifaeonfudk awGU&\/ olonf oem;vSojzifh xdkql;udkEIwf
um temudk wwfEkdiforQ aumif;pGm pnf;aESmifí ay;vdkuf
avonf/
odjYk zifh &ufrsm;rMumrDyif temonf aumif;pGm aysmufuif;
oGm;avawmh\/ jcaoFhBuD;onf olYudk twdkif;rod aus;Zl;wif
avawmh\/ xdkYaMumifh olYudk rdwfaqGwpfOD;tjzpf todtrSwf
jyKum umvtwefMumrQ *lxJwGif twlwuG aexdkifMuav\/
wpfaeYoü xdo k ol nf ol\ taygif;toif;jzpfonfh vlom;
rsm;udk vGrf;qGwfvmNyD jzpfaomaMumifh jcaoFhtm; EIwfqufí
olY&yf&GmodkY jyefoGm;av\/ a&mufvQif olYudk rSwfrdMuaom
&G m om;wd k Y u zrf ; qD ; í oH B ud K ;jzif h wk w f a ES m if u m ol \
ocifa[mif;a&SUarSmufoYkd ydt Yk yfav\/ ocifrf mS xdo k t l m; Oyrm
jyí tjcm;aom tapcHrsm; aMumuf&UHG aptH[ h k pdwyf ikd ;f jzwfxm;
ol jzpfavonf/ xdkYaMumifh olYudk y&dowfxlxyfvSonfh jyuGif;
Bu;D wpfct
k wGi;f &Sd om;&Jw&d pämefwx Ykd H ypfcs&ef trdeaYf y;av\/
240 urÇ m ausmf

xdkaeYodkYa&mufaomtcg om;aumifrsm;udk jyuGif;xJodkY
vTwxf m;\/ xdo k wå0grsm;xJwiG f tvGeBf u;D rm;í ½dik ;f pdik ;f aom
jcaoFBh u;D wpfaumifvnf; yg0ifavonf/ xdaYk emuf xdu k Ret f m;
wd&pämefrsm;tMum;odkY ypfcsvdkufav\/
odkY&mwGif y&dowfwdkYrSm ½kwfw&uf tHhtm;oihfvsuf
rawG;wwfEikd af tmif jzpfomG ;&avonf/ taMumif;um; tqdyk g
jcaoFBh u;D onf xdv
k o
l m;udk wpfcsurf Q vSr;f MunhNf y;D vQif tvGef
0rf;ajrmuf cifrifvSaom trlt&mjzifh ajc&if;ü tomt,m
0yfí aevdkufaomaMumifhyifwnf;/ pifppfrSm xdkjcaoFhBuD;onf
uEÅm&*lBuD;twGif;rS rdwfaqGa[mif;BuD;yif jzpfavawmhonf/
y&dowfwdkYonfvnf;xdkuRef\toufudk vTwfoifhaMumif;
jzifh tqufrjywf atmf[pfawmif;qdkMuukef\/ xdkNrdKUudk
tk y f c sKyf aom bk & if c H u vnf ; taMumif ; pH k od & aomf
odkYaus;Zl;odwwf í opöm&SdvSonfh wd&pämef½dkif;BuD;tm;
tHhMocsD;usL;rd\/ xdkYaMumifh jcaoFha&m uRefyg ESpfOD;pvHk;\
toufudk csrf;omay;í vGwfvyfpGm aexdkifMuap[k pD&ifcsuf
csvdkufavownf;/

jrnf ; ES i f h t &d y f
aEG&moDtwGif; c&D;oGm;&ef jrnf;
wpf a umif u d k iS m ;\/ xd k j rnf ; ud k
armif;ESif&ef jrnf;&Sifukd,fwdkifvnf;
aemufrS vkdufygvm\/ odkYjzifh olwdkY
onf c&D;pwif xGufMuavonf/
olwo Ykd nf aeylxw J iG f wa&GUa&GU
vmcJhMu&mrS acwå&yfem;Mu&ef oabmwl qHk;jzwfMu\/ jrnf;
iSm;aom c&D;onfonf jrnf;\ t&dyf0,f vJavSmif;um
tyef;ajzrnf jyK\/ odaYk omf jrnf;\t&dy0f ,f cdv k aHI om jrnf;&Sif
onf c&D;onftm; cGifhray;ay/
olu ol\jrnf;udkom iSm;&rf;jcif;jzpfonf/ jrnf;\ t&dyf
udk iSm;onfr[kwf[k qifajcay;avonf/ c&D;onfuvnf;
jrnf;udk oliSm;xm;aomaMumifh xdkiSm;xm;aom umvywfvHk;
xdjk rnf;ESihf ywfouforQ tusK;d cHpm;cGirhf mS olEiS o hf m qdik o f nf[k
apm'uwuf\/
odkYjzifh jiif;ckefrIonf EIwfjzifh tEdkifvkMuonfh tajcrS
vufoD;jzifh tEdkift½IH; qHk;jzwfMuonfh tajctxd jzpfvm
awmh \/ xdo k Ykd olwEYkd pS af ,muf tjyif;txef owfyw k af eMupOf
jrnf ; onf ae&mrS x um ajcuk e f o k w f í xG u f a jy;oG m ;
avownf;/
242 æ urÇ m ausmf

