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ISSN: 1112-9751
ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻝ:
ﻧﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻃﺮﺷﻮﻥ.ﺩ
:ﺍﳌﻠﺨﺺ
ﻋﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ1870 ـ1830 ﺃﻭﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻼﻝ ﻭﻃﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ
ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺇﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﺗﻔﺎﻧﻴﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﻴﻄﺎﻥ. ﻛﺪﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ،ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻄﺎﱐ
ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﺳﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﲡﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋـﺮﻳﲔ ﻣـﻦ ﺃﺭﺍﺿـﻴﻬﻢ.ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻃﻨﲔ
. ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﻨﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺮﻕ ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻧﺎﺑﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ،ﻢ ﻟﺼﺎﱀ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻓﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻃﻨﲔ ﺍﳉﺪﺩﻭﳑﺘﻠﻜﺎ
Abstract:
From the early years of the occupation and during the period of military rule 1830-
1870, the French leaders paid great attention to the settlement project as a mainstay of their
political future in the new colony. These leaders competed to demonstrate their devotion to
serving the settlements and the settlers. Through the issuance of a system of laws and decrees,
orders and procedures that enable them to strip Algerians of their land and property for the
benefit of newcomers. For tath we will try in this paper to discuss the policy of Napoleon III
Arab.
) (1ـ ﻧـﺎﺑﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟـﺚ 1808ـ : 1873ﻫـﻮ ﺷـﺎﺭﻝ ﻟـﻮﻳﺲ ﻧـﺎﺑﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﻟـﺪ ﻭﻟ ــﻢ ﺗﻜ ــﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋ ــﺔ ﻫ ــﻲ ﻣﺼ ــﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻌ ــﻴﺶ
ﺑﺒﺎﺭﻳﺲ ﻓﻲ 20ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ 1808ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺷﻘﻴﻖ ﻧﺎﺑﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ .ﺗﺮﺑﻰ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﻟﻸﻫﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﺑـﻞ ﻫﻨـﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﺼـﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ
ﺳﻮﻳﺴـﺮﺍ ﺑﻌـﺪ ﺳــﻘﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻈـﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃــﻮﺭﻱ . 1815ﺍﻟﺘﺤـﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺪﺭﺳــﺔ
ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻓﻴــﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺘــﻲ ﺍﺷــﺘﻬﺮﺕ ﺑﻬــﺎ ﻋــﺪﺓ ﻣﻨــﺎﻃﻖ ﻭﺧﺎﺻــﺔ ﻣﺪﻳﻨــﺔ
ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺴﻮﻳﺴـﺮﺍ ،ﺣﻴـﺚ ﺗﺨـﺮﺝ ﺑﺮﺗﺒـﺔ ﺿـﺎﺑﻂ ﻓـﻲ ﺳـﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻓﻌﻴـﺔ .
ﻧﻔ ــﻲ ﻓ ــﻲ ﺳ ــﻨﺔ 1836ﺍﻟ ــﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﺯﻳ ــﻞ ﻭﻣﻨﻬ ــﺎ ﺍﻟ ــﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳ ــﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤ ــﺪﺓ ﺗﻠﻤﺴ ــﺎﻥ ﻭﻣﻨﻄﻘ ــﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺎﺋ ــﻞ ،ﻭﻟ ــﻢ ﺗﺴ ــﻠﻢ ﻫ ــﻲ ﺍﻷﺧ ــﺮﻯ ﻣ ــﻦ
ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴــﺔ ،ﻭﻣﻨﻬــﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻘــﻞ ﺍﻟــﻰ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴــﺎ .ﻋــﺎﺩ ﺍﻟــﻰ ﻓﺮﻧﺴ ـﺎ 1848ﺑﻌــﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤــﺪﻱ ﺍﻻﺳــﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺣﻴــﺚ ﻋﺮﻓــﺖ ﺗﺮﺍﺟﻌــﺎ ﻛﺒﻴــﺮﺍ ﻧﺘﻴﺠــﺔ
ﺳـﻘﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻈـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜـﻲ .ﺍﻧﺘﺨــﺐ ﺭﺋﻴﺴـﺎ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳـﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴـﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴــﺔ . ﻗﻠــﺔ ﺍﻟﻤــﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴــﺔ ﺍﻟﻀــﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻬــﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼــﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺜــﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻠــﻮﺩ
ﻭﻓــﻲ 2ﺩﻳﺴــﻤﺒﺮ ﺃﻋﻠــﻦ ﻧﻔﺴــﻪ ﺇﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃــﻮﺭﺍ .ﻣــﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻟــﻪ ؛ ﺇﻃــﻼﻕ ﺳ ـﺮﺍﺡ
ﻭﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺸﺐ .ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻬـﺔ ﻧﺤـﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺼـﺪﺭ
ﺍﻷﻣﻴـﺮ ﻋﺒــﺪ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﺩﺭ ﻭﺧﻮﺿــﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳــﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺤــﺮﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻳـﺔ .ﻗــﺎﻡ ﺑﺰﻳــﺎﺭﺓ
ﺗﺤـــﺖ ﺿ ــﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺠ ــﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻀـــﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔ ــﺎﻉ ﺃﺳ ــﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤـ ـﻮﺍﺩ
ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺋــﺮ ﻣــﺮﺗﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻟــﻰ ﻓــﻲ ﺷــﻬﺮ ﺳــﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ 1860ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴــﺔ ﻓــﻲ ﻣــﺎﻳﻮ
، 1865ﺇﺫ ﺯﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳــﺪ ﻣ ــﻦ ﺍﻟﻤــﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳ ــﺔ .ﺃﻋﻠــﻦ ﺍﻟﺤ ــﺮﺏ ﻋﻠ ــﻰ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺧﻠﻘﺘﻬـﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻀـﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺑﻴـﺔ
ﺑﺮﻭﺳﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ 1870ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺖ ﺑﺎﻧﻬﺰﺍﻡ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻭﻭﻗﻮﻋـﻪ ﺃﺳـﻴﺮﺍ ﻓـﻲ 2 ﺍﻟﺘــﻲ ﻏــﺰﺕ ﺍﻷﺳــﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳــﺔ .ﻭﻗــﺪ ﺃﺩﻯ ﻫــﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺿــﻊ ،ﺍﻟــﻰ
ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ ، 1870ﻭﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻧﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ،ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﻓﻲ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺨﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴـﺮ ﻣـﻦ ﺣﺮﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺋـﺮ ﻭﻭﻫـﺮﺍﻥ ﻭﻗﺴـﻨﻄﻴﻨﺔ ﻋـﻦ
ـ 9ﺟﺎﻧﻔﻲ . 1873ﺃﻧﻈﺮ: ﺣﺮﻓﻬﻢ ﻭﺇﻗﻔﺎﻝ ﻭﺭﺷﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺠﺮﺓ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ.
