St.

Paul University Philippines

Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 3500

BASIC EDUCATION UNIT

PAASCU LEVEL III ACCREDITED
ISO CERTIFIED

May 11, 2020

Dear Parents/ Guardians:

Warm Paulinian Greetings!

It’s been a while and I pray that your family is safe and healthy!

It has always been our mission at St. Paul University Philippines to provide our students with quality
Catholic Paulinian education. In this time of pandemic, we will continue to do so- but now in a
different way- as we transition into the new normal.

For the fourth quarter of School Year 2019-2020, we will take a systematic path and employ a very
manageable approach in administering class instruction. Over the past few weeks, teachers have been
working diligently on their Dynamic Instructional Plans (DIPs) which will be delivered to all the
learners to ensure continuity of learning.

On the succeeding pages, you will find the fourth quarter learning targets of Statistics and
Probability. All learning tasks of the subject are anchored on the learning competencies your child
needs to master. Since these tasks are to be done at home, I ask that you take time to assist/guide your
child to assure his/her success of education.

Please do also take note that all accomplished tasks may be send through email, messenger, other
social media platform, or be brought to the designated drop boxes strategically situated at the
university’s pedestrian gate.

I am fully aware that these difficult times are having a significant impact on you, your family, and the
school and so we will remain in constant communication with you and will be available for questions
during this transition. We are confident we can move into this new normal together.

Thank you and looking forward to seeing the accomplishment your child will create. I fervently pray
that we will all be blessed and that we will overcome all the difficulties during this time of
uncertainty. Let us continuously pray and work together, all for the greater glory of God!

Sincerely yours in Christ,

MR. JEROME V. MAPE

09756563633
 St. Paul University Philippines
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 3500

BASIC EDUCATION UNIT

PAASCU LEVEL III ACCREDITED
ISO CERTIFIED

DYNAMIC INSTRUCTIONAL PLAN

(SPECIAL EDITION)

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

GRADE 11

FOURTH QUARTER

Prepared by: Checked and Reviewed by:

MRS. JOBELLE U. AGUIDAN JANETTE T. FERMIN, DME

MR. JEROME V. MAPE Subject Team Leader
MS. MA. CRYSTELLE G. PADILLA
Subject Teachers

Approved by: MRS. GLENDA P. CARONAN

Principal
 St. Paul University Philippines
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 3500

BASIC EDUCATION UNIT

PAASCU LEVEL III ACCREDITED
ISO CERTIFIED

MODULE 1: ESTIMATION OF PARAMETERS (PART 1)

INTRODUCTION:
In the previous quarter, you have learned the different sampling techniques which are
of great help in getting the desired sample from the population. Having a slice of the population
whose elements were randomly selected from the entire population is not enough. Researchers need
additional techniques to make inferences about the entire population. These techniques will be
discussed in this module. Illustrative examples will be given for further understanding.

OBJECTIVES:
This module is designed for you to:
1. illustrate point and interval estimation;
2. compute for the point estimate for the population mean;
3. compute for the confidence interval estimate for the population mean when the
population variance is known;
4. illustrate the t-distribution;
5. identify regions under the t-distribution corresponding to different t-values;
6. identify percentiles using the t-table;
7. compute for the confidence interval estimate for the population mean when the population
variance is unknown;
8. solve problems involving confidence interval for the difference between two population
means; and
9. compute the confidence interval for two populations that are assumed to have unequal
unknown variances.

LESSON PROPER/DISCUSSION
MOTIVATIONAL ACTIVITY:

1. What is your “best” guess of the age of your math teacher? Give a single number.

2. Give a range of values wherein the age of your math teacher would most likely fall.

3. Rate your confidence from 0% (not confident) to 100% (very confident) in your educated
guess of the range of values in number 2.

POINTS FROM THE ACTIVITY:

1. There is no right or wrong numerical value for the given answers. However, there might be
misconceptions or misunderstanding of the concepts when you provided the answers.

2. On the first item, you should give one logical number between 21 and 65 (inclusive). You should
have given only one number since I asked you to give a point estimate. A point estimate is a
numerical value and it identifies a location or a position in the distribution of possible values. Your
guess of the age of your math teacher should be between 21 and 65 for it to be logical since one
usually starts working or teaching at the age of 21 and retires at the age of 65
(compulsory retirement age).

3. On the second item, you should have given a logical range of values or set of values with lower
and upper limit. The logical lower limit should be at least 21 while the upper limit should be at most
65. The reasons behind these numbers are similar to what were stated earlier. What you have given is
the interval estimate of the age of your math teacher. An interval estimate is a range of values where
most likely the true value will fall.
4. As stated in item 3, the percentage should be within 0% to 100%. This measure of confidence in
the interval estimate is referred to as confidence coefficient. When combined with your estimate in
item 2, such now is referred to as confidence interval estimate. Hence, a confidence interval estimate
is a range of values where one has a certain percentage of confidence that the true value will likely
fall in.

5. In point estimation, since you are giving only a single value, there are only two possibilities, that is,
the estimate is either wrong or correct. Also, there is no measure of how confident one is in his/her
estimate. On the other hand, the interval estimate gives more than one possible values as estimates. In
addition, the confidence coefficient provides a measure of confidence in the estimate.

ESTIMATION- process of determining parameter values

ESTIMATE- a value or a range of values that approximate a parameter. It is based on sample

statistics computed from sample data.

POINT ESTIMATION- is the process of finding a single value, called point estimate, from a random
sample of the population, to approximate a population parameter.

The sample mean (x) is the point estimate of the population mean (μ).

The sample variance (s2) is the point estimate of population variance (σ2).

Example:
1. The sample mean is 45.12 and the population mean is 46.51.
Here, the point estimate is the single value 45.12.

A good point estimate is one that is unbiased. If random sampling was done in the collection of a set
of data, and a sample mean is computed out of these data to approximate the population mean, then
the point estimate (sample mean) is a good point estimate.

Example:
2. A teacher wanted to determine the average height of Grade 9 students in their school. What he did
was to go to one of the eight sections in Grade 9 and then took their heights. He computed for the
mean height of the students and got 165 cm.

In this example, 165 cm is not a good point estimate of the population mean. The teacher should have
randomly selected the members of his sample from the entire population using either a simple
random sampling or systematic random sampling.

Example:
3.The following are the systolic blood pressures of all teachers in a private high school.
Compute the population mean.