tpm;MuL;aom ajracG ;
wpfaeYoü qmavmif rGwfodyf

aeaom ajracG ; wpf a umif o nf
opf a cgif ; wpf c k x J ü aygif r k e f Y E S i f h
trJom; tcsKdUudk awGU&Sd\/ xdktpm
wdkYum; odk;ausmif;om;rsm;onf rdrd
wdkU\ vkyfief;cGifrS tjyefwGif pm;
aomufMu&ef odrf;qnf;xm;aom
tpmwdkY jzpfavonf/
ajracG;vnf; tpmwdkYudk rarQmfvifhbJ ½kwfw&uf awGU&Sd
vdkuf&ojzifh rsm;pGmyif ESpfaxmif;tm;& jzpfrd\/ xdkYaMumifh
olonf tpmwdkYudk pm;aomuf&eftwGuf bmrQ awG;awm
pOf;pm;jcif;rjyKbJ usOf;ajrmif;aom t0&Sdonfh opfacgif;wGif;
odYk twif;wd;k 0ifav\/ uHtm;avsmpf mG yif twGi;f odYk a&mufomG ;
onf/ olonf &SdorQaom tpmtm;vHk;udk avmbBuD;pGmjzifh
tukeftpif pm;aomufypfavonf/
olYtzdkY tpmudk pm;aomufpOfwGif ab;rjzpfonfum;
rSef\/ odkYaomf pm;NyD;rS opfacgif;xJrS jyefxGufrnfjyKonfh
tcgü um; tpmwdYk tjynht f odyf oGi;f xm;onfh olcY E¨muk,
d rf mS

opf a cgif ; 0ES i f h rrQbJ jynf h N zd K ;vsuf & S d a eonf u d k
awGU&S&d avonf/ olonf rnfoyYkd if BuKd ;pm;aomfvnf; tjyifoYkd
wd k ; xG u f & ef rwwf Ed k i f a wmh a cs/ aemuf q H k ; ü ol o nf
ol\tjzpfudk nnf;wGm; atmf[pfvsufom ae&avawmh\/
xdck Pü tjcm;ajracG;wpfaumifonf teD;rS jzwfoef;oGm;
av&m ol\tjzpfudk jrifojzifh tusKd;taMumif; ar;jref;\/
taMumif;pHk od&aom tcgwGif ajracG;u ]]taqG? uREfkyfvnf;
bmrQrwwfEkdifyg/ oihftzdkY oif\cE¨mukd,fonf e*dkt&G,f
twdkif; jyefvnfa&muf&dSvmonf txd þtxJwGif aexdkif&ef
om&Sad wmhonf/ odrYk o S mvQif oifonf þtayguf0rS jyefvnf
wdk;xGufEdkifayvdrfhrnf}} [k ajymqdk vdkufavownf;/
244 urÇ m ausmf

iS u f z rf ; orm;ES i f h c g
wpfcgaomf iSufzrf;orm;
wpfa,mufonf olaxmifxm;aom
ausmhuGif;wpfck0,f cgwpfaumif
rdaeonfudk awGU&Sd&av\/
olonf xdkcgudk ausmhuGif;rS
xkwfum vnfudk jzwfrnfjyKonf/
xdktcg cgu ]]toif iSuform;?
uREfkyfudkrowfygESifh/ uREfkyf\toufudk vTwfygavmh/ oif\
aus;Zl;udk rarhyg/ uREfkyfonf oif\ axmifacsmuftwGif;odkY
ajrmufjrm;pGmaom cgwdkY oufqif;ap&ef aoG;aqmifay;ygtHh}}
[k awmif;yef ajymqdk\/
xdpk um;udk Mum;vQif iSuzf rf;orm;u ]]uREykf o
f nf oiht
f m;
rvTwEf ikd /f ,ckyif owf&ygvdrrhf nf/ oif\ trsK;d om;rsm;tay:
opömazmufaom pum;rsm;onf oif\ Mur®mqdk;udk zefwD;av
NyD}} [k jyefvnf ajymqdkvdkufavownf;/

