Odsm cf fstucjm9 ODIFQM DVSMKÄSJOM  

J`trmcuoojÿ` 

F` fstf j`nmrkf sf ausodrd cfsdrrmggdr fg Kêtmcm cf Cfsorjpojÿ` cf _jstfkd,

dpgjoä`cmgm dg odsm cf fstucjm9 ODIFQM DVSMKÄSJOM2 sf prftf`cf d trdvês cf su
f`nmquf sjstêkjom fstdagfofr9 su cfnj`jojÿ`, nu`ojÿ`, maiftjvm, nrm`tfrd, sus gëkjtfs,
f`trdcd, sdgjcd, kfcjm dkajf`tf, su sjstfkd cf om`trmg, f`trmpjd y nj`dgkf`tf
cjsfôdr u` cjdlrdkd.Sdkajê` sf damrcdrd fg f`nmquf sjstfkdtjom, quf omkprf`cfrä
f`trf mtrms9 Fg gjstdcm y cfsorjpojm`fs cf gds pdrtfs,rfgdojm`fs f`trf fggds,
fvdgudojm`, orfojkjf`tm y nj`dgkf`tf u` cjdlrdkd.

F`nmquf _jstêkjom
_dafkms cf `ufstrm fstucjm quf tmcm sjstfkd sf omkpm`f pmr u` om`iu`tm cf
fgfkf`tms quf sf mrld`jzd` pdrd u` prmpÿsjtm omkù`, f` fstf mrcf` cf jcfds
tf`fr`ms quf fg sjstfkd cf odifrm dutmkätjom tjf`f omkm maiftjvm   mnrfofr dg
usudrjm cf gd ad`od u`d dgtfr`dtjvd kd`frd räpjcd, fnjojf`tf y sflurd cf rfdgjzdr
mpfrdojm`fs ad`odrjds d trdvês cf u` sjstfkd om` fg quf pufcd j`tfrdotudr y pmcfr
cjsnrutdr dglu`ms cf gms cfg af`fnjojms cfg ad`om sj` edofr omgd f j`ogusm nufrd cfg
emrdrjm edajtudg cf mnjoj`d, pdrd fggm fstf sjstfkd kfcjd`tf gd om`fxjÿ` om` fg ad`om

y su adsf cf cdtms sfrvjrä cf kfcjm cf omku`jodojÿ` f`trf gms f`tfs cfg sjstfkd2
pmr td`tm fg maiftjvm lf`frdg cfg sjstfkd fs pfrkjtjr rfdgjzdr mpfrdojm`fs ad`odrjds d
u` ogjf`tf, pdrtjf`cm cf gd j`nmrkdojÿ` dgkdof`dcd f` gd adsf cf cdtms cfg ad`om y
d su vfz lf`frdr y rfljstrdr gd j`nmrkdojÿ` quf cfsorjaf gd mpfrdojÿ` rfdgjzdcd.

Xdrd vfr oudg fs gd nu`ojÿ`   cfg sjstfkd cfafkms tmkdr f` ouf`td quf f` fstf
fxjstf` trfs dspfotms ogdvfs quf vd` d j`tfrdotudr f` fg sjstfkd9

Ogjf`tf m Vsudrjm cf u` Ad`om9  Xfrsm`d quf prfvjdkf`tf sf dnjgjÿ d u` ad`om om`

 

fg nj` cf matf`fr sus sfrvjojms.

Ad`om9 F`tjcdc ad`odrjd quf mnrfof f`trf mtrds omsds cf odptdr rfoursms f` gd
nmrkd cf cfpÿsjtms, y prfstdr cj`frm, dsë omkm gd prfstdojÿ` cf sfrvjojms nj`d`ojfrms.
n j`d`ojfrms.

Odifrm9 maiftm, fs u`d käquj`d quf sf f`odrld cf edofr u`d om`fxjÿ` om` gd adsf
cf cdtms cf u` ad`om pdrd quf sf gf pufcd mnrfofr dg ogjf`tf ojfrtds mpojm`fs omkm
rftjrm cf cj`frm, m om`sugtd cf j`nmrkdojÿ`.