120 110 120 130 120

130 112 125 120 130
120 120 130 110 120
140 115 125 130 115
14 120 123 140 130
110 140 140 120 120
160 120 135 130 125
130 130 140 120 110
 125 150 125 110 125
115 120 130 120 130

Solution:

x x x x x

120 110 120 130 120

130 112 125 120 130

120 120 130 110 120

140 115 125 130 115

14 120 123 140 130

110 140 140 120 120

160 120 135 130 125

130 130 140 120 110

125 150 125 110 125

115 120 130 120 130

Total:1,295 1,237 1,293 1,230 1,225

 
X
N
1, 295  1, 237  1, 293  1, 230  1, 225
 
50
6 , 280
 
50
  125 . 6
Example:

4. Assume that the following systolic blood pressures were randomly selected from the 50
observations in example 4. Compute the sample mean.

120 112 120 130 120

140 115 130 110 130
145 140 123 140 115
110 150 140 120 130
130 120 130 120 130
Solution:

x x x x x
120 112 120 130 120
140 115 130 110 130
145 140 123 140 115
110 150 140 120 130
130 120 130 120 130
Total:645 637 643 620 625

x
x
n
645  637  643  620  625
x
25
3,170
x
25
x  126 .8
Example:

5. Look at the 60 bottles of coconut juice as consisting of 10 columns and 6 rows. Compute the
means of the column samples. What is the overall mean? What is the variance and standard deviation?

Sample Sample Sample Sample Sample Sample Sample Sample Sample Sample

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

500 498 497 503 499 497 497 497 497 495
500 500 495 494 498 500 500 500 500 497
497 497 502 496 497 497 497 497 497 495

501 495 500 497 497 500 500 495 497 497
502 497 497 499 496 497 497 499 500 500
496 497 496 495 497 497 500 500 496 497
Solution:
COLUMN SUM OF SCORES MEANS

1 2996 499.33

2 2984 497.33

3 2987 497.83
4 2984 497.33
5 2984 497.33
6 2988 498
7 2991 498.5
8 2988 498
9 2987 497.83
10 2981 496.83
Overall Mean 497.83

Mean of the means or overall means is the point estimate of the population mean.

Variance

s 2

 X  X  2

n 1
2
s 
 499 .33  497 .83   497 .33  497 .83   ...496 .83  497 .83 
2 2 2

10  1
4.5067
s2 
9
s 2  0.50
Standard deviation

s 
 X  X 2
n 1

s 
 499 . 33  497 . 83    497 . 33  497 . 83   ...  496 . 83  497 . 83 
2 2 2

10  1
4.5067
s 
9
s  0.50
s  0 . 71
 When we describe population values, we want to be confident about our estimates. Other than point
estimate, we can use a range of values. This range of values is called interval estimate.

Interval estimate
- also called confidence interval, is a range of values that is used to estimate a parameter.
- using interval estimate, confidence level are used.
Commonly used confidence level are (90%, 95%, 99%)

Confidence level
- refers to the probability that the confidence interval contains the true population parameter.
Its value is
confidence level = ( 1 - α )100%

where α = probability that the confidence interval does not contain the true population parameter.

The value of alpha α corresponds to the level of significance. The value of alpha α can be arbitrarily
chosen. Any number between 0 to 1 can be used for alpha but 0.10, 0.05, and 0.01 are commonly
used.

A 95% confidence level implies that the probability of the confidence interval containing the true
population parameter is 95%.

Critical value
- the value that indicated the point beyond which lies the rejection region. This region does not
contain the true population parameter.

The z-values found in the z-table are also called confidence coefficients/critical values

INTERVAL ESTIMATE of POPULATION MEAN with known VARIANCE

Formula for interval estimate of population mean when population variance is known and
n ≥ 30.

x = mean of a random sample of size n

   
 x  z , x  z n = sample size
 n

n 
 2 2 σ = population standard deviation

or z  = z value at ( 1 - α/2 ) confidence level

  2

x  z    x  z
2 n 2 n

The mean of a random sample size of n is usually different from the population mean. The
difference which is added or subtracted from the sample mean in the computation of confidence

interval is considered an error and it is equal to z 
2 n

The confidence interval can be written as

x  E,x  E
μ = population mean
or
E = margin of error
xE    xE x - E = lower confidence limit
x - E = upper confidence limit
 Common Confidence Levels with their corresponding Reliability Factor

( 1 - α ) 100% z 
2
Confidence Level

99% 2.575
95% 1.96
90% 1.645

Example:

1. The mean score of a random sample of 49 Grade 11 students who took the first periodic test is
calculated to be 78. The population variance is known to be 0.16.

a. Find the 95% confidence interval for the mean of the entire Grade 11 students.

b. Find the lower and upper confidence limits.

Solutions:

1. Find the the value of za/2 .

1   100 %  95 % Subtract 0.025 from 0.5 and that is equal to

( 1   ) 1  0 . 95 0.475/0.4750. Now find the corresponding z value on the z
table with area 0.4750. The table will give you 1.96.
( 1   )  0 . 95
Therefore,
z   1 . 96
  1  0 . 95 2
  0 . 05

 0 . 05

2 2
 α is divided by 2 since the interest is on either left
 0 . 025
2 or right of the population mean.

2. Find the standard deviation then find the margin of error (E).

   2

  0 . 16
  0 .4


E  z
2 n
 0 .4 
E  1 . 96  
 49 
E  0 . 112
3. Substitute the values of x and E in the confidence interval.

xE   xE
78  0 . 112    78  0 . 112
77 . 888    78 . 112
77 . 89    78 . 11

Lower confidence limit = 77.89

Upper confidence limit = 78.11

Interpretation:
The researcher is 95% confident that the sample mean of 78 differs from the population mean by no
more than 0.112 or 0.11. Also, the researcher is 95% confident that the population mean is between
77.89 and 78.11 when the mean of the sample is 78.

Example:

2. Assuming normality, use the given confidence level and sample data below to find the following:
a. margin of error
b. confidence interval for estimating the population parameter

Given:
99% confidence level
n = 50
x = 18,000
σ = 2,500

Solution:

1. Find the the value of za/2 . Subtract 0.005 from 0.5 and that is equal to
0.495/0.4750. Now find the corresponding z value on the z
1   100 %  99 % table with area 0.4750. The area 0.495 is between 0.4949
and 0.4951. So, to get the corresponding z value for the
(1   ) 1  0 . 99 area 0.4750, get the average of the z-values of the areas
(1   )  0 . 99 0.4949 and 0.4951. This is equal to 2.575. Therefore,
  1  0 . 99 z   2.575
  0 . 01 . 2

 0 . 01

2 2

 0 . 005 α is divided by 2 since the interest is on either left
2
or right of the population mean.
2. Find the margin of error (E).


