NOTES Name ..Het...

a t e ****************

Subject. ....Chapter
TGES ALTERNATINGCuRAENT Date .. Page No. '***
********

AC
AA A 4

SymnetricalAC Asymmeical A

Phase: The phase o aokaking parbicle Lcarrernt) represenk the

sae of posiliem anddireckisn øf ntnaien ot a veckor at
Hoat instaht
Inphase: Both become maxinum kminimum at he same kime

Out-phase Both betome moximum 4minimun at diferent hmes

XAltemaing lurrent
-Flau of eleckric aurreak ohith perieditally nevexses and changes its
magnitude coninuously wih n e .

Cycle: One compleke sct ot tve & ve values ef he physica quanbk

Time Peried: ime aken ko conplete one cyele.

requencq: No. of cydes complektel în one secend

T:L w 2rf : 277

Symmebrie Waveorm: Mas Consecubie halt-eyules and sene set of rve k-ve valu
Teacherss
Sign
Sinosudial Waelerm : Felows a4ineer a cosine urve/ funthion.
 JUDJtCl ......******.°laPG **
. . Page No. . . .
TOES Date

*Peak Vawes
-The Maximum value ot emf or current Vm

instantaneus volhge:V Vm.sin wt

inslartaneous current i m Sin wt Imsin wt
R

Pea Value t Vottage Vm

Current Im

Effective Voue
Square Vaue or Virkal Value
Also Rnewn as Reot Mean

-RMS vale ef an AC value of stead (D) cwren

inkerval
hdh will produce he same heat inhe some
Hme as he givn AC does

For urrent er a Vltge

Heat in 0c Heat in AC.

Heat Preeuuced in DC: Heat Procduced in AC
PRt iR
Tt In sin wt d
vT VSin wt t
+ Sinwt dt
v Vsin ot dt

2 v
2

I Im V Vn
v2

I Im V a
N2
Teachers
Sign
 Subject. . . Chapter.
TGES Date . Page No. ...****

*Average Value Mean Value

Found for half-ycle becauue kull-cycle avg. is 0

Current Vadkaqe

Lavg Im Sinwtdt Vang dk 2 Jmsin ut dt

Th T/2
T/ 7h
2 amt
T T

2Ym CT)

Tav 2 Im Varg 2Vm

Phase OifferenCe
When both Current and eltage abtaunmax L min
value the Same hme hey ate inphase

V Vmsin w i Im Sin_wt

attain heir ma & nin values

When
-When current velfaqe
different ime hey ae u t -phax sen

value

Vm uwt i: Im sin wtt

V Stn

eachers
Ign Ar in-phase Dut-phAe
 Subject.. ... Chapter *********

TGES Date *****'***... Page No. '*******

AC Circuit wilh
R
M
VE Vm sin w

i m sin wt Im Sin wt VVm sin wt

R

Peak valaues
Im Ym
R
Irms Vens
R

Average Power
fee Vi Vm Im tin wt
ain Sin wt

av sin wt de 2(I
T RT Ay 2

havg Vm Im I Vrms Lms

2

lavg UmIm Yrms. Temg

2
 . . Page No. . . .
rGES Date......

AC Circuit wih Lonly

V Vm tin wt

As R=E0 vasinwt
y-Ldi-iR

y di di Jai inuotat
dt L

i V ( n s wt)

i - Yn cos wt Vn sinlwt -)
w
U

X L : 27cf L XLInluchive Reaukance

feak Valme: Im Vm m Vn
XL wL 2fL

u
Avernge
Average Psuer: Pavq i - - VnIm sinwt cos t

-nT _in wt
2 2Tw
lavq 0

Vleads I b
90
P
Teachers
 Dalt..