Fg sjstfkd cf odifrm dutmkätjom pdrd fstf j`nmrkf pdrtf cfscf fg pu`tm cf vjstd quf
d trdvês cf fg kjskm sf vd` d rfdgjzdr trd`sdoojm`fs ad`odrjds quf vd` d sfr
rfljstrdcds `m smgm f` fg odifrm, sj`m quf kfcjd`tf gd j`tfrom`fxjÿ` om` fg ad`om
qufcf` pgdskdcds gds trd`sdoojm`fs y gds kmcjnjodojm`fs quf sf tjf`f` quf edofr
f` fg sjstfkd j`tfr`m cfg kjskm, dg j`std`tf cf sfr rfdgjzdcd u`d trd`sdoojÿ` u
mpfrdojÿ` f` fg odifrm.
F` pmods pdgdards gd nu`ojÿ` cf fstf sjstfkd fs sfrvjr cf om`fxjÿ` f`trf u` ad`om
d u` ogjf`tf, fs cfojr, quf fg sjstfkd odifrm vd d sfrvjr omkm u` kfcjm cf
omku`jodojÿ` f`trf fg ad`om y fg usudrjm.

F` `ufstrm odsm cf fstucjm fg gëkjtf m nrm`tfrd fs cfojr dqufggms fgfkf`tms quf

sfpdrdrëd dg sjstfkd cf su dkajf`tf fxtfr`m, tf`crëdkms pmr fifkpgm fg
omkpm`f`tf nësjom omkm fg odifrm quf cfaf fxjstjr nësjodkf`tf pdrd pmcfr rfdgjzdr
oudgqujfr mpfrdojÿ` om` fg quf sf prmtflf `m sÿgm gd omkputdcmrd j`tfr`d y su
pd`tdggd, sj`m quf tdkajê` fg cj`frm cfpmsjtdcm f` fstf y mtrm gjkjtf sfrjd pmr
fifkpgm fg rfoursm eukd`ms fs cfojr gms usudrjms cfg sjstfkd, f` rfsukf` oudgqujfr
fgfkf`tm quf `m om`stjtuyd pdrtf cf gd cfnj`jojÿ` cf `ufstrm sjstfkd, sf om`sjcfrd
nufrd cf fstf.

Omkm f` tmcm sjstfkd f` u` odifrm fxjstf` f`trdcds y sdgjcds,  gd kdymrëd cf

sm` j`nmrkdojÿ`, pmr gm quf sf pufcf cfojr quf fstf fs u` sjstfkd cf

 

j`nmrkdojÿ`2 tjf`f f`trdcd cf j`nmrkdojÿ` pmr pdrtf cfg usudrjm smarf gms cdtms cf
gd trd`sdoojÿ` y tdkajê` cf gds ogdvfs m om`trdsfôd, tdkajê` rfojaf m gf f`trd gd
j`nmrkdojÿ` quf fg odifrm gf smgjojtd dg ad`om, pdrd vdgjcdr gms cdtms sukj`jstrdcms
pmr fg usudrjm, f`trd nësjodkf`tf cj`frm.j`struoojm`fs cfg usudrjm pmr pd`tdggd m pmr
tfogdcm.

Omkm sdgjcd cf fstf sjstfkd tdkajê` fs mtrm agmquf cf j`nmrkdojÿ` quf sf vd d

f`vjdr d gd adsf cf cdtms cf ad`om pdrd quf dggë sf edld` gds kmcjnjodojm`fs
pfrtj`f`tfs, dsë omkm tdkajê` gf sukj`jstrd dg usudrjm j`nmrkdojÿ` om`ofr`jf`tf d gd
mpfrdojÿ` quf rfdgjzÿ, mtrd sdgjcd cf fstf sjstfkd odifrm fs fg cj`frm, omkprmad`tfs
m tjobfts, tdriftds (pdrd cfvmgvfrgd), j`struoojm`fs pdrd fg usudrjm pmr pd`tdggd.