E  z
2 n
 2 ,500 
E  2 . 575  
 50 
E  910 . 40
3. Substitute the values of x and E in the confidence interval.

xE    xE
18 , 000  910 . 40    18 , 000  910 . 40
17 , 089 . 60    18 ,910 . 40

Lower confidence limit = 17,089.60

Upper confidence limit = 18,910.40

Interpretation:
The researcher is 99% confident that the sample mean of 18,000 differs from the population mean by
no more than 910.40. Also, the researcher is 95% confident that the population mean is between
17,089.60 and 18,910.40 when the mean of the sample is 18,000.

Example:
3. Researcher wants to estimate the number of hours that 5-year old children spend watching
television. A sample of 50 five-year old children was observed to have a mean viewing time of 3
hours. The population is normally distributed with a population standard deviation of 0.5 hours, find:

a. the best point estimate of the population mean

b. the 95% confidence interval of the population mean

Solution:

a. The point estimate for the population mean is 3 (the sample mean).

b.1. Find the margin of error (E).


E  z 
2 n
 0 .5 
E  1 . 96  
 50 
E  0 . 14
b.2. Substitute the values of x and E in the confidence interval.

x E    x E
3  0 . 14    3  0 . 14
2 . 86    3 . 14
Interpretation:

The researcher is 95% confident that the sample mean of 3 differs from the population mean by no
more than 0.14. Also, the researcher is 95% confident that the population mean is between 2.86 and
3.14 when the mean of the sample is 3.
Example:
4. A random selection of 40 entering Mathematics majors has the following GPAs.
Assume that σ = 0.46.

4.0 3.5 3.0 3.3 3.8 3.1 3.6 4.0 3.9 3.5
3.2 3.0 3.5 3.2 3.0 3.2 4.0 3.0 3.4 3.0
3.0 2.8 5.6 3.0 3.2 3.5 3.2 2.8 3.3 3.1
3.2 2.9 3.0 2.8 4.0 3.7 3.0 3.3 3.2 2.8

Estimate the true mean GPA with 99% confidence.

Solution:

a. Find the point estimate for the population mean. By getting the mean of the 40 samples.

4 . 0  3 . 2  3 . 0  3 . 2  3 . 5  ...  2 . 8
x 
40
x  3 . 34
b. Find the margin of error (E).


E  z
2 n
 0 . 46 
E  2 . 575  
 40 
E  0 . 19
c. Substitute the values of x and E in the confidence interval.

x  E    x  E
3 . 34  0 . 19    3 . 34  0 . 19
3 . 15    3 . 53

Interpretation:

The researcher is 99% confident that the sample mean of 3.34 differs from the population mean by no
more than 0.19. Also, the researcher is 99% confident that the population mean is between 3.15 and
3.53 when the mean of the sample GPA is 3.34.
 ESTIMATING THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO POPULATION MEANS

The point estimate for the difference of two population means x1  x2 is 1  2 .

To obtain this point estimate, select two independent random sample, one from
each population with sizes n1 and n2, then, compute the difference between their means.
Formula:

 1
2

2
1
2
2 
2
 ( x1  x 2 )  z   2 , ( x1  x 2 )  z   
 n1 n2 n1 n2 
2 2 
or

 12  22  12  22
( x1  x2 )  z    1   2  ( x1  x2 )  z  
2
n1 n2 2
n1 n2

where:
x1 = mean of of the first independent random sample
x2 = mean of of the second independent random sample
z
2 = z value at ( 1 - α/2 ) confidence level

σ21 = variance of population 1

σ22 = variance of population 2
n1 = sample size of the first independent random sample
n2 = sample size of the first independent random sample

The confidence interval can be written as

( x 1  x 2 )  E , ( x1  x 2 )  E 
or

( x1  x 2 )  E   1   2  ( x1  x 2 )  E
μ1 = mean population 1
μ2 = mean population 2
E = margin of error

To find the margin of error, use the following formula

12 22
E  z 
2
n1 n2

The lower confidence limit = (x1  x2) E

The upper confidence limit = (x1  x2)  E

Example:
1. Two groups of students in Grade 9 were subjected to two different teaching techniques. After a
month, they were given exactly the same test. The given information are found below. Find a 95%
confidence interval for the difference in the population means.

Population 1 Population 2

x = 84 x = 78
σ1 = 8 σ2 = 6
n1 = 60 n2 = 50

Solution:

1. Find the the value of z  .

2
1   100 %  95 %
( 1   ) 1  0 . 95 Subtract 0.025 from 0.5 and that is equal to
( 1   )  0 . 95 0.475/0.4750. Now find the corresponding z value
on the z table with area 0.4750. The table will give
  1  0 . 95 you 1.96. Therefore, z   1 . 96 .
2
  0 . 05

 0 . 05

2 2
 α is divided by 2 since the interest is on
 0 . 025
2 either left or right of the population mean.
2. Find the margin of error (E).

 12  2 2
E  z 
2
n1 n2
64 36
E  1.96 
60 50
E  2.6198
E  2.62
3. Substitute the values of x and E in the confidence interval.

( x1  x 2 )  E   1   2  ( x1  x 2 )  E
(84  78 )  2 .62   1   2  (84  78 )  2 .62
6  2 .62   1   2  6  2 .62
3 .38   1   2  8 .62
Hence, the 95% confidence interval for the difference between the two population means is

3.38  1   2  8.62

Example:
2. Independent random samples were selected from two populations. Information given
are found below. Find a 90% confidence interval for the difference in the population
means.

Solution:

1. Find the the value of z .

2

1   100 %  90 % Subtract 0.05 from 0.5 and that is equal to

0.45/0.450. Now find the corresponding z value on the z
( 1   ) 1  0 . 90 table with area 0.450. The area 0.450 is between 0.4495
( 1   )  0 . 90 and 0.4505. So, to get the corresponding z value for the
  1  0 . 90 area 0.450, get the average of the z-values of the areas
0.4495 and 0.4505. This is equal to 1.645. Therefore,
  0 .1 .
z   1 . 645
2
 0 .1

2 2

 0 . 05 α is divided by 2 since the interest is on either left or
2 right of the population mean.

2. Find the margin of error (E).

 12  22
E  z 
2
n1 n2
5 7
E  1 . 645 
40 46
E  0 . 866
E  0 . 87

3. Substitute the values of x and E in the confidence interval.

( x1  x 2 )  E   1   2  ( x1  x 2 )  E
(34  38)  0.87   1   2  (34  38)  0.87
 4  0.87   1   2  4  0.87
 4.87   1   2  3.13
Hence, the 95% confidence interval for the difference between the two population
means is
 4 . 87   1   2   3 . 13
It is possible that the difference between two population means could be negative. This
indicates that the mean of population 1 could be less than the population 2.

SAMPLE SIZE FOR ESTIMATING POPULATION MEAN

The following formula can be used to determine the appropriate sample size.
2
 z  z  = critical value based on the desired confidence level

n   2  2

E 
E = desired margin of error
 
σ = population standard deviation

Example:
1. Find the minimum sample size required to estimate an unknown population mean using the
following given data.