od k ; i,f E S i f h 0H y k a vG
onf tkyfpkrS uGJaeaom odk;wpf
aumifudk jrif\/ olonf xdkodk;i,f
udk udkufowfpm;vdk&um; rnfodkY
tjypf&Sm&ygtHhenf;[k tBuHxkwfí
aeav\/
xdaYk emufoo
l nf ok;d i,fteD;odYk
csOf;uyfoGm;um ]]toifodk;i,f? oifonf rESpfu ightm;
taESmifht,Suf BuD;pGm ay;cJhayonf/ xdkYaMumifh oihfudk igpm;
&rnf}} [k qdkonf/
xdktcg odk;i,fu ]]rjzpfEdkifyg t&Sif? rESpfu uREfkyfonf
arG;yif rarG;ao;yg}} [k jyefMum;\/
odkY&mwGif 0HykavGum; ravsmhacs/ ]][kwfayvdrfhrnf/
odkY&mwGif oifonf ig\ pm;usufü 0ifa&mufpm;aomufjcif;
jyKayonf}} [k qdkjyef\/
okd;i,fuvnf; ]]r[kwfEdkifyg t&Sif/ uREfkyfonf i,fvS
ao;í ,ckxd jrufukd pm;aomufjcif; rjyK&ao;yg}} [k ajzav
onf/
odkYaomf 0HykavGurl &ef&SmNrJ &Smvsufyif &Sdav\/
246 urÇ m ausmf

]]odkYr[kwfygrl oifonf ig\ prf;acsmif;rS a&udkum;
aomufavonf}} [k olu pGyfpGJ\/
xdktcg odk;i,fu ]]r[kwfygt&Sif? uREfkyfonf rdcif\ EdkYrS
vGJí rnfonfha&udkrQ raomufzl;ao;yg}} [k jiif;qdkjyefav\/
od&Yk mwGif 0Hyak vGum; rnfonfeh nf;ESirhf Q od;k i,fukd tvGwaf y;
&ef pdwfrul;acs/
xdaYk Mumifh ]]aumif;Ny?D rnfoyYkd ifjzpfap igonf ig\ npmudk
um; pm;jzpfatmif pm;&ayawmhtHh}} [k qdkvsuf odk;i,fudk
pm;ypfvdkufav\/

jrnf ; ES i f h om;tz
wpfcgaomf pufq&mom;tz
ESpfa,mufonf olwdkY\ jrnf;udk
aps;odkYarmif;ESifí oGm;Mu\/ olwdkY
onf xdkjrnf;udk aps;ü a&mif;cs&
aomf tzd k ; aumif ; pG m &vwå H U pk
arQmfudk;rdMuonf/
od k Y o G m ;Muí rMumjrif h r D y if
rde;f uav;wpfpEk iS hf vrf;c&D;ü awGUqHrk Md u\/ xdrk ed ;f uav;rsm;
onf olwdkYudk Munfhí &,farmMuum þodkY uJh&JUajymqdkMuukef
\/ ]]taqGwdkY? þrQavmufrdkufrJaom olwdkYudk oifwdkY jrifzl;
Muyg\avm/ Munhpf rf;yg/ þrQ zkex f al om vrf;ü jrnf;ygvsuf
rpD;bJ ajcusifavQmufí oGm;aeMuonf/}}
xdkpum;udkMum;vQif tzjzpfolonf [kwfay\[k oabm
aygufrad v\/ ol\ om;i,fukd jrnf;ay:odYk wufí vdu k af p\/
olu, kd w
f ikd rf mS rlum; a&SUrS jrnf;udq k v JG suf ajcusio
f m vdu
k af v
\/
xdkcPüyif ol\ oli,fcsif;a[mif; tcsKdU vrf;avQmuf
vm MuonfESifh qHkawGU\/ xdkolrsm;onf olYtm; EIwfcGef;
qufo MuNyD;aomf ]]taqG? oifonf oif\ om;i,fudk
248 urÇ m ausmf

zsufpD;avNyD wum;/ olYudk jrnf;ay:wGif pD;apvsuf oifum;
atmufrS ajcusifvdkufjcif;onf roifhavsmfay/ oihfom;onf
þodyYk if tNrw J rf; a&omcdv
k pkd w
d rf sm; jzpfay:vmvdrrhf nf/ ol\
aemifa&; twGuf aumif;pm;apjcif;iSm atmufrSavQmufí
vd k u f y gap avmh } } [k ajymqd k M u\/ puf q &mvnf ;
ol i ,f c sif ; rsm;\ tBuH u d k vuf c H í ol w d k Y q d k w d k i f ;
vdkufemjyKvkyfavonf/
tzonf jrnf;ay:wGif pD;vsuf om;i,fu atmufrS
ajcusif vdkufygvmcJhonf/ c&D;twef aygufMuavaomf rdef;r
ESihf uav;i,frsm;ygaom vlwpftyk u f kd rSí
D vmMu\/ xdo k w
l Ykd
vnf; om;tzESpfa,muftm; Munhfum ]]tvGef wpfukd,f
aumif;qefaom tzdk;tdkygay/ oludk,fwdkifrlum; jrnf;ay:ü
csrf;ompGm xdkifvsuf oem;zG,faumif;aom uav;i,fuav;
udrk l yifyef;pGm atmufrS ajcusiv
f u
kd af ponf}} [k jypfwif uJ&h UJ
Mujyefav\/
þonf u d k Mum;&aomf ol \ om;i,f t m;
jrnf;ay:odkY wufapí ol\aemufrS xdkifum vdkufygap
jyefav\/ tawmf twefoGm;rdMuvQif c&D;onfwpfpkESifh
qHkrdMujyefonf/
xd k o l w d k Y u ]]xd k j rnf ; onf puf q &m\ ud k , f y d k i f j rnf ;
ayavmod k Y r [k w f c &D ; oG m ;&ef t vd k Y i S m acwå r Q iS m ;&rf ; vm