*AC Circut with Conly

V: Vm Sin wt

v Vm Sin wt
4CV CVm sin wt

d (Cn sin uwt) cVm w ces

a wt

out

iVm w C cos wt Vn wC sin lwtt E)

i m sin (wt +E).
X

2Tf C YCopacikve Reockante

feak Valut:In Ym m wC 2 Vm (2nf2 C

Av Pouo or Pavg L VmEe sin wt.cor wt dt

T T

Vmm sin ut Vn lo)

TI 2 2wT
Pang0

Fqo

Current leads V by
 Subject. ..... Chapter.. .

TOES Date . Page No...

AC Circit with LLR

In Vm InR R

Im Vn, Im Au.
Y Vmsinwt

Im V
R+X Z

2 Jax pedence

V Vm sin wt
i Im Sin (wt pd) -

Im
i Yn sin lwt - )

tan X Cos R Impedane A-

R

Pack Value: Im V
2

Av
Avy. Peuer: fog i YmInsin ut. sin(ut - a)_dt
T T
VnIn sin wt.sin wt.os 4- _cas wt.sin J k
T

YTosin wtses sinot.cos wt

T

Vm
In
22

Teachers
Yaxrg n tos V
22
Sign
Power Fa ctor Cos
 Ddlt.. .. . age No. . .

AC Circuit wih Cand R

R
In Vm ImR w
I eVs Vm. : Im X

Ve Vm 6inwt
VnVva JtRt+K
V Im JR+x?

Vm
R 2

2 JR Tmpedene

V Vm Sm wt
i I m Sm wt
m sin (ut+ )
2

tan X
R

Feak Value : Vm
2 JA

ot
Avg. fower: Povgyi m In Sin wt. sin lwt+) dt
T

VIm sin wt (sin wt. cos 4 cos wt.sin ) dt

T

VaIno 4 sin*wt t sin . sin wt, cos wt dt

T

:Vnn cos . 2
Vn In tos
2 2

Yavg aIn cos o Van &

2 2 2
Teacherss
Sign

Pouoer Faceor ces 2

 SUDjec...... ulaplel.....

TOES Date .. Page No..***

AC Cituit wih L.C_ond R

L
M
Atsuming Vm_2 Vm

ym sin wt

VmTm JR+CK-X
Vm
Im Y n
N
Vma
2 Jr+(x.-x. Impedece

y V Sin wt
i : In sin Cwt -4) Vn sin lwt-
2 |Im-Im

fan X-Xe Cos R.

R z X-K

R
Peak Yalue : Im Vm

Average louver: Pa vi Yn In sinwt.sin (wt i ) dtk

T T
Sin wt o Sin ? sin wt.ces ut dt
T

favg Vm Im cos
2 2

Teachers
Cos & Power Facton
Sign 2
GES Date . .
Page No. .

A -

v Vm Sin wt v- Vm Sin wt VVm sin wt

i I m Sin wt i Im sin (wt- 2) iTnsinlaut )_

V sin wt Y sin Cwt- ) Y sin lot E)
X

XLwL : l r f L

Im V Va Lm V Vm wC
X wL

favg 0 favg=0
2

V leads T by I I leads V by
I2V are inphase

V
T

A AA
BES Date ******. Page No. ...

L-R C-R L--R

y= Vmsin wt V Vm Sin wt y Va sin wt

i In sinlwt-). iInsinluw+) iInsin(ot-4)

Yn sinlwt-p) Mnsinlwt+) Vn sinlwt- )
2 Z 2

2 JRx zJ+ 2-JR-x*

In Vm a In Vn Va
2 R+X 2 2

tan =

COs 2

fy Yn Im cos 4-
2 2 22

chers
Power Faker=cos R-
2
GES

AcL OC Pposesflow Curen onlyin

Opposes How pf turrent in
loKs wi Hoat an pouer less
wih Pow er

Unit: 2
- R unit a

Independent f freuenuy Deperdson repun

Dntredues phase diferene bekween
Poes net inroduce phase differene
bekween y and I
Pawer Consumed TA Tower Consuhe >0