1. Confidence level = 95%

Margin of error = 75
Standard deviation = 250

2. Confidence level = 90%

Margin of error = 0.891
Variance = 9
Solutions:

1.a. Find the the value

of z  .
2

1   100 %  95 % Subtract 0.025 from 0.5 and that is equal to

(1   )1  0 . 95 0.475/0.4750. Now find the corresponding z value
on the z table with area 0.4750. The table will give
(1   )  0 . 95 you 1.96. Therefore, z   1 .96 .
  1  0 . 95 2

  0 . 05

 0 . 05

2 2
α is divided by 2 since the interest is on either left or
 right of the population mean.
 0 . 025
2
2
 z  
1.b.
n   2  The minimum sample size required to
E estimate an unknown population mean using the
  given data above is 43.
1.96 250  
2

n 
 75 
n  42 .68
n  43
2.a. Find the the value of z  .
1   100 %  90 % 2

(1   )1  0 . 90 Subtract 0.05 from 0.5 and that is equal to 0.45/0.450.

Now find the corresponding z value on the z table with area
(1   )  0 . 90 0.450. The area 0.450 is between 0.4495 and 0.4505. So, to get
  1  0 . 90 the corresponding z value for the area 0.450, get the average of
the z-values of the areas 0.4495 and 0.4505. This is equal to
  0 .1
1.645. Therefore, z   1 . 645 .
2
 0 .1

2 2

 0 . 05 α is divided by 2 since the interest is on either left or
2 right of the population mean.

 1 . 645  3  
2
2.b. n   
 0 . 891 
The minimum sample size required to
 1 . 96  250  2 estimate an unknown population mean using the
n   
 75  given data above is 31.
n  30 . 68
n  31

Example:
2. A researcher wants to estimate the daily expenses of college students. He wants a 99% confidence
level and a 40 margin of error. How many students must he randomly select if in the previous survey,
the standard deviation is 99.50?

Solutions:

1. Find the the value of z.

2

1   100 %  99 %
(1   ) 1  0 . 99
(1   )  0 . 99 Subtract 0.005 from 0.5 and that is equal to
0.495/0.4750. Now find the corresponding z value on the z
  1  0 . 99 table with area 0.4750. The area 0.495 is between 0.4949 and
  0 . 01 0.4951. So, to get the corresponding z value for the area
0.4750, get the average of the z-values of the areas 0.4949
and 0.4951. This is equal to 2.575. Therefore, z  2 . 575 .

 0 . 01
 2
2 2
 α is divided by 2 since the interest is on either left or
 0 . 005
2 right of the population mean.
  2.57599.50
2
2. n 
 40
n  41.028
n  42

Always round up your answer to the next integer even if the decimal part is less than 0.5 since we are
talking about number of students.

The minimum sample size required to estimate an unknown population mean using the given data
above is 42.
 THE t-DISTRIBUTION

- formulated by an Irish brewing employee William S. Gosset in 1908

- Gosset published his finding using the pseudonym Student t, hence, t-distribution is
sometimes called Student's t-distribution

PROPERTIES:

1. It is bell-shaped curve symmetrical about the mean and is unimodal.

2. The mean of the distribution is equal to 0 and is located at the center of the
distribution.
3. The curve is asymptotic to the x-axis.
4. The variance of the distribution is always greater than 1. This makes it flatter and
wider at the middle.
5. The variance of the distribution is equal to df / (df-2), where df is the degree of
freedom.

*t-statistic is used when (n < 30)

*z-statistic is used when (n ≥ 30)

*t-statistic uses sample standard deviation especially when population variance is

unknown

*z-statistic uses the value of population variance

The t-distribution formula:

x x = sample mean

t
s μ = population mean
n s = standard deviation of the sample mean
n = sample size

*To find the value in the Table of t Critical Values, convert the sample size n into
degrees of freedom df.
Degrees of freedom
- number of remaining values in a data set that are free to vary after one or more values
have been deducted. In the t-distribution, one value is deducted. Hence, df = n - 1

Example:

1. A student researcher wants to determine whether the mean score in mathematics of

the 25 students in Grade 8 Section Newton is significantly different from the average
of the school which is 89. The mean and standard deviation of the scores of the
students in Section Newton are 5 and 15, respectively. Assume a 95% confidence level.

Solution:

1.Find the degrees of freedom.

df = n - 1
df = 25 - 1
df = 24

2. Find the critical value. Use the table of t Critical Values.

Confidence level is 95%

1   100 %  95 % Look at 24 under the column headed df. Move to the

(1   )1  0 . 95
(1   )  0 . 95
  1  0 . 95
  0 . 05
right along the row until reaching the column headed 0.05,
area in two tails or 0.025 for area in one tail. The critical
value is 2.064

 0 . 05

2 2

 0 . 025
2

3. Compute the test statistic t

x  
t 
s
n
95  89
t 
15
25
t  2
The value of the test statistic or computed t value does not fall in the critical region.
Therefore, the mean score of Grade 8 section Newton in Mathematics is the same with
mean score of all students taking up Grade 8 Mathematics.

Example:
2.A student suspects that the data she collected for research study do not represent the
target population. Here are the data she collected.

16 27 34
20 29 30
22 30 37
25 30 42
26 32 35

The population is 27. Assuming normality in the target population, is the student's
suspicion correct? Use a 90% confidence level.

Solution:
1. Find the sample mean and sample standard deviation.

Solutions:
1. Find the sample mean and sample standard deviation.

OBSERVATION x x-x ( x - x )2
1 16 16 - 29 = -13 169
2 20 20 - 29 = -9 81
3 22 22 - 29 = -7 49
4 25 25 - 29 = -4 16
5 26 26 - 29 = -3 9
6 27 27 - 29 = -2 4
7 29 29 - 29 = 0 0
8 30 30 - 29 = 1 1
9 30 30 - 2 9 = 1 1
10 32 32 - 29 = 3 9
11 34 34 - 29 = 5 25
12 30 30 - 29 = 1 1
13 37 37 - 29 = 8 64
14 42 42 - 29 = 13 169
15 35 35 - 29 = 6 36
Σx = 435 Σ( x - x )2 = 634
Sample Mean Sample Variance Sample Standard Deviation

x 
 x
s2 
 ( x  x ) 2
s
 ( x  x) 2

n n 1 n 1
x 
435 634 634
s2  s
15 15  1 15  1
x  29
s 2  45.29 s  6 . 73

2. Find the degrees of freedom.

df = n - 1
df = 12 - 1
df = 11

3. Find the critical value. Use the table of t Critical Values.

Confidence level is 95%

1   100 %  90 %
(1   )1  0 . 90 Look at 14 under the column headed df. Move
(1   )  0 . 90 tot he right along the row until reaching the column
  1  0 . 90 headed 0.10, area in two tails or 0.05 for area in one
tail. The critical value is 1.761
  0 .1

 0 .1

2 2

 0 . 05
2

4. Compute the test statistic t

x  
t 
s
n
29  27
t 
6 . 73
15
2
t 
6 . 73
15
t  1 . 151
The value of the test statistic or computed t value is less than the tabular value of 1.761.
Therefore, the student is wrong in suspecting that the data are not representative of the
target population.