cJhaom jrnf;ayavm}} [k ar;jref;Mu\/ pufq&muvnf;
olyikd qf ikd f aom jrnf;jzpfí aps;ü a&mif;cs&ef ,laqmifvmcJjh cif;
jzpfaMumif; jyefMum;\/ xdkpum;udkMum;aomf c&D;onfwdkYonf
&ifoyf½Iarm tHhMoMuukef\/
xdkYaemuf ]]taqG? þrQ av;vHaom 0efudk oihfjrnf;onf
o,faqmifí oGm;aeMuvQif aps;odkY a&mufonfh tcgü
tarmqdkYí aozG,f&mom &Sdawmhonf/ rnfolwpfOD;wpf
a,mufrQ olYudk vSnfhí MunhfMuvdrfhrnfr[kwf/ olYudk csrf;om
pGmo,faqmifí oGm;rS jzpfayvdrfhrnf}} [k tBuHay;Mujyef\/
]]aumif;ygNyD? oifwdkYqdkwkdif; jzpfapygtHHh}} [kqdkí om;tz
ESpfa,mufwdkYonf jrnf;ay:rS qif;Mujyef\/ xdkYaemuf jrnf;\
ajcaxmufrsm;udk BudK;jzifhpkum csnfaESmifavonf/ NyD;rS wkwf
wpfacsmif;jzifh vQKu d m om;tzESpaf ,muf OD;yJx
h rf;í oGm;Mu\/
odkYjzifh NrdKUwGif;odkY 0ifa&mufcJhMu\/
xd k o l w d k Y E S p f a ,muf jrnf ; ud k o,f a qmif v mMuyH k r S m
tvGefrS tqifrajyvSav&um; vltaygif;wdkYonf 0dkif;tHk
Munh½f MI uvsuf ajymifavSmifum rsm;pGm &,farmMuonf/ tcsKUd
url olwdkYtm; t½l;rsm; [líyif tMuifrmrJhpGmjzifh ac:Muav
ao;onf/
olwdkYvnf; qufvufoGm;Muí jrpfwpfckudk jzwfum
250 urÇ m ausmf

aqmuf xm;aom wHwm;wpfckodkY a&mufMu\/ olwdkY jzwf
ul;aeMupOf jrnf;onf qlnaH om vlorH sm;aMumifh wpfaMumif;?
aMumuf&GHUpGm uefausmuf½kef;z,favawmhonf/ odkY uefyg
½k e f ; ygrsm;aom tcg csnf x m;aomBud K ;onf ajyuRwf í
jrnf;onf a&xJodkYus um a&epfaoqHk;av\/
þwG i f uH q d k ; vS a om tzcrsmrS m a'govnf ; jzpf ?
&S u f v nf ; &S u f v S o nf E S i f h om;i,f u d k a c:í td r f o d k Y o m
jyef a vawmh \ / od k Y j yef c J h & if ; ol w pf y g;ajymwd k i f ; vd k u f í
vkyf&jcif;aMumifh rdrd udk,fwdkif pdwfauseyfrI [lí wpfpHkwpfckrS
r&&Sdonfhtjyif jrnf; yif qHk;&acsao;awmhonf wum;[k
awG;awmqifjcifí aerdavownf;/

qd w f E S i f h a jracG ;
wpfc gaomf ajracG;wpfaumif

onf a&wGi;f wpfcx k oJ Ukd vdru
hf somG ;
um jyefrwufEikd b
f J &Sad v\/ twef
Mumaomtcg a&iwfaom qdww f pf
aumifonf xdka&wGif;odkY a&muf&Sd
vm\/ ajracG;udk jrifvQif wGif;xJ&Sd
a& aumif;-raumif; ar;jref;av
onf/
]]aumif;NyDvm; taqG? uREfkyf aomufzl;orQ a&taygif;
wGif þa&avmuf aumif;aoma&onf r&Sdyg}} [k ajracG;u
ajzNyD; udk,fwdkifqif;í NyD;prf;Munhf&ef qdwftm; wdkufwGef;\/
a&iwfajyvdak om qE´wpfco k m&So
d nfh qdwof nf bmrQ pOf;pm;
raeawmhbJ ckefqif;vdkufav\/
a&udk 0pGm aomufNy;D aomtcgü ajracG;enf;wlyif jyefwuf
&ef enf;vrf;udk &SmazG\/ okdY&mwGif tcsnf;tESD;om jzpfacs
onf/
xdktcg ajracG;u ]]uREfkyftBuHwpfck&ygonf/ oifonf
aemufajcESpfacsmif;jzifh &yfí a&SUvufrsm;udk a&wGif; eH&HwGif
NrJNrHpGm uefxm;yg/ uREfkyfonf oif\ ausmay:rSwpfqifh
252 urÇ m ausmf