_ Mohamed tiab : la chronologie algérienne 1830
1962, tome 1 imprimerie ishak , Boufarik , 1999p 56. ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺃﺻـﺒﺢ ﻳﻌـﻴﺶ
ﻓﻴــﻪ ﺍﻟﻤــﻮﺍﻃﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺋــﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴــﻠﻢ ﻣﻨــﺬ ﺍﻻﺣــﺘﻼﻝ ﺇﻟــﻰ ﻗﻴــﺎﻡ
Jacques lambert ; manuel de législation ) (2ـ
algérienne maison des livres Alger 1952. P 25 ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ،1871ﻭﻗﺪ ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺻﺮﺍﻋﺎ ﻭﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴـﺎ ﺑـﻴﻦ
) (23ـ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺘﺮﻱ :ﻣﺠﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻗﺴﻨﻄﻴﻨﺔ :ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺭﺍﺑﺢ ﺑﻮﻧـﺎﺭ ـ )(9
،ﺵ.ﻭ.ﻥ.ﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺋــﺮ ،1973ﺹ 55ﻭﻳﺤــﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘــﺎﺏ ﻭﺻــﻔﺎ ﻛــﺎﻣﻼ ibid , p 114
ﻟﺤﺎﻟــﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻋــﺔ ﺍﻟﺘــﻲ ﺃﺻــﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺋــﺮ ﻭﺧﺎﺻــﺔ ﻗﻄــﺎﻉ ﻗﺴــﻨﻄﻴﻨﺔ ﺣﻴــﺚ ) (10ـ ﺍﺑــﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﻟﻮﻧﻴﺴــﻲ :ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴــﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭﻳــﺔ ﻓــﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺋــﺮ ﻣــﻦ ﺧــﻼﻝ
ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲء ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﻭﻳﻬﻢ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﺮﻫﻦ ﺟﺮﻳــﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺸــﺮ ﻓــﻲ ﻇــﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻜــﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺴــﻜﺮﻱ .ﺃﻋﻤــﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺘﻘــﻰ ﺍﻟــﻮﻃﻨﻲ
ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺭﺍﺡ ﺿﺤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻨﻲ . ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﺇﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ 1830ـ
،1962ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻫﺪﻳﻦ ،ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺋﺮ 2007 ،ﺹ .144
Gouvernement Générale de l’Algérie: ) (24ـ
Statistiques Générale de l’Algérie 1867 _ 1872. ) (11ـ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﻟﻮﻧﻴﺴﻲ :ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ،ﺹ . 144
296_297. p
) (25ـ ﻭﺍﺭﺗﺒﻄــﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻋــﺔ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳــﺎﺩ ﻧﺸــﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛــﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺸــﻴﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘــﻲ Noushi (A): op, cit, p 309 ) (12ـ
ﺗﺤﻤﺲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺏ ﻻ ﻓﻴﺠﺮﻱ Lavigerieﻓﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻴﺘﺎﻣﻰ ﻭﺃﻗـﺎﻡ ﺗﻢ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﻋﺎﻡ 1870ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ 372ﻗﺒﻴﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ 667ﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﻣﻊ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ
ﻟﻬﻢ ﻗﺮﻯ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻠﻒ ﻭﺑﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﻘﺼﺪ ﺗﻨﺸﺌﺘﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻡ.
ﺍﻟـﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﻴﺤﻲ ،ﻭﻟﻜـﻦ ﺃﻋﻤــﺎﻝ ﻻﻓﻴﺠـﺮﻱ ﻟـﻢ ﻳﻜﺘــﺐ ﻟﻬـﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺠـﺎﺡ ﻭﻋﺮﻓــﺖ
ﻓﺸﻼ ﺫﺭﻳﻌﺎ. ) (13ـ Sari (Gj ) : p ,35.
Louis ﺃﻧﻈـﺮ:
vignon : la France en Algérie , paris 1893,