Example:

3. A sample size n=20 is a simple random sample selected from a normally distributed
population. Find the value of t such that the shaded area to the left of t is 0.05.

Solution:

1.Find the degrees of freedom.

df = n - 1
df = 20 - 1
df = 19

Since the t-distribution is symmetric about 0, then the area to the right of t is 0.05 and
to the left of t is also 0.05.

In the Table of t Critical Values, move down the first column headed df until df = 19.
Move to the right along this row reaching the column headed 0.05 (area in one tail) or
0.10 (area in two tails).

 t 0 .05  1 .729
Since we are interested to the area at the left of t, hence, the negative value.

Example:

4. Suppose you have a sample size of n = 12 from a normal distribution. Find the
critical value tα/2 that corresponds to a 95% confidence level.

Solutions:

1.Find the degrees of freedom.

df = n - 1
df = 12 - 1
df = 11
2.
1   100 %  95 %
( 1   ) 1  0 . 95
( 1   )  0 . 95
  1  0 . 95
  0 . 05

 0 . 05

2 2

 0 . 025
2

Example:

5. For a t-distribution with 25 degrees of freedom, find the values of t such that the
area to the right of t is 0.05.

Solution:
1.The degrees of freedom df = 25.

In the Table of t Critical Values, move down the first column headed df until df = 25.
Move to the right along this row reaching the column
headed 0.05 (area for two tails).

t   t 0 . 05  1 . 708
2
Example:

6. For a t-distribution with 14 degrees of freedom, find the value of t such that the area
between -t and t is 0.90.

Solution:

1.The degrees of freedom df = 14.

1   100 %  90 %
(1   )1  0 . 90
(1   )  0 . 90
  1  0 . 90
  0 .1

 0 .1

2 2

 0 . 05
2

In the Table of t Critical Values, move down the first column headed df until df = 14.
Move to the right along this row reaching the column
headed 0.10 (area for two tails).
t   t 0 .05  1 . 761
2

Example:

7. The graph of a distribution with df = 15 is shown below.

a. If the shaded area on the right is 0.05, what is the area to the left of t1?

b. What does t1 represent?

c. Find the value of t1 ?

Solution:

a.

1   100 %  
(1  0 . 05 )100  
0 . 95 (100 %)  
  95 %
  0 . 95 (area to the left of t1)

b. Hence, t1 represents the 95th percentile t0.95

c. To find the value of t1, look at 15 under the column headed df. Proceed to the right
until the column headed 0.05 for one tail is reached. The result is 1.753.

Example:

8. The graph of a distribution with df = 18 is shown below.

a. If the total shaded area of the curve is 0.02, what is the area to the left of t1?

b. What does t1 represent?

c. Find the value of t1 ?

Solutions:
a.

1 
 100 %  
0 . 02
(1  )100 %  
2
1  0 . 01  
  0 . 99 (area to the left of t1 )

b. Hence, t1 represents the 99th percentile t0.99

c. To find the value of t1 , look at 18 under the column headed df. Proceed to the right
until the column headed 0.01 for one tail is reached. The result is 2.552.
 INTERVAL ESTIMATE OF POPULATION MEAN WITH
UNKNOWN VARIANCE

Formula for interval estimate of population mean when population variance is

unknown and n < 30.

 s s  x = mean of a random sample of size n

 x  t , x  t 
 n n  n = sample size
 2 2  s = sample standard deviation
or t 
2
= t value at ( 1 - α/2 )100% confidence level
s s
x  t    x  t
2 n 2 n

The confidence interval can be written as

x  E , x  E  μ = population mean
or E = margin of error
x - E = lower confidence limit
xE    xE x - E = upper confidence limit

To find the margin of error, use the following formula

s
E  t where tα/2 has n-1 degrees of freedom
2 n
Example:

1. The mean and standard deviation of the content of a sample of 10 similar containers are 10.5 liters
and 0.352, respectively. Assume that the contents are approximately normally distributed.

a. Find a 95% confidence interval for the actual mean content.

b. Find the lower and upper confidence limits.

Solutions:

1.Find the degrees of freedom.

df = n - 1
df = 10 - 1
df = 9
2. Find α in (1 - α)100% confidence level.

1   100 %  95 %
(1   ) 1  0 . 95
(1   )  0 . 90
  1  0 . 95
  0 . 05
 0 . 05

2 2

 0 . 025
2

3. Find the critical value. Use the table of t Critical Values.The critical value is
t   t 0.025  2.262
2

4. Find the margin of error.

s
E  t
2 n
0 . 352
E  2 . 262
10
E  0 . 2517
E  0 . 25

5. Find the confidence interval. Substitute the values of x and E in the confidence interval.

xE    xE
10 . 5  0 . 25    10 . 5  0 . 25
10 . 25    10 . 75
6. Lower confidence limit = 10.25

Upper confidence limit = 10.75

Example:

2. The following are randomly selected scores in Filipino test of twelve Grade 10 students:

75 65 76 80 85 77

81 83 80 70 71 69

a. Find a 99% confidence interval for the mean score of all grade 10 students, assuming that the
students' score is approximately normally distributed.

b. Find the lower and upper confidence limits.

Solution:

1. Find the sample mean and the standard deviation.

 STUDENT x x-x ( x - x )2

1 75 75 - 76 = -1 1
2 65 65 - 76 = -11 121
3 76 76 - 76 = 0 0
4 80 80 - 76 = 4 16
5 85 85 - 76 = 9 81
6 77 77 - 76 = 1 1
7 81 81 - 76 = 5 25
8 83 83- 76 = 7 49
9 80 80 - 76 = 4 16
10 70 70 - 76 = -6 36
11 71 71 - 76 = -5 25
12 69 69 - 76 = -7 49
Σx = 912 Σ( x - x )2 = 420

Sample Mean Sample Variance Sample Standard Deviation

s 2

 ( x  x) 2

s
 ( x  x) 2

x
x n 1 n 1
n 420
s2  420
912 12  1 s
x 12  1
12 s2  38 . 18
s  6 . 18
x  76
2. Find the degrees of freedom.

df = n - 1
df = 12 - 1
df = 11

3. Find α in (1 - α)100% confidence level.

1   100 %  99 %
(1   ) 1  0 . 99
(1   )  0 . 99
 1  0 . 99

 0 . 01

 0 . 01

2 2

 0 . 005
2
4. Find the critical value. Use the table of t Critical Values. Look in df=11 and 0.005 for area in one tail.
The critical value is
t   t 0.005  3 .106
2

5. Find the margin of error.

s
E  t
2 n
0.352
E  3.106
10
E  5.54
6. Find the confidence interval. Substitute the values of x and E in the confidence interval.

x  E    x  E
76  5 . 54    76  5 . 54
70 . 46    81 . 54
7. Lower confidence limit = 70.46

Upper confidence limit = 81.54

Example:

3. Suppose the following data are selected randomly from a population of normally distributed values.

41 42 54 42

38 46 38 40
50 45 44 56
44 56 42 58

a. Construct a 95% confidence interval to estimate he population mean.

b. Find the lower and upper confidence limits.