csKday: odkY wufa&mufrdvQif tjyifodkY wufEkdifygvdrfhrnf/
uREfkyftjyif odkY a&mufaomtcg oihfudk wpfvSnhf ulnDygrnf}}
[k ajymqdk \/
qdwfonfvnf; ajracG;ajymonfhtwdkif; jyK\/ odkY&mwGif
ajracG;onf a&wGif;xJrS vGwfajrmufoGm;aomtcg olYudk
jyefrMunhfawmhacs/ at;aq;pGmom xGufoGm;av\/ xdktcg
qdwo f nf us,af vmifpmG [pfatmfac:&if; olu Y kd u,fwifrnf
[laom pum;udk rarh&ef owday;avonf/
þwGif ajracG;onf vSn½hf rkH Qom vSnMfh unhNf y;D ]]toif qdw?f
oif\ rkwfqdwfarG;rsm;avmuf rsm;jym;aom todÓPfom
oif\ OD;acgif;xJwGif &Sdygu oifonf þa&wGif;xJrS rnfodkY
jyefxGuf&rnfudk rodbJESifh ckefqif;vdrfhrnf r[kwfay}} [k
jypfwifpum; ajymqdkvdkufavownf;/

ouf M um;td k E S i f h o m;rsm;
wpf&aH &mtcg oufMum;tdk

wpfa,mufü wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; roifh
jrwf M uaom om;rsm;&S d a vonf /
tzdk;tdkonf zcif\ tcGifhta&;
tmPmudk toHk;jyKjcif;jzifh vnf;
aumif;? tjcm; trsK;df rsK;d aom enf;wdYk
jzifhvnf;aumif;? olwdkYtm; oihfjrwf
apjcif;iSm BudK;pm;cJhavonf/ odkY&mwGif tcsnf;tESD;om jzpf&
av&um; aemufqHk;ü atmufygtwdkif; jyKvkyf&av\/
olonf om;rsm;udk teD;odkYac:í xif;pnf;wpfckudkvnf;
,laqmifvmcJhap\/ xdkYaemuf xdkxif;pnf;udk om;wpfa,muf
pDtm; csK;d ap\/ om;wdv Yk nf; tiftm;&So d rQ tpGr;f ukef BuKd ;pm;
Muonf/ odkY&mwGif xif;acsmif;rsm;rSm tvGefcdkifcHhatmif
wpfacsmif;ESihf wpfacsmif; yl;uyfpnf;vH;k pGm csnaf ESmifxm;onf
jzpf&um; usKd;yJhapjcif;iSm rwwfEdkif jzpfMu&av\/
xdktcg zcifonf xif;pnf;udk ajzapNyD; om;wdkYtm;
xif; wpfacsmif;pD ay;tyfvsuf wpfzef csKd;Muapjyef\/
254 urÇ m ausmf

þtBudrfwGif um; tvG,fwulyif tydkif;ydkif;jzpfatmif
csKd ; ypf v d k u f E d k i f M uav onf / þwG i f r S ouf M um;td k o nf
om;rsm;ud k xif ; pnf ; Oyrm jyí þod k Y qH k ; rpum;
ajymMum;avonf/
]]cspo
f m;wd?Yk pnf;vH;k nDnw G jf cif;\ tiftm;udk jrifNyrD [kwf
ygavm/ xdkYtwl oifwdkYonfvnf; wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; cspfcifoihf
jrwfpGm aexdkifoihfMuayNyD/ odkYrSmom wpfyg;aom olwdkY\
apmfum;vmaom ab;tEÅ&m,frS rdrdwdkYudkf,fudk umuG,fEdkifMu
ayvdrfhrnf/ tu,fíom oifwdkYonf pdwf0rf;uGJjym; wpfoD;
wpfjcm;pD jzpfaeygu wpfckpDaom xif;acsmif;wdkY tpdwfpdwf
tydkif;ydkif; usKd;jywfouJhodkYyif vG,fvifhwul zsufqD;jcif; cH&
ayvdrfhrnfwum;/