Fg kfcjm dkajf`tf  fs fg om`iu`tm cf omkpm`f`tfs odpdofs cf odusdr fnfotms

cjrfotms m j`cjrfotms f` fg sjstfkd, vjstm dsë f` `ufstrm odsm cf fstucjm cfg odifrm
dutmkätjom sf pufcf cfojr quf su kfcjm dkajf`tf fstd om`nmrkdcm pmr fg äkajtm
ad`odrjm, yd quf fg sjstfkd cf odifrm dutmkätjom, fs pdrtf cf u` sjstfkd kuoem
käs lrd`cf2 quf fg sjstfkd nj`d`ojfrm. 

Oudgqujfr sjstfkd (mrld`jzdojm`fs, sfrfs vjvms m käquj`ds) pufcf tf`fr sjstfkds

cf om`trmg m `fluf`trmpëd, f` gms sjstfkds cf om`trmg edy cms tjpms omku`fs cf

sjstfkds9

_jstfkds cf om`trmg sj` rftrmdgjkf`tdojÿ`9 gd sdgjcd sf lf`frd cfpf`cjf`cm cf gd

f`trdcd. F` mtrds pdgdards, oud`cm gd sdgjcd pdrd sfr om`trmgdcd, `m sf omkpdrd om`
fg vdgmr cf gd sfôdg cf f`trdcd.

F` fstf sjstfkd cf om`trmg sÿgm sf dotùd smarf gd sfôdg cf f`trdcd, cd`cm omkm
rfsugtdcm u`d sfôdg cf sdgjcd j`cfpf`cjf`tf d gd sfôdg cf f`trdcd, du`quf adsdcd

f` gd prjkfrd. @m fxjstf f`tm`ofs rftrmdgjkf`tdojÿ` edojd fg om`trmgdcmr pdrd diustdr

gd doojÿ` cf om`trmg. F` mtrds pdgdards, gd sfôdg cf sdgjcd `u`od sf om`vjfrtf f`
 

sfôdg cf f`trdcd pdrd fg om`trmgdcmr. Fifkpgm, gd tmstdcmrd cf pd`, fstd sf om`njlurd

om` u` tjfkpm cftfrkj`dcm pdrd quf odgjf`tf fg pd`. Fg pd`
pd` pmcrëd qufkdrsf m `m,
gd tmstdcmrd `m tjf`f om`trmg smarf fsm.

_jstfkds cf om`trmg om` rfdgjkf`tdojÿ`9 gd sdgjcd cfpf`cf cf gds om`sjcfrdojm`fs y

omrrfoojm`fs rfdgjzdcds pmr gd rftrmdgjkf`tdojÿ`. F` fstf odsm fg sjstfkd tjf`f u`d
doojÿ` cf om`trmg f` nu`ojÿ` cf gd sfôdg cf sdgjcd. Gd sfôdg cf sdgjcd sjrvf pdrd
rftrmdgjkf`tdr fg sjstfkd pdrd diustdr gd doojÿ` cf om`trmg f` om`sfouf`ojd.
Fifkpgm9 u` odgf`tdcmr cf dlud. Sjf`f u` om`trmg cf tfkpfrdturd cfg dlud quf sf
odgjf`td quf, dg ggfldr d u` cftfrkj`dcm vdgmr, dpdld fg odgf`tdcmr cf dlud.

Fg prmofsm cf gd `fluf`trmpëd, f` `ufstrm odsm cf fstucjm sf prfsf`td oud`cm

d`tf prmagfkds om` fg odifrm (kdquj`drjd nësjod) m quf fg pfrsm`dg (rfoursm eukd`m)
`m fstf sunjojf`tfkf`tf prfpdrdcm f` gd mpfrdtjvjcdc cfg sjstfkd, sf ausod
smguojm`drgms cf gds sjlujf`tfs kd`frds9 fg adim rf`cjkjf`tm cf pfrsm`dg cf trdadim
sf pufcf om`trmgdr rfdgjzd`cm odpdojtdojm`fs y cd`cm j`of`tjvms dg pfrsm`dg om` fg
nj` cf kmtjvdrgms pdrd mptjkjzdr su trdadim y prmagfkd om` gd kdquj`drjd sf
om`trmgdrëd rfvjsd`cm pfrjÿcjodkf`tf gds käquj`ds y edojê`cmgfs kd`tf`jkjf`tm
td`tm prfvf`tjvm omkm omrrfotjvm.