Solution:

1. Find the sample mean and the standard deviation.

OBSERVATION x x-x ( x - x )2
1 41 41 - 46 = -5 25
2 38 38- 46 = -8 64
3 50 50 - 46 = 4 16
4 44 44 - 46 = -2 4
5 42 42 - 46 = -4 16
6 46 46 - 46 = 0 0
 7 45 45 - 46 = -1 1
8 56 56 - 46 = 10 100
9 54 54 - 46 = 8 64
10 38 38 - 46 = -8 64
11 44 44 - 46 = -2 4
12 42 42 - 46 = -4 16
13 42 42 - 46 = -4 16
14 40 40 - 46 = -6 36
15 56 56 - 46 = 10 100
16 58 58 - 46 = 12 144
Σx = 736 Σ( x - x )2 = 670

Sample Mean Sample Variance Sample Standard Deviation

x
x s 2

 ( x  x) 2
 ( x  x) 2

s
n n 1 n 1
736 670
x s2  670
16 16  1 s
16  1
x  46 2
s  44.67 s  6.68
2. Find the degrees of freedom.

df = n - 1
df = 16 - 1
df = 15

3. Find α in (1 - α)100% confidence level.

1   100 %  95 %
(1   ) 1  0 . 95
(1   )  0 . 95
  1  0 . 95
  0 . 05
 0 . 05

2 2

 0 . 025
2

4. Find the critical value. Use the table of t Critical Values. Look in df=15 and 0.005 for area in two
tails. The critical value is
t   t 0.025  2.131
2
5. Find the margin of error.

s
E  t
2 n
6 . 68
E  2 . 131
16
E  3 . 56

6. Find the confidence interval. Substitute the values of x and E in the confidence interval.

x E    x E
46  3 . 56    46  3 . 56
42 . 44    49 . 56
7. Lower confidence limit = 42.44

Upper confidence limit = 49.56

Example:

4. The following data are selected randomly from a population of normally distributed values.

36 45 44 50

38 46 38 52

43 43 47 53

40 47 43 54

46 49 51 56

a. Construct a 95% confidence interval to estimate he population mean.

b. Find the lower and upper confidence limits.

Solution:

1. Find the sample mean and the standard deviation.

OBSERVATION x x-x ( x - x )2

1 36 36 - 46.55 = -10.55 111.3025

2 38 38- 46.55 = -8.55 73.1025

3 43 43 - 46.55 = -3.55 12.6025

4 40 40- 46.55 = -6.55 42.9025

5 46 46 - 46.55 = -0.55 0.3025

6 45 45 - 46.55 = -1.55 2.4025

7 46 46 - 46.55 = -0.55 0.3025

8 43 43 - 46.55 = -3.55 12.6025

9 47 47 - 46.55 = 0.45 0.2025

10 49 49 - 46.55 = 2.45 6.0025

 11 44 44 - 46.55 = -2.55 6.5025
12 48 48 - 46.55 = 1.45 2.1025
13 47 47 - 46.55 = 0.45 0.2025
14 43 43 - 46.55 = -3.55 12.6025
15 51 51 - 46.55 = 4.45 19.8025
16 50 50 - 46.55 = 3.45 11.9025
17 52 52 - 46.55 = 5.45 29.7025
18 53 53 - 46.55 = 6.45 41.6025
19 54 54 - 46.55 = 7.45 55.5025
20 56 56 - 46.55 = 9.45 89.3025
Σx = 931 Σ( x - x )2 = 530.95

Sample Mean Sample Variance Sample Standard Deviation

x 
 x
 ( x  x) 2
 ( x  x) 2

n s 2
 s
n 1 n 1
931
x  530.95 530 .95
20 s2  s
20  1 20  1
x  46 . 55
s 2  27.94 s  5.29

2. Find the degrees of freedom.

df = n - 1
df = 20 - 1
df = 19

3. Find α in (1 - α)100% confidence level.

1   100 %  95 %
( 1   ) 1  0 . 95
( 1   )  0 . 95
  1  0 . 95
  0 . 05
 0 . 05

2 2

 0 . 025
2

4. Find the critical value. Use the table of t Critical Values. Look in df=19 and 0.05 for area in two
tails. The critical value is

t   t 0 . 025  2 . 093
2
5. Find the margin of error.

s
E  t
2 n
5 . 29
E  2 . 093
20
E  2 . 47578
E  2 . 48

6. Find the confidence interval. Substitute the values of x and E in the confidence interval.

x  E    x  E
46 . 55  2 . 48    46 . 55  2 . 48
44 . 07    49 . 03
7. Lower confidence limit = 44.07

Upper confidence limit = 49.03

CONFIDENCE INTERVAL FOR THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN

TWO POPULATION MEANS

The confidence interval for 1  2 , if the two populations are assumed to have
equal but unknown population variances and the sample sizes are less than 30 is
given below. .
Formula:

 1 1 1 1 
 ( x 1  x 2 )  t  Sp  , ( x 1  x 2 )  t  Sp  
 2
n1 n2 2
n1 n2 

or

1 1 1 1
( x1  x 2 )  t  Sp    1   2  ( x1  x 2 )  t  Sp 
2
n1 n 2 2
n1 n 2

where:
x1 = mean of of the first independent random sample
x2 = mean of of the second independent random sample
t  = t value with degrees of freedom n1 + n2 - 2 at
2
( 1 - α/2 )100% confidence level
n1 = sample size of the first independent random sample
n2 = sample size of the first independent random sample
Sp = pooled sample standard deviations = n1  1s12  n 2  1s 22
n1  n 2  2
where

S12 = sample standard deviation of the first random sample

S22 = sample standard deviation of the second random sample

The confidence interval can be written as

( x1  x 2 )  E , ( x1  x 2 )  E 
or

( x1  x2 )  E  1  2  ( x1  x2 )  E
μ1 = mean population 1
μ2 = mean population 2
E = margin of error

To find the margin of error, use the following formula

1 1
E  t  Sp 
2
n1 n2

The lower confidence limit = (x1  x2 )  E

The upper confidence limit = (x1  x2 )  E
Example:

1. A group of 15 students was taught using a new method of teaching math. A second
group of 12 students was taught using the traditional method of teaching math. At the
end of the grading period, the same examination was given to each group. The data are
given below. Find a 95% confidence interval for the difference between the population
means. Assume that the population is approximately normally distributed with equal
variances.

