Wind Power Part 6 18 September 2008

Wind Energy - Part 6

Thomas Ackermann, Ph.D.

Energynautics GmbH
Germany
t.ackermann@energynautics.com

Environmental Aspects

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Wind Power Part 6 18 September 2008

Environmental Aspects

• Required energy
• External Costs
• Capacity credit
• Noise
• Land use
• Erosion
• Visual pollution
• Birds

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Wind Power Part 6 18 September 2008

Required Energy
Technology Energy Pay SO2 in NOx in CO2 in t/GWh1 CO2 and CO2
Back Time in kg/GWh kg/GWh equivalent for
Month Methane in
t/GWh
Coal Fired (pit) 1.0 – 1.1 630 – 1370 630 – 1560 830 – 920 1240
Nuclear N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 28 - 54
Gas (CCGT) 0.4 45 – 140 650 – 810 370 – 420 450
Large Hydro 5-6 18 – 21 34 – 40 7–8 5

Micohydro 9 – 11 38 – 46 71 – 86 16 – 20 N. A.
Smallhydro 8-9 24 – 29 46 – 56 10 – 12 2
Windturbine:
4.5 m/ s 6 – 20 18 – 32 26 – 43 19 – 34 N.A.
5.5 m/ s 4 – 13 13 – 20 18 – 27 13 – 22 N.A.
6.5 m/ s 2–8 10 – 16 14 – 22 10 – 17 11
Photovoltaic:
Mono-cystalline 72 – 93 230 – 295 270 – 340 200 – 260 N.A.
Multi-cystalline 58 – 74 260 – 330 250 – 310 190 – 250 228
Amorphous 51 - 66 135 – 175 160 – 200 170 - 220 N.A.
Geothermal N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 50 – 70
Tidal N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 2

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Wind Power Part 6 18 September 2008

Capacity Credits

Question: How much traditional (fossil) generation

capacity can I replace with wind power;

A1: The capacity credit is equal to the capacity factor

A2: The capacity credit of wind power is zero;

Noise
Jet aircraft at 250 m 105 dB
Pneumatic drill at 7 m 95 dB
Truck at 50 km/ at 100 m 65 dB
Busy office 60 dB
Wind farm at 350 m 35-45 dB
Quiet bedroom 20 dB

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Wind Power Part 6 18 September 2008

Land Use
Land requirements of conventional generation sources
versus land requirements of wind power:

Energy Density
Wave Energy = 100 kW/m2

Wind Energy = 3 kW/m2

Solar Energy = 1,35 kW/m2

Tidal = 0.002 kW/m2

Biomass = 0.0002 kW/m2

Geothermal = 0.00006 kW/m2

[Electrical Cooker = 900 kW/m2]

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Wind Power Part 6 18 September 2008

Erosion

Visual Pollution

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Wind Power Part 6 18 September 2008

Wind Park Design

- use Landscape Architects -

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Wind Power Part 6 18 September 2008

NIMBY Syndrome

• NIMBY - Not in my back yard …

• UK example ...
• Gotland example ...

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Wind Power Part 6 18 September 2008

Important: Acceptance is higher

• … if local partners are involved

• … if locals are informed early on

• … if locals are actively participating in the

planing process

Scotland Study
• Over 400 people living in and around Scotland's
four operating wind farms were interviewed to
assess their
th i feelings
f li about
b t farms
f (funded
(f d d by
b by
b the
th
Transport and Environment Minister)

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Wind Power Part 6 18 September 2008

Scotland Study II
• 67 per cent of all respondents said there was
something they liked about the wind farm. This
fi
figure rose to
t 73 per centt among those
th living
li i within
ithi
5km of the farm

• Prior to the development 40 per cent of respondents

anticipated problems while only nine per cent
experienced problems after the development;

Scotland Study III

• Only 14 per cent of respondents said they would be

concerned if extra turbines were added to the farm

• Although respondents were generally positive about

the farms most felt they should be located in
inhabited areas and high on hills.

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Wind Power Part 6 18 September 2008

Birds

• California
• Portugal
• Number of incidents was reduced by using
slower wind turbines...

Well ...

Questions people asked me ...

• Will the reduction in wind speed slow down the earth

rotation ???

• Can the noise of wind turbines been used by

governments to influence the thinking of the local
people ???

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Wind Power Part 6 18 September 2008

Thanks for your

attention

Copyright Elsam

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