rk q d k ; ES i f h c d k
wpfcgaomf iSufypfrkqdk;
wpfa,mufonf aoewfudk,lí
awmwGi;f odYk iSuyf pfxu
G \f / olonf
0ufopfcsyifBuD; wpfyif\ tudkif;
ay:wGif em;aeaom cdw k pfaumifukd
jrifonf/ xdkYaMumifh aoewf'ifudk
ycH;k ay:wGif axmufum ypfowf&ef
wnfhrwfpGm csdef&G,fvdkufav\/
od&Yk mwGif olonf aoewfarmif;udk qGrJ nfjyKonfch Püyif
oltrSwfrxif wufeif;xm;rdaom jruftcif;tMum;rS a>rayG;
wpfaumifonf olYajcaxmufudk aygufvdkufavawmh\/ rkqdk;
vnf; jyif;xefpGm emusifaom a0'emaMumifh rypfEdkifawmhbJ
aoewfudfk vTwfcsvdkuf&avawmh\/
xdkcPüyif jyif;xefaom a>rqdyfrsm;onf ol\ aoG;rsm;
twGif; ysHUESHYoGm;av&um; olYwpfukd,fvHk;rSm vIyfír&awmh
onfudk awGU&av\/ xdktcgwGifrS olonf xdwfvefYwkefvIyf
pGmjzifh ]]aMomf-ig\ tukokdvf uHonf toufqHk;½IH;onfhwdkif
atmif zdpD;avNyDwum;}} [k a&&Gwfvsuf toufukefjcif;odkY
a&muf&avownf;/
✪
256 urÇ m ausmf
jcaoF h E S i f h j rif ;
wpf a eY a omtcg jcaoF h

wpfaumifonf EkysKdqlNzdK;aom jrif;
wpfaumifukd jrif\/ olonf xdjk rif;
udk ol\tpmtvdkYiSm vdkcsifwyfruf
jcif; jzpfrdavonf/ odkYaomf ol\
vufwiG ;f odYk oufqif;vmap&efum;
rnfodkYjyK&rnf rodjzpfí aeav\/
xdkYaMumifh olonfjrif;udk vSnhfpm;jcif;jzifh tvdkjynhfaptHh[k
tBuH jyK\/
a&S;OD;pGm olonf olYukd,fol tvGefxif&Sm;ausmfMum;aom
q&m0efwpfOD;jzpfonf[lí aMunmvdkufonf/ xdkrQomru
olonf t&yf&yfodkY vSnhfvnfoGm;vmum rsm;pGmaom owå0g
wdkYudk uko u,fray;cJhzl;onf[kvnf; owif;vTifhjyef\/ odkY
trsm;Mum;atmif aMunmNyD;rS olonf rnfonfh a0'emrqdk
uko&ef vma&muftyfESHygu aysmufuif;atmif ukoay;rnf
[k qdkvdkufavonf/
odkY&mwGif jrif;onfum; vdr®mvSpGm\/ jcaoFhqifxm;
aom tuGufudk aumif;pGm xdk;azmuf jrifavawmhonf/
xdkYaMumifh xdkaumufuspfpOf;vJaom jcaoFhudk oifcef;pm

&aptH h [ k ol a xmif x m;aom axmif a csmuf t wG i f ; od k Y
oufqif;rd[ef aqmifav\/ olonf jcaoFhxHodkY oGm;í ol\
ajcz0g;wGif BuD;pGmaom ql;Bu;wpfck pl;aeygonf/ tvGefrSyif
emusiv f S ojzifh ukoay;yg[k awmif;yefavonf/ jcaoFv h nf;
0rf;ajrmuf 0rf;om tvsit f jrefyif oabmwlnv D u
kd af vonf/
]]oif\ temudk Munfhyg&ap? jyygOD;}} [k olu qdk\/
þwGijf rif;onf aemufajcESpaf csmif;udk rum temudrk um
pHkprf;[efjyKaeaom jcaoFh\ rsufESmwnfhwnfhodkY jyif;xefpGm
uefausmufvdkufavawmh\/ jcaoFhvnf; ½kwfw&ufjzpfí
ra&SmifEdkifbJ jyif;xefpGm 'Pf&m&um vJusoGm;avonf/
jrif;onf ol\toufudk &ef&Smaom &efoludk tEdkif&vdkuf
ojzifh tvGef&Tifvrf; jrL;wl;jcif; jzpfrd\/ xdkrQomru ol\
atmif j rif a om tBuH t wG u f v nf ; auseyf v S a v&um;
0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om [DvsufxGufajy; oGm;avownf;/
258 urÇ m ausmf