 Z gd f`trmpjd sfrjd iustdkf`tf gms prmagfkds quf pucjfrd lf`frdr fg sjstfkd

sfôdgdcms d`tfrjmrkf`tf.

Cjdlrdkds cf odsm cf fstucjm.

Xdrd cfsorjajr u` sjstfkd d trdvês cf u` cjdlrdkd cf odsms cf usm prjkfrm sf

cfnj`f` gms dotmrfs y gds nu`ojm`fs quf vd` d fstdr prfsf`tf f` fg sjstfkd9
 

Xdrd rfdgjzdr fg cjdlrdkd cf odsms cf usm f` `ufstrm odsm vdkms d utjgjzdr u`d smgd
cf gds nu`ojm`fs9 cf rftjrm yd quf gd rfdgjcdc cf sjstfkd cf odifrm dutmkätjom tjf`fs
mtrds nu`ojm`fs .

Gd cfsorjpojÿ` cf u`d cf gds nu`ojm`fs, fs gd sjlujf`tf9

 

Cjdlrdkd _jstêkjom cf u` Odifrm Dutmkätjom

Cjdlrdkd cf odsms cf usm

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F`nmquf _jstfkätjom
 

Gds dotjvjcdcfs sjstfkätjods sm` dqufggds quf pufcf` sfr rfdgjzdcds kfcjd`tf u`
sjstfkd quf gfs pfrkjtd sfr ggfvdcds d odam, gm quf `ms j`cjod quf ojfrtds
dotjvjcdcfs sf pufcf` cf dglu`d kd`frd fstd`cdrjzdr y dpjgdr f` ojfrtms om`iu`tms m
prmofsms cf`mkj`dcms kÿcugms, quf nmrkd` pdrtf cfg sjstfkd omkm tdg, oud`cm sf
om`vjfrtf u`d tdrfd f` sjstfkätjod, gm quf edof fs rfcuojr gd odrld j`tfgfotudg quf
supm`f cfojcjr
cfojcjr quê edofr,
edofr, pdrd sfr kds prmcuotjvm.

F` `ufstrm odsm cf fstucjm cf odifrm dutmkätjom pmcfkms dlrupdrgms f` gms

sjlujf`tfs kÿcugms.

•  Odifrms f` lf`frdg9 Odifrm dutmkätjom, fstdojÿ` cf f`trdcd.

•  Ouf`tds f` lf`frdg cfg ogjf`tf9 Ouf`td, Sdriftd cf orêcjtm

•  Ad`oms9 Ad`om, Om`smrojm.

Xrf-om`cjojm`fs9
Xmsffr u`d ouf`td ad`odrjd.
Xmsffr tdriftd .
Sf`fr sdgcm sunjojf`tf (Xdrd rftjrms y trd`snfrf`ojds).
Cjspmsjojÿ`9
Odifrm--Ogjf`tf

Cfsorjpojÿ` cfg sjstfkd9 fg sjstfkd cfaf pfrkjtjr d u` usudrjm om` u`d ouf`td
ad`odrjd rfdgjzdr gds mpfrdojm`fs cf9 rftjrdr cj`frm, cfpmsjtdr cj`frm, odkajdr gd
ogdvf cf usudrjm, om`sugtdr fg sdgcm cf gd ouf`td y edofr trd`snfrf`ojds.