X
X Ac
effered by inductor in AC -Oppositienofferc by capacitr in
-Opperiien

X wL 2 t f L

For DC, X=oo

-

For dC XL 00
K inre ase wih , DXc decreuses with f

dit. suh Hat T leads D

-Phase odif such that vollage leads current-Phase

X
otfesed induuktr beapeilet. Jeint opp offered by resistunce,induker &capaalen
Jant oppcsihion by
2 JR-sJR (ol-dc
x-(k-x) - wl- oc)
-Pepends n frequeny
Depends en frquenuy
Neyer vnless R=O
-For X 0 , w*c
han E
hase dif. bekoetn VR T s 2 Phase which s
diff. is ohen
hers
Power Co&umed -0 fouwer censuned: Vms Ims cos
 uDJ '...**************

TGES Date.. . Page No. .....

Series Rescnance
The cmdikon at which he Current arpliude become maMir
And he phase angle betweenpplied v and I becemes O0

Condihien for Series Resornance K X

wL L
wc

w w L f
LC 2T L

Characteristies ot Series esoncune:

No phose dilference between V& I (=o)
Current is maximum
Maximum fower tons umedcos 4 coso' 1)
2 R

Band Wilth
The differene bebween the tuwo hadE-power freguencie (4)
where f.27 and 2T

Banduoth a f-fi

uality ackor Ca):leasre of sharpnas_of

esonanee

-W

ualsk ackoc
achers
Sharper bhe curve, Beker

gn
 Date... ***********" Page No. ****

L-C Oscillator Circit

Dsed to Hlter_ circuit Ac2DC
separate

Fint aeb afe connectd o charge Cqpatuler C.

Then connect a 2c, Inikally, current in induckor
O. As charges How from capatilec, C dischag
&Iin incucker builds p.
I in in ducker smax when C &
(mpletely
dsharged Aqain, I in atucker sturs le detrease
LC geks darged. wWhon C A Compeely chaiyed,I in L 0.
Again the C
9eks dischasged currentHoos in ePp. direcbion
He abeve ycde contin ues
V
t V-Ldi
dt

V. V A Capacikor inducker are prle

dt L dt

+ 0-
dt d LC

LC
dy+ wy 0
d de

This dirfer enkial hus he same forn asA eq. for Sinple Marmonic Motion
here
w

Teacherss
Sign
 Date Page N0. .

*Transfonmers
A device hat changes high AC voluqe low or law
AC voltage l high
Works 0n he Principle ot Hutaal InduchionLFlemings
Righk Mand Rule
Stp-up Increases V

SEep -
Duwn: Deueaes V

Conatruchi seft Irom lore

2 Coils (lrimay L Seendary) wound on a

clored iren Cere

Primary coil is tonnedtd o AC sPpy
Seandary Connecked to load

Worhing: When Ac flows through Primary cel, he core maqnehizs k

experiunce an alkernakiy flux p. Same Aux Enad by
SeLendary teil wtich cu induced emf init

Flux linked wihP :^N.

Flug linked w h S Na

E-Nido-0 & -N do
dut dt

N
& NL I

Step-Up Transfacmer Step-Douan lmasformin

-Decreasc Veltage
-Tntreuses Voltage
Decreass Currot Intreases Currunt

Ns Np Np Ns
Primwy coil ishicker Seconday Coilis hicker

Teachers
Sign
 Efficiency: Rukio f oukput power o input power

VI

Loses of tronsformers
maele ot laminaked iron sheeb, insulatel kom
Eddy
Eddy Currents w lore is
ne nothur.

Copper Loss ThichThica wire s USed to wind the transformer

Flur Leakaqe CHagnebic Flu)
Mysteresis loss m Materials wih hin hutereis loop such as sct iren
is sed
Mumminq loss

*|Lonq Oistance transmission

From power-house the Voltage s Hrst shepped up to decre

ISo as topreren oner4 loss L= TR
- Then transtorers
he voltages afe detreased by slep-dewn
before he rCath houses.

Stp-p dtep Ooen Further Shep- Dow