rd k u f r J a om zm;ES i f h < uuf
wpfcgaomf <uufwpfaumifESifh
zm;wpfaumifwkYdonf tcsif;csif;
taqGcifyGef; zGJUMu\/ okYd&mwGif
<uufrSm ukef;oufoufay:üom
aexdkifaom owå0gjzpfí ukef;a&m
a&yg ol\ae&mtjzpf toH;k jyKaom
zm;ESihf tNrwJ rf; rcGrJ cGm aeEdik af om
tjzpfodkY ra&mufEkdfifbJ &Sdae\/ xdkYaMumifh olwdkYESpfOD; rnfonfh
tcgrQ ruGu J mG apjcif;iSm ajccsi;f yl;í BuKd ;jzifh csnaf ESmifxm;Mu
\/
olwdkYESpfOD;tzdkY ajcmufaoGUaom ukef;ajray:wGif oGm;ae
orQ umvywfvHk; olwdkYenf;rSm tqifajyvsuf &Sdaeay\/
odkYaomf uefwpfck\ tpGef;odkYa&muf&SdvmMuaom tcgwGifrl
zm;onf ½kww f &uf a&xJoYkd ckeq f if;vduk Nf y;D aysm&f iT pf mG ul;cwf
atmfjrnfvsuf aeavawmh\/ þwGif <uufcrsmrSm pdwrf csr;f
ajrUpGmESifhyif zm;\aqmif&modkY wwef;wnf;ygvm&m a&epfí
aoqHk;&&Smav\/
xdk<uufaoaumifonf zm;\aemufrS a&rsufESmjyifay:

wGif aygavmay:vsuf vdkufygaeonfudk odrf;iSufwpfaumif
onf jrifoGm;av\/ xdkYaMumifh tvsiftjref xdk;pdkufqif;ouf
NyD; ol\ vufonf;rsm;jzifh ukyfcsD ,laqmifoGm;av\/
xdktcg zm;onf olcsnfaESmifxm;aom taESmiftzGJUudk
vnf; rajzEdik f jyKwaf tmifvnf; ½ke;f rxGubf J &Su
d m odr;f iSu\
f
,laqmif&modYk <uufEiS t hf wl yg&&Smav\/ odr;f iSuo f nfvnf;
rlv csD&if;pGJ <uufaoESifhwuG zm;udkyg Nrdef,SufpGm pm;aomuf
avawmhownf;/
260 urÇ m ausmf

qd w f E S i f h qd w f x d e f ;
wpfaeYaomtcg qdwx f ed ;f
wpfOD;onf NcHwGif;odkU jyefoGif;&ef
qd w f r sm;ud k pk a 0;í aeav\/
tm;vH k ; teuf wpf a umif a om
qdwfonf trsm;ESifh ra&maESmbJ
vSnhfywfoGm;vmum ae\/
ol o nf xd k q d w f t m;
twefMumrQ avcRefum? atmfac:umESifh tdrfjyefap&ef
Bud K ;pm;ao;onf / od k Y & mwG i f qd w f o nf u m; ol Y u d k
tenf;i,frQyif *½kjyKyHkr&acs/ xdkYaMumifh olonf
ausmufcJwpfvHk;udk aumufum qdwfudk aygufvdkufav\/
ausmufcJonf qdwf\ OD;csKdudk wnfhrwfpGm xdrSefav&um;
OD;csKdonf usKd;yJhí oGm;av\/
þwGif ocif\ Budrf;armif;jcif;cH&rnfudk pdk;&GHUaom
qdwfxdef;onf ocifudk jyefrajym&ef qdwftm; awmif;yef\/
xdt
k cg qdwu f ]]td-k rdu
k rf aJ om oli,f? uREykf u f rajymaomf
vnf; uREfkyf\ OD;csKdrsm;url oif\jyKrlcsufudk aumif;pGm azmfjy
Muayawmhrnf}} [k jyefajymvdkufavownf;/
æ
awmacG ; rES p f a umif
wpf&Ha&mtcg ukd,f0efaqmif
awmacG;rwpfaumifonf om;zGm;
&eftvdkYiSm vHkNcHKí aEG;axG;aom
ae&mudk &Smvsuf&Sd\/ olonf ol\
rdwfaqGjzpfaom tjcm;awmacG;r
wpfaumifxHodkY oGm;í om;zGm;&ef
twG u f xd k a cG ; rtd r f u d k
acwåtoHk;jyK cGifhay;yg&ef awmif;yef\/
pdwfoabmxm;aumif;aom rdwfaqGronfvnf; ]]todkY
vQif r&bJ&yfdS gtHeh nf;/ oif\ uav;rsm;udk aumif;pGm arG;zGm;
NyD; oifudk,fwdkif aumif;pGm usef;rmívmaom tcgrSom
uREfkyf\ tdrfudk jyefay;ygawmh}} [k qdk\/ þodkYvQif 'kwd,
acG;ronf uk, d 0f efaqmifacG;r ae&eftvdiYk mS olaY e&mrS z,fay;
um om;i,frsm;udk aumif;pGm arG;zGm;apavonf/
wpf v cef Y M umaomtcg ae&m&S i f awmacG ; ronf
olYae&m dukd jyef&&ef tcsdefwefNyD[k oabm&um jyefvm\/
olonf om;zGm;aom acG;rtm; ]]usef;rmpGm &SdNyDr[kwfygvm;}}
[k ar;jref ; \/ om;rsm;rd c if u vnf ; ]]td k - taqG a cG ; r?
uREfkyfum; usef;rm pGm &SdygavNyD}} [k jyefMum;\/ þwGif
ae&m&SifacG;ru þodkYjzpfvQif olYtm; ]]ae&mudk z,fay;
262 urÇ m ausmf