Population 1 Population 2
x = 88 x = 80
s1 = 8 s2 = 5
n1 = 15 n2 = 12

Solution:

1. Find the degrees of freedom.

df = n1 + n2 - 2
df = 15 + 12 - 2
df = 25
2. Find α in (1 - α)100% confidence level.

1   100 %  95 %
( 1   ) 1  0 . 95
( 1   )  0 . 95
  1  0 . 95
  0 . 05
 0 . 05

2 2

 0 . 025
2

3. Find the critical value. Use the table of t Critical Values. Look in df=25 and 0.05
for area in two tails. The critical value is

t   t 0 .025  2 . 060
2

4. Find Sp.

n 1  1  s 12   n 2  1  s 22
Sp 
n1  n 2  2

Sp 
15  1  64  12  1  25
15  12  2

Sp 
14  64  11  25
25
1 ,171
Sp 
25
Sp  6 . 84

5. Find the margin of error.

1 1
E  t  Sp 
2
n1 n 2
1 1
E  2.060 6.84  
15 12
E  5.46
6. Find the confidence interval. Substitute the values of x and E in the confidence
interval.
( x1  x 2 )  E   1   2  ( x1  x 2 )  E
(88  80 )  5 .46   1   2  (88  80 )  5 .46
2 .54   1   2  13 .46
Hence, the 95% confidence interval for the difference between the two population
means is
2.54  1   2  13.46
Both the lower and upper confidence limits are positive and does not include 0. This
indicates that the new method of teaching is better than the traditional method.

CONFIDENCE INTERVAL FOR TWO POPULATIONS THAT HAVE

UNEQUAL UNKNOWN VARIANCES

The formula to use to compute the confidence interval for two populations that are
assumed to have unequal unknown variances and with sample sizes less than 30 is
given below.
.
Formula:
2 2 2 2
s1 s s1 s
( x1  x 2 )  t   2  1   2  ( x1  x 2 )  t   2
2
n1 n2 2
n1 n2

where:
x1 = mean of of the first independent random sample
x2 = mean of of the second independent random sample
t  = t value at ( 1 - α/2 )100% confidence level
2

s12 = variance of population 1

s22 = variance of population 2
n1 = sample size of the first independent random sample
n2 = sample size of the first independent random sample

The confidence interval can be written as

( x1  x2 )  E  1   2  ( x1  x2 )  E
μ1 = mean population 1

μ2 = mean population 2

E = margin of error

To find the margin of error, use the following formula

2 2
s1 s
E  t  2
2
n1 n2
The lower confidence limit = (x1  x2 )  E
The upper confidence limit = (x1  x2 )  E
To find the degrees of freedom, use the following formula

2
 s1 2 s2 
2
 
 n  n 
df   1 2 

 s 2 2   s 2 2 
 1    2  

  n1      n 2  
    
  n 1  1     n 2  1  
   
   
Example:

1. Independent random samples were selected from population 1 and 2 which passes
the following data:

Population 1 Population 2
x = 6.95 x = 4.92
s1 = 2.5 s2 = 1.2
n1 = 20 n2 = 15

Find a 95% confidence interval for estimating the difference of true population means
assuming that the population variances are unknown and unequal.

Solution:

1. Compute the degrees of freedom.

2 2
 s1 2 s2 
2
 2.52 1.22 
   
 n  n   20  15 
 1 2 
df   
df 
 s 2 2   s 2 2    2.52  2    1.22  2 
 1    2        
  n 1     n 2     20     15  
  
      
 1 n  1    2 n  1    19    14  
       
       
df  28.7
df  29
2. Find α in (1 - α)100% confidence level.
1   100 %  95 %
(1   )1  0 . 95
(1   )  0 . 95
  1  0 . 95
  0 . 05
 0 . 05

2 2

 0 . 025
2
3. Find the critical value. Use the table of t Critical Values. Look in df = 29 and 0.05
for area in two tails. The critical value is
t   t 0 . 025  2 . 045
2
4. Find the margin of error.
2 2
s1 s
E  t  2
2
n1 n2

E  2.045
2.52  1.22
20 15
6.25 1.44
E  2.045 
20 15
E  1.307
E  1.31
5. Find the confidence interval. Substitute the values of x and E in the confidence
interval.
( x1  x 2 )  E   1   2  ( x1  x 2 )  E
( 6 . 95  4 . 92 )  1 . 31   1   2  ( 6 . 95  4 . 92 )  1 . 31
2 . 03  1 . 31   1   2  2 . 03  1 . 31
0 . 72   1   2  3 . 34
This means that the researcher is 95% confident that the interval from 0.72 to 3.34
contains the difference between the true population means.
Example:

2. Consider the following samples taken from two different populations with unknown
unequal variances.

Sample 1 Sample 2
66 86 78 77 85 75
76 83 79 76 83 86
88 85 81 80 76 82
75 78 80
Find a 95% confidence interval for estimating the difference of true population means.

Solution:

1. Find the sample mean and the standard deviation of each sample.

SAMPLE 1
OBSERVATION
x1 x1 - x1 ( x 1 - x 1 )2
1 66 66 - 80.42 = -14.42 207.9364
2 76 76- 80.42 = -4.42 19.5364
3 88 88 - 80.42 = 7.58 57.4564
4 75 75 - 80.42 = -5.42 29.3764
5 86 86 - 80.42 = 5.58 31.1364
6 83 83 - 80.42 = 2.58 6.6564

7 85 85 - 80.42 = 4.58 20.9764

8 78 78- 80.42 = -2.42 5.8564
9 78 78 - 80.42 = -2.42 5.864
10 79 79 - 80.42 = -1.42 2.0164
11 81 81 - 80.42 = 0.58 0.3364
12 90 90 - 80.42 = 9.58 91.7764
Σx1 = 965 Σ( x1-x1 )2 = 478.9168

