Wind Power Part 4 17 September 2008

Outline

Wind Energy - Part 4 Today:

• The Power in the Wind

• d Measurement
Wind easu e e t
Thomas Ackermann, Ph.D. • Turbine Components
Energynautics GmbH • Design Concepts for
Germany Wind Turbines
t.ackermann@energynautics.com • Environmental Aspects

Wind Turbine Components

Foundation, Transformer, Tower, Nacelle,

Blades

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Wind Power Part 4 17 September 2008

Blades

Blades

Blade Tip Speed

λ=
Wind Speed

The Power in the Wind

1 1
Pwind = E& = m& v 2 = ρAv 3
2 2

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Wind Power Part 4 17 September 2008

Betz I Betz II

1
=
2
Kinetic Energy: E 2 mv

1
=
2 2
Extracted Energy E
ex 2 v1 v 3
m( - )

1
Extracted Power: E& =
2 2
&( - )
2 v1 v3
ex
m

Betz Law (1919) Schmitz: Rotational Wake

⎡ ⎛ 2
⎞⎤
⎢1 ⎛ v ⎞⎜ ⎛ v3 ⎞ ⎟⎥
ρ Av 1 ⎟ ⎜1 − ⎜ ⎟
1
E& ⎢ 2 ⎜⎜ 1 +
3
= ⋅ 3
⎟⎥
⎟
v 1⎠ ⎜ ⎟⎥
ex
⎝ v1 ⎠
2
⎢ ⎝
⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦

Power in Power coefficient

cP
the Wind

16
c P ,Betz = = 0.59
27

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Wind Power Part 4 17 September 2008

Betz versus Schmitz

Important

Blade − Tip − Speed Design tip

λ= speed ratio
depends on
Wind Speed wind speed
at a typical
location
• Cp depends on tip-speed ratio, but
• Tip-speed ratio may change as wind speed
varies.

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Wind Power Part 4 17 September 2008

Blade Design

18

Blade Material

• Low tip-speed: Steel plates;

• High tip-speed: Glass-fiber-reinforced polyester

(GFRP), and carbon-fibre-reinforced plastics
(CFRP). CFRP is more expensive, but its fatigue
g is three times higher
strength g and,, therefore,,
they are ideal for lightweight design;

• Recycling materials are discussed

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Wind Power Part 4 17 September 2008

Blade Test

Blade Load Cycles

• 3 bladed rotor
• 25 % capacity factor
• 20 years
• average 20 rpm
• 8760 0.25 60 20 20
8760*0.25*60*20*20=
52,560,000 cycles from tower shadow alone!
• lifetime ?

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Wind Power Part 4 17 September 2008

Power in the Wind Power Limitation: Stall

Stall Regulation and

Fixed Speed Design
Pitch
fixed
tip spoiler
blade

n
gear AS
fixed speed box grid
induction
generator

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Wind Power Part 4 17 September 2008

pitc h

ac-dc-ac
converter
n
gear = ~
box SG ~ =
variable
grid
speed (with or synchronus
without) generator

Active Stall Comparison: Pitch - Stall

• A combination of a stall blade that can be pitched

• Lower forces than only stall regulation, but is

supposed to be more accurate in power regulation

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Wind Power Part 4 17 September 2008

Cut-In Speed
The wind speed at which a wind turbine begins to
produce power

Rated Speed
The "rated wind speed" is the wind speed at
which the "rated power" is achieved and
generally corresponds to the point at which
the conversion efficiency is near its maximum

In most cases, the power output above the

Appendix rated wind speed is maintained at a constant
level.

33

Rated (Power) Output

The power output at, or above, the rated speed.
1600

1400

Cut-Out Speed 1200

The cut-out speed is the wind speed at 1000

which the turbine may be shut down to 800

protect the rotor and drive train 600

machinery from damage, or high wind

stalling characteristics;
400

Some manufactures, using pitch control, 200

slowly control the power output to zero 0

(with increase of wind speed)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

Wi nd Speed m/ s

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Wind Power Part 4 17 September 2008

Control of Cut-in after

Cut-Out 1600

• In areas with very high wind speeds, 1400

the restart approach after the wind 1200

1000

turbine passed the cut-out wind

800

speed once, might significantly 600

influence the yearly energy yield. 400

200

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Wi nd Speed [ m/ s]

Thank you very much for your attention !

Thank you very much for your attention !

39

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