EdkifygNyDavm}} [k xyfrHar;jref;\/
xdktcg ae&miSm;aeaom acG;ru ]]taqG? uREfkyfonf
oif\tdrfudk ,ckuJhodkY Mum&nfpGm &,lxm;jcif;udk rsm;pGmyif
tm;emjcif; jzpfrdygonf/ &Sufvnf; tvGef&SufvSygonf/
odkY&mwGif uREfkyftzdkY aumif;pGm usef;rmvmNyDjzpfaomfvnf;
arG;zGm;pjzpfom uREfkyf\ om;i,frsm;rSmrl rsm;pGmyiftm;tif
csnfheJYvsuf &SdMuygao;onf/ tu,fíom tjyifü ajymif;a&TU
ae&ygrnfqykd gvQif olw\ Ykd touftEÅ&m,ftwGuf pd;k &drv
f yS g
onf}} [k qdkav\/
xdkpum;udk Mum;vQif Muifemwwfaom tdrf&SifacG;r
uvnf ; ]]td k - uREf k y f r od í om ajymrd j cif ; jzpf y gonf /
þtwdkif;rSefvQif uav;rsm; aumif;pGm oefpGrf;usef;rm
vmonftxd aemufwpf vcefY aeygOD;}} [k cGifhay;jyef\/
odkYESifh aemufwpfvvnf; ukefoGm;jyefavonf/ odkY&mwGif
tdrfiSm;acG;ru tdrfjyeftyfrnfh vu©Pmudk t&dyfta,mifrQ
yif rawGU&av&um; olonf oGm;a&mufawGUqHí k ar;jref;&jyef
\/
]]todkYenf; taqGr? uREfkyf\ tdrfudk jyefay;&ef tcsdef
wef NyD xif y gonf / ,ck q d k v Qif oih f t m; uREf k y f c G i f h j yK
xm;onfrSmvnf; ESpfvyif&SdoGm;NyD/ uREfkyf\ ae&mudk z,fay;

yg/ odkYr[kwfrl oihftm; ,cktBudrfwGif rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ
uREfkyfcGifhvTwfEdkif vdrfhrnfr[kwf}} [k qdkav\/
xdktcg ]]xGufoGm;&rnf [kwfp}} [k tdrfwGif;odkY a&mufae
aom acG;ru [def;a[mifí ajymav\/ xdkYaemuf ]]rxGufEdkif
yg/ uREfkyfz,fray;orQ oifhtdrfudk oifjyef&vdrfhrnf[k rrSwf
avESifh/ uREfkyfonf tdrfwGif;odkY a&mufí aeavNyD/ oifonf
uREfkyfESifhwuG om;i,frsm;udkyg xGufoGm;atmif ½dkufykwfí
rxkwfEdkiforQ umvywfvHk; uREfkyfonf oihftm; þae&mrS
z,fay;vdrfhrnf r[kwf}} [k aus;Zl;rodwwfpGmjzifh rdkufrJpGm
ajymvdkufavownf;/
264 urÇ m ausmf

ajracG ; ES i f h a rsmuf
wpfaeYoü ajracG;wpfaumifEiS hf
arsmufwpfaumifonf vrf;wpfck
tay:ü c&D;oGm;cdu k f twlqrkH Md u\/
olwo Ykd nf pum;ajymMu&if;rS rnfol
u rnfolYxuf ZmwdtrsKd;tEG,f
tm;jzifh omvGeaf Mumif; tjiif;tckef
jzpfMu\/ twefMum tBuw d t f e,f
ajymqdkí vmae&mrS rSwfwdkifrsm;jzifh jynhfaeaom ocsØKif;ukef;
wpfck teD;odkY a&mufvmMu\/
xd k t cg arsmuf o nf ae&mwG i f & yf v suf ajryH k r sm;ud k
vSrf;arQmf Munhf½I&if; oufjyif;BuD; csvdkuf\/ ajracG;onf
xdt
k jcif;t&m udk jrifvQif taMumif;udk ar;jref;pHpk rf;\/ þwGif
arsmufonf ocsØKif;ajryHkrsm;udk vufn§Kd;nTefjy&if; ]]oif
,ckjrif&onfh rSwfwdkifrsm;onf þajryHkrsm;twGif;&Sd uREfkyf\
bdk;ab;rsm; twGuf *kPfjyKpdkufxm;Mu&aom wdkifrsm;yif
jzpf M uavonf / ol w d k Y r S m ol w d k Y a cwf t cguqd k v Qif
tvGejf rifjh rwfí xl;cReMf u olrsm; jzpfMuygonf}} [k ajymqd\ k /
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