Gds rfgdojm`fs f`trf gds pdrtfs sfrjd` gds sjlujf`tfs9

_f j`jojd fg sjstfkd om` gd j`trmcuoojÿ` cf tdriftd y om`sfouf`tfkf`tf gd ogdvf

(cdtms), sf ggfld d gd sfgfoojÿ` cf mpfrdojÿ`2 fg odifrm vdgjcd gms cdtms j`lrfsdcms,

f`vëd gms cdtms rfompjgdcms d gd rfc j`tfr-ad`odrjd, gd oudg gm rfcjrjlf dg ad`om

omrrfspm`cjf`tf, fg ad`om cfvufgvf gd j`nmrkdojÿ` vfrjnjodcd (sjf`cm omrrfotd m
 

j`omrrfotd), f` odsm cf sfr omrrfotd vmgvfkms d mpfrdojÿ` y `ms f`vëd d gd sdgjcd, f`

fg odsm om`trdrjm `ms f`vëd dg j`jojm
j `jojm pdrd rfj`jojdr mpfrdojm`fs.
Ogjf`tf9  cfaf cf pmsffr u`d ouf`td ad`odrjd y cj`frm sunjojf`tf pdrd rfdgjzdr gd
mpfrdojm`fs cf rftjrm, cfaf dcfkäs om`tdr om` u`d ‗tdriftd ad`odrjd‛ pdrd edofr

usm cfg odifrm dutmkätjom.

Ad`om9 Fg ad`om cfaf dsflurdrsf cfg auf` nu`ojm`dkjf`tm cf sus odifrms

dutmkätjoms (omkm quf tf`ld cj`frm sunjojf`tf pdrd gd mpojÿ` cf rftjrm) y rfspdgcdr
gds mpfrdojm`fs rfdgjzdcds f` fg kjskm, pdrd sus ogjf`tfs.

Orfojkjf`tm y Fvmguojÿ` 9 Fstds cms vdrjdagfs fstä` rfgdojm`dcds f` `ufstrm odsm

cf fstucjm, cfajcm d quf om` fg dukf`tm cfg `ukfrm cf ogjf`tfs quf utjgjof` fg

sjstfkd, fg ad`om sf vfrd f` gd `fofsjcdc cf fvmguojm`dr edojd u` kfimr sjstfkd

cf smpmrtf tdg orfojkjf`tm f` gd pdrtf tfo`mgÿljod y cfafrä dcfoudr gd od`tjcdc cf
odifrms (kdquj`d nësjod), fs cfojr d kdymr `ukfrm cf f`trdcds gd sdgjcd tdkajê`
cfaf smpmrtdr gd omrrfgdtjvdkf`tf fg j`orfkf`tm dsflurd`cm gd pfrkd`f`ojd cfg
sjstfkd.

Cjdlrdkd

J
 

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J`lrfsdr tdriftd f` fg odifrm.
Fg odifrm j`nmrkd quf rftf`crä gd tdriftd tfkpmrdgkf`tf.
Fg odifrm smgjojtd gd om`trdsfôd.
Fg ogjf`tf j`lrfsd gd om`trdsfôd
Fg odifrm vdgjcd gd om`trdsfôd.
Fg ogjf`tf fgjlf gd mpojÿ` cf su prfnfrf`ojd.
Qftjrm.
Fg odifrm smgjojtd fg tjpm cf ouf`td dsmojdcd d gd tdriftd.
Fg ogjf`tf sfgfoojm`d fg tjpm cf ouf`td
Fg odifrm smgjojtd dg ogjf`tf gd od`tjcdc d rftjrdr.
Fg ogjf`tf j`lrfsd u` km`tm.
Fg odifrm vdgjcd quf fg km`tm `m fstf smarf fg käxjkm pmsjagf.
Fg odifrm vdgjcd quf gd ouf`td pmsfd sunjojf`tf sdgcm.
Fg ogjf`tf rftjrd fg cj`frm.
Fg odifrm cd dg ogjf`tf gd mpojÿ` cf rfojajr u` rfojam.
_ë fg ogjf`tf dofptd sf gf f`trfldrä fg rfojam.
 

Fg odifrm j`nmrkd quf yd pufcf rftjrdr gd tdriftd.

Fg ogjf`tf tmkd gd tdriftd.
Fg odifrm vufgvf dg fstdcm j`jojdg.
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