Sample Mean Sample Variance Sample Standard Deviation

 x1 s1
2

(x  x )
1 1
2

s1 
 (x 1  x1 ) 2
x1 
n1 n1 1 n1  1
965 478.9168 478 . 9168
  
12 12 1 12  1
 80 . 42  43.54  6 . 60
 Sample 2
OBSERVATION
x2 x2 - x2 ( x2 - x2 )2
1 77 77 - 80 = -3 9
2 76 76- 80 = -4 16
3 80 80 - 80 = 0 0
4 85 85 - 80 = 5 25
5 83 83 - 80 = 3 9
6 76 76 - 80 = -4 16
7 75 75 - 80 = -5 25
8 86 86 - 80 = 6 36
9 82 82 - 80 = 2 4
Σx2 = 720 Σ(x2- x2 )2 = 140

Sample Mean Sample Variance Sample Standard Deviation

2
s2 
 (x 2  x2 )2
(x 2  x2 ) 2
s2 
x2 
x 2
n2  1
n2  1
n2 140
 140
720 9 1 
  17 . 5 9 1
9
 80
 4.18
Sample 1 Sample 2
x1 = 80.42 x2 = 80
s1 = 6.60 s2 = 4.18
s12 = 43.54 s22 = 17.5
n1 = 12 n2 = 9

2. Compute the degrees of freedom.

2
 s1 2 s 2 2   43.54 17.5
2
 
 n  n    
 1 2   12 9 
df  df 
 s 2 2   s 2 2   43.542   17.52 
 1    2        
  n1     n 2    12     9  
    11   8 
 1 n  1     n 2  1     
       
    df  18.60
df  19
3. Find α in (1 - α)100% confidence level.
1   100 %  95 %
(1   )1  0 . 95
(1   )  0 . 95
  1  0 . 95
  0 . 05
 0 . 05

2 2

 0 . 025
2
4. Find the critical value. Use the table of t Critical Values. Look in df = 19 and 0.05
for area in two tails. The critical value is

t   t 0 . 025  2 . 093
2
5. Find the margin of error.
2 2
s1 s
E  t  2
2
n1 n2
43 .54 17 .5
E  2.093 
12 9
E  4.9409
E  4.94
6. Find the confidence interval. Substitute the values of x and E in the confidence
interval.

( x1  x 2 )  E   1   2  ( x1  x 2 )  E
(80 .42  80 )  4 .94   1   2  (80 .42  80 )  4 .94
0 .42  4 .94   1   2  0 .42  4 .94
 4 .52   1   2  5 .36
This means that the researcher is 95% confident that the interval from -4.52 to 5.36
contains the difference between the true population means.
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT

Now, it is your turn to try these out! This formative assessment aims to help you
practice the skills you have acquired from the module. It will further help you master
the concepts and skills, thus prepares you for the summative assessment.

Directions: Problem Solving: Give what is/are being asked in each problem.

1. Given below are the percentages of parents who are in favor of including cultural
values in the mathematics curriculum. Find the point estimate of the population mean.

90 70 80 76 81 82 76 84
89 59 76 78 75 89 79 89
92 42 58 84 75 90 80 78
82 68 82 82 68 78 79 80
72 54 83 80 78 79 80 84
81 69 78 78 80 82 81 90

2. A sample of 60 Grade 9 students’ ages was obtained to estimate the mean age of all
Grade 9 students.The sample mean is 15.3 years and the population variance is 16.
Find the 99% confidence interval for population mean.

3. The mean scores of a random sample of 17 students who took a special test is 83.5.
if the standard deviation of the scores is 4.1, and the sample comes from an
approximately normal distribution, find the interval estimate of the population mean
adopting a confidence level of 95%.

4. For a t-distribution with 29 degrees of freedom, find the value of t1 so that the are
between -t1 and t1 is 0.99.

5. Find the minimum sample size required to estimate an unknown population mean
with confidence level of 90%, margin of error of 12 and with population standard
deviation of 50.

6. Independent random samples were selected from two populations. The given
information are found below. Find a 95% confidence interval for estimating the
difference in the population means.
POPULATION 1 POPULATION 2
Sample Mean 10.5 6.2
Sample Variance 3.25 2.15
Sample Size 15 10

7. Independent random samples were selected from two populations with unknown
unequal variances. The given are in the table below. Construct a 90% confidence
intervalto estimate the difference in th population means.
POPULATION 1 POPULATION 2
Sample Size 25 18
Sample Mean 20.35 18.15
Sample Standard Deviation 2.1 1.25
Note: After answering the 7 items, check your work by comparing your answers to the answer key at
the end of the module. For items which are incorrectly answered, try working on them again until you
will get the correct answer.
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT

At this point, you are now ready to take the summative assessment for module 1.
Place your answers on a whole sheet of paper. Show complete solution. (20 points)

Directions: Problem Solving: Give what is/are being asked in each problem.

1. Mr. Panopio conducted a survey among ten random samples of people who are in
favor of truck ban in a section of a metropolitan area. He determined the percentages
of those who are in favor of the ban. Assuming that the only error present is the
sampling error, he wanted to determine the point estimate of the population mean
percentage and the standard deviation based on 500 observations. The following
numbers represent the percentages of the ten surveys. (2 points)

47.0 56.4 50.1 60.2 48.0 55.3 60.0 59.5 63.0 57.5

Give the estimate of the population mean percentage.

2. Given the information: the sampled population is normally distributed, sample mean
is 36.5, population standard deviation is 3 and the sample size is 20. What is the 95%
confidence interval estimate for population mean? (3 points)

3. The mean age of 20 youth volunteers in a community project is 17.5 years with a
standard deviation of 2 years. If the sample comes from an approximately normal
distribution, what is the interval estimate of the population if 99% confidence level is
required? (3 points)

4. For a t-distribution with 17 degrees of freedom, find the value of t1 such that when
the area to the right of t1 is added tothe area to the left of -t1, the sum is 0.02. (3 points)

5. Find the minimum sample size required to estimate an unknown population mean
with confidence level of 90%, margin of error of 14 and with population standard
deviation of 52. (3 points)

6. Independent random samples were selected from two populations. The given
information are found below. Find a 90% confidence interval for estimating the
difference in the population means. (3 points)
POPULATION 1 POPULATION 2
Sample Mean 5.45 3.24
Sample Variance 0.95 0.45
Sample Size 12 9

7. Independent random samples were selected from two populations with unknown
unequal variances. The given are in the table below. Construct a 95% confidence
intervalto estimate the difference in th population means. (3 points)
POPULATION 1 POPULATION 2
Sample Size 28 20
Sample Mean 28.45 20.15
Sample Standard Deviation 1.5 1.2

CONGRATULATIONS! YOU HAVE COMPLETED MODULE 1!

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT (ANSWER KEY)

1. 77.92
2. 13.97 to 16.63
3. 81.39 to 85.61
4. 2.756
5. 47
6. 2.88 to 5.72
7. 1.31 to 3.09